unit 17 vaccination & immunization

7/28/2019 Unit 17 Vaccination & Immunization

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Unit 17: Vaccination &

Immunization


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Immunization

Vaccination

Mechanical act of administering a vaccine for thepurpose of developing immunity in an animal

Amount of immunity developed depends:

Animals state of health

Condition of the vaccine

Manner in which it is infected Immunity is relative

Can be overcome by massive exposure to germs


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Immunization

Vaccination not the final answer in diseasecontrol

Combine with:

Proper nutrition Stress reduction

Sanitary measures

Antigen-Antibody reaction

After vaccine is injected Stimulates formation of immune bodies against the

disease

May be accompanied by signs of poor health


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Immunization

Can produce the actual disease

Immune response depends on type of vaccinationgiven:

MLV Killed

Antibody buildup is normal reaction to infection

Helps keep disease-causing organisms from their

normal infectious course Boosters may be used to supplement or maintain

antibody levels


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Immunization

Types of immunity

Natural

Protection an animal has when it is born

Not associated with antibodies in the body fluids

Species resistance

Can be specific to a certain species

Ex. Scrapie and sheep

Breed resistance Variations in immunity between breeds

Ex. Milk fever more prevalent in Holsteins than Jerseys


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Immunization

Individual resistance Some individuals have higher immunity and will be able to

overcome disease outbreaks

Acquired immunity Associated w/ presence of antibodies from another

immune animal or form exposure to the disease

Active immunity

Direct contact w/ disease causing organisms

Body develops specific antibodies to counteract invasion

After disease

After vaccination


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Immunization

Relatively long-lived and often lifelong

Passive immunity

Transferring antibodies from an immunized animal to a

susceptible animal Ex. Colostrum immunity

Animals have ability to absorb antibodies from

colostrum in first 24 hrs from birth

Tests are available to test amount of immunoglobulins

in colostrum


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Immunization

Biologic Agents

Organisms have been prepared so that they can be

safely given to livestock Livestock carry protection with them

Modified Live Viruses

Grown in lab of other animal

Stimulate antibody function in the animal

Can give lower doses, but get high immune response

Not as safe for pregnant cattle


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Immunization

Killed viruses

Pathogen is killed

Produced in a suspension

Given in high doses relative to MLV

Safer for pregnant cattle


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Immunization

Types of Immunizing Agents

Viral Vaccines

Must be propagated in living cells Can be grown either from tissue culture, or in host or

non-host animals

Bacterial Vaccines

High doses required to illicit an immune response

Bacteria grown on artificial medium

Usually given in killed form


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Immunization

Often times altered so as to increase duration of

protection

Vaccinating animals

What you need:

Good syringe

Sharp, sterile needles

Sterile techniques Animal restraint


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Immunization

Dont use chemical disinfectants when using

MLV vaccines

Inactivates the vaccine

Follow administration instructions

Subdermal

Subcutaneously

Intramuscular Usually all is given in one place

Unless large doses are given, then multiple sites


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Immunization

Avoid vaccinating sick animals

Often will cause a disease outbreak

Animal has little ability to maximize the immunity

given because of other pathogen, stress load

Proper Care of Biologics

Improper care/handling can greatly reduce

strength & effectiveness of the vaccine

Must be free from contaminants

Dont reuse needles


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Immunization

Discard containers only partially used, if notgoing to be used for awhile

Keep refrigerated

Empty MLV containers should be burned

Understand expiration dates

Some may be used past the expiration date, but willnot be at full strength

Some may not be used

MLV bottles should be used w/in 2 hrs, orvaccine loses potency


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Immunization

Most are sensitive to light and heat

Store in cool, dark places to prevent deterioration

Improper storage can result in failure of vaccineto work properly

unit 17 vaccination & immunization

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