Unit 2 –Female Reproductive Unit 2 –Female Reproductive SystemSystem

Puberty in FemalesPuberty in Females•Pituitary gland release gonadotropic hormones – LH Pituitary gland release gonadotropic hormones – LH & FSH& FSH

•Activate the female gonads which begins producing Activate the female gonads which begins producing the female sex hormones estrogen & progesteronethe female sex hormones estrogen & progesterone

•Secondary sex characteristics begin – this can Secondary sex characteristics begin – this can include budding of breasts, auxillary hair include budding of breasts, auxillary hair development, leading to menarche around age 13 – development, leading to menarche around age 13 – usually anovulatory (not ovulating)usually anovulatory (not ovulating)

•Other changes as wellOther changes as well

KEY TERMS – Female Reproductive SystemKEY TERMS – Female Reproductive System

External termsExternal terms• VulvaVulva – describes all external parts – describes all external parts• Labia MajoraLabia Majora –outer folds of skin –outer folds of skin• Labia MinoraLabia Minora – inner folds - Both become sensitive – inner folds - Both become sensitive

during stimulationduring stimulation• ClitorisClitoris – located in front of urethra – many blood – located in front of urethra – many blood

vessels & nerve endingsvessels & nerve endings• Urethra OrificeUrethra Orifice - connects to urethra -eliminates - connects to urethra -eliminates

urineurine• VaginaVagina – opening to uterus – birth canal – opening to uterus – birth canal• PerineumPerineum – field of tissue between vagina & anus – field of tissue between vagina & anus• Mons PubisMons Pubis – pad of tissue covering pubic bone – – pad of tissue covering pubic bone –

some sensitivity – covered w/ pubic hairsome sensitivity – covered w/ pubic hair• HymenHymen – membrane that sometimes covers vaginal – membrane that sometimes covers vaginal

openingopening

EXTERNAL GENITALIAEXTERNAL GENITALIA Label Your Diagrams Label Your Diagrams

Internal structuresInternal structures• VaginaVagina –birth canal – about 3-4 inches deep –birth canal – about 3-4 inches deep

– nerve endings concentrated near opening– nerve endings concentrated near opening

• CervixCervix – lower end of the uterus – located at – lower end of the uterus – located at top of canal top of canal

• UterusUterus – reproductive organ, located top of – reproductive organ, located top of vagina between bladder & rectum – about vagina between bladder & rectum – about size of a fist – sheds lining monthly as a part size of a fist – sheds lining monthly as a part of the menstrual cycleof the menstrual cycle

• EndometriumEndometrium –lining of uterus – shed during –lining of uterus – shed during cycle or supports fertilized egg during cycle or supports fertilized egg during pregnancypregnancy

Internal structures Cont.Internal structures Cont.• Bartholin glandsBartholin glands – located on sides of – located on sides of

canal – release lubricant into canalcanal – release lubricant into canal• Fallopian tubesFallopian tubes – egg travels down tube – egg travels down tube

toward uterus – fertilization can take place toward uterus – fertilization can take place in lower 1/3 of tube if sperm presentin lower 1/3 of tube if sperm present

• FimbriaeFimbriae – fingers of f. tube – move toward – fingers of f. tube – move toward gonads as ovulation takes place – scoops gonads as ovulation takes place – scoops up ovaup ova

• OvariesOvaries – female gonads – house sex cell – female gonads – house sex cell until mature in structure called “follicle”– until mature in structure called “follicle”– females born with approx 1 million eggs – females born with approx 1 million eggs – ovaries produce sex hormonesovaries produce sex hormones

INTERNAL FEMALE SYSTEMINTERNAL FEMALE SYSTEM*LABLE YOUR DIAGRAMS*LABLE YOUR DIAGRAMS

HormonesHormones

• EstrogenEstrogen- causes reproductive organs - causes reproductive organs to mature into adult shape & size – to mature into adult shape & size – growth of auxillary hair & strengthens growth of auxillary hair & strengthens bonesbones

• w/ w/ progesteroneprogesterone – regulates the – regulates the menstrual cycle a & preparing uterus menstrual cycle a & preparing uterus for pregnancyfor pregnancy

• OvaOva – female sex cells – begin to – female sex cells – begin to mature around age 15 – released mature around age 15 – released monthly during ovulation - monthly during ovulation -

Menstrual CycleMenstrual Cycle

• Complex combination of hormonal & Complex combination of hormonal & physical changesphysical changes

• Involves FSH & LHInvolves FSH & LH• Based on a 28 day cycle – can varyBased on a 28 day cycle – can vary• Factors that can affect MC include Factors that can affect MC include

stress, diet, travel, exercise, WT stress, diet, travel, exercise, WT gain/loss, illnessgain/loss, illness

• Magic number 104 LBS…Magic number 104 LBS…• Refer to MC chart for cycleRefer to MC chart for cycle

Problems of Female Repo. Problems of Female Repo. SystemSystemProblemProblem What it is?What it is? SymptomSymptom

ssTreatmentTreatment

CystitisCystitis

Bladder Bladder infectioninfection

Inflammation Inflammation of bladder; of bladder; usually due to usually due to bacterial bacterial infectioninfection

Burning Burning during during urination; urination; strong smell; strong smell; fever or blood fever or blood in urinein urine

AntibioticsAntibiotics

VaginitisVaginitis Vaginal Vaginal infection by infection by fungus, fungus, bacteria, or bacteria, or protozoa; may protozoa; may be from STIbe from STI

Irritation or Irritation or itchin around itchin around vagina; vagina; secretions of secretions of unusual color unusual color &/or &/or unpleasant unpleasant odorodor

Over-the –Over-the –counter counter vaginal cream vaginal cream or antibioticor antibiotic

ProbleProblemm

What it is?What it is? SymptomsSymptoms TreatmeTreatmentnt

AmenorrhAmenorrheaea

(Delayed (Delayed puberty)puberty)

Late puberty due Late puberty due to anorexia, to anorexia, endocrine endocrine problems, problems, excessive wt. loss, excessive wt. loss, &/or &/or

Over exerciseOver exercise

No breast No breast development, development, &/or no &/or no Menstrual Menstrual periodsperiods

Determined Determined by doctorby doctor

Menstrual Menstrual CrampsCramps

ProstaglandinsProstaglandins

(hormone like (hormone like substance) substance) produced during produced during menstruation menstruation causes crampscauses cramps

Contractions Contractions of uterine of uterine muscle, muscle, abdominal abdominal pain, some pain, some nausea/vomitnausea/vomit

Over-the-Over-the-counter counter meds, warm meds, warm baths, baths, doctordoctor

PremenstruPremenstrualal

SyndromeSyndrome

PMSPMS

Mental & physical Mental & physical changes related to changes related to MC; not MC; not completely completely understoodunderstood

Irritability, Irritability, mood swings, mood swings, depression, depression, abdominal abdominal bloating, bloating, breast breast tendernesstenderness

doctordoctor

ProblemProblem What it is?What it is? SymptomSymptomss

TreatmentTreatment

Ovarian CystOvarian Cyst Failure of Failure of follicle to follicle to rupture & rupture & release an release an ova; may also ova; may also be growths be growths from cancerfrom cancer

Pain in lower Pain in lower abdomen or abdomen or pelvis for a pelvis for a month or somonth or so

Mx by doctor; Mx by doctor; cysts often go cysts often go away on own away on own but may need but may need surgerysurgery

Cervical CancerCervical Cancer Abnormal Abnormal division of cells division of cells in cervix; can in cervix; can be from STIbe from STI

Vaginal Vaginal bleeding, bleeding, discharge, discharge, pelvic pain, pelvic pain, may be no may be no symptomssymptoms

Surgery, Surgery, radiation, radiation, chemochemo

ProblemProblem What it is?What it is? SymptomSymptomss

TreatmentTreatment

Toxic Shock Toxic Shock SyndromeSyndrome

(TSS)(TSS)

Poisoning of Poisoning of the body from the body from bacterial bacterial toxins; toxins; usually usually related to related to tampon usetampon use

Fever, chills, Fever, chills, weakness, weakness, rash on palms rash on palms of handsof hands

Antibiotics & Antibiotics & immediate Mx immediate Mx treatmenttreatment

EndometriosisEndometriosis Growth of Growth of tissue from tissue from uterine lining uterine lining outside the outside the uterusuterus

Severe Severe cramping and cramping and pain in lower pain in lower abdomin or abdomin or pelvis regionpelvis region

MX – hormone MX – hormone therapy or therapy or surgerysurgery

HEALTHY FRSHEALTHY FRS

•Women should practice good-hygiene, self-Women should practice good-hygiene, self-exams, regular MX visitsexams, regular MX visits•Balanced diet & exerciseBalanced diet & exercise•Prevent STI’s – Prevent STI’s – •Prevent vaginal irritation=reddenss, Prevent vaginal irritation=reddenss, itching, mild pain around vaginal opening; itching, mild pain around vaginal opening; prevent by reg. bathing, loose cotton prevent by reg. bathing, loose cotton underclothes, not wearing wet clothes for underclothes, not wearing wet clothes for long periods of time, etclong periods of time, etc•Relieving menstrual crampsRelieving menstrual cramps•Preventing infertilityPreventing infertility

Breast CancerBreast Cancer• Mainly older women but can occur at any age Mainly older women but can occur at any age

• At risk if it runs in the family but not the only factorAt risk if it runs in the family but not the only factor

• Can be treated effectively if detected earlyCan be treated effectively if detected early

• WAYS TO CHECKWAYS TO CHECK– MammogramMammogram– Self-breast examSelf-breast exam

- Perform BSE during/after warm bath/shower; & at least 1 week - Perform BSE during/after warm bath/shower; & at least 1 week after periodafter period

- Stand in front of mirror, place 1 hand over head & use other to - Stand in front of mirror, place 1 hand over head & use other to examine each breast separatelyexamine each breast separately

- Use your thumb/index finger to gently squeeze each nipple Use your thumb/index finger to gently squeeze each nipple looking for unusual dischargelooking for unusual discharge

- Check each nipple for swelling, dimpling, scalinessCheck each nipple for swelling, dimpling, scaliness- Use 3 fingers to feel each breast for unusual lumps or Use 3 fingers to feel each breast for unusual lumps or

thickening under skin. Check under armpits & breast as wellthickening under skin. Check under armpits & breast as well

---Annual pelvic exam---Annual pelvic exam

• 7 Ways to Stay Healthy7 Ways to Stay Healthy1.1. Exercise regularly & maintain balanced Exercise regularly & maintain balanced

dietdiet2.2. Gently wash genital area w/ warm water & Gently wash genital area w/ warm water &

soap daily- do not use hygiene soap daily- do not use hygiene sprays/powderssprays/powders

3.3. Wipe front to back after urinationWipe front to back after urination4.4. Change sanitary napkins every 4-6 hoursChange sanitary napkins every 4-6 hours5.5. Avoid wearing tight clothing that can Avoid wearing tight clothing that can

cause discomfortcause discomfort6.6. Have annual pelvic examHave annual pelvic exam7.7. Do monthly SBEDo monthly SBE

EATING DISORDERSEATING DISORDERS

• American Psychological Association uses following American Psychological Association uses following diagnostic criteria to identify:diagnostic criteria to identify:

Anorexia Anorexia – 15% or more below desirable weight15% or more below desirable weight– Fear of weight gainFear of weight gain– Altered body imageAltered body image– 3 or more missed menstrual periods; in young adolescents, no 3 or more missed menstrual periods; in young adolescents, no

onset on menstruationonset on menstruation

BulimiaBulimia– Binge eating 2 or more times a week for 3 monthsBinge eating 2 or more times a week for 3 months– A lack of control over eatingA lack of control over eating– PurgingPurging– Concern about body imageConcern about body image

Characteristic SymptomsCharacteristic Symptoms

• AnorexiaAnorexia– Looks thin & keeps getting thinnerLooks thin & keeps getting thinner– Skips meals, cuts food into small pieces, moves food around Skips meals, cuts food into small pieces, moves food around

plateplate– Loss of menstrual periodLoss of menstrual period– Wears layered clothing – loss of hair from headWears layered clothing – loss of hair from head– Growth of fine hair on face, arm Growth of fine hair on face, arm – Sensitive to coldSensitive to cold

BulimiaBulimia– Bathroom use immediately after eatingBathroom use immediately after eating– Inconspicuous eatingInconspicuous eating– Excessive time/money spent food shoppingExcessive time/money spent food shopping– Menstrual irregularitiesMenstrual irregularities– Excessive constipationExcessive constipation– Swollen/infected glands, sore throat , bursting blood vessels in Swollen/infected glands, sore throat , bursting blood vessels in

eyes, damaged teeth & gumseyes, damaged teeth & gums– DehydrationDehydration

EATING DISORDER TREATMENTSEATING DISORDER TREATMENTS

• AnorexiaAnorexia• Can be complex & demandingCan be complex & demanding• May include hospitalization to stabilize physical issuesMay include hospitalization to stabilize physical issues• Intravenous feedingsIntravenous feedings• Drug treatments to treat depression, OCD, anxietyDrug treatments to treat depression, OCD, anxiety• Counseling – individual & familyCounseling – individual & family

• Bulimia includes family & nutritional counseling – Bulimia includes family & nutritional counseling – hospitalization is not usually requiredhospitalization is not usually required

• Where to get helpWhere to get help– GuidanceGuidance– Bergen County Dept. of HealthBergen County Dept. of Health– Health ProfessionalsHealth Professionals