Parasites of commercial fishes as

bioindicators of marine pollution:A preliminary study

Parasites of commercial fishes as

bioindicators of marine pollution:A preliminary study

Ana Pérez-del Olmo, Mercedes Fernández, Francisco E. Montero, Juan Antonio Raga & Aneta Kostadinova

Ana Pérez-del Olmo, Mercedes Fernández, Francisco E. Montero, Juan Antonio Raga & Aneta Kostadinova

Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology

University of Valencia, Spain

Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology

University of Valencia, Spain

Vertimar 2005Vertimar 2005

External anomaliesLength-weight relationshipsDetoxifying enzymesHematological valuesHistopathologyPollutant concentrationParasitism

External anomaliesLength-weight relationshipsDetoxifying enzymesHematological valuesHistopathologyPollutant concentrationParasitism

Bioindicators in marine organisms

Bioindicators in marine organisms

Bioindicators in marine organisms

Bioindicators in marine organisms

External anomaliesLength-weight relationshipsDetoxifying enzymesHematological valuesHistopathologyPollutant concentration

Parasitism

External anomaliesLength-weight relationshipsDetoxifying enzymesHematological valuesHistopathologyPollutant concentration

Parasitism

Parasites as BioindicatorsParasites as Bioindicators

Transmission through trophic webs (Marcogliese & Cone, 1997)

Alteration of parasite´s environment (Khan, 1987)

Life cycles shorter than those of their hosts

Heavy metal accumulation (Sures, 2003)

More parasitic than free living species (MacKenzie, 1999)

Transmission through trophic webs (Marcogliese & Cone, 1997)

Alteration of parasite´s environment (Khan, 1987)

Life cycles shorter than those of their hosts

Heavy metal accumulation (Sures, 2003)

More parasitic than free living species (MacKenzie, 1999)

“Exxon Valdez” (Alaska)

24.03.1989

“Exxon Valdez” (Alaska)

24.03.1989

“Amoco Cadiz” (France)

16.03.1978

“Amoco Cadiz” (France)

16.03.1978

Boops boops

(Bogue – Boga)

Boops boops

(Bogue – Boga)Micromesistius

poutassou (Blue whiting – Lirio)

Micromesistius poutassou

(Blue whiting – Lirio)

AimAim

To investigate the medium-term impact of the oil spill from the “Prestige” using

pre- and post-spill information on parasite infections from two commercial

fish.

To investigate the medium-term impact of the oil spill from the “Prestige” using

pre- and post-spill information on parasite infections from two commercial

fish.

“Prestige” oil spill“Prestige” oil spill

13.11.200213.11.2002

2980 km affected2980 km affected

Micromesistius poutassouMicromesistius poutassouFamily Gadidae

aa

Mesopelagic

Small crustaceans (euphausiids, amphipods). Large individuals may prey on fish and cephalopods

Family Gadidae

aa

Mesopelagic

Small crustaceans (euphausiids, amphipods). Large individuals may prey on fish and cephalopods

3000 m

160 m30 – 400 m

VigoVigo

60 fish: 2000 & 200460 fish: 2000 & 2004

Micromesistius poutassouMicromesistius poutassou

VigoVigo

DigeneaDigenea

(benthic-neritic)(benthic-neritic)

DigeneaDigenea

(benthic-neritic)(benthic-neritic)

NematodaNematoda

(pelagic)(pelagic)

NematodaNematoda

(pelagic)(pelagic)

Distribution of abundance Distribution of abundance

Before After

Mean SD CV (%) Mean SD CV (%) Significance

NEMATODA 16.9 8.7 51.5 9.3 6.4 68.7 ***

Anisakis simplex ( Rudolphi, 1809) 16.8 8.7 51.7 8.9 6.4 71.3 ***

Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) 0.1 0.3 259.3 0.3 0.7 190.0 ns

DIGENEA 3.0 3.1 102.1 0.8 1.0 135.5 **

Stephanostomum spp. 2.7 3.1 112.4 0.7 1.0 147.9 *

Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rudolphi, 1819) 0.3 0.6 218.7 0.1 0.3 315.9 ns

Before After

Mean SD CV (%) Mean SD CV (%) Significance

NEMATODA 16.9 8.7 51.5 9.3 6.4 68.7 ***

Anisakis simplex ( Rudolphi, 1809) 16.8 8.7 51.7 8.9 6.4 71.3 ***

Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) 0.1 0.3 259.3 0.3 0.7 190.0 ns

DIGENEA 3.0 3.1 102.1 0.8 1.0 135.5 **

Stephanostomum spp. 2.7 3.1 112.4 0.7 1.0 147.9 *

Prosorhynchus crucibulum (Rudolphi, 1819) 0.3 0.6 218.7 0.1 0.3 315.9 ns

Boops boopsBoops boopsFamily Sparidae

aaaaaaaaaa

Inshore Waters (1 - 200 m)

Demersal or semipelagic above various bottoms

Omnivorous (young mostly carnivorous, adults mostly herbivorous)

Family Sparidae

aaaaaaaaaa

Inshore Waters (1 - 200 m)

Demersal or semipelagic above various bottoms

Omnivorous (young mostly carnivorous, adults mostly herbivorous)

MalpicaMalpica

VigoVigo

OndarroaOndarroaOndarroaOndarroa

120 fish: 2001 & 2004120 fish: 2001 & 2004

Boops boopsBoops boops

2001-20042001-2004 20012001

20012001

Parasites of Boops boops

Parasites of Boops boops

Total: 26 metazoan parasitesTotal: 26 metazoan parasites

Isop. Copep. Monoge.

Nematod.

Acantho.

Cestod.

Digen. Total

Vigo 1 - 1 2 - - 10 14

Malpica 1 1 - 1 2 - - 10 14

Ondarroa 1 - 2 2 - - 8 13

Malpica 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 16 26

Before Vigo After Malpica 2

Malpica 1

Ondarroa

Before Vigo After Malpica 2

Malpica 1

Ondarroa

8.831.6 361.57235.8

4.171.8 36.7027.7 5.001.2 56.2329.5

4.231.4 52.0744.7

BeforeBefore

AfterAfter

Parasite

richness

mean SD

Parasite

richness

mean SD

Parasite

abundance

mean SD

Parasite

abundance

mean SD

Malpica (M2)

Malpica (M1)

Vigo (V1)

Ondarroa (O1)

Malpica (M2)

Malpica (M1)

Vigo (V1)

Ondarroa (O1)

Parasite CommunitiesParasite Communities

0

50

100

150

Samples

P (%)

M2 M1 V1 O1

nsns

******

Monoxenous parasites: Prevalence

Monoxenous parasites: Prevalence

direct cycle-ectoparasites direct cycle-ectoparasites

Prevalence of monoxenous by group

Prevalence of monoxenous by group

Monoxenous parasites: Species richness

Monoxenous parasites: Species richness

nsns

******

nsns

******

Monoxenous parasites: Abundance

Monoxenous parasites: Abundance

MONOXENOUS PARASITES (direct cycle-ectoparasites)MONOXENOUS PARASITES (direct cycle-ectoparasites)

HETEROXENOUS PARASITES(indirect cycle-endoparasites)HETEROXENOUS PARASITES(indirect cycle-endoparasites)

Ratio Sm/ShRatio Sm/Sh

Diamant et al. (2003) Diamant et al. (2003)

nsns

******

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

0,50

Samples

Sm/Sh

M2 M1 V1 O1

PAHsPAHs

Immunosupression Immunosupression

ELEVATED LEVELS OF MONOXENOUS INFECTIONS

ELEVATED LEVELS OF MONOXENOUS INFECTIONS

Gill hyperplasiaExcessive mucous secretionCoagulation of mucus

Gill hyperplasiaExcessive mucous secretionCoagulation of mucus

Haensy et al. (1982): Amoco Cadiz oil spill Moles & Wade (2001): experimental studyKhan (1990; 2003): experimental & field studies

Haensy et al. (1982): Amoco Cadiz oil spill Moles & Wade (2001): experimental studyKhan (1990; 2003): experimental & field studies

Pollution & ParasitesPollution & Parasites

increaseincrease

ImmunosupressionImmunosupression

EctoparasitesEctoparasitesEctoparasitesEctoparasites EndoparasitesEndoparasites

decreasedecrease

Interruption of life cyclesInterruption of life cycles

MacKenzie (1999), Khan (2003)MacKenzie (1999), Khan (2003)

* No substantial perturbation of the benthic intermediate hosts* No substantial perturbation of the benthic intermediate hosts

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Samples

No. I nd.

M2 M1 V1 O1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Samples

No. I nd.

M2 M1 V1 O1

nsns

******

Heteroxenous parasites: Abundance

Heteroxenous parasites: Abundance

Heteroxenous parasites:

Species richness

Heteroxenous parasites:

Species richness

nsns

******

00

11

22

33

44

55

66

77

SamplesSamples

No. sp.No. sp.

M2M2 M1M1 V1V1 O1O1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 2 4 6

Mean no. of sp.Mean no. of sp.

Mean

no.

of

ind

.M

ean

no.

of

ind

.

Still …Still …

3 Atlantic3 Mediterranean3 Atlantic3 Mediterranean

Future researchFuture research

Parasitism Length-weight relationshipExternal anomaliesHematological valuesHistopathologyPollutant concentration

Parasitism Length-weight relationshipExternal anomaliesHematological valuesHistopathologyPollutant concentration

Thanks are due to:Thanks are due to:Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (APO

holds a FPU grant and MF holds a “Ramón y Cajal” contract)

Fundación Azti (Sukarrieta), IIM (CSIC)Pescados Rivas (Fisterra), Lonjas de Bueu

y RibeiraUnidad de Zoología Marina (ICBIBE,

Universitat de València)

Thanks for your attention!

Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (APO holds a FPU grant and MF holds a “Ramón y Cajal” contract)

Fundación Azti (Sukarrieta), IIM (CSIC)Pescados Rivas (Fisterra), Lonjas de Bueu

y RibeiraUnidad de Zoología Marina (ICBIBE,

Universitat de València)

Thanks for your attention!

90,00

91,00

92,00

93,00

94,00

95,00

96,00

97,00

98,00

99,00

100,00

101,00

MV4A spr ing 00 summer 00 autumn 00 winter 00 spr ing 01

0,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

12,00

14,00

16,00

18,00

20,00

prevalencia abundancia

Micromesistius poutassouMicromesistius poutassou