unit 10. minerals and rocks unit 10. minerals and...

Unit 10. Minerals and Rocks

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Unit 10. Minerals and Rocks.

Adapted from Natural Science. 1º ESO. Anaya

Natural Science 1º ESO

NAME________________________________


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INDEX

1. VOCABULARY........................................................................ 1

2. VOCABULARIO...................................................................... 2

3. UNIT CHART........................................................Cover and 3

4. UNIT ACTIVITIES AND NOTES.................................... 4-14

VOCABULARIO TEMA 10. Minerals and Rocks

Here you have 5 key words of this Unit. You have to study them. If you

include more definition in your notebook, you will have extra points in your

notebook marks.

1. Mineral. Solid substances with a definite chemical composition.

Examples are: quartz, graphite, diamond, gold, silver…

2. Rock. Rocks are aggregate of minerals that are been formed by

natural process. Examples: granite, sandstone, coal, marble,

Shale…

3. Hardness. The comparative ease or difficulty with which a

mineral may be scratched.

4. Igneous rocks: They are formed from cooled magma. Magma is molten material below the Earth’s surface. Examples: Granite and Basalt.

5. Sedimentary rocks: They are formed by the accumulation and compaction of sediment, for example, clay, sand or rock fragments. Examples: Sandstone and limestone.

6. Metamorphic rocks: They are formed from other rocks by the effects of heat and pressure. Examples are: Slate and marble.

Activity 1.Write the translation to these words

1. Graphite

2. Chemical

composition

3. To scratch

4. Granite

5. Slate

6. Marble

7. Coal

8. Gold

9. Silver

10. Room temperature

11. Copper

12. Pattern

13. Waxy

14. Glassy

15. Lustre

16. Streak

17. Cleavage

18. to cleave

19. hardness

20. mineral beds

21. soot

22. pyrite

23. dull

24. weight

25. magnifying glass

26. plaster


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VOCABULARIO TEMA 10. Minerals and Rocks

De cada palabra escribe su definición, un ejemplo si te lo pido y su traducción al inglés..

1. Mineral. Ejemplo

2. Roca. Ejemplo.

3. Densidad.

4. Dureza de un mineral.

5. Cristal (de un mineral)

6. Exfoliación.

7. Textura de una roca.

8. Rocas detríticas. Ejemplo.

9. Hormigón

10. Refinería

11. Cantera


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MINERALS Before starting: Can you name two minerals? Activity 2. Fill in the gaps while you are listening to your teacher. Minerals are naturally occurring, ______________, solid substances. They have a definite _________ composition and specific physical properties. All ________ must be

Naturally occurring: Minerals are not made by __________

Solid substances: Minerals are solid at room ____________(25oC) . They are not a liquid or a gas

Inorganic: Minerals are not formed by _________beings

Definite chemical composition: A mineral always has the same _______ composition. Some minerals have one single chemical element (such a gold, ______, platinum, sulfur, diamonds, graphite, and copper), but most are compounds: made up of more than one chemical __________.

Most of the minerals have got crystalline structure: The atoms and molecules that composed the mineral have got a specific, orderly, repeated pattern.

If this pattern is easily visible with a magnifying glass or __________, then the mineral is called a crystal Crystallisation is a very _______ process. The particles in minerals need lots of time and space to form a specific pattern or to form crystals

Activity 3. Watch the video”El misterio de los cristales gigantes”

All minerals are solid substances. _______ and mercury have most of the characteristics of minerals, except they are _______ at room temperature. They are called mineraloids, not minerals.

Activity 4 Match the words on the left column with the sentences on the right

1 Naturally occurring A When it is liquid at room temperature 2 Inorganic B It means not be a liquid or a gas 3 Mineraloids C It means that the atoms composing the mineral have an ordely, repeated pattern 4 Solid substances D It is the process by which the crystal is formed 5 Definite chemical composition E It means that it is not made by humans 6. Crystallisation F It means that it is not been from living beings Answers: 1 .............. 2 ............ 3 ............. 4 ............. 5 ............. 6 .............

Activity 5. Answer: A mineral is an inorganic substance. What does it mean?.............................................................. When is a mineral called a crystal? ............................................................................................. Can water be considered a mineral?........................................................................................... Why is mercury a mineraloid?........................................................................................ Why glass is not a mineral?.............................................................................................


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Properties of minerals We can identify a mineral watching its ____________. The most important ones are:

Colour. Some minerals are always the same colour. For example, sulphur is always ______. quartz can be different colours.

Write the different types of colour………………………………………………

Lustre. It refers to the way minerals reflect light. Minerals can be classified as:

Metallic: They are like metal; for example, pyrite

Non-metallic: Greasy; the mineral looks like oil or _____. Waxy; the mineral looks like wax. Glassy or Vitreous; the mineral looks like _______. Pearly; the mineral changes colour according to the light, like pearls do.

If the mineral has not got lustre we say it is matt or dull.

Streak. The streak of a mineral is a colour of the powder left on a streak plate (a piece of unglaced porcelain) when the mineral is scraped across it. This is _________ in each mineral; for _________, The streak of different types of quartz is always _______.

Cleavage. It is how a mineral breaks up or cleaves along planes of weakness. This produce regular fragments. For example, mica cleaves in sheets, so it has basal cleavage. If a mineral cleaves into irregular fragments, this is called fracture.

Hardness. It measures how a mineral reacts to being scratched. To find out the hardness of a mineral, we use the Mohs scale. Directly related to relative strength of atomic bonds

Copy in your notebook the Mohs scale

Density is the amount of matter in a given _______. The density of a mineral is always the _______, not matter what the size of the mineral sample

Activity 6. Answer these questions

1. Your fingernail can’t scratch quartz. Can quartz scratch your fingernail?

2. What number of Mohs does the softest mineral have? And the hardest? 3. What number on the Mohs Scale of Hardness have a mineral that can scratch talc, and can

be scaratched by gypsum 4. In nature, minerals are found in…

5. Why do some minerals have a geometric shape? Because the atoms…

6. Name five properties we use to identify minerals.

7. A property that indicates how heavy a mineral is…

8. The German mineralologist who created the hardness scale was...

9. If you can scratch it with your fingernail, the mineral is…

10. The hardest mineral is…

11. The opposite of shiny is…

12. The opposite of soft is…

13. The opposite of heavy is…

14. Describe these mineral:


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EXTRA POINT: Make a poster (size A4) with the main characteristics of one mineral from the Mohs scale or from Andalucia (look for some information in your book). Remember to include a picture and your source of information.

Diamonds are forever Diamond is a particularly hard form of one element, carbon. Diamond is made of the same element as soot and graphite. Diamonds are very rare and are only found in a few places in the world. They are the hardest mineral known. They are also very beautiful when they have been cut and polished – the surfaces reflect light, forming rainbow spectrum effects. They are formed when pure carbon crystallises deep within the Earth, where pressures are extreme and temperatures are very high. Recently, a process has been designed which enables chemists to make ‘industrial’ diamonds – diamonds formed from pure carbon in the laboratory. These have the same properties as natural diamonds but are much cheaper. These industrial diamonds can be used for any job which needs a material that is very hard and that will last for a long time. One example is as the cutting surface on a drilling machine. The drilling machine that cut the Channel Tunnel used diamond drill bits.

Activity 7. Answer these questions about the text. 1. What element are diamonds made from? 2. How are diamonds formed in the Earth? 3. If diamonds are only made of the element carbon, are they a rock or a mineral? 4. Diamonds have very special properties. List as many properties of diamonds as you can. 5. Why do you think chemists needed to make ‘industrial diamonds’? 6. Investigate what minerals are used to make: cement, glass, tabel salt, plaster,

toothpaste.

INVESTIGATION: BIRTHSTONES Birthstones are precious stones. Your birthstone depends on the month in wichyou are born.The table on the right shows the birthstone for each month. Use the internet to find out about your birthstone. Copy and fill in the table below:


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Another birthstone for June is Pearl. Find out how is fomed. Do you think is a mineral? Explain your answer.


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ROCKS.

As you have seen, rocks are made up of minerals. Some rocks have only one type of mineral

while others have several types of minerals. For instance, limestone is made up of calcite, but

granite is made up of quartz, feldspar and mica. Rocks are usually classified into three groups

according to their origin:

Sedimentary rocks. They form from layers of sediment in seas,

lakes and rivers. These layers are buried by new sediments for

millions of years. The weight of these layers squeezes out the water

and the grains become cemented together; in this way the mud

becomes a rock. Some sedimentary rocks contain fossils.

Examples: limestone, sandstone, conglomerate, gypsum, coal.

Igneous rocks (rocas ígneas o magmáticas). They form from

magma that is melted rock. There are two types of igneous rocks: volcanic and plutonic. Volcanic rocks are formed when magma erupt from volcanoes. Plutonic rocks form in underground magma chambers where magma cools and solidifies slowly and minerals get bigger and bigger. Examples: basalt (volcanic), granite (plutonic).

Metamorphic rocks. Any rock can change into a metamorphic rock. The changes take place when rocks are under tons and tons of other rocks and the pressure and heat increase; usually they become laminated rocks. Examples: schist, marble, gneiss.

Process Where? Features Examples

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Volcanic

Plutonic

Activity 8. Complete the table above using these words and phrases:

Laminated rocks Gypsum Big minerals Above ground Conglomerate Schist Schale

Granite Coal High temperatures and high pressure

Holes Erosion-transport-sedimentation Sandstone

Solidification of magma Basalt

Underground

Fossils

Limestone

Marble

Pumite


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Granite is made of a mixture of minerals, mainly quarzt, mica(biotita) and felpespar

Activity 9. Where do sedimentary particles settle down?

Which of the following rocks cools quickly: granite or basalt?

If a rock is under tons and tons of pressure it will change into a...

How can you recognised a plutonic rock?

If you find a rock with a fossil in it, it is a

How can you recognised a schist?

Plutonic and volcanic rocks are in the same group; they two are both igneous. Why?

Write down the three minerals that the granite contais.

Activity 10. True or false quiz. Rewrite it is false.

1. Coal is a plutonic rock. 2. Sometimes there are fossils in the sedimentary rocks 3. Metamorphic rocks have plenty of holes. 4. Granite is a volcanic rock. 5. Magma is melted rock. 6. Granite rocks are deposited at the bottom of the sea. 7. Some rocks are used to build our houses. 8. Gypsum is a sedimentary rock. 9. Plutonic and sedimentary rocks are called igneous rocks. 10. Sometimes we use coal for the floor. 11. Basalts can have holes. 12. Geologists study rocks. 13. Gypsum rocks appear around volcanoes. 14. Sometimes there are fossils in the plutonic rocks. 15. Undeground temperatures are very high. 16. Sometimes we use marble for the floor. 17. Granite is an igneous rock. 18. Sandstone is a sedimentary rock. 19. Biologists study rocks. 20. Geologists study minerals. 21. Sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks are formed aboveground. 22. Magma is frozen rock. 23. Pressure and cooling caused metamorphic rocks. 24. Minerals are made up of rocks


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EXAMPLE OF DICHOTOMIC KEY OF ROCKS

1a It is made up of sheets Ir a 2

1b It isn’t made up of sheets Ir a 3

2a It hasn’t got any shiny mineral Shale/Pizarra

2b It has got shiny minerals and the rock is shiny Schist/Esquisto

3a Rocks with little holes Basalt/Basalto

3b Rocks without holes 4

4a Rocks made up of grains of sand Sandstone/Arenisca

4b Rocks without grains of sand 5

5a Its colour is white, beige or any light colour 6

5b Other colours 8

6a Rocks often containing fossils Limestone/Caliza

6b Rocks without fossils 7

7a Very soft. It can be scratched with a finger nail Gypsum/Yeso

7b It can’t be scratched with a finger nail Marble/Mármol

8a It contains pink minerals Pink granite/Granito rosa

8b Without pink minerals 9

9a Completely black rocks Coal/Carbón

9b It contains black minerals and light coloured minerals Grey granite/Granito gris

how the three types of rock are connected? The rock cycle is a set of processes which

form, change and recycle rocks over time.

These processes can last thousands or even

millions of years.

The rock cycle is similar to the recycling

process of glass. Used glass is transported

from recycling bins to factories. There, it is

crushed and melted to make new glass.

Glass can be used and recycled many times.

A similar recycling process occurs with rocks:

1. On the Earth’s surface, weathering and erosion break down and transport rocks.

2. Under the Earth’s surface, rocks go through processes which change them. As a result, they become new rocks. The cycle is continuous.


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Use of minerals. The case of COLTAN What is Coltan? Coltan is short for Columbite-tantalite - a black tar-like mineral found in major quantities in the Congo.. The Congo possesses 80 percent of the world's coltan. When coltan is refined it becomes a heat resistant powder that can hold a high electric charge. The properties of refined coltan is a vital element in creating devices that store energy or capacitors, which are used in a vast array of small electronic devices, especially in mobile phones, laptop computers, pagers, and other electronic devices. Approximately 71% of global tantalum supply in 2008 was met by newly mined product, 20% from

recycling, and the remainder from tin slag and inventory.

Mobile phone manufacturing

Our high demand for coltan, partly caused by the ongoing purchase and replacement mobile phones, increases the price of this rare metal ore and leads to conflicts, child labour, the killing of chimpanzees, gorillas and many other species and degradation of their environment. At the same time, our increasing technological waste pollutes our environment. A good first step is to reduce our consumption and learn to recycle.

How E-waste Recycling Can Help?

E-waste recycling and the extraction and reutilization of Coltan and other valuable rare earth metals can go a long way in helping reduce the pressure on Coltan reserves in Congo, as well as significantly help reduce the violence and exploitation in the war torn country. Besides that, proper e-waste recycling will also help protect the environment from the toxic component materials used in the manufacture of these electronics.

So before you toss away that old mobile phone, think! Go recycle your old mobile!

Activity 11. DESIGN A POSTER EXPLAINING THE IMPORTANCE OF RECYCLING MOBILE PHONE.

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