unit 4.12 marine fishes
TRANSCRIPT
Unit 4.12
Marine Fishes
Marine Science
Entry Task(s)What characteristics would you use to classify the following
organism?
Marine FishesUnit 4.12 Marine Fishes Vocabulary.
• Using Chapter 12 (pgs. 296-317) of the textbook provide a
definition for each term.
• Be sure to complete the vocabulary as we progress through
the unit, it will be checked prior to the assessment.
Note: The “Unit 4.12 Marine Fishes Vocabulary” worksheet can
be located in google classroom & on the Marine Science
webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828
Marine FishesFishes
• Ancient group of animals
500 million years.
• More than 25,000 species
• Astonishing variety of
shapes, sizes, & colors
• Most diverse group of
vertebrates in the ocean &
the world.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Barracuda_laban.jpg
Fishes
• Ancient group of animals whose origins date back more than
500 million years.
• More than 25,000 species (freshwater & marine).
Marine FishesWhat Are the Features of Protochordates & Jawless Fishes?
• Vertebrates in the phylum Chordata.
- Structures found in vertebrate embryos: hollow dorsal nerve
cord & a notochord (flexible, rodlike structure).
• Subgroup of protochordates.
Marine FishesWhat Are the Features of Protochordates & Jawless Fishes?
• Of great scientific interest.
- Ancestors evolutionary link between invertebrates &
vertebrates.
Marine FishesCompare Protochordates WS.
• Using Chapter 12 (pgs. 297-299) of the textbook complete the
worksheet.
• Follow the instructions provided on the worksheet.
Note: The “Compare protochordates” worksheet can be located
in google classroom & on the Marine Science webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828
Entry Task(s)What are the four common characteristics found in all chordates
at some point during development?
• Notochord
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• Pharyngeal (gill) slits
• Post-anal tail
Do the following organisms retain the chordate characteristics?
Explain.
• Sea Squirt (tunicate)
• Lancelet
• Acorn Worm
VideoLamprey: Ancient Bloodsucking Parasites | Earth
Unplugged (8:26):
Synopsis: Lamprey are infamous for their bloodsucking
behaviour but little else is know about the life cycle of these
ancient creatures.
Lamprey are prehistoric animals that have a bad reputation as
bloodsucking parasites but there's so much more to these
animals than just their nightmarish mouth parts. Lizzie Daly
travels to south west Ireland to find a Lamprey in the wild and
learn more about this strange but fascinating species.
Link @
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FodQ96zZEnA&t=70s
VideoDiscovery Channel features Eddie Kisfaludy and Hagfish
(5:36):
Synopsis: Discovery Channel and Pangolin Pictures present
"Nasty by Nature" featuring Eddie Kisfaludy who presents
Hagfish at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqk0mnMgwUQ
Eddie Kisfaludy and the Hagfish (5:34):
Synopsis: Eddie Kisfaludy who presents Hagfish at Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, UCSD.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rE26tBwkz68
Marine FishesPet Store Brochure - Jawless Fish
Instructions.
• Log into google classroom & click on the assignment “Pet
Store Brochure - Jawless Fish.”
• Complete the brochure with the required information.
Entry Task(s)Which of the protochordates retain the dorsal nerve cord,
notochord, & gill slits into its adult form?
• Lancelet
• Acorn Worm
What class are the jawless fishes placed in?
• Agnatha
Marine FishesAgnatha: The Jawless Lampreys &
Existed as far back as 550 million years
• Most primitive of the vertebrates.
• Adults retain their larval notochord for
support of their long, flexible bodies.
Do NOT have a lower jaw.
• Have a sucker-like mouth with large
teeth & rasp-like tongue.
Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Existed as far back as 550 million years & still look quite ancient.
• Most primitive of the vertebrates.
http://anintrospectiveworld.blogspot.com/2014/05/lamprey.html https://mistralmtn.blogspot.com/2013/03/hagfish-what-is-it.html
Marine FishesAgnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Body structure:
• Flexible cartilage skeleton
• Small fins
• Elongated snake-like body
Many lampreys & hagfish make the Great Lakes their home.
http://dp0a.info/sea-lamprey-classification.html http://animalia-life.club/other/hagfish-anatomy.html
Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys
Existed as far back as 550 million
• Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
• Hagfish
- Pacific Hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii)
- Atlantic Hagfish (Myxine glutinosa)
Marine FishesAgnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Live as parasites & can grow up to one meter.
Travel by attaching to more mobile fish.
Two types of jawless fish.
http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1999https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lamprey
Marine FishesAgnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Sea lamprey feeding
• Uses sucking disk on mouth to attach to
host fish.
• Teeth & rasping tongue make a hole in
host.
• Sucks blood & tissue from host.
Does NOT have scales.
Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Sea lamprey feeding
• Uses sucking disk on mouth to attach to living trout or other
host fish.
Marine FishesAgnatha: The Jawless Lampreys
Hagfish feeding
• Uses sharp teeth to burrow
fish.
Hagfish defense
• Excretes a protein from
glands along ventral side that
reacts with seawater to form a
thick slime.
https://interestingengineering.com/slime-engineering-hagfish
Agnatha: The Jawless Lampreys & Hagfish
Hagfish feeding
• Uses sharp teeth to burrow into the bodies of dead or dying
fish.
• Feed from the inside out.
Hagfish defense
Marine FishesHagfish.
Marine FishesComplete the following pertaining to section 12.1.
• Read pgs. 297-300 in the textbook.
• Complete the following section review questions in your
“Section Review” worksheet.
1) How can you tell tunicates & lancelets are protochordates?
2) Why are all fishes classified as vertebrates in phylum
Chordata?
3) Why are lampreys & hagfish referred to as primitive fishes?
AssessmentMSS9-4.12 Marine Fishes Assessment_01
• Grab a copy of the assessment.
• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned
complete the assessment.
• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper.
VideoGrab a copy of the “Mystery Sharks of Seattle” question
worksheet from the front counter.
Instructions:
• Carefully watch the video.
• Complete the questions as you find the answers in the video.
• Turn in the question worksheet at the end of the period.
Note: The “Mystery Sharks of Seattle” question worksheet can
be located on the Marine Science webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6601
VideoWildlife Detectives: Mystery Sharks of Seattle (51:09):
Synopsis: One of the world's largest & most elusive predatory
sharks, the sixgill, suddenly appears in Seattle's waters. These
creatures typically dwell in darkness several thousands of feet
beneath the surface. Little is known about them. What would
make them appear in the shallows of Puget Sound? And what
does it say about our oceans? Researchers are hunting for
answers.
Link @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQwThFPjdGM
Entry Task(s)How would you classify the fish shown below?
• Jawless Fish (Agnatha)
How does the organism above feed?
• Sucking disk on mouth attaches to host fish; teeth & rasping
tongue make a hole; sucks blood & tissue from host.
Marine Fishes“Conservation: Shark Attack or Attack on Sharks?” article
Instructions:
• Read the article highlighting or underlining key information.
• Answer the questions following the article.
Note: The “Conservation: Shark Attack or Attack on Sharks?”
worksheet can be located in google classroom & on the Marine
Science webpage @ link:
https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828
Entry Task(s)What is the term used for fast-moving fish?
• Nekton or Pelagic
What are the three major groups of cartilaginous fishes?
• Sharks
• Skates
• Rays
Marine FishesCartilaginous Fishes: Sharks & Rays
Class of Chondrichthyes (“cartilage
• Cartilage makes up the entire
• Of the 25,000 species of fishes, the
cartilaginous species consists of fewer
than 700 species.
• Ancient class that includes species of
sharks, skates, & rays.
Cartilaginous Fishes
Class of Chondrichthyes (“cartilage fishes”).
• Cartilage makes up the entire skeleton of cartilaginous fishes.
Graphic OrganizerCartilaginous Fishes Graphic Organizer
Instructions:
• Read through the introduction to the graphic organizer.
• Using pgs. 300-305 of the textbook, fill in the graphic
organizer with crustacean information.
Note: The “Cartilaginous Fishes” graphic organizer can be
located in google classroom & on the Marine Science
webpage @ link: https://www.steilacoom.k12.wa.us/Page/6828
Entry Task(s)What is the structure called that covers the gills of bony fish, but
not cartilaginous fish?
• Operculum
What allows some bottom dwelling cartilaginous fish to continue
breathing when lying on the bottom & not swimming?
• Spiracles
Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
Placoid Scales
• Small toothlike structures (scales) embedded in the skin, also
called dermal denticles.
• Point backward, from posterior to anterior feels rough (like
sandpaper)
https://erinmdillon.wordpress.com/2015/08/18/dermal-denticles-up-close-and-personal/ http://www.thesuperfins.com/why-is-shark-skin-so-rough/
Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Breathe through visible or exposed gills slits.
- No operculum.
- Many sharks cannot force water over their gills to breathe,
must keep swimming or rely on currents.
www.johneasley.comhttps://www.flickr.com/photos/sharkpix/31094720390
Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Bottom-dwelling cartilaginous fishes have a pair of dorsal
breathing holes (spiracles).
- Water flows through spiracles into gill chambers.
- Can actively pump water.
http://www.mesa.edu.au/seaweek2005/infosheet01.asp
Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Fins are more rigid than those of bony fish.
- Rely on the lift of winglike pectoral fins that help prevent
sinking.
Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous
• Rays & skates have more
- Up-&-down movements
flight.
- Wingspan of up to 7 meters
long.
- While “flying” they open
mouth to filter feed on
plankton.
http://www.discoverwildlife.com/animals/facts-about-manta-rays
Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Rays & skates have more highly developed pectoral fins.
- Up-&-down movements resemble the wings of a bird in
flight.
Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
• Some live close to shore.
- Southern stingray
- Skate (Raja)
• Others live in deeper waters & feed
on plankton.
- Eagle ray
- Manta ray
https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animal-guide/fishes/southern-stingray
http://sfbaywildlife.info/species/sharks.htmhttp://dreamstop.com/manta-ray-dream-symbol/ http://www.elasmodiver.com/whitespotted_eagle_ray.htm
Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
Few rays can be dangerous.
• Stingrays have sharp, poisonous barb near the bottom of its
tail.
- Sticks in skin & causes infection.
http://www.oceanwideimages.com/categories.asp?cID=197 http://www.julianrocks.net/Shells2/ShlPgs/StingraySpine.html
Marine FishesCharacteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
Few rays can be dangerous.
• To avoid being stung drag your feet along bottom as you walk.
• If you are stung…
- Do NOT try to remove the spine yourself.
- Remain calm, apply cold compress, & seek medical
attention quickly.
Marine FishesCharacteristics of
Sawfish (Pristis)
• Long bladelike snout
either side.
• Uses snout like a
- Swings back & forth as
it swims through
school of fish.
- Stunning & killing fish.
https://imgur.com/gallery/Yly7p/comment/593317362
Characteristics of Cartilaginous Fishes
Sawfish (Pristis)
• Long bladelike snout contains 24 or more teeth sticking out to
either side.
• Uses snout like a weapon.
Marine FishesThe Sharks
About 350 known species of sharks.
Sharks vary greatly in size.
• Smallest @ 25 cm = pigmy shark
(Squaliolus laticaudus)
• Except for whales, whale sharks
(Rhincodon typus) & basking
sharks are the largest.
- Grow to 15 meters.
- Docile & gentle plankton feeders.http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/leptobarbus-rubripinna/https://www.finsunited.co.nz/bite-blog/pygmy-shark
Marine FishesThe Sharks
Only 35 have shown themselves to be dangerous to humans.
• Most feared = great white shark (Carcharodon Carcharias)
- Does deserve respect; grows as large as 6 meters in length
& one of the fastest swimming of all sharks.
- Tends to live in colder waters near large prey = seals
• Tiger shark, bull shark, & hammerhead sharks among best
known.
https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/595103/Craig-Ison-Evans-Head-shark-attack-Great-White-Australian
Marine FishesThe Sharks
http://www.fhm.com/posts/9-scary-shark-movies-that-ll-keep-you-outta-the-water-134377/photos/sharks-jaws-256130#photo-anchor
Marine FishesThe Sharks
Perception by the public is that sharks are dangerous
maneaters; sharp teeth chomping off body parts.
• Attacks are not as common as the media leads us to believe.
• < 100 people a year & very few result in death.
• More people are hit by lightning each year.
• Regardless, media continues to mark them as a constant &
overwhelming threat to beachgoers.
Marine FishesStructure & Behavior of Sharks
Swimming the seas for over 300 million years.
• Often called “living fossils” because they closely resemble
some early ancestral forms.
https://www.redballoon.co.nz/product/water/shark-diving/certified-diving-with-hammerhead-
sharks
https://magazine.diviac.com/diving-with-whale-sharks-everything-you-should-know/
Cold Blooded SwimmersStructure & Behavior of Sharks
• Sharks have many sense organs that aid them in locating &
attacking potential prey.
- Lateral line organ.
- Ampullae of Lorenzini
- Keen sense of smell.
- Protective eyelids
- Hinged jaws
- Rows of teeth
http://ultimate-animals.com/a-description-of-the-great-white-shark-behaviour-at-seal-island/
Marine FishesStructure & Behavior of Sharks
• Lateral line organ used in feeling vibrations.
- Lateral line = Line of sensitive sound receptors along each
side of the fish’s body.
- When vibrations reach the shark it feels a change in
pressure that becomes irritating.
Marine FishesStructure & Behavior of Sharks
• Pair of nostrils used for detecting smells
- Smell so sharp, a small amount of blood can be detected
nearly half a kilometer away (1 part per million).
- Brain size responsible for keen sense of smell (2/3 utilized
for detecting smells).
Marine FishesStructure & Behavior of Sharks
• Ampullae of Lorenzini detects electrical fields generated by
the muscles of fish & other animals.
- Network of jelly filled pores
- Explains the bizarre behavior of attacking metal boat
propellers & consuming metal cans & license plates.
Marine FishesSharks: Built for the Hunt
• Numerous rows of overlapping
- Can be quickly regrown when
down.
- Similar to a conveyor belt
replacing teeth within a day.
- Most sharks have about 5
rows of teeth; the bull shark
has 50 rows.
Structure & Behavior of Sharks
• Numerous rows of overlapping razor-sharp teeth
- Can be quickly regrown when teeth are broken off or worn
down.
http://www.sharkwatchsa.com/en/blog/category/482/post/1206/white-shark-teeth-how-many/
Marine FishesStructure & Behavior of Sharks
Basic body structure characterized by…
• Fins; used to push or propel themselves through water.
Marine FishesStructure & Behavior of Sharks
• Pectoral fins provide lift & prevents the shark from sinking.
- Possess large oily livers to help maintain buoyancy.
• Anal fins present in only some sharks.
Marine FishesComplete the following pertaining to section 12.2.
• Read pgs. 300-305 in the textbook.
• Complete the following section review questions in your
“Section Review” worksheet.
1) Why are sharks, skates, & rays place in their own class?
2) In what kind of habitat are skates & rays found? What do
they usually eat?
3) What special receptors does the shark have for detecting
prey?
Entry TaskHow can you tell the difference between a female & male shark?
• Male sharks have claspers between the pelvic fin & anal fin.
What is the difference between the lateral line & the ampullae
of Lorenzini?
• Line of sensitive sound receptors along each side of the fish’s
body that detect vibrations.
• Network of jelly filled pores that detects electrical fields
generated by the muscles of fish & other animals.
AssessmentMSS9-4.12 Marine Fishes Assessment_02
• Grab a copy of the assessment.
• Only using your knowledge of what you have learned
complete the assessment.
• Once complete, raise your hand so I can collect your paper.
Marine FishesHow Are the Bony Fish Adapted to Their Environment?
Bony fish belong to the class of Osteichthyes (“bony fish”)
• Skeleton made of bone.
• Backbone made of a chain of individual bones (vertebrae).
95% of all fish on Earth.
• Found in every type of aquatic environment.
Pg. 306
Marine FishesHow Are the Bony Fish Adapted to
Bony fish have a protective covering
• Loosely attached to the skin.
• Skin secretes a protective mucus
that coats the scales.
• Mucus serves two functions:
- Barrier against infection.
- Reduces friction.
How Are the Bony Fish Adapted to Their Environment?
Bony fish have a protective covering of scales.
• Loosely attached to the skin.
Pg. 306
Marine FishesHow Are the Bony Fish Adapted
Scales can indicate the
• Contain growth rings called
• As fish grows older, new circuli
• A single band may represent
about a year’s growth, similar
to a clam.
How Are the Bony Fish Adapted to Their Environment?
Scales can indicate the approximate age of a fish.
• Contain growth rings called circuli.
• As fish grows older, new circuli are produced, forming bands.
Marine FishesDetermine how bony fish do the following:
• Breathe
• Locomotion (include buoyancy)
• Food-getting (include digestion)
• Sensitivity
• Reproduce
Marine FishesComplete the following pertaining to section 12.3.
• Read pgs. 306-313 in the textbook.
• Complete the following section review questions in your
“Section Review” worksheet.
1) Explain how the different fins of a fish enable it to move.
2) How does a fish use its gills to breathe?
3) Describe several methods of food-getting in fish.
What structure(s) in the bony fish carries out the function of
flotation?
• Swim Bladder
During the reproduction of bony fish, do the following occur
external or internal?
• Fertilization = External
• Development = External
Entry Task(s)What structure(s) in the bony fish carries out the function of
flotation?
• Swim Bladder
During the reproduction of bony fish, do the following occur
external or internal?
• Fertilization =
• Development =
Marine FishesWhat Are Some Unusual
• Porcupine fish (Diodon)
- Can inflate itself like the puffer
threatened.
• Also has sharp spines that project
outward when inflated to further
discourage predators.
http://www.visitcocosisland.com/porcupine-fish/
What Are Some Unusual Adaptations Among Fish?
Porcupine fish (Diodon)
• Can inflate itself like the puffer fish (Chilomycterus) when
threatened.
Marine FishesCamouflage in Fish
Flounder (Platichthys)
• Contains pigments in their cells.
• Pigments enable the flounder to
the background.
- Pigments expand to darken &
contract to lighten.
• Can even change color to match
mottled patterns
https://www.saltwaterfish.com/product-sand-flounder
Camouflage in Fish
Flounder (Platichthys)
• Contains pigments in their cells.
• Pigments enable the flounder to darken or lighten to match
the background.
Marine FishesCamouflage in Fish
Sargassum fish
• Resembles the shape, color, & texture of sargassum
seaweed.
• Blends into environment.
Trumpetfish (Aulostomus)
• Floats motionless, head facing down, alongside
branching corals & sponges.
• Escapes detection.
Pg. 314
Marine FishesStrange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish
Sea Horse (Hippocampus)
• To prevent being tossed by waves, it wraps its
flexible tail around seaweed, marsh grass, or
coral.
• Uses horselike snout to suck up plankton &
other food particles.
• During reproduction, externally fertilized eggs
are transferred into males brood pouch until
baby fish hatch (2 wks).
Pg. 315
Marine FishesCamouflage in Fish
Flying fish (Cypselurus)
• Vibrates caudal fin (40 beats
the water.
• Expands winglike pectoral fins
to give lift.
• Glides as far as 30 meters &
as high as 12 meters.
https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/france-and-eastern-caribbean-collaborate-on-flying-fish-management-study
Strange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish
Flying fish (Cypselurus)
• Vibrates caudal fin (40 beats per sec.) to propel itself out of
the water.
Marine FishesCamouflage in Fish
Dragonfish, Viperfish, & Anglerfish
• At depths of about 500-2000 meters
• Wide-opening mouths with huge spiky teeth.
• Often have the ability to produce light (bioluminescence) to
lure prey or attract mates.
• Uses bioluminescent lure to attract prey.
Pg. 316
Strange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish
Dragonfish, Viperfish, & Anglerfish
• At depths of about 500-2000
meters.
Marine FishesStrange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish
Mola (Mola mola) or ocean sunfish
• 3 m long & 2,275 kg, biggest of the bony
fish.
• Feeds on jellyfish, small fish, & plankton.
• Swim using their elongated dorsal & anal fins
• Docile & slow moving making them vulnerable to predation by
sea lions, killer whales, & humans.
• Female produces 300 million eggs, to help ensure survival.
Pg. 316
Marine FishesStrange Shapes & Behaviors of
Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)
• “Rediscovered” in the 1900s,
more than 60 million years.
• Scientifically important because
fins resemble those of fossil
- Lobefin fish = probable
ancestor of early amphibians.
• Considered rare & protected by
law.
Pg. 317
Strange Shapes & Behaviors of Fish
Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)
• “Rediscovered” in the 1900s, thought to have been extinct for
more than 60 million years.
• Scientifically important because paddlelike pectoral & pelvic
fins resemble those of fossil lobefin fish.
Marine FishesComplete the following pertaining to section 12.4.
• Read pgs. 313-317 in the textbook.
• Complete the following section review questions in your
“Section Review” worksheet.
1) Describe two adaptations of the flounder to life as a benthic
organism.
2) What are some unusual characteristics of the sea horse?
3) What features do deep-sea fishes have for capturing prey?
EchinodermsUnit 4.12 Review.
• Pgs. 318-321 in the textbook.
• Answer Chapter 112 Review questions 1-24 on the worksheet
provided.
- You will need to write in the answers from the textbook.
• Pages have been scanned & loaded as an assignment in
google classroom (“MSS9-4.12 Assessment Review”).