underwater,underground and surface investigation
Post on 22-Oct-2014
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DESCRIPTION
The geological structure and the pshysical-mechanical characteristics of the underground play an important role in designing buildings. Using direct methods such as open digging, drilling, sampling for laboratory tests, etc. and indirect geophysical methods, these characteristics can be determined with high precision. This method helps in making resistance and economical calculation.TRANSCRIPT
Engineering topography
For the development of an engineering project for construc6on or construc6on rehabilita6on a great importance and a8en6on must be given to the projected cotes and to the verifica6on of the interest elements.
• Precision land surveys • Situa6on detailed plans • High precision contouring • Slope ver6cally tracing • Labeling the site topographical network • The assignment of the axes and of the landmark contouring • Protract the important elements • Follow up the 6me schedule of the buildings construc6on • Measurements for the calcula6on of the excava6on capaci6es
Using specialized so=ware and equipment, the responsible persons can offer the required support in accomplishing the proposed objec6ves of the project.
Applica6ons:
Bathymetrical inves6ga6ons
The bathymetry can be taken for the aqua6c equivalent of al6metry. Being a branch of hydrometrics, the bathymetry is dealing with the measurements of the sea depth, lakes and river depth, allowing us to draw maps of their aqua6c relief.
Descending the depth measurements technique with the help of the sonar and the exact posi6on given by the GPS technology, we can dra= for you depth maps or base relief structure maps for lakes or rivers, and also bathymetric profiles on the interest zones. This type of measurements has a large applicability in various fields and can contribute to a good acknowledgement of the geo-‐morphological condi6ons:
• Tracking down the cloging of rivers and lakes • Tracking down the excava6on from the ballast-‐holes • Explora6on of the mineral aggregates from the river • Drawing the maps for flooding risks • Bathymetric sec6ons and maps • Hydrological studies
Applica6ons:
Geoelectrical inves6ga6ons
The geoelectrical inves6ga6on is one of the main methods of geophysics with the help of which we can determinate the geological, hydrological and technological characteris6cs of the underground.
• Geological characteris6cs determina6ons • Map drawing of the contamina6on spots • Infiltra6ons in dams and dikes • Iden6fying of the non-‐homogenei6es • Galleries and underground cavi6es • Groundwater explora6on • Iden6fying the fissures and driKs • Buried pipes • Geological sec6ons By adap6ng a device, the method can be applied also on rivers or lakes, which allows us to find out their base structure, where the regular methods are not able or they are difficult to be applied. The mul6-‐electrode method allows us to scan the field both in 2D and in 3D the last one being ideal for the inves6ga6on of extended surfaces.
Applica6ons:
This method allows an inves6ga6on depth which varies from 10-‐30 m for the engineering projects and it can go un6l 300 m for the geological and hydrological researches.
Magne6cal and electromagne6cal inves6ga6ons
More than o=en, the loca6ons of the future buildings are full of underground networks of pipes, sewages or electrical wires. In order to avoid future problems in the execu6on of the works and very useful in the design phase of the project we must take into considera6on the possible existence of those networks.
With the help of magne6cal measurements we are able to iden6fy all kind of metallic objects buried in the underground. • Electrical buried networks • Construc6on founda6ons • Concrete pipes • Unexploded bombs • Metallic pipes • Buried docks This kind of inves6ga6ons can be made both on soil and lakes or rivers. The method is most applicable on the vacant lands, un-‐affected by the industrial environment, having a high profitableness.
Applica6ons:
Georadar inves6ga6ons
GRP (Ground Penetra6ng Radar) is an electromagne6c method non-‐destruc6ve which has a large prac6cability in the industrial environments where the surface is covered with concrete. The inves6ga6on depth depends on the geological environment where the research is located, and for the engineering projects this depth is of 6-‐8 m.
• The analysis and the iden6fica6on of the tunnels • Geological and hydrological explora6ons • Iden6fying the buried pipes • Map drawing of the contamina6on spots • Iden6fying the electrical buried cables • Iden6fying the underground cavi6es • Archeological researches In par6cular situa6ons, depending on the working condi6ons, we can obtain 3D images with the interest zone allowing us to see in detail the underground condi6ons.
Applica6ons:
Seismic refrac6on and MASW
Seismic refrac6on is a useful method for inves6ga6ng geological structure and rock proper6es. The technique involves the observa6on of a seismic signal that has been refracted between layers of contras6ng seismic velocity.
• Stra6graphic mapping • Es6ma6on of depth to bedrock • Es6ma6on of depth to water table • Predic6ng the rippability of specific rock ypes • Loca6ng sinkholes • Landfill inves6ga6ons • Geotechnical inves6ga6ons
Applica6ons:
Mul6channel analysis surface waves (MASW) tests determine the speed profile of Vs shear waves, therefore: • Seismic ac6ons for designing and verifying Civil Engineering works • The soil seismic type (A, B, C, D, E, S1, S2) • The soil rigidity module • Sinking and displacement of works that interact with the soil: buildings,
bridges, embankment rises, suppor6ng works, etc..
Hydrotechnical projects
The geophysical surveys use non-‐destruc6ve methods to allow extensive inves6ga6ons of various hydro technical projects:
-‐ Land, rock or concrete dams -‐ Protec6on dykes -‐ Func6onal dykes
Geoelectrical – Using the Ver6cal Electrical Survey (SEV), Electrical Tomography or Mise-‐a-‐la-‐masse, this method has proven most efficient for loca6ng areas of water infiltra6ons and for scanning the density of the built-‐in material from the dykes or dams. Georadar (GPR) – It has a very high resolu6on and accuracy for areas made of concrete, loca6ng holes and anomalies in the density of the material below. Seismical – This profiling method can accurately show data about the homogeneity of the built-‐in material from dams or dykes.
Methods used:
Das Verfahren
Die elektrischen Eigenschaften des Baugrundes werden über einkünstlich an der Erd- oder Wasseroberfläche erzeugtes elektri-sches Feld, das dem Untergrund über Stromelektroden zugeführtwird, erfaßt. Mittels Meßelektroden wird die sich einstellende Po-tentialdifferenz gemessen und hieraus der scheinbare spezifischeelektrische Widerstand berechnet. Zur Ermittlung der Tiefenlageeinzelner geologischer Schichten sind eine Reihe von Einzelmes-sungen erforderlich. Hierzu wird der Stromelektroden-Potential-elektroden-Abstand unter Beibehaltung des Auslagenmittelpunk-tes schrittweise so weit vergrößert, bis die gewünschte Informa-tionstiefe erreicht ist.Auf diese Weise wird der scheinbare spezifische elektrische Wi-derstand als Funktion der Elektroden-Abstände und somit alsFunktion der Tiefe für den jeweils auf dem Profil festgelegtenMeßpunkt ermittelt.
Die computerunterstützte Auswertung ergibt schließlich die An-zahl der Schichten, ihre Mächtigkeiten bzw. Tiefenlagen sowiedie einzelnen spezifischen elektrischen Schichtwiderstände.
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Die Idee
Für eine optimale Planung und Durchführung einer Dükerbau-maßnahme ist es erforderlich, möglichst detaillierte Kenntnisseüber den Untergrundaufbau im Verlauf der Trasse zu besitzen.Die üblichen Vorerkundungsmethoden unter Einsatz von Ramm-kernsondierungen, Kernbohrungen etc. lassen eine „lückenlose“Untergrundbewertung im Bereich von Gewässerquerungen, ins-besondere unter Kostengesichtspunkten, nicht zu. Hier bietensich die klassischen geoelektrischen Verfahren, die bei der La-gerstättenerkundung seit langem routinemäßig eingesetzt wer-den, für die Untersuchung der geplanten Trasse an.
Das Ziel der geoelektrischen Verfahren (z.B. Widerstandstiefen-sondierungen) ist die Ermittlung der Verteilung des spezifischenelektrischen Widerstandes im Untergrund. Sie stellt die Grund-lage für die Bestimmung der Mächtigkeit bzw. Tiefenlage einzel-ner geologischer Schichten im Verlauf der geplanten Verlege-trasse dar. Mit den entsprechenden lokalen geologischen Kennt-nissen z.B. aus Bohrungen kann daraus ein geologischer Verti-kalschnitt modelliert werden.
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Rivers and lakes under-‐crossing
We use specific geophysical and geotechnical methods to obtain results which substan6ally improve the knowledge about the i6nerary of rivers and lakes under-‐crossings.
Geoelectrical – using Ver6cal Electrical Survey (SEV) or Electrical Tomography, this method has proven most efficient over 6me due to its high precision rate. Magne6c Gradient – it can be used when we need to locate the metallic items on the i6nerary of the under-‐crossing. Georadar (GPR) – this method has a high resolu6on and can be used in case of shallow waters 1-‐3 meters deep Land measurements – it delivers maps and topographic profiles needed in drawing-‐up the future works. Ba6metry – this inves6gates the water depth, complemen6ng the informa6on from the surface land measurements.
Methods used:
Infrastructure projects As a result of our extensive experience in Romania and abroad, we developed a complex package of services dedicated to the infrastructure projects development: all types of roads, water works, major pipes, river under-‐crossing.
Topographic measurements: • Vectoriza6on maps and plans • 3D modeling for large areas • GPS measurements • Situa6on plans • Longitudinal and transverse sec6ons • Stakeout and ver6caliza6on • Accuracy levelling Geotechnical studies: • Geotechnical drilling • Dynamic penetra6on tests • Plate test • Sampling • Laboratory tests • Documenta6on Geophysical inves6ga6ons: • Ver6cal Electrical Sounding (VES) • Geoelectrical profiles • Geoelectrical maps • Magne6c measurements • Electromagne6c measurements
Mapping buried u6li6es and other items
We use dedicated geophysical methods to scan extensive areas in order to locate underground items: • Water u6li6es– concrete, metal or PVC • Electricity lines– medium and high voltage • Buried pipes – water, gas, petroleum products, etc • Unexploded buried bombs ( UXO)
The depth of inves6ga6on varies from 1 to 6 meters and it depends on the area under survey and on the size of the u6li6es in ques6on. The methods are non-‐destruc6ve and highly accurate.
Methods used for loca6ng under ground u6li6es: Georadar (GPR) – it is highly efficient for industrial areas covered in concrete Magne6c Gradient – this method is efficient for loca6ng u6li6es buried under large agriculture fields Electromagne6c – this is complemen6ng the informa6on for the industrial areas, for metallic pipes and electricity lines. We can make such inves6ga6ons on land or on rivers and lakes.
Photovoltaic parks We can help you put the basis of a photovoltaic park by acquiring all the needed informa6on about the characteris6cs of the project area. We perform measurements and surveys which allow a safer and more efficient development of such projects in any given loca6on.
Topographical surveys: • 3D modeling for large areas • GPS measurements • Situa6on plans • Stakeout and marking • Finally drawing
Geotechnical studies: • Geotechnical drilling • Dynamic penetra6on tests • Plate test • Sampling • Laboratory tests • Documenta6on
Geophysical inves6ga6ons: • UXO inves6ga6ons • Mapping underground u6li6es • Electrical Resis6vity Imaging • Seismic Refrac6on and MASW
Wind power parks The different stages of a wind power park project require various studies and surveys: land measurements, geotechnical studies, geophysical surveys. We have extensive experience in performing all these services and we can offer you the best prices on the market.
Topographic measurements: • 3D modeling large areas • GPS measurements • Longitudinal and transverse sec6ons • Situa6on plans • Stakeout roads and ditches • Stakeout and plumb poles
Geotechnical studies: • Geotechnical drilling • Dynamic penetra6on tests • Plate test • Sampling • Laboratory tests • Documenta6on
Geophysical inves6ga6ons: • Seismic Refrac6on • Seismic Surface Wave • Electrical Resis6vity Imaging • Ver6cal Electrical Sounding (VES)
Aerial photography Aerial photography provides useful insights into the development of projects from the design stage, going to execu6on, inspec6on and maintenance. Using drones (UAV) to capture aerial imagery brings extra flexibility in works approach with much lower costs compared to conven6onal aircra=.
Aerial photography applica6on: • Orthophotomap and photogrammetry • 3D terrain model • Oblique and panoramic images • Electrical Network Monitoring • Agricultural and forestry inspec6on • Mul6spectral photos • Infrared thermal photos • Industrial and residen6al buildings • Wind farms and photovoltaic • Construc6on and infrastructure monitoring • Monitoring excava6on pits • Volume calcula6on of excavated material
deposits • Archaeological photos • Communica6on pathways mapping
Geotechnical studies
Represent the first stage of the construc6on or strengthening of a target. This kind of inves6ga6on gives informa6on about soil structure and consistence, groundwater level and provide recommenda6ons for the technical project.
Geotechnical services: • Geotechnical drillings • Dynamic penetra6on tests • Founda6on uncover • Plate tests • Sampling • Laboratory tests • Hidrogeological studies • Elabora6on of the documenta6on
The geological structure and the physical-‐mechanical characteris6cs of the ground play an important role in designing buildings. Using direct methods (open digging, drilling, sampling for laboratory tests etc.), and indirect methods (geophysical methods), determina6on of these characteris6cs is done with high precision. This method helps to perform resistance and economical calcula6on.