understanding seismic hazard as major threat to …

UNDERSTANDING SEISMIC

HAZARD AS MAJOR THREAT

TO METRO MANILA

Republic of the PhilippinesOffice of the President

METROPOLITAN MANILA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITYEDSA Cor. Orense St., Guadalupe Nuevo, Makati City

Germaine Fay M. Ramirez, RN

MMDA – Public Safety Division

S001

2Why, Where and How Do Earthquakes Occur?

CIRCUM-PACIFIC BELT

Pacific Ocean

West Philippine Sea

West Pacific Ring

of Fire

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

5

DIVERGENT MOVEMENT

CONVERGENT MOVEMENT

TRANSFORM MOVEMENT

PHILIPPINE GEOLOGIC SETTING

8

A weak to violent

shaking of the

ground produced by

the sudden

movement of rock

materials below the

earth’s surface.

An Earthquake is....

9

Center of energy release during an earthquake

16 Km.

An Earthquake is....

Caused by movements

along faults. As stress

continues to build in

these rocks they reach

their elastic limit, break

and produce an

earthquake.

Classes of Natural Earthquake

10

Tectonic – caused by

stresses set up by

movements of a dozen

or so huge plates that

form the earth’s crust.

Volcanic – not so

destructive, it is often

preceded or

accompanied by

volcanic eruption.

FAULT- movement of the Earth’s crust

causing a fractures or system of

fructures.

TYPES OF FAULT LINES

1. REVERSE FAULT- occurs when

land compresses horizontally.

2. NORMAL FAULT- occurs when

land separates from one another

horizontally.

3. STRIKE-SLIP FAULT- occurs

when land slides left and right of

one another horizontally.

13

Center of energy release during an earthquake

Focus - center of energy

release during an

earthquake.

Epicenter – point in the

surface directly above

the focus.

16 Km.

EPICENTER VS. HYPOCENTER

14

Magnitude – indicates the amount of energy

released at the source (epicentre).

Intensity - indicates the violence of earth

motion produced there by an earthquake.

INTENSITY VS. MAGNITUDE

16 km

1,600 km

Magnitude Origin Location Date Mortality Missing Injured

1 7.9 Tectonic Moro Gulf August 16, 1976 4,791 2288 9928

2 7.8 Tectonic Luzon Island July 16, 1990 1,666 1,000 More than 3,000

3 7.5 Tectonic Luzon Island November 30, 1645 600 3,000

4 7.3 Tectonic Casiguran, Aurora August 2, 1968 271 261

5 7.1 Tectonic Mindoro November 15, 1994 78 430

6 6.7 Tectonic Negros Oriental February 6, 2012 51 62 112

7 Unknown Tectonic Manila June 19, 1665 19

8 6.5 Tectonic Laoag August 17, 1983 16 47

9 7.5 Tectonic Mindanao Island March 5, 2002 15 100

10 6.1 Tectonic Sultan Kudarat March 6, 2002 8 41

11 Tectonic Bohol

EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES IN THE PHILIPPINES

27

Ground Rupture

Strong Ground Shaking

Landslides

Liquefaction

Fire

Tsunami

Epidemic (Possible)

SECONDARY CONSEQUENCES OF

EARTHQUAKES

GROUND RUPTURE

BEFORE FAULTING

REVERSE

29

2013 Bohol Earthquake

AFTERSHOCKS

LANDSLIDES

“…the movement of rock, debris or earth down

a slope”.

TYPES OF LANDSLIDES

“…phenomenon in which the strength and

stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake

shaking or other rapid loading”.

LIQUEFACTION

Buoyant Rise Subsidence

34

TSUNAMI

36

Epidemic

Fire

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

AND MANAGEMENT:

Key to Building Disaster-Resilient Communities



DISASTER MANAGEMENT

A collective term encompassing all aspects of planning,

preparing and responding to disasters. It refers to the

management of the consequences of disasters.

DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

Stresses on proactive disaster management responses of prevention, mitigation and

preparedness.

Disaster Management

“the efficient and effective

use of resources to manage

the processes of relief,

recovery, reconstruction and

mitigation”.

PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster management is the responsibility of all

spheres of society.

Individuals are responsible for their own safety.

Disaster management should focus on large-

scale events.

Disaster management must recognize the

involvement and potential role of NGOs.

PHASES OF DISASTER MGT.


DISASTER IMPACT

DISASTER RESPONSE

DISASTER RECOVERY

DISASTER MITIGATION

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

(CONTINUUM)

43

DISASTER

PREPAREDNESS

MITIGATION

DEVELOPMENT

RECOVERY

REHABILITATION

RESPONSE

IMPACT STAGE

1. PREPAREDNESS…

“measures taken in anticipation of a disaster

to ensure that appropriate and effective

actions are taken in the aftermath”.


“THIS IS AN INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND COMMUNITY

PREPARATION IN ADVANCE OF ANY POSSIBLE

DISASTER. ORGANIZATION AND TRAINING IN

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS ARE KEYS TO YOUR

EFFECTIVE, AGGRESSIVE, COHERENT, AND

SUSTAINED DISASTER RESPONSE.

3. RESPONSE…

‘‘immediate reaction to occurrence of a

disaster in order to assess the needs, reduce

the suffering, limit the spread of its effects

and open a way for rehabilitation”.

Mass evacuation

Search and rescue

Emergency medical services

Ensuring Food and water supply

Maintenance of law & order

4. RECOVERY…

‘‘the process undertaken by a disaster

affected community to fully restore to a pre-

disaster level of functioning”.

PHASES OF RECOVERY

1. REHABILITATION

2. RECONSTRUCTION

3. DEVELOPMENT

REHABILITATION

Actions taken in the aftermath of disaster to assist the victims repair their

dwellings, re-establish essential services and revive economic and social activities.

RECONSTRUCTION

Permanent measures to replace damaged dwellings, lifelines and infrastructures and to set economy back in motion.

DEVELOPMENT

Sustained efforts intended to improve or maintain the social and economic well-

being of a community.

5. MITIGATION…

‘‘ Measures taken prior to the impact of a

disaster to minimize its effects”.

COMPONENTS OF DISASTER MITIGATION

Risk AnalysisPreventionHazard Identification and

MappingVulnerability Analysis

RISK ANALYSIS

Determining the nature and scale of losses which can be anticipated in a

particular area.

Probability of a hazard of a particular magnitude Elements at risk Nature of vulnerability

PREVENTION

Activities taken to prevent a natural phenomenon or potential hazard from

having harmful effects on either people or economic assets.

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION & MAPPING

Estimating probability of a damaging phenomenon of given magnitude in a given area.

Considerations: History Probability of various intensities Maximum threat Possible secondary hazards

VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

A process which results in an understanding of the types and levels of exposure of persons, property and the environment in relation to the effects of identified hazards at a particular time.

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE METRO

MANILA EARTHQUAKE

CONTINGENCY PLAN

“OPLAN YAKAL”



FOR PURPOSES OF DAMAGE

ESTIMATION, METRO MANILA WAS

DIVIDED INTO SQUARE GRIDS.

EACH GRID REPRESENTS AN

AREA OF ABOUT 250,000 SQUARE

METERS.

WARM COLORS REPRESENT

HIGH DAMAGE AREAS WHILE

COOL COLORS INDICATE LOWER

DAMAGE ESTIMATES.

MMEIRS Risk

Analysis Map of

Metro Manila

61

MMEIRS Scenario Earthquakes

Model Magnitude Characteristics

08 – West

Valley Fault

7.2 Severe Damage

13 – Manila

Trench

7.9 Tsunami

Manila Trench

West Valley

Fault

62

QUEZON CITYVALENZUELA

SAN JUAN

MARIKINA

MUNTINLUPA

TAGUIG

PATEROS

PASIGMANILA

PARANAQUE

LAS PINAS

PASAY

MANDALUYONG

CAL. SOUTH

NAVOTASMALABON

CALOOCAN

NORTH

MAKATI

Source: Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study (MMEIRS)

JICA-PHIVOLCS-MMDA

Intensity (MMI)

Ground Shaking Intensity Distribution

(PHIVOLCS Earthquake

Intensity Scale – PEIS)

(Magnitude 7.2, West Valley Fault)

9

8

7

6

5

63

1 - 20

20 - 50

50 - 100

100 - 200

200 - 500

500 - 3000

64

QUEZON CITY

VALENZUELA

SAN JUAN

MARIKINA

MUNTINLUPA

TAGUIG

PATEROS

PASIGMANILA

PARANAQUE

LAS PINAS

PASAY

MANDALUYONG

CAL. SOUTH

NAVOTAS

MALABON

CALOOCAN NORTH

MAKATI

Source : MMEIRS, 2004

High

Relatively High

Relatively Low

Low

FIRE OUTBREAK MAP(Model 08)

65

Maximum BurntNumber

500 – 1,000

200 - 500

100 - 200

50 - 100

20 - 50

1 - 20

500 Fires may occur simultaneously

POSSIBLE FIRE SPREAD MAP

Factor Used: Wind Speed = 8m/sec

Estimated Results: Area = 1,710 has.

Building: 98,000 Deaths = 19,000

PASIG

TAGIG

MUNTINLUPA

MARIKINA

PATEROS

MANILA

VALENZUELA

QUEZON CITY

MANILA

Source : MMEIRS, 2004

ESTIMATED IMPACTS OF WORST CASE SCENARIO

EARTHQUAKE (Magnitude=7.2 West Valley Fault)

Public Purpose Buildings:

Schools 1412, Hospitals 177,

Fire Fighting 124, Police 43, MMDCC

Organizations and 17 LGU City and

Municipal Halls 53

Heavily Damaged 8 - 10 %

Partly Damaged 20 – 25 %

Residential buildings

(1,325,896)

Heavily damaged or

collapsed

13%

170,000

Moderately damaged 25.6% or

350,000

Human Loss

With population of 9,932,560

Dead 90% from pressure of

collapsed building

33,500

Injured 120,000

Estimated Lifeline Damage

•Water pipeline - 4,600 km long Break at 954 points

•Electricity cable - 4,900 km long Cut of 31 km

•PLDT Telephone cable - 13,300 km long Cut of 97 km

•Of the 213 Bridges - 7 have high possibility

& 80 Flyovers of collapse

Possible Regional

SeparationWest

Fire and Building DamageWest

NorthBridge Damage

South Bridge Damage

Building and Bridge

Damage

East

QUADRANTS LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITs OPERATIONS CENTER

MAIN:

1st Option: MMDA Office, Orense St., corner

EDSA, Guadalupe, Makati City

2nd Option: AFP JTF NCR Compound, near

gate 6, Camp Aguinaldo

3rd Option: PNP NCRPO HQ, Ca mp

Bagong Diwa, Bicutan, Taguig

North

Caloocan City

Quezon City

Valenzuela City

San Juan City

Mandaluyong City

Veterans Memorial Medical Center, North

Ave., Quezon City

EastPasig City

Marikina City

LRT 2 Santolan Station Depot

West

Manila City

Malabon City

Navotas City

Pasay City

Intramuros Golf Course

South

Las Piñas City

Makati City

Muntinlupa City

Parañaque City

Taguig City

Municipality of Pateros

Villamor Air Base Golf Course, Pasay

QUADRANT SUB-OPCEN EVACUATION CAMPEMERGENCY FIELD

HOSPITAL

NORTH

(Kalookan, Valenzuela,

Quezon City, San Juan,

Mandaluyong)

Veterans Memorial

Medical Center, North

Ave., Quezon City

Veterans

Memorial Medical

Center, North Ave.,

Quezon City

UP Diliman Grounds

Veterans Memorial

Medical Center, North

Ave., Quezon City

Quezon Memorial

Circle

EAST

(Pasig,Marikina)

LRT 2 Santolan Station

Depot

Marikina Boys Town

Red Cross, Marikina

Ultra, Pasig

LRT 2 Santolan Station

Depot

WEST

(Manila, Malabon, Navotas)

Intramuros Golf

Course

Intramuros Golf

Course

Intramuros Golf

Course

Quezon Institute

SOUTH

(Las Pinas, Makati,

Muntinlupa, Paranaque,

Pateros,Taguig, Pasay)

Villamor Air Base GolfCourse, Pasay



PRIORITY ROAD NETWORKS FOR

CLEARING OPERATIONS

- Osmeña Hi-way

- Quirino Avenue

- Araneta Avenue

- C-3 Road

- Shaw Boulevard

- R Magsaysay/Aurora Blvd/Marcos Hi-

way

- Ortigas Avenue

- Others as may be indentified in detail

City/Municipality Name of Cemetery/Memorial Park

Navotas Immaculate Memorial Park

Valenzuela Angelus Cemetery

St. John Cemetery

Caruhatan Public Cemetery

Tierra Santa

Arkong Bato Public Cemetery

Polo Catholic

Polo Memorial

Ever Memorial

Valenzuela Memorial

Caloocan South Area Cemetery

Sangandaan Cemetry

La Loma Cemetery

Eternal Cemetery

San Juan San Juan Cemetery

Pasig Pinaglaanan Shrine Pasig

Manila North Cemetery

South Cemetery

Marikina

City/Municipality Name of Cemetery/Memorial Park

Makati Makati Cemetery

Makati Catholic Cametery

Muntinlupa Catholic Cemetery

Aglipay Cemetery

Everest Memorial Park

Japanese Cemetery

NBP Compound

Taguig Camp Bagong Diwa, Brgy Lower

Bicutan

Pateros Pateros Public Cemetery

Paranaque Manila Memorial

Loyola Memorial

Paranaque Public Cemetery

Manila North Cemetery

South Cemetery

Quezon City La Loma Bagbag

Gulod Himlayan

OUR RESOURCES &

CAPABILITY

COMMUNICATION CENTER

81

CSSR TECHNICAL TRAINING

EXISTING ROAD EMRG STN (5)

10

112

14

4

56

8

16

19

20

10

11

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

14

8

16

17

19

20

EDSA/Timog

EDSA/Ortigas

Nagtahan RMB

MMDA Main

C’wealth/Batasan

Navotas

C5 Libis

GWAPOTEL Port Area

Quirino/SLEX

EDSA/Roxas Blvd

C5/Ft Bonifacio

Zapote/Quirino

Alabang

Marikina City Eng’g Ofc

GWAPOTEL JA Santos

15

9

13

12

18

15 C5/Ortigas extn

9 Q’rino/Regalado

18 SLEX/Bicutan

12 EDSA/Balintawak

22

21 Valenzuela

Pasig Blvd/Sxto A

22

21

17

PROPOSED ADDT’L ROAD EMRG STN (13)

ROAD EMRG STN TO BE PUT UP BY REG (3)(VALENZUELA, C5-ORTIGAS EXTN,

TAGUIG)

1

7

3

DISASTER RESPONSE EQUIPMENT

FIELD STORAGE UNITS

EQUIPMENT

TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT

EARTHQUAKE SIMULATOR

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES

BEFORE, DURING & AFTER AND

EARTHQUAKE



Identify safe spots at the house or building.

Secure shelves and cabinets.

Remove heavy objects or furniture

which may block your egress.

Stabilize LPG cylinders.

Keep a list of important emergency or hotline numbers.

Establish family earthquake plan.

Keep contact numbers or list of addresses of relatives and friends.

Learn on how to administer first aid.

Prepare earthquake emergency kit.

Propa

ne

Cylin

der

What contains earthquake emergency kit?

1 gallon of water/person/day

Foods (3 days consumption)

Pieces/pairs of clothes, blankets, rubber shoes

First aid kit

Portable radio, whistles, flashlights & batteries

Essential medications

Low Frequency Two-way Radio System

ABC Fire Extinguisher

Instructions on how to turn off gas, water and electricity

5 liters of water

Foods (biscuits, instant noodles etc.)

Piece of t-shirt & pants and pair of rubber shoes

First aid kit

Portable radio, whistles, flashlights & batteries

Essential medications

Low Frequency Two-way Radio System

Home Emergency Kit Office Emergency Kit

DON’T PANIC, stay calm!

Do the “Duck, Cover, and Hold” position.

Duck – And Look for Cover

Cover – Under a Sturdy Desk or Table

Hold – Onto the Furniture Leg Until Shaking Stops

If indoor:

SAMPLE OF DUCK, COVER AND HOLD VIDEO

• Stay inside until shaking stops; move only when it is safe to go out.

• Face away from windows.

• Stay clear of tall objects that may topple over.

• Watch for falling objects.

• Do not use elevator in going down.

If indoor:

• Get into the open areas.

• Stay clear of buildings & power lines.

• Do not smoke or light matches or lighters.

• If Driving:

o Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay inside the vehicle.

o Avoid stopping near or under the trees, light posts, power lines or buildings.

o Stay away from bridges, overpasses & tunnels.

If outdoor:

• Stay calm & get prepared for aftershocks.

• Check for injuries & administer First Aid to the degree you are trained for.

• Check for obvious hazards & damages on your house.

• Do not turn on or off any lighting or electrical devices.

• Listen to the radio for updates and instructions.

• Use emergency supplies only if necessary.

• Do not use telephones, except during extreme cases or emergencies.

o Make Sure Phone is on the Hook to Receive Emergency Information Calls

TIPS ON HOW TO ENHANCE

SURVIBILITY IF TRAPPED

UNDER THE DEBRIS

1. Avoid unnecessary movement so

that you will not kick up dust.

2. Maintain moral and fighting spirits

high.

3. Periodically move your fingers and

toes to ensure blood circulation.

4. Cover your mouth and nose with a

piece of cloth or anything you have

on hand.

1. Do not shout and shout; shout

only as a last resort.

2. Tap on pipe or wall so that

rescuers can hear where you

are.

3. If available use a flashlight to

signal your location.

Note : Shout can cause a person to inhale

dangerous amounts of dust.

MARAMING SALAMAT……..

understanding seismic hazard as major threat to …

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