Understanding of

Terminology & Expectation

for Engineering Programme

Ir. Professor Dr. BM GoiDeputy Dean of LKCFES, UTAR

Ir. Professor Academician Dato’ Dr. HT ChuahPresident of FEIAP

Outcome from the Workshop

At the end of this presentation, participants shall be able:• To describe the new WA’s terminologies

(complex engineering problems & activities, knowledge profile)

• To differentiate characteristic of WA, SA and DA.

Agreements covering tertiary qualifications in engineeringThe Washington Accord (WA) signed in 1989 was the first - it recognises substantial equivalence in the accreditation of qualifications in professional engineering, normally of four years duration. The Sydney Accord (SA) commenced in 2001 and recognises substantial equivalence in the accreditation of qualifications in engineering technology, normally of three years duration.The Dublin Accord (DA) is an agreement for substantial equivalence in the accreditation of tertiary qualifications in technician engineering, normally of two years duration. It commenced in 2002.

Agreements (IEA)

http://www.ieagreements.org/

OBE is an educational philosophy that states education ought to aim at giving students a particular, minimum level of knowledge and abilities as the major educational outcomes

It is an education system that emphasized on the student outcomes that are expected by the stakeholders.

Input –> Process –> Output Shifting from just measuring input and process to

measuring the output (outcome)

Outcome-Based Education

Term Definition Common Term

Programme Objectives (PEO)

PEOs are statements that describethe expected achievements of graduates in their career and professional life a few years after graduation.

Goals, Programme Objectives

Programme Outcomes (PO)

POs are statements that describe what students are expected to know and be able to perform or do by the time of graduation. These relate to theknowledge, skills and attitudes that students acquired through the programme.

Standards, Graduate attributes

Course Outcomes (CO)

COs are statements that describe what students are expected to know and be able to perform or do upon completion of a course.

Learning Outcomes

Outcome-Based Education

6

Curriculum,Staff &

Facilities

Graduates with

Outcomes

Teaching &Learning

Stakeholders requirements (Develop objectives)

Stakeholders satisfaction (Achieving objectives)

Continual Improvement

Process Map

“New Terminologies”

• Knowledge Profile (WK) • Complex Problem Solving (WP) • Complex Engineering Activities (EA) • Generic Attributes (WA)

WK1 Theory-based natural sciences

WK2 Conceptually-based mathematics

WK3 Theory-based engineering fundamentals

WK4 Forefront specialist knowledge for practice

WK5 Engineering design

WK6 Engineering practice (technology)

WK7 Engineering in society

WK8 Research literature

A Washington Accord Programme provides:

Knowledge Profile (Curriculum)

 

 Knowledge Profile (WK) (4-5 years)

WK1 A systematic, theory-based understanding of the natural sciences applicable to the discipline

WK2 Conceptually-based mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and formal aspects of computer and information science to support analysis and modelling applicable to the discipline

WK3 A systematic, theory-based formulation of engineering fundamentals required in the engineering discipline.

WK4 Engineering specialist knowledge that provides theoretical frameworks and bodies of knowledge for the accepted practice areas in the engineering discipline; much is at the forefront of the discipline.

WK5 Knowledge that supports engineering design in a practice area.

WK6 Knowledge of engineering practice (technology) in the practice areas in the engineering discipline

WK7 Comprehension of the role of engineering in society and identified issues in engineering practice in the discipline: ethics and the professional responsibility of an engineer to public safety; and the impacts of engineering activity – economic, social, cultural, environmental and sustainability.

WK8 Engagement with selected knowledge in the research literature of the discipline.

 

 Knowledge Profile (SK) (3-4 years)

SK1 A systematic, theory-based understanding of the natural sciences applicable to the sub-discipline

SK2 Conceptually-based mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and formal aspects of computer and information science to support analysis and modelling applicable to the sub-discipline

SK3 A systematic, theory-based formulation of engineering fundamentals required in the engineering sub-discipline.

SK4 Engineering specialist knowledge that provides theoretical frameworks and bodies of knowledge for the accepted sub-discipline.

SK5 Knowledge that supports engineering design in the sub-discipline.

SK6 Knowledge of engineering practice (technology) in the sub-discipline

SK7 Comprehension of the role of technology in society and identified issues in engineering technology: ethics and impacts: economic, social, environmental and sustainability.

SK8 Engagement with the technological literature of the discipline.

 

 Knowledge Profile (DK) (2-3 years)

DK1 A descriptive, formula-based understanding of the natural sciences applicable to the sub-discipline

DK2 Procedural mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics applicable to the sub-discipline

DK3 A coherent procedural formulation of engineering fundamentals required in an accepted sub-discipline.

DK4 Engineering specialist knowledge that provides the body of knowledge for an accepted sub-discipline.

DK5 Knowledge that supports engineering design based on the techniques and procedures of a practice area.

DK6 Codified practical engineering knowledge in the recognised practice area.

DK7 Knowledge of issues and approaches in engineering technician practice: ethics, financial, cultural, environmental and sustainability impacts.

DK8 -

WP1 Depth of Knowledge required

Resolved with forefront in-depth engineering knowledge (WK3, WK4, WK5, WK6 or WK8)

WP2 Range of conflicting requirements

Involve wide-ranging or conflicting technical, engineering and other issues.

WP3 Depth of analysis required Have no obvious solution and require abstract thinking, originality in analysis to formulate suitable models.

WP4 Familiarity of issues Involve infrequently encountered issues

WP5 Extent of applicable codes Beyond codes of practice

WP6 Extent of stakeholderinvolvement and level of conflicting requirements

Involve diverse groups of stakeholders with widely varying needs

WP7 Interdependence Are high level problems including many component parts or sub-problems.

EP1 Consequences Have significant consequences in a range of contexts.

EP2 Judgement Require judgement in decision making.

Complex Engineering Problems have characteristic WP1 and some or all of WP2 to WP7 (EP1 or EP2 – Professional Competencies):

Complex Engineering Problem

SP1 Depth of Knowledge required

Cannot be resolved without engineering knowledge at the level of one or more of SK 4, SK5, and SK6 supported by SK3 with a strong emphasis on the application of developed technology

SP2 Range of conflicting requirements

Involve a variety of factors which may impose conflicting constraints

SP3 Depth of analysis required Can be solved by application of well-proven analysis techniques

SP4 Familiarity of issues Belong to families of familiar problems which are solved in well-accepted ways

SP5 Extent of applicable codes May be partially outside those encompassed by standards or codes of practice

SP6 Extent of stakeholderinvolvement and level of conflicting requirements

Involve several groups of stakeholders with differing and occasionally conflicting needs

SP7 Interdependence Are parts of, or systems within complex engineering problems

TP1 Consequences Have consequences which are important locally, but may extend more widely

TP2 Judgement Require judgement in decision making

Complex Engineering Problems have characteristic WP1 and some or all of SP2 to SP7 (TP1 or TP2 – Technology Competencies):

Broadly-defined Engineering Problem

DP1 Depth of Knowledge required

Cannot be resolved without extensive practical knowledge as reflected in DK5 and DK6 supported by theoretical knowledge defined in DK3 and DK4

DP2 Range of conflicting requirements

Involve several issues, but with few of these exerting conflicting constraints

DP3 Depth of analysis required Can be solved in standardised ways

DP4 Familiarity of issues Are frequently encountered and thus familiar to most practitioners in the practice area

DP5 Extent of applicable codes

Are encompassed by standards and/or documented codes of practice

DP6 Extent of stakeholderinvolvement and level of conflicting requirements

Involve a limited range of stakeholders with differing needs

DP7 Interdependence Are discrete components of engineering systems

NP1 Consequences Have consequences which are locally important and not far-reaching

Judgement -

Complex Engineering Problems have characteristic WP1 and some or all of DP2 to DP7 (NP1 or NP2 – Technical Competencies):

Well-defined Engineering Problem

EA1 Range of resources Diverse resources (people, money, equipment, materials, information and technologies).

EA2 Level of interaction Require resolution of significant problems arising from interactions between wide ranging or conflicting technical, engineering or other issues.

EA3 Innovation Involve creative use of engineering principles and research-based knowledge in novel ways

EA4 Consequences to society andthe environment

Have significant consequences in a range of contexts, characterised by difficulty of prediction and mitigation.

EA5 Familiarity Can extend beyond previous experiences by applying principles-based approaches.

Complex activities means (engineering) activities or projects that have some or all of the following characteristics:

Complex Engineering Activities

Range of Problem Solving:Compulsory Attribute

Depth of Knowledge Required

Complex Problems (Engineer)

Broadly Defined Problems

(Technologist)

Well defined Problems

(Technician)

WP1: Cannot be resolved without in-depth

engineering knowledge at the level of one or moreof WK3, WK4, WK5, WK6or WK8 which allows a

fundamentals-based first principles analytical

approach.

SP1: Cannot be resolved without

engineering knowledge at the level of one or

more of SK4, SK5, and SK6 supported by SK3 with a strong emphasis

on the application of developed technology.

DP1: Cannot be resolved without extensive practical knowledge as reflected in DK5 and DK6 supported by theoretical knowledge defined in DK3 and DK4.

GRADUATE ATTRIBUTE PROFILES

(Programme Outcomes)

- Specific for Washington Accord

WA & EAC POs

WA: Washington Accord Graduate Attributes EA: Engineering Accreditation Council Programme Outcomes

WA1 EA(i) Engineering Knowledge Breadth & depth of knowledge

WA2 EA(ii) Problem Analysis Complexity of analysis

WA3 EA(iii) Design/Development of Solutions

Breadth & uniqueness of engineering problems i.e. the extent to which problems are original and to which solutions have previously been identified and coded

WA4 EA(iv) Investigation Breadth & depth of investigation and experimentation

WA5 EA(v) Modern Tool Usage Level of understanding of the appropriateness of the tool

WA6 EA(vi) The Engineer and Society Level of knowledge and responsibility

WA7 EA(vii) Environment and Sustainability Type of solutions

WA8 EA(viii) Ethics Understanding and level of practice

WA10 EA(ix) Communication Level of communication according to type of activities performed

WA9 EA(x) Individual and Team Work Role in and diversity of team

WA12 EA(xi) Life-long Learning Preparation for and depth of continuing learning

WA11 EA(xii) Engineering Project Management and Finance

Level of management required for differing types of activity

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(i) Engineering Knowledge - Breadth &depth of knowledge (WA1)

Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation as specified in WK1 to WK4 respectively to the solution of complex engineering problems.

(ii) Problem Analysis - Complexity ofanalysis (WA2)

Identify, formulate, research literature and analyse complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering sciences. (WK1 to WK4)

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(iii) Design/Development of Solutions - Breadth and uniqueness of engineering problems, i.e. the extent to which problems are original and to which solutions have previously been identified or codified (WA3)

Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations. (WK5)

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(iv) Investigation - Breadth and depth ofinvestigation and experimentation (WA4)

Conduct investigation of complex problems using research-based knowledge (WK8) and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of information toprovide valid conclusions.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(v) Modern Tool Usage - Level of understanding of the appropriateness of the tool (WA5)

Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modelling, to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the limitations. (WK6)

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(vi) The Engineer and Society – Level of knowledge and responsibility (WA6)

Apply reasoning informed by contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice and solution to complex engineering problems. (WK7)

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(vii) Environment and Sustainability – Typeof solutions (WA7)

Understand and evaluate the sustainability and impact of professional engineering work in the solution of complex engineering problems in societal and environmental contexts. (WK7)

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(viii) Ethics – Understanding and level of practice (WA8)

Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice. (WK7)

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(ix) Communication – Level of communication according to type of activities performed (WA10)

Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receiveclear instructions.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(x) Individual and Team Work Role in anddiversity of team (WA9)

Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in multi-disciplinary settings.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(xi) Life-long Learning – Preparation for anddepth of continuing learning (WA12)

Recognise the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

(xii) Project Management & Finance – Level of management required for differing types of activity (WA11)

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering management principles and economic decision-making and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

(GENERIC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES)

GRADUATE ATTRIBUTE PROFILES

(Programme Outcomes)

- Differentiation among Accords

Engineering Knowledge

DifferentiationCharacteristic

WASHINGTONACCORD (WA)

SYDNEYACCORD (SA)

DUBLINACCORD (DA)

Breadth and depth of education and type ofknowledge, both theoretical and practical

Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation to the solution of complex engineering problems

Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation to defined and applied engineering procedures, processes, systems or methodologies

Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialisation to wide practical procedures and practices

Problem AnalysisDifferentiationCharacteristic

WA SA DA

Complexity of analysis

Identify, formulate, research literature and analyse complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences andengineering sciences

Identify, formulate, research literature and solve broadly- defined engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using analytical tools appropriate totheir discipline or area of specialisation

Identify and solve well-defined engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using codified methodsof analysis specific to their field of activity

Design/ development of SolutionsWA SA DADifferentiation

Characteristic

Breadth and uniqueness of engineering problemsi.e. the extent to whichproblems are originaland to whichsolutionshave previouslybeen identified or codified

Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems, componentsor processes that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations

Design solutions for broadly- defined engineering technology problems and contribute to thedesign of systems, components or processes to meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and

Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist withthe design of systems, components or processes to meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental

InvestigationDifferentiation WACharacteristic

SA DA

Breadth and Conductdepth of investigations of investigation and complex experimentation problems using

research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions

Conduct investigations of broadly-defined problems; locate, search and select relevant data from codes, data bases and literature, design and conduct experiments to provide valid conclusions

Conduct investigations of well-defined problems; locateand search relevant codes and catalogues,conduct standard tests and measurements

Modern Tool UsageDifferentiationCharacteristic

WA SA DA

Level of understanding of the appropriateness of the tool

Create, select, and apply appropriate

techniques, resources,

and modern engineering and IT

tools, including prediction and

modelling,to complexengineering

activities, withan understandingof the limitations

Select and apply appropriate techniques, resources,

and modern engineering and IT

tools, including prediction and modelling, to

broadly defined engineering

activities, withan understandingof the limitations

Apply appropriate techniques, resources,

and modern engineering and IT

toolsto well-defined

engineering activities, with an awareness

of the limitations

The Engineer and SocietyDifferentiation WACharacteristic

SA DA

Level of Apply reasoningknowledge informed byand responsibility contextual

knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering practice.

Demonstrate understanding of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technology practice

Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice

Environment and SustainabilityDifferentiationCharacteristic

WA SA DA

Type of solutions Understand the impact of professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development

Understand the impact of engineering technology solutions in a societal and environment contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development

Understand the impact of engineering technician solutions in a societal and environment contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable development

EthicsDifferentiation WACharacteristic

SA DA

Understanding Apply ethical and level of principles and practice commit to

professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering practice

Understand and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of engineering technology practice

Understand and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of technician practice

CommunicationDifferentiationCharacteristic

WA SA DA

Level of communication according to type ofactivitiesperformed

Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and

Communicate effectively on broadly-defined engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, by being able to comprehend and write effectivereports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and

Communicate effectively on well-defined engineeringactivities with the engineering community and with society at large, by being able to comprehend the work of others, document their own work, and give and receive clear instructions

Individual and TeamworkDifferentiationCharacteristic

WA SA DA

Role in and diversityof team

Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and inmulti-disciplinarysettings.

Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse technical teams.

Function effectively as an individual,and as a member in diverse technicalteams.

Life-long Learning

DifferentiationCharacteristic

WA SA DA

Preparation for and depth of continuing learning

Recognise the need for, and have the preparationand ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change

Recognise the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent and life-long learningin specialisttechnologies

Recognise the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent updating in the context of specialised technical knowledge

Project Management and FinanceDifferentiation WACharacteristic

SA DA

Level of Demonstrate management knowledge and required for understanding of differing engineering and types of activity management

principles and economic decision-making and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team and to manage projects in multidisciplinary environments

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a technical team and to manage projects in multidisciplinary environments

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