Unit 17 Chapter 28 section 3 The Rise of Fascism in Italy Fascism on the Rise Defn: A one party totalitarian political system which emphasizes the needs of the state over the needs of the individual Wanted no conflict by class or party and held only a single national purpose Use fear and police surveillance to keep control Opposite of Communism Fascists emphasize the STATE Communists Emphasize the INDIVIDUAL Both are one party totalitarian governments Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini ( ) Benito Mussolini Began the party in 1919 along with others who were resentful that Italy had been cheated in Paris Italy has many problems (Poverty, lack of education, unity and industry) Took advantage of Social, economic and political unrest Fear of Communism and socialism Promises of peace to gain support THE BLACK SHIRTS: local goon squads to break up socialist meetings and strikes and create atmosphere of fear The march on Rome 1921 elections sent only 34 fascists to the chamber of deputies October of 1922 Mussolini and the Fascists marched on Rome and King Victor Emmanuel III Instead of using the army to stop him the King invited him to be Prime Minister November king and parliament granted Mussolini dictatorial authority for one year to bring order to local government Italian: The day of Faith - December 18, 1935 millions of Italians will ship their wedding rings to help the war effort: they received in return an iron ring bearing the date of that Domenico Mussolini In Power Eventually he manipulated the parliamentary government and ruled by decree By 1926 all other political parties were dissolved Propaganda and intimidation (murdered rivals) Unit 14 PP 3 Chapter 28 section 3 From Lenin to Stalin Post Civil War Russia 1920: After a brutal civil war Lenin turns his attention to governing The Soviet Union Government appears both democratic and socialisthowever Elected councils called Soviets are elected in each republic by all males over 18 (The Supreme Soviet in Moscow) Theory: Political power rested with the workers! Reality: The Communist Party used the army and secret police (Cheka) to force their will on the country Russians dominate all other ethnic groups Stalin Not a Russian (Georgian) 1922 made Secretary General of the Communist Party Lenin saw Leon Trotsky as his successor When Lenin dies in January of 1924 Stalin was able to use alliances to gain power over Trotsky Why? (Trotsky and World Communism) Trotsky is expelled in 1927 and murdered in Mexico in 1940 Stalin video Stalin video The 5 year plans Begun in 1928: focus was on industrial production at a huge cost to the peasants All peasants forced to give up land and livestock in a process called collectivization The plan was to export food grown on collective farms to pay for factories Wealthy peasants(Kulaks) resisted and were deported to Gulags in Siberia The army was used to enforce the policy (10 million farmers dead) which caused a famine in the USSR "We must make good distance in ten years. Either we do it or we shall be crushed."- Joseph Stalin Propaganda for 5 year plans Men in chains in the Gulag Effects of the 5 year plan Heavy Industry only (No Consumer goods) Results: Standard of living down Bad conditions, low pay, little food, delays, poor products Production only doubled (2 nd 5 year plan doubled it again) Urban growth (25 million to the cities) Farm production also fell off Famine due to food exports Political Terror All of these achievements came at an enormous price: Totalitarianism (no freedom) Stalin used terror and propaganda Artists had to glorify the state Rewrote history of the revolution Murdered rivals (16 total) The Great Purge killed more than half the Generals (intellectuals and writers as well) Unit 14 PP 4 The Rise of Adolf Hitler Chapter 28 section 5 ADOLF HITLER ( ) Born in Austria-Hungary, moved to Munich in 1913 (art school) Extreme Nationalist Publishes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in prison Purity of the Aryan race Expansion of the German state (Lebensraum) Elected Chancellor in 1933; quickly dissolves Wiemar Republic; declares the Third Reich HOW DID THE GLOBAL DEPRESSION HELP HITLER??? Hitlers Rise to Power Weimar Government constantly attacked from both the Left and right Nazis try to create a social and political revolution out of economic hardship (based on resentment) Used the SA under Ernst Roehm (Brown Shirts) to intimidate 1922 party membership way up (10x) so he decided it was time to try and seize power Hitlers rise to power video (5:25) Hitlers rise to power video The Beer Hall Putsch November 1923 Inspired by Mussolinis success Hitler attempted to overthrow the Bavarian government (Munich) Badly organized failure Hitler was tried for treason and sentenced to 5 years in jail (served less than 1) The trial was great PR for his message While in jail wrote Mein Kampf Beer Hall video Beer Hall video Good Times, Bad Times The economic recovery of the Dawes Plan led to a down time for the Nazi Party, but by 1928 they had 100,000 members and held 12 seats in the Reichstag World wide depression The stock market crash of 1929 led to 6 million unemployed in Germany by 1932 (43% of workforce) Hitler Time: Nazi promises of national recovery, exciting change and personal advancement were now very enticing Nazi Party Growth By 1932 Nazis are the strongest party in the Reichstag but do not have a majority Hitler lost Presidency to Hindenburg in a close election Hitler appointed chancellor January of 1933 1933 Hitler Seizes Total Control Feb 27 th : Reichstag building mysteriously burned down March 1933: New election returns only 43.9% Nazis to the Reichstag Hitler arrested Communists giving him the majority in the Reichstag He then issued the Enabling Act which allowed him to rule by decree June 1933 all other parties outlawed Propaganda minister Joseph Goebels allows him to control German society Reichstag fire video The Night of the Long Knives June 30-July : Hitler purges the SA and their leader Ernst Roehm They had become too powerful (1 mil active and 2 mil reserves) and posed a threat to the regular army 1,000 people murdered without trials (Carried out by Heinrich Himmler and the SS) August 2,1934 Hindenburg dies and Hitler combines the positions of Chancellor and President The Police State and Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitic laws 1933: Jews excluded from civil service and Jewish shops are boycotted 1935: The Nuremberg Laws took away citizenship (legal exclusion and humiliation) 1938: Kristallnacht The beginning of state sanctioned violence against the Jews. Synagogues and shops burned Hitlers inner circle Ernst Roehm (SA) Heinrich Himmler (SS) Joseph Goebbels (Propaganda minister) The Spanish Civil War 1931 Spain became a democratic republic Elections in February of 1936 returned a victory for forces of the left The right reacted in July by attacking the Republic from Spanish Morocco with an army led by General Francisco Franco This civil war would last 3 years with the Germans and Italians supporting Franco and the USSR sending supplies to the republic (many liberals from the US and Europe joined the fight against Fascism) Franco wins by early 1939 Generalisimo Francisco Franco Totalitarian dictator of Spain Spanish Civil-War fought between Fascists and Republicans TERRIBLE ATROCITIES ON BOTH SIDES!!! Spanish FalangeItalian FascesGerman Swastika