unit 1: chemistry of · pdf fileunit 1: chemistry of life . guided reading questions (65 pts...

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Name: ____________________ AP Biology Biology, Campbell and Reece, 7th

Edition

Adapted from chapter reading guides originally created by Lynn Miriello

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Guided Reading Questions (65 pts total)

Chapter 1 – Exploring Life This chapter is an overview of the science of Biology – we will be going through this chapter very quickly. If you have any problems – please see me before school for additional help. 1. Briefly describe the properties of life listed below:

a. Order -

b. Evolutionary adaptation -

c. Response to the environment -

d. Regulation -

e. Energy processing - f. Growth and development -

g. Reproduction -

2. List ALL ten levels of biological organization (largest to smallest). 3. What is the relationship between genes, DNA, and cells as the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms? 4. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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5. In your own words, define the following terms and give an example of each. a. Positive feedback –

b. Negative feedback - 6. Why is classification of living organisms necessary to understanding Biology? 7. What does the statement “there is unity in diversity” mean in terms of Biology and why is it said that “Evolution is the unifying theme of Biology?” 8. Imagine you are at the dinner table. Explain Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection, in your own words, and give an example that supports your statements. 9. What are the elements of a well-designed controlled experiment? List and define these terms. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 10. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback regulation?

A. The hormones insulin and glucagon regulate blood-sugar levels. B. When cells have sufficient energy available, the pathways that break down sugars are turned off. C. A rise in temperature when you exercise stimulates sweating and increased blood flow to the skin. D. In the birth of a baby, uterine contractions stimulate the release of chemicals that stimulate more uterine contractions.

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Chapter 2 - The Chemical Context of Life This chapter is a review of basic chemistry – we will be going through this chapter very quickly. If you have any problems – please see me before school for additional help. 1. Label the diagram below and define the terms that you label. Definitions:

2. What is an isotope and what is “special” about radioactive isotopes? 3. Explain how radioactive tracers are used in science. 4. Explain how the movement of electrons relates to the concept of potential energy – use the diagram below to help answer the question.

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5. What determines interactions between atoms? Why are valence electrons important? 6. Define the following terms: a. Chemical bond - b. Covalent bond - c. Single bond - d. Double bond - e. Valence - f. Electronegativity - g. Nonpolar covalent bond - h. Polar covalent bond - 7. How do ionic bonds compare with covalent bonds? 8. Compare and contrast hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. Give an example of an observable biological phenomenon that is due to each type of bond. 9. Define a dynamic chemical equilibrium in terms of quantities of reactants and products. AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 10. The chemical characteristics or reactivity of an element depend mostly on the _____.

A. mean energy level of its electrons B. number of electrons in its outermost shell C. number of electron shells present in the atoms D. number of protons plus the number of neutrons

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Chapter 3 – Water and the Fitness of the Environment This chapter is a review and extension of information you should have learned in Biology – we will be going through this chapter very quickly. If you have any problems – please see me before school for additional help. 1. Why is water considered a polar molecule? 2. For each of the properties of water listed below, briefly define the property. Then explain how water’s polar nature and polar covalent bonds contribute to that special property of water. Include an example found in nature of each property. a. Cohesion - b. Adhesion - c. Surface tension - d. High specific heat - e. Heat of vaporization - f. Evaporative cooling - 3. Explain the special relationship between temperature and density of water. 4. Define the following terms: a. Solute - b. Solvent - c. Aqueous solution - d. Hydrophilic - e. Hydrophobic - f. Colloid - g. Hydration shell - h. Molarity -

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5. Label the diagram below to demonstrate the dissociation of the water molecule and then relate this diagram to pH.

How does the above diagram relate to pH? 6. What properties define an acid and a base? 7. Why are “apparently” small changes in pH so important in Biology? 8. What is a buffer? Write and explain the carbonic acid buffer system in human blood. 9. What is acid precipitation (aka “acid rain”) and why is it important to living organisms? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 10. Which of the following is NOT considered to be an emergent property of water?

A. cohesion B. transpiration C. moderation of temperature D. insulation of bodies of water by floating ice

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Chapter 4 – Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Again, this chapter is a review of (mostly) previously-covered material. We will be moving through this chapter very quickly, so please see me for extra assistance if needed. 1. Why is organic chemistry so important in the study of biology? 2. Why was the Urey-Miller experiment so important? 3. Use the diagram below and the space to the right to label and contrast the three types of isomers.

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Use your textbook to complete the table below (you do not need to memorize these functional groups):

Functional Group Drawing of the Structure

Name of Compounds

Example Functional Properties

4. Hydroxyl

5. Carbonyl

6. Carboxyl

7. Amino

8. Sulfhydryl

9. Phosphate

AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 10. Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by organisms because

A. carbon can combine with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons. B. carbon is the central atom of carbon dioxide, a necessary molecule for photosynthesis. C. each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions. D. all of the above

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Chapter 5 - The Structure and Function of Macromolecules 1. Label the diagram below – identify a monomer, polymer, dehydration reaction, and hydrolysis.

2. List and describe the two storage polysaccharides and the two structural polysaccharides. 3. Why are lipids like fats and steroids grouped together? 4. What are the building blocks of fats?

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5. Contrast saturated and unsaturated fats – how does this relate to the concept that structure and function are linked? 6. Identify and label the molecule below.

7. How would you recognize a basic steroid molecule? 8. List the eight types of proteins and their basic functions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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9. Label the diagram below concerning the catalytic cycle of an enzyme.

10. Draw two amino acids – note the amino group, the carboxyl group and the alpha carbon, circle the water molecule to be removed and then note the peptide bond formed when the two are joined. 11. Explain the four levels of protein structure – a. Primary - b. Secondary - c. Tertiary - d. Quaternary

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12. How do the characteristics of an amino acid – nonpolar, polar, acidic or basic relate to the issue of tertiary and quaternary structure? 13. What does “denaturation” mean and why is it important? 14. What are the roles of nucleic acids? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 15. Which statement about temperature effects is FALSE?

A. All enzymes have the same optimal temperature. B. Raising the temperature may denature an enzyme. C. Raising the temperature may reduce the activity of an enzyme. D. Raising the temperature may increase the activity of an enzyme.

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Chapter 8 – An Introduction to Metabolism (Concepts 8.4 & 8.5) 1. What is activation energy? 2. Label the diagrams below including the change in free energy. 3. Define the following terms: a. Substrate - b. Enzyme substrate complex - c. Active site - d. Induced fit - 4. Label the diagram on the right:

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5. How do temperature and pH (specifically) affect enzyme activity? 6. Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors. 7. What is allosteric regulation and how does assist in the regulation of metabolism? 8. What is cooperativity? 9. How does feedback inhibition work? AP Biology Exam Checkpoint: _____ 10. In the diagram below, reactants and products are designated by capital letters; enzymes are

designated by numbers.

If end product E allosterically inhibits enzyme 1, what will be the result of a buildup of E in the cell?

A. Reduced production of A B. Reduced production of G C. Increased production of E D. Increased production of G

unit 1: chemistry of · pdf fileunit 1: chemistry of life . guided reading questions (65 pts...

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