unit 2 chemistry-crude oil and ammonia

8/19/2019 Unit 2 Chemistry-crude Oil and Ammonia

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Chemistry Presentation

On Crude Oil and Ammonia


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Objectives To Be discussed:

Objective 3: Crude Oil

❖ explain the method used in the separation

of the components of crude oil;

❖ discuss the uses of the components of

crude oil as fuels and as raw materials for

the petrochemical industry

❖ assess the impact of the petroleumindustry on the environment.

Objective 4: Ammonia

❖ outline the steps in the m

ammonia from its eleme

process;

❖ discuss the uses of amm

❖ assess the impact of the

industry on the environm


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Crude Oil

Separatin the Components Of

Crude Oil


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Steps in Separatin Crude Oil

!. Heat the crude oil blend at "## deree celsius.

$. %he vapor enters the bottom of a lon column as hih as met

'. %he vapor rises in the column and as it rises throuh the trays in

it cools.

". (hen a substance in the vapor reaches a heiht in the column w

temperature of the tray is lower to that of the substance)s boilincondense to form a li*uid.


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+. (hen the as reaches a tray it passes up throuh it into a bubbl

a cover over the hole that pushes the as down so that it has to

throuh the li*uid that has already condensed onto that tray.

&. As the vapour condenses and vapouries many times on the tra

column, the composition of the vapour becomes richer in the mo

component.

-. %he more volatile components rise to the top of the column while

ones tend to condense on the trays at various levels alon the c. And so the crude oil is separated into different fractions, each bo

particular temperature rane.


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Crude Oil

/ses of the Components of

Crude Oil


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0a1or 2ractions of Crude Oil and %heir /

Residue

3oilin %emperature rane4 5'+# derees celsius

%his is about "#6+#7 of crude oil and can be further distilled unde rlo

yield4

fuel oil 6 used as fuel for ships and power stations.

lubricatin oil and waxes 6 used for motor oil rease and other lubr

bitumen 6 used for road surfacin and roofin material.


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Gas Oil

3oilin temperature rane4 $-+6'+# deree celsius

%his is about !+6$#7 of crude oil and is used as fuel in diesel enine

industrial furnaces.

Kerosene3oilin temperature rane4 !-+6'$+ deree celsius

%his is about !#6!+7 of crude oil and can be used as 1et fuel and for

heatin.

8erosene can also be bro9en down to ma9e more asoline.


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Kerosene continued…

As a derivative of petroleum, 9erosene has many of he same chemic

%he chemical industry can use 9erosene as a petroleum solvent or in

chemical lubricant.

:t is also found in some pesticides and is helpful in removin head lic

Gasoline and Naphtha

3oilin temperature rane4 "#6$## deree celsius

%hese are about !+6'# 7 of crude oil. asoline is distilled off and us

fuel for internal combustion enines. %he other part,


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Refnery Gas

3oilin temperature rane4 = $# deree celsius

%his is about !6$ 7 of crude oil and is mainly a mixture of al9anes co

about " carbon atoms in a molecule. :t is usually a as at room temp

>efinery as can be used as a aseous fuel or it can be li*uified und

produce li*uified petroleum as ?@P. :t can also be used as feedsto

ma9in petrochemicals.


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Petroleum

3oilin temperature rane4 = $# deree celsius

%he industry that uses petroluem to produce other chemicals is referpetrochemical industry. Petroleum is used in many industries such as

ariculture

plastics

tyres

pharmaceuticals

dyes, deterents and fabrics

and many others.


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rac!in" and Re#ormin" o# rude Oil $

(hen crude oil is separated into its various fractions throuh farction

there is usually a reater demand for specific components which canobtained throuh fractional distillation alone.

%herefore, the lare hydrocarbon chains have to be bro9en down into

more valuable and useful hydrocarbon chains. %his can be achieved

combustion, Crac9in and >eformin techni*ues.


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Combustion

Crude Oil isnBt necessarily pure, and when combusted may result in th

of pollutants such as, SO$ , Oxides of nitroen, CO, and 3%D compoHowever, this method can be used to brea9 down lare hydrocarbon

smaller ones to achieve the substance re*uired. %his is further explai

module under ob1ective E.&


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Catalytic Cracking

%his involves the use of a catalyst at lower temperatures to brea9 the

hydrocarbon molecules. %he reaction is usually catalysed by a powde

of alumina and silica at approximately +## deree celsius.

%he C6C bond, underoes heterolytic fission which results in a mecha

involvin carbocations. %his tends to produce a lare amount of bran

al9anes which are useful in asoline.

Catalytic Crac9in is used to crac9 the distilled fractions such as, die

9erosene into smaller molecules.

%he crac9ed compounds are important to produce more valuable fu

chemical feedstoc9 for the petrochemical industry.


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%hese al9enes are suitable startin materials to ma9e4

★Plastics

★ Feterents

★ Cosmetics

★ Solvents

★ Paints

★ many other petrochemicals.


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Reforming

%his is a process which converts straiht chain hydrocarbons into aro

more hihly branched hydrocarbons.

%his process converts low value naphtha fractions into hih rade as

components.

Hiher rade asoline contains a hiher proportion of branched al9an

aromatic hydrocarbons.

Products of reformin are also used as startin materials for the petro

industry.


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>eformin is the

effect of numerous

reactions such as

isomeriation,

al9ylation and

catalytic reformin.

% i d & o u K no ' (


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Crude Oil

:mpact of the Petroleum industry

on the nvironment


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%he Petroleum :ndustry

%he petroleum industry is considered a ma1or source of environment

Pollution is achieved durin4

➔xtraction

➔%ransportation

➔>efinin of the crude oil as mentioned before

➔>efined products also affect the environment


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➔Extraction

%his involves the emissions of pollutants from the first seismic survey u

is shut down. (ell drillin dischares oil into the surroundin soil and w

can damae fraile ecosystems by destroyin habitats and 9illin ora

➔ Transortation

Oil is usually transported throuh pipelines and in lare ocean tan9ers

always the possibility for lea9s and spills which are detrimental to the

environment.


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:n the events of these happenin4

❖ :nhalinG inestion of oil can poison oranisms.

❖ Prevents seabirds from flyin because of their feathers stic9in t

❖ Oil stic9s to animal fur which cause them to lose insulation and f

death.

❖ :t affects the tourism industry by ruinin corals reefs and nearby

➔T!e Refining of Crude Oil


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➔T!e Refining of Crude Oil

:n the refinin process haardous and toxic pollutants such as CO, SO

oxides and 3%D ?"enene Toluene Ethylbenene and #ylene prod

emitted in the atmosphere. xposure of these chemicals affects the a

differently.

CO

%his is toxic. :t readily

combines with

heamolobin to reduce itsability to transport oxyen

in the body.

$O% and &itroge

%hese contribute to

formation of acid rai

leads to4

:. rosion of stone

buildins

::. Festruction of tr

:::. Feath of fish thr


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"TE# Comounds

%hese are possible

carcinoens which may

cause reproduction anddevelopmental problems or

aravate respiratory

conditionsProduc ts t

ha t are mad

#rom pe troleum

)Plas tics * are

hard to

dispose o # since the y+

no t readil y de"rada

bl


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-mmonia


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CH"? H$O? $# atm##IC CO? 'H$?

CO? H$O? CO$? H$?


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Haber Process


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/ses Of Ammonia

-"ricultural .ses:

/ As a source of Nitrogen, that is essential for plant growth

/ Ammonia is used in the production of liquid fertilizer solutioconsist of ammonia, ammonium nitrate, urea and aqua ammonused by the fertilizer industry to produce ammonium and nit

/ Ammonia and urea are used as a source of protein in livestoc

ruminating animals such as cattle, sheep and goats.

/ Ammonia can also be used as a pre-harvest cotton defoliant,

fungal agent on certain fruits and as preservative for the st

A i / C ti d

http://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htmhttp://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm


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Ammonia /ses Continued...

hemical .ses:

/ Ammonia is used in the manufacture of nitric acid certain alk

soda ash dyes pharmaceuticals such as sulfa drugs, vitamins cosmetics synthetic te!tile fibers such as nylon, rayon and acfor the manufacture of certain plastics such as phenolics andpolyurethanes.

/ "eak ammonia solutions are also widely used as commercial ancleaners and detergents

http://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm#Nitric%20Acidhttp://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm#Nitric%20Acid


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/ses Of Ammonia in other industries4

#he petroleum industry utilizes ammonia in neutralizing the acid

of crude oil and for the protection of equipments from corrosion

Ammonia is used in the mining industry for e!traction of metalscopper, nickel and molybdenum from their ores.

Ammonia is used in several areas of water and wastewater trea

as p% control& in solution form to regenerate weak anion e!chang

con'unction with chlorine to produce potable water and as an o!y

scavenger in boiler water treatment.

#he decomposition of ammonia serves as a source of hydrogen fo

http://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm#neutralizehttp://www.rmtech.net/Water%20Treatment.htmhttp://www.rmtech.net/Water%20Treatment.htmhttp://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm#neutralize


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:mpact of the Ammonia :ndustry On the nv

0a1ority of the ammonia emitted into the environment does not come

haber process itself, but from the various industries which uses amm

A lare amount of ammonia emitted is enerated from the fertilier a

industry. Ammonia is used in these industries to increase food produ

results in a lare amount of ammonia and nitroenous compounds e

the enviroment.

xposure to ammonia can cause severe irritation at low concentrat

be fatal at hih concentrations.


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Ammonium and nitrate fertiliers are water soluble and are easily wa

lands into the waterways. xcess fertliers in rivers and streams can

eutro!ication which leads the death of fish and other a*uatic anim

on oxyen for respiration.

How does utrophication cause thisJ

T!e en!anced lant gro't!( caused by t!e excess

nutrients in t!e 'ater( revents lig!t from reac!ing

lants lo'er in t!e 'ater) T!e lants die and bacteriause u t!e dissolved oxygen in t!e 'ater for

decomosition) T!is results in t!e fis!*s deat!)


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2ertiliers can pollute drin9in water since roundwater and surface w

used as sources of domestic water supply.

%oo much nitrates in drin9in water is poisonous to infants. %he nitrat

converted to nitrites in infants which combine with heamolobin more

oxyen. %his starves the body of oxyen and results in a bluish s9indiscolouration.

%his condition is called met!aemoglobinaemia or +blue baby, syn


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R01232ON T24055555

0N% O$ %23.332O


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Crude Oil >evision Kuestions

!. (hat is the basic property bein exploited in fractional distillation

%he physical property of boilin point. :t use thediferences in volatility to separate miscible

li*uids.

waxes, fuel oil, lubricants, etc.


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2ractional Fistillation

>esidue

Fiesel Oil

8erosene


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%he brea9in of lon hydrocarbon chains to form smaller, mo

molecules.

%he process which converts straiht chained hyrdocarbons

aromatic and more hihly branched hydrocarbons

!. Suitable startin materials for ma9in plastics

$. Suitable startin materials for mai9n deterents

'. also for ma9in paints


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Ammonia >evision Kuestions


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%he presence of water bodies, settlements, cultivated crops nearby.

(or9ers should wear oles to protect eyes;(ear loves and full body suits to prevent direct exposure durin any

ammonia lea9s;

(ear respirators to prevent inhalation of ammonia.


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PR030NT-T2ON

unit 2 chemistry-crude oil and ammonia

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