Unit 11 – World War IIUnit 11 – World War II

The Cost of NeutralityThe Cost of Neutrality

The 1930s National Neutrality DebateThe 1930s National Neutrality Debate

A. Stimson Doctrine, 1931A. Stimson Doctrine, 1931• Response to Japan in Manchuria Response to Japan in Manchuria • The Stimson Doctrine was a policy of the United States The Stimson Doctrine was a policy of the United States

government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932 to government, enunciated in a note of January 7, 1932 to Japan and China, of non-recognition of international Japan and China, of non-recognition of international territorial changes effected territorial changes effected by forceby force..

B. Historic Tradition of Neutrality B. Historic Tradition of Neutrality • Washington, Jefferson, MonroeWashington, Jefferson, Monroe

1930s Diplomacy1930s Diplomacy

C. Nye Committee “merchants of death”C. Nye Committee “merchants of death”

• The Nye Committee studied the causes of U.S. involvement The Nye Committee studied the causes of U.S. involvement in WWI between 1934 and 1936. in WWI between 1934 and 1936.

• Ninety-three hearings questioned more than two hundred Ninety-three hearings questioned more than two hundred witnesses – found little evidence witnesses – found little evidence

• Committee reported that between 1915 and April 1917, the Committee reported that between 1915 and April 1917, the U.S. loaned Germany 27 million dollars ($27,000,000). U.S. loaned Germany 27 million dollars ($27,000,000).

• In the same period, the US loaned the UK and its allies 2.3 In the same period, the US loaned the UK and its allies 2.3 billion dollars ($2,300,000,000), or about 85 times as much.billion dollars ($2,300,000,000), or about 85 times as much.

• The conclusion has been drawn that the U.S. entered the The conclusion has been drawn that the U.S. entered the war because it was in its commercial interest for the UK not war because it was in its commercial interest for the UK not to lose.to lose.

D. Neutrality Act 1935D. Neutrality Act 1935 • President can proclaim a state of war and forbid munitions President can proclaim a state of war and forbid munitions

sales to either side. U.S. citizens travel on belligerent ships at sales to either side. U.S. citizens travel on belligerent ships at their own risk. Response to Italy in Ethiopia.their own risk. Response to Italy in Ethiopia.

E. Neutrality Act 1936E. Neutrality Act 1936• Additional provision of no loans or credit to belligerentsAdditional provision of no loans or credit to belligerents• Response to Spanish Civil WarResponse to Spanish Civil War

F. Neutrality Act 1937F. Neutrality Act 1937• Authorized President to designate “cash and carry” itemsAuthorized President to designate “cash and carry” items• Travel on belligerent ships Travel on belligerent ships unlawfulunlawful

American Isolationism 1930 – 1941American Isolationism 1930 – 1941

G. Quarantine Speech G. Quarantine Speech

• Response to Response to PanayPanay incident – incident –• The The PanayPanay incident was a Japanese attack on the U.S. incident was a Japanese attack on the U.S.

Navy gunboat Navy gunboat PanayPanay while she was anchored in the while she was anchored in the Yangtze River outside of Nanjing on December 12, 1937.Yangtze River outside of Nanjing on December 12, 1937.

• Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. Japan and the United States were not at war at the time. The Japanese claimed that they did not see the U.S. flag The Japanese claimed that they did not see the U.S. flag painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized and paid an painted on the deck of the gunboat, apologized and paid an indemnity. indemnity.

• Nevertheless, the attack and reports of the Nanking Nevertheless, the attack and reports of the Nanking Massacre caused U.S. opinion to turn sharply against the Massacre caused U.S. opinion to turn sharply against the Japanese.Japanese.

• As FDR said,As FDR said,

“ “The peace, the freedom, the security of ninety per cent of the The peace, the freedom, the security of ninety per cent of the population of the world is being jeopardized by the remaining ten population of the world is being jeopardized by the remaining ten per cent who are threatening a breakdown of all international per cent who are threatening a breakdown of all international order and law. Surely the ninety per cent, who want to live in order and law. Surely the ninety per cent, who want to live in peace under law and in accordance with moral standards that peace under law and in accordance with moral standards that have received almost universal acceptance through the centuries, have received almost universal acceptance through the centuries, can and must find some way to make their will prevail.”can and must find some way to make their will prevail.”

Rise of Fascism and NationalismRise of Fascism and Nationalism

H.H. Neutrality Act of 1939 – to sell arms – “cash & carry”Neutrality Act of 1939 – to sell arms – “cash & carry”

• The Neutrality Act of 1939 amended the earlier legislation in The Neutrality Act of 1939 amended the earlier legislation in recognition of the imminent Nazi threat to western Europe's recognition of the imminent Nazi threat to western Europe's democracies. Although the Act permitted all belligerents to democracies. Although the Act permitted all belligerents to be supplied on a “cash and carry" basis, this benefitted the be supplied on a “cash and carry" basis, this benefitted the UK and France since they controlled the sea lanes. UK and France since they controlled the sea lanes.

• However, U.S. vessels were forbidden to enter combat However, U.S. vessels were forbidden to enter combat zones and U.S. citizens continued to be barred from sailing zones and U.S. citizens continued to be barred from sailing on belligerent vessels. on belligerent vessels.

• The act was amended in November 1941 to remove these The act was amended in November 1941 to remove these restrictions following the passage of the Lend-Lease Act.restrictions following the passage of the Lend-Lease Act.

I.I. Lend Lease ActLend Lease Act

• The program was administered by Harry Hopkins and The program was administered by Harry Hopkins and proved essential in funding the war efforts of Britain and proved essential in funding the war efforts of Britain and China, and of great assistance as well to the Soviet China, and of great assistance as well to the Soviet Union.Union.

• The act, generally known as “lend-lease,” is officially The act, generally known as “lend-lease,” is officially ““Further to promote the defense of the United States, Further to promote the defense of the United States, and for other purposes.”and for other purposes.”

• Earlier, the 1940 Destroyers for Bases Agreement had Earlier, the 1940 Destroyers for Bases Agreement had seen 50 obsolete destroyers transferred to the Royal seen 50 obsolete destroyers transferred to the Royal Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy in exchange for Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy in exchange for base rights in the Caribbean.base rights in the Caribbean.

• In exchange for Lend-Lease, the British had to accept that In exchange for Lend-Lease, the British had to accept that they would NOT export any Lend-Lease matériel.they would NOT export any Lend-Lease matériel.

• When the Bill for Lend-Lease was passed in the American When the Bill for Lend-Lease was passed in the American House of Representatives, it was given the “symbolic House of Representatives, it was given the “symbolic number” 1776 – the date of American independence from number” 1776 – the date of American independence from Britain.Britain.

America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee19401940

Charles Charles LindberghLindbergh

America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee

Opposed all Aid toOpposed all Aid toBritain - Called FDR a Britain - Called FDR a

“War Monger”“War Monger”

J.J. Pearl Harbor – The End of NeutralityPearl Harbor – The End of Neutrality

• On the morning of December 7, 1941, planes and midget On the morning of December 7, 1941, planes and midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy began a submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy began a surprise attack on the U.S. under the command of Vice surprise attack on the U.S. under the command of Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo. Admiral Chuichi Nagumo.

This attack brought the United States into World War IIThis attack brought the United States into World War II. .

• At 6:00 a.m. on December 7At 6:00 a.m. on December 7thth, the six Japanese carriers , the six Japanese carriers launched a first wave of 181 planes composed of torpedo launched a first wave of 181 planes composed of torpedo bombers, dive-bombers, horizontal bombers and fighters.bombers, dive-bombers, horizontal bombers and fighters.

• The Japanese hit American ships and military installations The Japanese hit American ships and military installations at 7:53 a.m. They attacked military airfields at the same at 7:53 a.m. They attacked military airfields at the same time they hit the fleet anchored in Pearl Harbor. time they hit the fleet anchored in Pearl Harbor.

• Overall, twenty-one ships of the U.S. Pacific fleet were Overall, twenty-one ships of the U.S. Pacific fleet were damaged and the death toll reached 2,400.damaged and the death toll reached 2,400.

K.K. Why did the Japanese attack?Why did the Japanese attack?• Escalating tensions since the early 1930s.Escalating tensions since the early 1930s.• Japanese sought to extend Japanese sought to extend hegemonyhegemony in Asia. in Asia. • The invasion of China confirmed U.S. fears that the The invasion of China confirmed U.S. fears that the

Japanese would not be satisfied until they controlled Japanese would not be satisfied until they controlled Eastern Asia and the Pacific. Eastern Asia and the Pacific.

• The creation of the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo military alliance The creation of the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo military alliance materialized in Japan’s control of French Indochina in the materialized in Japan’s control of French Indochina in the summer of 1941.summer of 1941.

• The British and U.S. responded with an embargo, blocking The British and U.S. responded with an embargo, blocking the trade of rubber and oil – both necessary for the trade of rubber and oil – both necessary for industrialization and militarization.industrialization and militarization.

• After fruitless attempts at negotiation to forestall war, After fruitless attempts at negotiation to forestall war, Japan deemed war with the U.S. as inevitable if it were to Japan deemed war with the U.S. as inevitable if it were to realize its foreign policy objectives.realize its foreign policy objectives.

Salvaged from the floor of Pearl Harbor, the anchor of the battleship Salvaged from the floor of Pearl Harbor, the anchor of the battleship USS Arizona is displayed at the entrance of the USS Arizona Memorial USS Arizona is displayed at the entrance of the USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center operated by the National Park Service. The anchor was Visitor Center operated by the National Park Service. The anchor was cast in Chester, Pennsylvania, and weighs 19,585 pounds. cast in Chester, Pennsylvania, and weighs 19,585 pounds. Photographer: Bill Dasher. Courtesy Impact.Photographer: Bill Dasher. Courtesy Impact.

FDR’s Declaration of WarFDR’s Declaration of War

Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Japan Joint Address to Congress Leading to a Declaration of War Against Japan December 8 , 1941 December 8 , 1941

Mr. Vice President, and Mr. Speaker, and Members of the Mr. Vice President, and Mr. Speaker, and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives: Yesterday, December 7, Senate and House of Representatives: Yesterday, December 7,

1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of 1941 -- a date which will live in infamy -- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and

air forces of the Empire of Japan. air forces of the Empire of Japan.

America’s Entry into the WarAmerica’s Entry into the War