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Unit 2: The Cell

Unit 2: The Cell

This unit will be broken up into two separate parts, each with its own test. However, both parts are from the same standard.

Standard B-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles.

Part 1The first half of this unit will focus on the following standards:

B-2.1 Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or

more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells).

B-2.2 Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, vacuoles, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum [ER], Golgi apparatus, cilia, flagella, cell membrane, nuclear membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm).

B-2.3 Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

B-2.5 Explain how active, passive, and facilitated transport serve to maintain the homeostasis of the cell.

UNIT 2, PART 1 TEST: _______________________

Part 2The second half of this unit will focus on the following standards:

B-2.4 Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchical organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems).

B-2.6 Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis.

B-2.7 Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division and allows cells to respond to the environment, and recognize the consequences of uncontrolled cell division.

UNIT 2, PART 2 TEST: _______________________1

Unit 2: The CellAn Introduction to Cells

Objectives:Recall the major tenets of the Cell theory.Compare unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms. Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

Vocabulary Words:Define the following vocabulary words in the space provided.

1. cell theory

2. cytoplasm

3. organelle

4. prokaryotic cell

5. eukaryotic cell

*******************************************************************************************************************You and all other organisms are made of cells. A cell’s structure is closely related to its function.

Today, we know that cells are smallest unit of life that can carry out all processes required for life.

However, before the 1600s, people had many other ideas about the basis of life.

Life is ____________________.


Indicator B – 2.1: Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells).

Indicator B – 2.3: Compare the structures and organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2

Unit 2: The CellATP stands for ______________________________. It is what organisms use for ____________.

Cells take sugar (________) from food and turn it into ________.

The History of Cell BiologyA person who studies cells is called a ____________________. The study of cells is ____________.

The following scientists contributed to the Cell Theory.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

RobertHooke

Matthias Schleiden

TheodorSchwann

RudolfVirchow

The Cell TheoryA cell is the basic unit of _____________. The 3 parts to the Cell Theory are:

1) _________________________________________________________________________

2) _________________________________________________________________________

3) _________________________________________________________________________

Prokaryotes and EukaryotesBiologists divide cells into two main categories: _________________ and _________________

Fill out the chart about prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Where is the DNA in a prokaryote found? Where is the DNA in a eukaryote found?

Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms3

Unit 2: The CellSometimes just one cell is the entire _____________________.

They do everything that you would expect a living thing to do.

Includes both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryote examples

Eukaryote examples

Multicellular organisms are comprised of __________________________.

Cells are ____________ to perform particular functions. This is called ___________________.

Levels of OrganizationIn a multicellular organism, there is a certain order to how cells are organized.

_______________ ___________________ __________________ ____________________

Can You Tell the Difference?

Use the picture to the left.

According to the levels of organization in a multicellular organism, what do you think each of the following would be.

Cell: ____________________

Tissue: ____________________

Organ: ________________________

Organ System: _________________

4

Unit 2: The CellDetermine if each of the following describes a prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell, or both.

1. Mostly unicellular, like bacteria

2. Contains organelles (specialized structures)

3. DNA found within a membrane-bound nucleus

4. Has ribosomes (for making proteins)

5. DNA found suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell in a plasmid

6. Has cytoplasm

7. Has a cell membrane

8. The DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes

9.

10.

Cellular Organelles


Indicator B – 2.2: Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, vacuoles,

5

Unit 2: The Cell

Objectives:Describe the functions of the major cell organelles.Identify the structures of various cell organelles.


1. Cytoskeleton

2. Nucleus

3. Endoplasmic reticulum

4. Ribosome

5. Golgi apparatus

6. Vesicle

7. Mitochondria

8. Vacuole

9. Lysosome

10. Centriole

11. Cell wall

12. Chloroplast

Your body is highly organized. It contains organs that

are specialized to perform particular tasks. For

example, your skin receives sensory information and

helps prevent infection. Your intestines digest your food

while your kidneys filter wastes. Your bones support

and protect your organs, while allowing you to walk


Indicator B – 2.2: Summarize the structures and functions of organelles found in a eukaryotic cell (including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, vacuoles,

6

Unit 2: The Cellupright and move. On a much smaller scale, your cells have a similar division of labor. They contain

specialized structures that work together to respond to stimuli and efficiently carry out other

necessary processes.

CELL ORGANELLES

All cells have three things in common:

Cells have an internal structure that gives it its shape and supports it. A ________________, which is

a network of proteins that are constantly changing to meet the needs of a cell. This is composed of

_______________ and _________________.

Organelles in the Cytoplasm The ________________

contains the chromosomes, which are

composed of ________, a chemical called deoxyribonucleic

acid. The __________ is responsible for the genetic information

of the cell. There are two parts to the nucleus. The ____________

_____________, which is found around the nucleus and contains thousands of tiny holes called

______________ are hollow tubes of protein that maintains cell shape and serves as “tracks” for organelle movement.

______________ are long, thin fibers that function in movement and support of the cell.

7

Unit 2: The Cellnuclear ____________. This is how RNA and other materials can get out of the nucleus. There is

also a dense region within the nucleus called the ____________, where ribosomes are made.

____________ are the actual organelles where proteins are made. They

may be freely floating around the cell or attached to ________________

_______________ (ER). When they are attached to ER, it is called

_________ _______________ ______________, but when there are no

ribosomes attached to ER, it is called ____________

__________________ _________________.

Once a protein is made, it must be sorted and packaged before it is

delivered to its appropriate destination. The organelle responsible for

this is the ________________ _____________. It is a stack of

membranes that lie directly outside the endoplasmic reticulum.

Once a protein is packaged and

ready for delivery, it must have a method of getting to its

destination. ___________ are the organelles responsible for this.

_______________ are organelles which contain chemicals called

enzymes. These enzymes are necessary for digesting certain materials of

the cell. This organelle can also remove debris from the cell.

8

Unit 2: The Cell

When your cell needs energy in the form of ATP, the ____________________ is the organelle that

releases the energy from the food taken in. It is very unique in that it

contains its own DNA and can reproduce on its own. It is thought that

at one time, this organelle was actually an organism that lived a

unicellular life. The DNA found within this organelle is different from

the DNA found within the nucleus of the cell.

________________ are cylinder-shaped

organelles made of microtubules that aid in cell division. They are not found in

__________ cells. They lie right outside the nucleus.

Plant Cells are Unique

_______________ are organelles that use energy from sunlight to

make ATP. Like mitochondria, they also contain their own DNA and

can reproduce on their own.

9

Unit 2: The Cell

Around the cell membrane of a plant cell, lies an extra layer of

protection called the __________ _________. Unlike the cell

membrane, the _________ __________ is rigid.

In a plant cell, there is a large central

_______________ that stores water, salts, and other materials

the cell may need. Animal cells may also contain these organelles,

but they are much smaller.

Cells Move Too!

____________ are short hair-like structures that aid animal cells

and protists in movement whereas a ______________ is a long

whip-like structure found on some animal cells, bacteria, and

protists.

Cell LabelingLabel each cell below. Next to the cell, indicate whether it is a plant cell or an animal cell. Try to do

this without using your notes or book.

10

Unit 2: The Cell

Cellular Transport

A B

E

D

C

G

F

HI

K

J

L

M

A

ED

I

HG

F

CB

K

J


Indicator B-2.5: Explain how active, passive, and facilitated transports serve to maintain the homeostasis of the cell.

11

Unit 2: The CellObjectives:

Identify the main functions of the cell membrane.Describe what happens during diffusion.Explain the processes of osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.


1. cell membrane

2. phospholipid

3. fluid mosaic model

4. selective permeability

5. passive transport

6. diffusion

7. concentration gradient

8. osmosis

9. isotonic

10.hypertonic

11.hypotonic

12. facilitated diffusion

13.active transport

14.endocytosis

12

Unit 2: The Cell15.phagocytosis

16.exocytosis

*******************************************************************************************************************

Cell MembranesAll cells have a _______ _____________. The environment of individual cells and the cytoplasm

make it possible for substances to move _____ and _____ of the cell. In order to maintain

_____________, the cell membrane must regulate this process. Two other functions of the cell

membrane are for _______________ and _____________.

The structure of the cell membrane is described as a _________ _____________, which means it

has two layers of __________________.

Phospholipids are comprised of a “head”

and two “tails”. The head is _________,

which means “water-loving”. The tail is

____________, which means “water-

fearing”. _____________ are embedded in

the membrane. Cell membranes also have

holes or __________ that allows them to

be _____________ _____________ or

________ _______________, allowing

some molecules to pass into the cell and keeps other molecules out.

The arrangement of the cell membrane is often referred to as a ______________ _____________

_____________.

Types of Cellular TransportSubstances are constantly moving in and out of the cell. there are two main types of cellular

transport:

In ______________ transport, the cell ______ _____ use energy (_______). There are three

types of _______________ transport. They are:

1.

13

Unit 2: The Cell2.

3.

In __________ transport, the cell ________ use energy (_________). Types of ___________

transport include:

1.

2.

3.

Passive Transport: HIGH LOW In passive transport, the cell uses ____ __________. Molecules are constantly moving around

within a cell. They will move ___________ and spread out from an area of ________

concentration to an area of _______ concentration. The difference in these concentrations is

called a __________________ __________________

1. Diffusion is the random ___________ of particles from an area of ________

concentration to an area of _______ concentration and continues until all __________ are

evenly spread out or have reached _______________. Once equilibrium is reached, the

molecules will continue to ________, but stay ______ out.

2. Facilitated Diffusion occurs when specific particles move

through ________ _______ found in the cell ____________.

The “facilitation” is provided by the ________

________ which are _____________ regarding

the molecules that they move across the membrane. They can

transport _________ molecules or ________ molecules.

14

Unit 2: The Cell

3. Osmosis is the diffusion of ___________ through a selectively

permeable membrane. When

water is higher, solutes are lower.

Therefore they will move in

___________ directions.

Active Transport: LOW HIGHIn active transport, the cell uses ___________ as it actively moves _____________ to where

they are needed. The reason this transport is “active” and requires _________ is because the

movement is from an area of ________ concentration to an area of _________concentration

(against gradient). Think: Pushing a ball up a hill.

1. Protein Pumps require _____________ __________ to do work. They change

____________ to move molecules.

Example: Sodium/Potassium pumps in nerve responses.

2. Endocytosis takes bulky material ________ the cell. This process, referred to as

“______ __________”, uses energy as the cell membrane __________

around a food

particle, forms a food ____________ and __________ food.

Example: white blood cells digesting bacteria

15

Unit 2: The Cell

3. Exocytosis ___________ material out of cell in bulk. In this process, the

membrane surrounding the material to be moved ___________ with the cell

membrane and changes ___________. This requires energy.

Example: Hormones or wastes removed from the cell.

Effects of Water on Cells

Osmosis is the diffusion of __________ through a __________ __________ membrane.

Water is such a _________ molecule that the cell cannot control its __________ through the cell

membrane.

SOLUTION: Dissolved molecules such as glucose, salt, and starch are referred to as the

____________ in the solution. The dissolving medium, such as water is called the _____________.

The environment of cells can exist under one of three conditions, depending on the amount of water

in and out of the cell:

Hypertonic Environment (Hyper- means “above”)When the amount of solute outside the cell is high and the amount of

water is low, water will go out of the cell to equalize the concentrations. 16

Unit 2: The CellThis describes a cell that is ________________ (low solute, high solvent on the inside) to its external

environment. Water will diffuse ____________ of the cell, causing the cell to ___________. This is

why it is dangerous to drink salt water. The salt will pull the water out of our cells. What type of cell is

more susceptible to this situation, animal cells or plant cells? Why?

Isotonic Environment (Iso- means “same”)When the amount of water (solvent) and solute are equal on both

sides of the cell membrane, the environment is

__________________ (same) and water flows both in and out of

the cell without changing the concentrations. The cell remains

___________. Why do organisms want their cells to be in this

environment?

Hypotonic Environment (Hypo- means “below”)When the amount of solute inside the cell is high and the amount of

water is low, water will move into the cell to equalize the

concentrations. This describes a cell that is _________________

(high solute, low solvent outside) to its external environment. Water

will diffuse _________ the cell, causing the cell to __________ or

possibly burst. When might this situation occur in a cell?

Annotate the following solutions to show the movement of water. Answer the questions that follow.

17

Unit 2: The Cell

Analysis1. A cell with a concentration of 20% glucose is placed in a solution with 50% glucose. Which way

will water move and why? Sketch this out.

2. A cell with a concentration of 50% glucose is placed in a solution with 20% glucose. Which way


3. A cell with a concentration of 20% glucose is placed in a solution with 20% glucose. Which way


Cellular Differentiation

18

Unit 2: The Cell

Objectives:

Explain the process of cell differentiation.Recall that all of the cells of a particular organism contain all of the genetic code.Summarize the unique characteristics of embryonic and adult stem cells.


1. tissue

2. organ

3. organ system

4. cell differentiation

5. stem cell


Indicator B-2.4: Explain the process of cell differentiation as the basis for the hierarchal organization of organisms (including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems).

19

Unit 2: The CellEach of us enters this world as a screaming infant. At

first, the ability to eat solid foods of take a step draws

forth great praise. These general skills rapidly lose their

wonder, however, and by the time you reach the age of

18, everyone wants to know what you plan to do with

yourself. Will you build houses or design clothing or treat

patients? What will your specialty be? Cell, too, undergo

specialization to carry out the complex functions required by the body.

Cell Tissue Organ Organ System

All life starts with a single cell. This cell is a __________ _____, or

_______________. Sperm, from the male enters the membrane of the

egg from the female. This ___________ ______ then gives rise to many

different types of cells in that organism. Each of these cells has a

particular structure and function. This is referred to as ____________

_________________.

The fertilized egg can give rise to many different cells through CELL DIVISION. However, the

process of cell division itself only gives rise to many cells that are genetically identical, it doesn’t

specialize any cells. As cell division continues, the cells not only increase in number but they also

begin to ______________, meaning they become _____________ in structure and function. These

specialized cells then arrange themselves into tissues, which are organized into organs, and

ultimately, organ systems.

Cells within a multicellular organism also come in many different shapes and sizes.

20

Unit 2: The CellEven though these cells are all different sizes, shapes, and

perform different functions, they all contain the same

__________ in their nucleus. During the process of

_______________, only specific parts of the ____________

are activated. The parts that are activated determine the

_______________ and specialized ______________ of the

cell. Because all cells contain the same _____, all cells

initially have the potential to become any type of cell.

However, once a cell _____________ the process CANNOT

BE ______________.

There is a type of cell that is unspecialized and can continually reproduce themselves under the

appropriate conditions. They are called ___________ ____________. They have the ability to

differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells. There can be classified based on

_______________ and __________________.

Potential Origin

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Embryonic Stem Cells

Adult Stem Cells

21

Unit 2: The CellCellular Division

Objectives:

Describe how cell division solves the problems of cell growth. Describe the structure of a chromosome in both a prokaryote and a eukaryote. Name and Describe the main events of the cell cycle. Compare cell division in a prokaryote and a eukaryote.


1. cell cycle

2. mitosis

3. cytokinesis

4. chromosome

5. histone

6. chromatin

7. chromatid

8. centromere

9. telomere

10. prophase

11. metaphase

12. anaphase


Indicator B-2.6: Summarize the characteristics of the cell cycle: interphase (called G1, S, G2); and the phases of mitosis (called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase); and plant and animal cytokinesis.

22

Unit 2: The Cell13. telophase

Limits to Cell Growth

Living things grow by producing more ___________. However, a cell cannot grow indefinitely. There

are limits to cell growth:

DNA _____________

o Too many demands on the DNA.

Problems _____________ materials

o SA:V plays a role in this

Instead of growing indefinitely, cells ____________ to produce “daughter” cells, which are just like

them through a process called ___________ ___________. Cells first copy their ________. By taking

one big cell and reducing it to two smaller cells, the Surface Area to Volume ratio is increased.

ChromosomesIn a eukaryotic cell, the genetic information (DNA) is carried in a

___________.

- made up of DNA wrapped around proteins called

_____________

- tightly packaged in the nucleus

- usually only visible during _______ _________

In a prokaryotic cell, there are NO chromosomes.

- The DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm

Before a cell can

divide, the DNA must be copied. Once a

chromosome replicates and condenses, they become

__________ ________. They are genetically identical

and attached to one another in the center, called the

______________.

23

Unit 2: The Cell

Each species has a characteristic number of _____________ found in each cell. For example,

humans have ________ chromosomes in each of its cells (except for sperm/egg cells) but a common

housefly has __________ chromosmoes in each of its cells (except for sperm/egg cells).

Chromosomes are categorized as either ___________ ______________ or ________________ as

can be seen in a __________________.

Only one set of sex chromosomes per organism. This picture just shows what those

possibiliies could be.

Another way to describe the chromosome arrangement in an organism is by how many pairs they

have. Remember, each organism gets one chromosme from their mom and a “matching” homologous

chromosme from their dad.

Diploid Cells (2N) describe cells that have 2 of each chromosome. Each cell in the

organism, except for __________ or _________ cells, arediploid because of this. These

cells are called ________ (__________) cells.

Haploid Cells (N) describe cells that only have 1 of

each chromosome. Only sperm and egg cells are

considered haploid. THINK: Sperm (haploid) + Egg

(haploid) = Zygote (diploid). These cells are called

___________ or _______ cells.

24

Sex Chromosomes Autosomes

Determine the sex of an organism.

X or Y: XX is male XY is female

Only 2 sex chromosomes per organism.

Any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome.

Each organism has 2 copies of autosomes: 1 from mom 1 from dad

Are considered homologous chromsomes.

Unit 2: The Cell

The Cell CycleThe cell cycle is a series of events that _____________ cells go through as they grow and divide:

- Mitosis is how ___________ cells divide.

- Meiosis is how __________ cell are made.

These events can be divided in two main parts:

1. ____________(in between divisions phase grouping G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase), during

which the cell is forming and carries on with its normal metabolic functions

2. __________ ________ (M-Phase), during which the cell is actually dividing its

chromosomes and cytoplasm. It’s comprised of mitosis and cytokinesis.

Interphase

G1 (Growth 1) S (Synthesis) G2 (Growth 2)

Interphase

G1

S

G2

Mitotic Phase

MitosisProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase

Cytokinesis

25

Unit 2: The Cell

Sometimes the cells ________ the cell cycle (usually from G1 phase) and enter the ______ phase. In

the G0 phase, cells are ___________ and __________, but

do not divide. In this phase cells do not copy their DNA and

do not prepare for cell division. Many cells in the human

body, including those in heart muscle, eyes, and brain are

in the G0 phase. If these cells are damaged they cannot be

replaced.

Mitotic Phase (M-Phase)Mitosis is the process in which a eukaryotic cell

separates its already duplicated chromosomes (copied

during the S phase) into two sets of chromosomes so

there will be two identical nuclei. It is generally followed

by cytokinesis which divides the cytoplasm and cell

membrane. This results in two _____________

______________ cells (both have an identical set of

chromosomes) with an equal distribution of organelles

and other cellular components.

Mitosis does _________ occur in prokaryotic cells that

do NOT have a nucleus.

26

Unit 2: The CellMitosis – Division of the nucleus and it’s contents

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Cytokinesis – Division of the cytoplasm

Immediately after telophase, cytokinesis occurs.

In animal cells, the cell membrane is pinched inward, forming a __________ __________.

In plant cells, a __________ __________ forms between the two cells which will become the cell wall.

27

Unit 2: The CellBinary Fission – Cell Division in Prokaryotes

Even though prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, they still

have DNA that needs to be copied and separated in order to

make new cells. This process is called ___________

____________. It is a lot simpler than eukaryotic cell

division. 2 daughter cells are produced that are genetically

identical to the parent cell.

***************************************************************************************************************

Label the following cell cycle. Write one sentence that describes what goes on in that phase. Try

to do this WITHOUT using your notes

Name each numbered stage in the plant cell cycle diagram:28

Unit 2: The Cell

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase/cytokinesis

1. 7. 13.2. 8. 14.3. 9. 15.4. 10. 16.5. 11. 17.6. 12. 18.

Plant Cells

Cell Regulation


Indicator B-2.7: Summarize how cell regulation controls and coordinates cell growth and division and allows cells to respond to the environment, and recognize the consequences of uncontrolled cell division.

29

Unit 2: The Cell

Objectives:Identify internal and external factors that regulate cell division. Explain cancer in terms of the cell cycle.


1. growth factor

2. apoptosis

3. cancer

4. benign

5. malignant

6. metastasize

7. carcinogens

You have already learned that cells in different parts of the body divide at different rates. For

example, cells in the lining of the stomach divide at a much faster rate than most of the other cells in

your body. Some cells, like neurons, will not divide at all. Signals from within the cell and from the

cell’s environment control a cell’s division.

Internal and External Factors Regulate Cell DivisionExternal factors come from the _____________ of the cell.

They may be messages from nearby ____________ or from distant ________ of the body.

30

Unit 2: The CellInternal factors come from the _____________ of the cell.

They include several types of molecules found in the ___________ of the cell.

External FactorsIncludes both ___________ and ____________ signals.

A physical signal would be _____ to ______ contact.

Many cells release chemical signals that tell other cells to ___________.

This would include _________ _________, a group of proteins that

stimulate cell division. In general, cells grow and divide in response to a

combination of different ____________ __________, not just one. Various

hormones may also stimulate the __________ of certain cell types. In

particular, __________ ___________ results in bone growth and also

affects your ________ and ________ metabolism.

Internal FactorsWhen external factors bind to their receptors,

they can trigger ___________ factors.

There are two main types in eukaryotic

cells: ___________ and _____________

ApoptosisJust as some cells need to ___________ and

_________, other cells need to _____.

__________ is programmed cell death. It occurs when __________ or __________

signals activate genes that help produce _________________ enzymes.

Most mammal cells grown in the lab form a single layer on the bottom of a culture or Petri dish as seen in the picture to the left. Once a cell _________ another cell, it stops __________. The exact reason for this phenomenon is ___________.

webbed The picture to the left shows a classic

example of APOPTOSIS. In the early

stages of development, __________

embryos have ___________ between

their fingers and toes. Before the

baby is born, those cells typically go

webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed webbed

31

Unit 2: The Cell

Cell Division is Uncontrolled in Cancer___________ is the common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

Unlike healthy cells, ___________ cells grown in a culture (Petri) dish continue to divide even when

surrounded by neighboring cells. Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called ___________.

Tumors can be either ____________ or ____________. If they are benign, they tend to stay in one

place and are relatively ____________. They can usually be cured by ___________ them.

If they are malignant, some of the cancer cells can _________ _________ or metastasize. This

means they can leave their original place of origin and travel elsewhere in the body. They can be

carried via the ________ stream of the __________ system.

Cancer cells do not perform the __________ functions

needed by the __________. For example, if there is

cancer in the lungs, they will not exchange __________

and __________ __________. Cancer cells come from

___________ cells that have suffered ____________ to

the genes that help make proteins involved in cell cycle

regulation. There can be many reasons why a cell turns

The picture to the left shows a classic

example of APOPTOSIS. In the early

stages of development, __________

embryos have ___________ between

their fingers and toes. Before the

baby is born, those cells typically go

Blood Stream Cancer Cell

32

Unit 2: The Cellcancerous. Substances known to produce or promote the development of cancer are called

____________. These include ___________ smoke and certain ________ pollutants, which are both

associated with lung cancer. Sometimes they can be carried by a ________, such as the one known

to cause cervical cancer. Standard cancer treatment involves both ____________ and ___________.

*******************************************************************************************************************

Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy

33

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