understanding economics statistics (oecd 2008)

7/31/2019 Understanding Economics Statistics (OECD 2008)

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Understanding

ECONOMICSTATISTICSAN OECD PERSPECTIVE

Enrico Giovannini


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Understanding

Economic StatisticsAN OECD PERSPECTIVE

Enrico Giovannini


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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION

AND DEVELOPMENT

The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies

work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges

of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to

help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate

governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population.

The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy

experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to

co-ordinate domestic and international policies.The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech

Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,

Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United

Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities

takes part in the work of the OECD.

OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisations statistics

gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the

conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members.

This work is published on the responsibility o the Secretary-General o

the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not

necessarily reect the ofcial views o the Organisation or o the governments

o its member countries.

Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 5 of this book are translated and adapted from Le statistiche economiche by

Enrico Giovannini, Bologna, Societ editrice il Mulino, 2006. Copyright 2006 by Societ editrice

il Mulino, Bologna.

Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.

OECD 2008

You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications,

databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials,

provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public orcommercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy

portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center

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Foreword

Understanding economic statistics isbn 978-92-64-03312-2 oecd 2008 3

FThe aim o this book is to help the reader to better understand how to use economic

statistics in general and OECD statistics in particular. It introduces the main concepts

used by statisticians and economists to measure economic phenomena and provides

tables and charts with relevant data. Moreover, the book describes how the production

o international statistics is organised, who are the main data producers, what are the

main databases available over the Internet and how can the quality o statistics be

assessed. Thanks to this book, the users will better understand where to nd and how to

use OECD statistics on gross domestic product, governments public decit and debt,

short-term economic indicators, dierent sectors o economic activity, globalisation,innovation, labour market, etc. Special attention is paid to indicators used to assess

both macroeconomic and structural policies. In each section, reerences to sources and

suggestions or urther reading are provided.

Why this book? As Jean-Claude Trichet, President o the European Central Bank,

said at the 2004 OECD Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policy, nowadays we

are bombarded by statistics, the volume o which oten creates conusion, rather

than inormation. The challenge to nd the most appropriate gures or a particular

phenomenon becomes even harder when international comparisons are needed. The

number o sources increased dramatically over the last decade and the use o search

engines on Internet sometimes help in nding the best source, but oten they listwebsites that contain conficting data or do not provide appropriate metadata to assess

their quality.

The OECD is recognised worldwide as a ormidable source o statistical inormation

on economic, social and environmental topics and this book aims to help students and

researchers better understand the world in which they live and nd appropriate evidence

to carry out their work. It also aims to help journalists and analysts evaluate economic

trends and assess the eectiveness o policies. Finally, it is designed to help policy

advisors compile meaningul statistical reports to compare economic perormances and

provide evidence-based advice to decision makers.

Some chapters in the book (chapters 1, 2, 3 and 5) are adapted rom my earlier work Lestatistiche economiche, published by Il Mulino in 2006. The chapter ocusing on OECD

statistics, (chapter 4), is the result o a collective eort by several OECD statisticians and

I would like to collectively thank them or their contribution, not only to the book, but

especially or their invaluable eort in continuously providing innovative and high-quality

statistics to the whole world, with proessionalism and ethical integrity. In doing so, we

provide our contribution to better decisions, better policies and nally to a better world.

I would also like to thank the colleagues working in the Publishing and Communications

Directorate who contributed to the publication o this book.

Enrico Giovannini,

OECD Chie Statistician


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Table oF conTenTs

T ttChapter 1 The Demand or Economic Statistics .................................................... 11

1.1. F h p h s Wl W h l ..................... 141.2. F h ly 1980 ll ................................................................ 151.3. a lk h uu ............................................................................................. 18

Chapter 2 Basic Concepts, Defnitions and Classifcations................................... 23

2.1. th y ........................................................................................ 242.2. e ................................................................................................ 26

2.2.1. Huhl............................................................................................... 26Table 2.1 Resident households and breakdown by size o household

and geographical distribution ........................................................................ 28Table 2.2 Average monthly household expenditure by occupational

status o reerence person ............................................................................. 282.2.2. ep ............................................................................................... 29

Table 2.3 ISIC Rev. 3.1 industrial classication o economic activities

Categories and divisions ................................................................................ 31

Table 2.4 Enterprises and employees by size class in the total industry(excluding construction) ................................................................................. 33Table 2.5 (a) Groups, enterprises and employees belonging to groups,

by number o employees ................................................................................ 34Table 2.5 (b) Groups, enterprises and employees belonging to groups,

by number o enterprises involved in the group ............................................ 35Table 2.6 Exporting enterprises, employees and exports by number

o employees .................................................................................................. 35Table 2.7 (a) Enterprises and employees by legal orm ............................... 36Table 2.7 (b) Enterprises and employees by legal orm............................... 36Table 2.8 Farms (including publicly owned holdings) and total area

by total area class and type o occupancy (area in hectares)........................ 382.2.3. gl v ................................................................................ 38

Figure 2.1 Procedure or classiying units in the general

government sector.......................................................................................... 40Table 2.9 Institutions, local units and employees by geographical

distribution .......................................................................................................... 412.3. e ........................................................................................ 42

2.3.1. Pu, vlu .................................... 43

Table 2.10 Production account .................................................................... 452.3.2. cup, pl ...................... 45Table 2.11 National nal consumption and domestic nal consumption.... 46


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Understanding economic statistics isbn 978-92-64-03312-2 oecd 20086

Table oF conTenTs

2.3.3. F pu l .................................. 48

2.4. Vlu u p p ..................................................... 492.5. ix u ................................................................................................... 502.6. t ......................................................................................................... 54

Figure 2.2 Components o a time series: trend-cycle, seasonal variation,

irregular variation ............................................................................................ 55Figure 2.3 General industrial production index Raw data........................ 56Figure 2.4 Consumer price index All items .............................................. 56Figure 2.5 General industrial production index Seasonally adjusted data . 56

2.6.1. mu h v ............................................. 562.6.2. sl ju pu ............................................................ 59

Chapter 3 The Main Producers o Economic Statistics ......................................... 65

3.1. th l l y ................................................................... 663.2. th oecd l y .............................................................................. 723.3. th eup sl sy h eup sy cl bk .... 73

Chapter 4 An Overview o OECD Economic Statistics........................................... 77

4.1 aulu hy ....................................................................... 78

Figure 4.1.1 Outlook or world crop prices to 2017..................................... 79Figure 4.1.2 Total Support Estimates or OECD countries ......................... 80

Fuh ......................................................................................... 814.2 ey ................................................................................................ 82

Figure 4.2.1 Total primary energy supply per unit o GDP .......................... 84Figure 4.2.2 Crude oil spot prices ............................................................... 84

Fuh ......................................................................................... 854.3 iuy v .......................................................................... 86

bu phy ....................................................................................... 86

Ky ............................................................................................. 87

Figure 4.3.1 Birth and death rates .............................................................. 87ep y z l................................................................................ 87

Figure 4.3.2 Enterprises with less than 20 persons engaged ..................... 88iu ........................................................................................................... 89

Ky ............................................................................................ 89Figure 4.3.3 Penetration o insurance industry........................................... 90

Fu p .............................................................................................. 90

Ky ............................................................................................. 91Figure 4.3.4 Importance o pension unds relative to the size

o the economy in OECD countries ................................................................... 92bk ply ............................................................................................... 92

Ky ............................................................................................ 93th oecd Pu mk rul d ............................................. 93


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Table oF conTenTs

Figure 4.3.5 Product market regulation....................................................... 94

Fuh ......................................................................................... 954.4 gl v .......................................................................................... 96

gl v u .......................................................................... 96

Ky ............................................................................................. 96Figure 4.4.1 Government net borrowing/net lending .................................. 97

sl xpu ............................................................................................. 97Figure 4.4.2 Public social spending ............................................................ 99

rvu .............................................................................................. 99

Ky ............................................................................................. 100Figure 4.4.3 Total tax ratio .......................................................................... 100

tx w ..................................................................................................... 101

Ky ............................................................................................. 101Table 4.4.1 Tax burden................................................................................. 102

cl v ................................................................................... 102

Ky ............................................................................................. 103Table 4.4.2 Central government debt .......................................................... 104

Fuh ......................................................................................... 1054.5 s, hly v .................................................................. 106

rh vlp ............................................................................... 106

Ky ............................................................................................ 108Figure 4.5.1 R&D intensity........................................................................... 109

iv ........................................................................................................... 109Figure 4.5.2 Firms collaborating in innovation activities, by size ................ 111

Ky ............................................................................................. 112Table 4.5.1 Percentage o enterprises total turnover rom e-commerce ... 113

bhly .................................................................................................... 114

Ky ............................................................................................. 115Figure 4.5.3 Total expenditures on biotechnology R&D

by biotechnology-active rms ........................................................................ 116

P .............................................................................................................. 117Ky ............................................................................................. 117

Figure 4.5.4 Share o countries in nanotechnology patents led

under PCT....................................................................................................... 118

Fuh ......................................................................................... 1194.6 gll ...................................................................................................... 120

il .............................................................................................. 121

Ky ............................................................................................. 122Figure 4.6.1 Relative growth o exports o goods ....................................... 123

Figure 4.6.2 Relative annual growth in exports o services ........................ 123F v .................................................................................. 124

Ky ............................................................................................ 124


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Table oF conTenTs

Figure 4.6.3 FDI Flows to and rom OECD .................................................. 125

avy ull .................................................................................... 126Ky ............................................................................................ 127

Figure 4.6.4 Employment in manuacturing and services in aliates

under oreign control...................................................................................... 128m ............................................................................................. 128

Figure 4.6.5 Foreign-born persons with tertiary attainment ....................... 129dvlp ................................................................................ 131

Figure 4.6.6 Net ODA in 2006...................................................................... 132

Fuh ......................................................................................... 1334.7 sh- ........................................................................ 134

e vy .............................................................................. 134

Ky ............................................................................................. 134Figure 4.7.1 Industrial production ................................................................ 136Figure 4.7.2 Mean absolute revision to rst published estimates

o quarter-on-previous-quarter growth rates or GDP at dierent intervals . 137c lu .................................................................................................... 138

Figure 4.7.3 Unit labour cost (industry) ....................................................... 139cu p h f u ............................................... 139

Figure 4.7.4 Dierent measures o infation, United States ........................ 141

Figure 4.7.5 Producer price indices: manuacturing ................................... 142bu y uvy u p uvy ............................ 144

Ky ............................................................................................. 145Figure 4.7.6 Business condence indicator................................................ 146

cp l ............................................................................ 146Figure 4.7.8 OECD leading indicator........................................................... 147

Fuh ......................................................................................... 1484.8 Lu ................................................................................................. 149

Ky ............................................................................................ 149Figure 4.8.1 Unemployment rates ............................................................... 151

Fuh ......................................................................................... 1514.9 i u huhl ............................................... 152

Figure 4.9.1 Distribution o household disposable income among

individual ............................................................................................................. 152

Fuh ......................................................................................... 1544.10 my l ........................................................................ 155

my ......................................................................................... 155

Ky ............................................................................................. 155Figure 4.10.1 Broad Money.......................................................................... 156

bl py .......................................................................... 156Figure 4.10.2 Current account balance o payments .................................. 157i ...................................................................................................... 157


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Table oF conTenTs

Ky ............................................................................................. 158

Table 4.10.1 Interest rates February 2008 ................................................... 159Fuh ......................................................................................... 160

4.11 nl u .............................................................................................. 161e u ........................................................................................... 161

Figure 4.11.1 Real GDP growth.................................................................... 162Figure 4.11.2 GDP per capita ....................................................................... 163

Puvy ........................................................................................................ 164Figure 4.11.3 Growth in GDP per hour worked ........................................... 165

ipu-upu l ........................................................................................... 166Fl u l h ............................................................ 167

Ky ............................................................................................. 168Quly l u .............................................................................. 168

Figure 4.11.4 OECD total, GDP volume ....................................................... 169Figure 4.11.5 Quarterly GDP volume growth............................................... 170

Puh pw p ................................................................................. 170

Ky ............................................................................................. 171Figure 4.11.6 Comparative price levels and indices o real GDP per head . 172

Fuh ......................................................................................... 1734.12 oecd e ................................................................................. 174

Table 4.12.1 Economic Outlook N.82, Summary o projections ................ 175Fuh ......................................................................................... 176

4.13 tl .............................................................................................. 177

Ky ............................................................................................ 178Figure 4.13.1 Index o geographic concentration o GDP ........................... 179Figure 4.13.2 Gini index o inequality o GDP per worker........................... 179

Fuh ......................................................................................... 1804.14 e hy: l- h wl y ........................... 181

Table 4.14.1 Comparative Levels o Economic Perormance, China

and Other Major Parts o the World Economy............................................... 182Table 4.14.2 Shares o World GDP .............................................................. 182Fuh ......................................................................................... 183

Chapter 5 Assessing the Quality o Economic Statistics ....................................... 185

5.1. th quly .................................................................................. 1865.2. il v h vlu quly ........................................... 188

Figure 5.1 Trust in ocial statistics and belie that policy decisions

are based on statistics.................................................................................... 195


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ct 1

T d e sttt

The media publish economic data on a daily basis. But who decides which

statistics are useul and which are not? Why is housework not included in the

national income, and why are nancial data available in real time, while to

know the number o people in employment analysts have to wait or weeks?

Contrary to popular belie, both the availability and the nature o economic

statistics are closely linked to developments in economic theory, the

requirements o political decision-makers, and each countrys way o looking

at itsel. In practice, statistics are based on theoretical and interpretative

reerence models, and i these change, so does the picture the statistics

paint o the economic system. Thus, the data we have today represent the

supply and demand sides o statistical inormation constantly attempting

to catch up with each other, with both sides being strongly infuenced by

the changes taking place in society and political lie. This chapter oers a

descriptive summary o how the demand or economic statistics has evolved

rom the end o the Second World War to the present, characterised by the

new challenges brought about by globalisation and the rise o the services

sector.


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1 The demand For economic sTaTisTics


O h j u vlp p,, l h h u pu l h h v ph,h p. th h u ly h hvu p, lkly v h y whl, k ply u , wh h p lvv, .

b k ly h vll lp, p ly h p h hp h yp x, h h ul pl v h . i h pl, hul h h u u

y y p pul pul wk. all yp u, p, qu l, h l, u, v pul vw ly, h w pul hy. i h , h l vw ly, u u h,h whh p u u.bu h, h vlp huhu h y lly lk vlp hy. F xpl, h h yl ( h u u u, uh plu u) vy whh hl wk p (p-Ky, l u yl, .), h wll-

ply/uply.dp h x vy h u h wy y wk, ul p h pu y p ly h h l lvl. th pul wk wly u h h sy nl au (sna),pulh 1993 y h j l/upl (Un, Un; h o e cp dvlp, oecd;h il my Fu, imF; h Wl bk, Wb; h sl o h eup cu, eu). th sna, lk eup v, whh ll h eup sy nl rl au (esa)

v l ppvl 1996 eup cul ul, huy uully p, l u vy vl ph. i p, l u h pu l l . thsna ul, h, h x y vlp u h ul vy.

th pul wk u vlp h sna h llyh h Ky hy. thu, h u h sna v h l k , h h ll v, l vl ph. i u , hwv, h h sna

x h u ly l vl ph. Lly, hul l h h sna uj p vw p, vul ph l. a v h 1993 sna h 2008 y h


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1The demand For economic sTaTisTics


l l uy, 44 u u

lv k h sna l l wh h h y ll, h vlp h -ll w y, .th vluy pph hw h h sna l, h u h yp h pl ll p u pu , y u puly .

e pu y u , whh xly v l u . th ul whh h u lyhlevel vl h wy hy change v . i h ,h lly lu vlu vl ( xpl, h

vlu v pu y y); h ,u hw pul vl h v ( xpl,h v pu w h l y h ). dp hp h yp qu, vy u lyl pll u, l p h l plp. th p v ly u qu, u l h h l h pl v u v , h h h lu vlu.

i h x, h qu ly qu wp h hlh pul y. th h ,

ply k p ply u h lvl , v , h pu (gdP), whh p h fw v pu y h u pu v uy( h w y h l y) v p ( y qu). Whl h lvl gdP p h ppul h ly uhh u h wll- v uy ( ll l p), v v l ( h w p) u wh, h x whh uully h l ply.

by p lvl v gdP, pl pl ly

p vy, ph , ., wll h uul u, l xly p. th l wh h hvu vul p, uh huhl u. F , h uy h u u, whh ul ul ply, qu h ly lul vul u. sl lulu h ul ply hy vul llw h up k pvy uply, hu pv uul v pl ply upp lvl.

Whl u gdP h h pll

, h h s Wl W h h hw y vy. th h vlp uu, lly l vlp y pl. th why, u h u


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oecd u, hlpul lk fy h

hl vlp h l , y h - ppv.

1.1. F t t t s w w t t t

du h 1950, vlp h h lll, lh h j l , wh l, h h uu u w hl, h wl h s l l xy fw w p l h u ph. i

pul, u y J. m (1907-1995), r. s (1913-1991) s. Kuz(1901-1985) l h u wh w l h System oNational Accounts (pulh 1952) ly fu hw l w h, pl u. o u, h wk hl l u p ly h w , u l h p w ( eup u, xpl, h w ppulu 1941). n hul h l ply y h hl h vlp , hy lyw up h hl l u w u h h y hl h l h h lvly vll l u.

th 1960 w p l , ly u upp ply vlp. th uy h s xp lu v h y l yll fuu, wuu, h lv, wll jp . th w u ul wpu h l u ly h l vy. iplll, h w l kl l l h pul pv h u. i h x, h vlp ll ply l: l-l l qu y pu, up, ply,

, . wll y l vl. i , h w l h l uy k ly llypl l . th ul j vlplly pl , ly y h b W uhlv (h Un, imF Wb), u l y lvly w uh h eup e cuy h oecd.

th 1970, h y h h p-w y lpy, j ly h l l y uphvl llw h 1973 l , p p wh h . il l ly v

ly f u ul y l ,h h l l lvl. s p hl lvl p (f hypf), upl wh k fuu


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The demand For economic sTaTisTics 1


vy lvl ply y u, ul

, pl xpl pu l l y, l k l u, whh w qu h pu w l, pulh h quly.

c wh v vw ply, v l k w xp k qu h lvl , h pul p, h l pl v, ., p v h vl, h vw l whh ply wul v. ah , u h ul h - pu l wh h h h lv p l h pu,

whh l u p uu l v h fw lu. Lly, h pl l wh h p uqu p pl h l pll , h h l k y l pul p.

a h eup lvl, v h vlp cuy u, h lly pl l w ly. ih p, w ly h l ulu h w y h p, h w h whh eup ply w. bu y h 1970, h h pu eup x l u,

vu , wll h l vy pu.

du h p, h w k hw y h h p hlv l . cuplwh h, h w l ply y u u ply u y w u ul hu . th uly p uu v l vl, uh l xh , , f (hw), l ph .rh w k pv v--qu ply

v up wh w l, h ly h yl vlu uu h h uu vu . a ul, l w uh ll, whh h l p u (plly vlp u) hh l y , p h lv p vu ply u, v ul pu k ull p.

1.2. F t y 1980 t gt

thuhu h 1980, h hy h plyuw p h, v l , h w h l y pu, h xp hl l y. Wh p h w ll ,


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h l u yl upply ,

u ly h hvu p k (luh j k). th w l -ph xpl h u z whp uu (uh h u vl h vlp p up) w pu (uu v u, h wh u-, .).i , h vlp - ly u-ul (yplly hly quly) l, wll l, ph. i u h w h l v quly, pp h l uh pu u-ul v--qu h pu vy wh h p h l uy, vlp w .

th 1980 l w y l , wll hk k, whh huhl w hw v . i h v h u vll (up, v, .) h w l u pu h y upply puvy, wh pul ph u h -ll -v y ( uu y).

ch y ul l, wll h hw y huhl h l k, h h

p huhu h p h y. m v , whh p h ly fw , huhl lu. e uul ly h h kw p vyylu. Flly, w hqu - ly w vlp ppl h uy ph, ly l pph h u h vul hl pl y u quv ly , h l ly .

i eup, pl w , v ll h p

ply k. th ul p h cuy uu h l h 1950 h u l lul h hu l u h u h cuy u, hfw uul u lly v , pl hv h lv p h uy/,qu ly l y y. tw h h1980, u h p up h eup U (eU), h h cuy u w ll. rulw ppv y h eup cul u s pu pl wh l . i y u,

h p h x qu l u, ly h p h l l u. a h llvl, wk w h vlp up hll kp p wh w l.


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th 1990 w h h h y, h wv h uh

u l y y h hll vlu ll.

The concept o the Inormation Age suggests a number o propositions. It impliesthat there is more inormation now than ever beore, which is indisputable. The

concept also implies that more people spend more time producing and using more

inormation than ever beore, which is also indisputable. Beyond that, the concept o

a new Inormation Age also suggests that the role o inormation is more important

in the economy than ever beore, and that inormation is replacing some earlier

uel o the American economy. These two propositions are orceully debated and

disputed.

th v w w 1993 y J.W du a.c. g h k Statisticsor the 21st Century. Hwv, h l h 20h uy p,h p h y ully p, lyy u y pll -k y whl, h h p pll w w . thllw hv wuh pu y y, ul hv fu h vlp :h p h kwl y h l y; h xy y pu p hk w u hl (ict); h ll l y;

h h i v ll u u u ; h ll y h ul , ppl pu .

th ph, h wh h w l v u h l vy (h vlp, l , wl v, .), h xp p ull p, h hk h l h s h ul y,hv vly h l l ppu. thy hv pul h (whh ll ) h hqu u h ( xpl, u v ,

ly h i ll ). ev h p h l l u h qu. thk hvlly w hly, w pu l hv ully pp h k, whl p u u pu l y h w y ( ) l l . Ply k qu v l ly , ly h- , u l h h , h , h pu uu wh h w u .

th h l k p u u h hw p uppl ly y l u, u l y vy

l u h l. th w w h w vlp l vl l h quh vlp l wk pv phv


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vlu h v uy. Lly, h y l

ly , u pu p h hk hp, l , whh hv u ll ly ll-p h k uly f l ( xpl, h vy ull).

i eup, h p pp, u h eupmy U ul up h . bh h eup c (huh h sl o heup cu - eu), h eup cl bk (ecb) hv h pu l l y pu h xly ly l. o h h h, l u h l

ply y h eU h l pl, qully h h u-l lvl (l, pvl ll),u y h w l u eup u.

Flly, h vlly l l l (u, p, huhl, .) h pu h vlp wl hqu ly u ph h hvu vul ( pul uj ypl), u ppl h, l ply v. ah , h u vu u h hl uh, wll u, v l h

h , l l whh lv u. th vl h , wh w ly upp x h pl u h ll l pl .

1.3. a k t t utu

th pvu u l h l 50 y hul hlp h lz h pu hv w y. i hul l hw hw w h

u wh why ull-f xy u vy ul. F xpl, wh h y ply k, pl uh w h wh ly h upl h wh h p l ul lvl.

a ul, h vy h ply , whl h l ly u l l l , wll h ly p h hvu pul up p(uul u, vul k pvy, .). Wh h , pl uh h p , lv (plly h p whh qu, u uh l h ll), h ly wpp h -ph pl, wh

ll y h .

i h wl u, u--l p vly ly u l l


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vlp, u l vu p h whh hy

p, ul lvl l l. by , ll u w l p, ply l h ll k whh hywk, h w vy. th h h ,h pul pv, wh ll , p h uj . Lly, huhl ly w h qul ( uu), xp hy u, l xluvlyu v h (lv, h p, i, .).

Lk h uu, pl y h h wll puly h h y . i h pl, wll u h v (whh ly

u v 70% gdP y vlp u), wh w pu ply p p. th u l vwll k p h hul u wh l : p uh h hu lpl ly h uj qu,l ll y .

Whl h l vu ph wh h pu v p v vl u, h wll k ul u h ul vul l .th wll qu hk h wy whh uly

pl, plly wh h xh w l lu k l pv .

thk h vlp l h vlu pul ply, h wll puly l h l l u (). suh , whh ly pp h l l lvl, wll vlyp l l u wll l wh wuly l hll (plly h p pvy). Flly, u h ,l vl wll l w u wk

pl h h h h, ly l pl hk wh lly vlly ul.

d , l vl l h vlp p ,i.e. h v p ph l x, u ku (, , .). th , vy uh pp y h , u v pul pl ll pul u wll v y l (up, hu h, .). alhuh hvlp p y hulqu h u xv l hl, pu pu

h l l u v w w wk,lu ujv wll- hpp ( l ).


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ally, h l l u, uh ch, ru,

bzl, pu pu l pu pl. th l vlly l h l, wll h hh p wh whh h u vlv, k h u ky lu ppul,gdP, ply l ul. th, u llx h ll ph, uh ul hl l y fw.

a l uy l x u h vl vlpu, plly h p, wh h vlly quly ky lw. nwh h y h l uy upp

l py h u, vl h hv u, hy pu u h l pll uh, hu ull.

o u, v l vll, h py h linormation knowledge u -ky vul, huhl, u pll u lly p h u l u, h u p h uylvl vlp l puly ulul . tk xpl h u h oecd, j v: hu wh elh-pk ulu (h U s, c, h U

K, aul, .) h u nh eup (sw, Fl,nwy, .) ply ul l pll ulul l, whl h u h u uh u. i h , h ulu f ly h lvl pul u v h pu l , u l lvl v ppl h y u,u j pv p, wll h pl quv p (lu ) hw h py hl lvl. by , h u h lpul v l , lw lvl ly uh w

ll l p pll, pll ly l lkly lly u .

a v l ulu ly pv h py l , u l h y whh u uly, h ll h p vupply. nully, h lh pv u p pup, p. Hwv, u wh hh lvl l ulu, h l pp ll pul , h pu whh u y pll fu. th h l u

h pul u h h u lw h ph p u pu l . th vl uh h h ly l , hu h h.


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th , l u hv hw h v h lly v

u, h pp ppl wh kw ll h u h uy whh hy lv wk ll hh. a xpl, uvy u 2003 pl z h U s hw h h ly ly h ky vl uh h pul h x u, h lvl h u w u h l wly qu l, plly ppl wh h lw lvl u, wh u lv ( ph y pll lu l), wh hv pul pll l wh u wh hpp h uy.

th lu h uh hl: 1) p u h

ply, ly ply l h u; 2) h ky hyph uly l (i.e. h p ully , l lly lh) l wy ly, u pp h vul u lly u; 3) h ll hp h kwl hul pph -k, v huh ul h y wul wh l.

i lu, h l ply y pul pl pv w h uu, wll h uly u hv uh ll h l quly. thu, h

hll h y h pu wll h py pv quly , u pu wh qulywll lly v h u. Ful h hll wll h wh h l ulu vy u lvl, wh pl h wl h. Fllw h ppl l u, h vlu v hul u h h h u h u. i h ( -k v), w xp h u xp h/h kwl h l wl, l h h vul llv wll-. Ul w, ll h p u hul p l . i, h u h l u

h quy pulh h ul h , h w hp pu h u h l u. o h uu hll wll hw u h p l h-k p, h vul h pl pll.


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ct 2

b ct, dt

ct

How is an economic system dened? Who are the economic agents, and

how is a household distinguished rom an enterprise? How is the growth o an

economy measured? How is a time series dened, and what is the dierence

between a trend, a cycle and a seasonal variation? This chapter provides

an overview o the main concepts and methodological tools necessary to

read and analyse the main economic statistics described in Chapter 4. Ater

introducing the main denitions concerning the economic system, we shall

analyse the characteristics o the principal economic agents (households,enterprises and public and private institutions) using examples drawn rom

OECD countries, and then we shall review the main economic aggregates

as dened in national accounts, rom gross domestic product to national

income. The second part o the chapter will be devoted to a brie presentation

o index numbers and time series analysis, which are indispensable tools or

reading economic statistics.


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2 basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions


2.1. T yt

th economic process h v huh whh v y hu pu, u u. Fxpl: ly up h v y vul; p pu hy u pu h ; v h w k uh y uvy u.

o h ul h v p h hy vlv l w vu . th h luly ul h u h p: economic agent p ll y h ply v

l p. a h vulu wh puh v, p h pu , wk wh pv h h lu pu p, . th vul ( whh hy hullyu p, jv, hvu, .) h lly up institutional sectors h p up ul u (p,huhl, l v, .), h whh:

isentitledtoowngoodsorassetsinitsownright;itisthereforeabletoexchangeh whp wh h ul u;

isabletotakeeconomicdecisionsandengageineconomicactivitiesforwhichit

hl ly pl ul y lw; isabletoincurliabilitiesonitsownbehalf,totakeonotherobligationsorfuture

;

haseitheracompletesetofaccounts(includingabalancesheetofassetsandll) wul pl ul, h llvwp, pl pl u h u, qu.

th ul u h lly h sy nl au (sna).

all h wh v y ( , uy, .) h wy hy wh h h wh h u h y economic system. a y ly h y h phyl hll h hw pu (i.e. lyw ulu, uy, .), u l y ulul ul hul hw u (lw, ul, .). thu, h y whhh l w vul hvly ul yh ly llw uk w v x v.th y plly p wh h y wll hhly ul y; y whh w l p pu h v h wh v u ll p ly

w l .


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2basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions


th h y l p u hy

fu h quly h hw h y u. Fxpl, wh y h y h p w lp, lvly pl ll u h u h y, u wh h y p y llp, xly ul / u .slly, y h h pully l uu ( -v)y,i.e. h y h vl h x v uh,pu u hll.

a y lly l u. theconomic territory h whh h u , p puu h

. tlly, h llw yp : supranational y: y p up v

s h hv h huh l h h u l y ( xpl, h up u h l h eup U);

national y: y hv y h wh h v u v s (F, c, .);

regional y: y u h v u u-l (, pv, .);

local y: y h vu, u p , l vlh ( xpl, ll lu y ul ).

th p y xly p u llw u uh wagents residing p y non-resident agents,hy k pl u h u h yp vl, uh up, pu, . i h wh h l y,i.e. h wh u p pl p ( l y),

. i , -.i ly, wh h vlp l h p ll, h xly ul kw h l x w - h u h k hvll y. gv h xp p ull hu l , ly ul l h u h h fw , v v u h l.


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2.2. e gt

a w hv ju , uh u h sna, ulu (i.e. h -k ) u hv uy -k y u h ppl u kp ( l plly)pl u . iul u h h ppl u hy p. i h , wh ul :

households, whh p h ppl u: 1) u h v pu y h ul ; 2) pu vh l; 3) qu l l . th huhl

l lunon-prot institutions serving households, whh pv -k(i.e. l) v u y huhl;

enterprises, whh pu v l p whh qu l l . th l lunon-prot institutions serving enterprises, whh pu v l u y p;

general government, whh, ulll pll pl l ul, pu pplly -k v (ply) vul llv up u wlh.

t w - u lly uy ll h l l ul , rest othe world. L u w x l h h h .

2.2.1. hu

F l p, household ll up ppl hh lv , wh pl , ll, h wlh wh u yp v llvly, ly hu

. th up ppl u y , ly lhp,y, p, uhp , hy hully h uply (v hy y y h uply ). a huhl y l p. s wh ply h huhl v h h lv , h uply h uply wh h uy .

a , h l p huhl ly l hu ll, h y v h p huhl v p. i hul l p u h,

w hll l, y x l uvy vul h h huhl. Hwv, uvy l pv


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basic concepTs, deFiniTions and classiFicaTions 2

y huhl, h -ll ul-pup uvy h huhl

up wlh.i p ly huhl h h u l hu h. th amilywh h huhl h h huhl wh l, p , huh l, p . cquly, h p ly lly v h h huhl; , huhl y lu l v l ll ( h l-p huhl), y lu vll l ly ( xpl, hl lv h pl h llly p h/h pu) l ly (xpl, w l wh p ).

F xpl, il u (tl 2.1), 2001, ly57 ll p wh h l y, h w 21.8 ll huhl, hp v 1991 (up y ly 2 ll). o h,ly 5.5 ll l p (ly ww ww) ly 6 ll w p ( whh ly 500,000 w u upl).th w lhly w h 6 ll huhl wh u p. s4.5 ll huhl upl whu hl h w 9 ll upl wh hl. Lly, uhly 2 ll ly h wp w p huhl wh hl. th v u p huhl w 2.6 (2.8 1991), wh vlu 2.4 h nh-W

2.9 h suh. th wh h lw v w Lu Vll a(2.2), whl cp h h hh (3.1).

i h huhl wh h , pl l. gv h vul ph l h(ply, uply, u, yu, lly, .), hw h y huhl l uuuly h u ph - h? th p lly p huhl uvy h h hreerence person. th p hh p h pul l wh ly lhp . thu, h h huhl, h wll uully h

p, whl h w wll h pu, h p hl,. i h h, h h h wll uully h p . th h huhl w l ly y h numbero members, u y hlabour market status h p (llyv v), h h employment status (ply, uply, j-k,.),age,income,housing tenure (w, , .) .


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tl 2.1 Resident households and breakdown by size o household

and geographical distributionily, 2001

Geographical

distribution

Households by number o members Total

One per son Two

persons

Three

persons

Four

persons

Five

persons

Six or more

persons

Households Members Average

number o

members

per

household

North-West 1 767 208 1 840 037 1 390 009 966 118 207 367 46 461 6 217 200 14 813 530 2.4

North-East 1 116 042 1 208 212 962 636 701 273 184 009 59 838 4 232 010 10 530 285 2.5

Centre 1 061 905 1 188 248 941 315 780 561 208 574 61 596 4 242 199 10 820 324 2.6

South 940 888 1 100 449 935 550 1 150 759 474 806 145 822 4 748 274 13 860 137 2.9

Islands 541 578 568 465 476 696 537 495 191 070 55 689 2 370 993 6 569 745 2.8

Italy 5 427 621 5 905 411 4 706 206 4 136 206 1 265 826 369 406 21 810 676 56 594 021 2.6

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336610548652

Source: il sl o.

th l u y l uvy. F xpl, hhuhl up uvy F, u p p h u huhl , h upl u h p (tl 2.2) h yp huhl.

tl 2.2 Average monthly household expenditure by occupational statuso reerence personF, 2001

Occupational status o reerence personFood Non-ood Total

Value (in euros) Percentage Value (in euros) Percentage Value (in euros)

Farmer 6 092 19.3 25 553 80.7 31 645

Sel-employed 7 165 16.3 36 696 83.7 43 861

Managers and proessional workers 8 327 15.5 45 508 84.5 53 835

Employees 4 789 18.6 20 926 81.4 25 715

Manual workers and similar 5 551 19.6 22 782 80.4 28 333

Retired 4 576 20.7 17 529 79.3 22 105

Others not employed 3 201 20.2 12 675 79.8 15 876

Total 5 513 18.4 24 450 81.6 29 963

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336618155337

a) ilu xp u, , .

Source: insee, Le Budget des Familles en 2001.

t u h v pu y p, l v h h wl, huhl p h hy v pp

puv v. thy y l puv v hlv, uh u ly u ( hp, u, .) (p hu). i h , hy unincorporated enterprises.m ply, up p pu u p


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ll y p w ( h h huhl, u ul

l h v ); h x h u yup p l h p u h w; hp uh wh h u hy ul lhp wh h u u ll h w hl; , h w plly ll, whu l, y l u h u pu.

Flly, nPisH (n-P iu sv Huhl) pv v (uully , y ul hp up u) h huhl, uh l p, lv hl, . nPisH y p pv

v ply h h hlv (uh pl l , pll p, u, u, huh lu , l, ulul, l p lu).

th w u pu huhl ypl lu, whl h l u vw huhl v ll ply up (wh h uvy u) h pl wh pl lh wh ky u y whl k pl (wh h uvy u uy ph l p). i h , huhl l y h

h p h l u, lhuh ll pl, l h pul lvl, u -l, xpl y uhu huhl h l-ph h.

2.2.2. et

th p lu vu yp . th enterprise h h vy pl h pup pu pv v l. ap h uy h h l pu, l

u p. th y pl h p p vully php ll .

ep p ll vy (ulu, uy v). i h ulul , hwv, h p yp y, agricultural holding. F ulul u pup, ululhl h- u ulul pu p ll lvk ll l u whlly, ply, ulul pup y p , whu l, ll , z l. i lu, u u l ulul pu. th u y l -ulul v,

h p hul p ly; h h vlu h lpu ll ulul pu. al, lh pl u hpv ulul v hul, l, lu.th ul w p ulul hl h


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h qu h u- (p

h vy), whl ulul hl, h p vy ulu, y l pu h ul.

ep y l h y h. i h sna,p h ul p, whhp p up p. mv, qu-p up p h u hy w p, whh hv pl u, lu l h.

Wh h ul p w ypl uh:

non-nancial corporations: p wh ppl vy h pu

k -l v; nancial corporations: ul u pplly l

uxly l v.

a h vu wy ly p, l economicactivity ly ky p. th yp l hh h h vy pu u, i.e. h h h v pu, h u whh h , h pu h pu p hly u. th pv h v y h x. F xpl, h y pully plx pu p, h l u, hhly h pu v py v h yp pu.

th l v h International StatisticalIndustrial Classication (isic rv. 3.1) pulh 2002. a h eup lvl, hp l kw nace rv. 1.1, whh lly l whisic rv. 3.1. nace rv. 1.1 h h llw lvl:

Level1:Categories(one-letteralphacodeAtoQ);

Level2:Divisions(2-digitcodes);

Level3:Groups(3-digitcodes);

Level4:Classes(4-digitcodes).

i vl u, h l pp l v hl l. th l, lhuh uhly wh h l , k u h py l puuu y l lvl l uul y vpully p h uy.


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tl 2.3 ISIC Rev. 3.1 industrial classication o economic activities

Categories and divisions

A Agricul ture, hunting and orest ry

B Fishing

C Mining and quarr ying

D Manuacturing

15 Manuacture o ood products and beverages

16 Manuacture o tobacco products

17 Manuac ture o tex tiles

18 Manuacture o wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing o ur

19 Tanning and dressing o leather; manuacture o luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and ootwear

20 Manuacture o wood and o products o wood and cork, except urniture; manuacture o articles o straw and plaiting materials

21 Manuacture o paper and paper products

22 Publishing, printing and reproduction o recorded media

23 Manuacture o coke, refned petroleum products and nuclear uel

24 Manuacture o chemicals and chemical products

25 Manuacture o rubber and plastics products

26 Manuacture o other non-metallic mineral products

27 Manuac ture o basic metals

28 Manuacture o abricated metal products, except machinery and equipment

29 Manuacture o machinery and equipment n.e.c.

30 Manuacture o ofce, accounting and computing machinery

31 Manuacture o electrical machinery and apparatus n.e.c.

32 Manuacture o radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus

33 Manuacture o medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks

34 Manuacture o motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

35 Manuacture o other transport equipment

36 Manuacture o urniture; manuacturing n.e.c.

37 Recycling

E Electricity, gas and water supply

F Construction

G Wholesale and retail trade; repair o motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods

H Hotels and restaurants

I Transport, storage and communicat ions

J Financial intermediation

K Real estate, renting and business activit ies

L Public administration and deence; compulsory social security

M Education

N Health and social work

O Other community, social and personal service activities

P Activities o private households as employers and undierentiated production activities o private households

Q Extraterritorial organizations and bodies


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ep y l h h , uh z, ,

ll , pup pu, hll p, . th l ysize o enterprise h u ply, wh h employee p wh (h l l) wk p u u h k. eply hv yp : xpl, l ply h wh hv h, u hv, xpl (w l) pl ply, u uh , wh h ply uu . o uu pl p ply l h p u l u. rul ply h whl wh h ply pl py x l uy u / wh h ul lhp uj l lu ll.

th z l h vu pup.F xpl, h p h eup lvl l pwh w h 250 ply ll u-z p; hl u h l pup y p hy quly pl y h eU. i u uh ily, wh y ll vy ll p x, h eup z l pp vy uul; h, h hhl u lyh y. ov , h z u p hly, ply u ll h vu up p.F xpl, tl 2.4 hw h vlu h ul h Us, p z.

glly, p pu vy pu. Fuh, h v,kw y v, u h pplvy. th principal activity vy wh vlu xh y h vy u wh h u (h upu h pplvy u v pl lv h u,v huh hy y u w up w pl ).

aancillary activity upp vy uk wh p

h wh whh h ppl y v u;lly v lly pu v ly u pu ly k puv vy, h vlu vul lly vyupu lkly ll p wh h h v h p (e.g.l ul). Flly, unit o homogeneous production pu u whh ly l (-lly) puv vy u (h u lly vl pul uuly h y pu-upu l).


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tl 2.4 Enterprises and employees by size class in the total industry

(excluding construction)Usa, 1992 2002

Size classes

(number o employees)

1992 2002 Growth rates (percentages)

Enterprises Employees Enterprises Employees Enterprises Employees

1-9 214 626 707 793 210 322 693 444 -2.0 -2.0

10-19 55 629 758 189 52 299 711 304 -6.0 -6.2

20-99 68 632 2 809 125 64 467 2 588 453 -6.1 -7.9

100-499 17 203 3 070 757 17 732 2 703 843 3.1 -11.9

500 or more 5 431 12 420 510 10 635 9 600 428 95.8 -22.7

Total 361 521 19 766 374 355 455 16 297 472 -1.7 -17.5

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336664670860

Source: oecd 2006, Structural and Demographic Business Statistics, oecd pulh.

ah xly p w p u in a singlelocation,i.e. p h y u h vy l ll u (lh), p wha number o locations. nully, y ll p hv l l, u h l u y u-z l p. i, p wh u l hv ll u y h u.

th w h ll pu, h vlp puwk, h w l ly pl, pu lu hw l up p hv u j h pu u y. t w l pu hv pullyp, i.e. h p p ll u.th h p ul pl l wh h l p, h whp uu h l w ll u p u. th w vul p up p p h .

a h eup cul rul eec n. 696/93, enterprise group p u h y ll / l lk. a up p hv h -k (pu, l,.) y l p l x.th p l ully ul h up: l p pl h ly pp jy h , uh p, u v y. th ly xy l v up hhl ll h jy (+50%) y h v pw. th l p y , ul. Hwv, vl y x wh h v() hl l lk v k,

v wh l h 50%, h h wly hl y yll v. cl p y l x huh lk -p whp lk w , h l.


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th ownership h l, h p

l whp p, jy y whp. mjy whp (+50%) y h, v pw, y l vul ply l h p y h v, u y whp ull ply l h p (huh h p). i hw, h whp u p ufu l.

Wh up, h llw yp p :

holdingcorporation: p h l up uy p wh ppl vy w h up. Wh h hlp uy h p ll, hhl p ;

theparent(controlled)enterprise: p ll y h ulu h ll ly ly h 50% h h v h h p 31 d h y. Wh h llp wh h l y u ll y -ul u, h ll p .

U h l asia (tl 2.5), h il sl iu h h 2003 h w h 59 000 up, whh p 138 000 p ply h 5.1 ll ppl. gup vlv 3.2%

lly v p -h ply p. Hwv, hu 20% ( 57% ply) w lul wh h u p ly. s 63.4% up p wh 1-9 ply (u 4.7% ply), u h wh500 ply , v huh hy ly p 2% h l, u v 3 ll ply. th 649 up u h l l v, whh u 12% h ply pl up, whl 9.2% up ll.

tl 2.5 () Groups, enterprises and employees belonging to groups,

by number o employeesily, 2003

Number o employeesGroups Enterprises Employees

Number % Number % Number %

1-19 38 045 63.4 65 155 46.9 239 225 4.7

20-99 15 599 26.0 36 394 26.2 691 950 13.5

100-499 5 016 8.4 18 755 13.5 1 019 649 19.9

500-4999 1 216 2.0 12 513 9.0 1 513 669 29.5

5000 and more 87 0.1 6 115 4.4 1 658 631 32.4

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336677172303

Source: il sl o.


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tl 2.5 () Groups, enterprises and employees belonging to groups,

by number o enterprises involved in the groupily, 2003

Number o enterprises involved in the groupGroups Enterprises Employees

Number % Number % Number %

1 22 799 38.0 22 799 16.4 631 833 12.3

2 24 116 40.2 48 232 34.7 854 685 16.9

3-4 9 852 16.4 31 942 23.0 829 308 16.2

5-9 2 472 4.1 14 968 10.8 839 705 16.4

10-49 652 1.1 11 025 7.9 1 133 322 22.1

50 or more 72 0.1 9 966 7.2 824 272 16.1

Total 56 963 100.0 138 932 100.0 5 123 125 100.0

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336677172303

Source: il sl o.

alhuh h vy ull w lly v h l , uh l ll u y p p h vy ul u p pu v h k l. cquly, h p u w p h hv l wh h h wl (exporting/importingenterprises) p ly w h k. a tl 2.6, F h ppxly 19 000 xp p wh

h 20 ply. nully, h p xp p w h z h p , h p 40% pwh 2 000 ply . i hul l p u h h w xp -xp p xly lyl p, h (puvy, ply, .) xp lly h -xp, v h z vy .

tl 2.6 Exporting enterprises, employees and exports by numbero employees

F, 2005

Number o employees

Enterprises Employees Exports

NumberExports rate

(exports/turnover)

Value

(million euros)

Share o

total exports

(percentage)

20-49 10 409 16.5 320 156 8 591.2 3.3

50-99 4 155 22.0 261 576 10 638.9 4.1

100-249 2 872 30.7 406 080 23 802.3 9.2

250-499 1 031 34.6 321 495 25 309.9 9.7

500-999 523 33.1 320 564 35 306.7 13.6

1 000-1999 213 39.1 271 194 33 016.1 12.7

2 000 and more 134 40.3 781 244 123 079.7 47.4

Total 19 337 34.7 2 682 309 259 744.8 100.0

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336765200553

Source:Enqute annuelle dentreprise 2005, m l.


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th l p y h ll v wh h uy

ll, k l p h ul. F xpl, tl 2.7hw h vll ily nwy.

tl 2.7() Enterprises and employees by legal ormnwy, d 2004

Legal orms Enterprises EmployeesNumber o employees

per enterprise

General partnership 7 739 10 401 1.3

Limited company 128 745 1 096 705 8.5

Public limited company 417 59 203 142.0

General partnership with shared liability 6 205 6 363 1.0

Sole proprietorship 155 505 61 438 0.4

Other legal orms 19 194 159 290 8.3

Total 317 805 1 393 400 4.4

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336776126426

a) eply h k p p 1 Juy 2005, ply y d 2004.Source: s nwy.

tl 2.7() Enterprises and employees by legal ormily, d 2001

Legal orms Enterprises Employees Number oemployees per

enterpriseSel-employed Dependent Total

Sole proprietorships (a) 2 667 160 3 079 521 1 129 363 4 208 884 1.6

Partnerships 824 627 1 548 403 1 426 911 3 011 314 3.6

Corporations 531 590 692 343 6 892 706 7 585 049 14.3

Co-operatives (b) 47 719 114 869 671 218 786 092 16.5

Other orms 12 870 14 686 106 883 121 569 9.4

Total 4 083 966 5 485 822 10 227 081 15 712 908 3.8

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336780633170

a) al lu l-ply wk ll p.b) exlu l -pv.

Source: il sl o.th intended use o goods h p l . F yy, vl eup u pulh h pu x h yll uy h u h (up,v, .), h h hl lvl. s 2001, hwv, yll hv m iul gup (mig) h cuy lvl. th up llw: u ul, u -ul, pl , y. th up / v vy h up h pvl, i.e.

whh h h up/v ly ulup, -ul up, .


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cl y h technology intensity h lv

vy l . th l, lly pp y hoecd l p y eu, uh u up /: hh hly, u-hh, u-lw lw hly. th vuuu l h u up hp hll lvl h , h y r&d p, hhly h puh pl .th l u ly xp/p fw vlu hperormance h vu vy.

F ulul hl, h l h z h hl, h yp upy, h yp h l l

(u, hll, .). tw hv p vlu h z h : h u lu ply; h ul ulul (Uaa). gv h p ulul pu h hh ly quly vlv h v vuwy x, h lu pv u y u ply u ull- quvl u (Fte). a Fte l hu wkv y v ul hu wk ull- j k pl h vu yp wk ully pv u uh u vlu h z wy h lu h u ul v p. typlly, uv whh h lu ply l h Fte, w 10 Fte, h 10 Fte. a lv u h z h ulul u,xp h l u plly .

aulul hl l l h yp upy. ou, h yp upy p h ll wk, u .F xpl, ily (tl 2.8) h llw u:

those directly armed by the owner, wh uh p whhly ly lu u l l lu. i h yp upy whh w hl pv ul lu h ulul hl;

those armed by employees: wh h w xluvly ply h p p ul lu, whl h wk ( h ly ) lly h ulul hl;

share arming o complete holdings: wh ul ll p u hl h h ly, wh uk wh h h ly yu ll wk qu h hl h xp hl.

other orms o occupancy: h y lu h h vulpl l (wh h h hl, u lyvl pl l h wk u whu h ly ) h l lvk ( k w

h w h pu h w h lvk).


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Flly, ulul hl l h pl -pl.

th lu h pl h pu , u vl,p p, z lvk - lvk; h l uv h p h l p lvk h h p lvk .

tl 2.8 Farms (including publicly owned holdings) and total area by total areaclass and type o occupancy (area in hectares)

ily, 2003

Type o occupancy

Total area class

Less

than 1 1 - 2 2 - 5 5 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 50 50 - 100

100 and

more Total

Direct arming by owner 538 187 395 797 459 838 232 384 139 163 99 526 29 408 14 427 1 908 730

Only family labour 455 831 334 230 385 686 190 982 110 226 76 641 19 491 7 159 1 580 246

Predominantly family labour 64 303 47 726 54 055 30 150 20 204 15 780 6 503 4 101 242 822

Predominantly labour from outside family 18 053 13 841 20 097 11 252 8 733 7 105 3 414 3 167 85 662

Farming with employees only 10 209 5 276 10 045 5 879 5 479 5 973 2 775 5 380 51 016

Share arming o complete holdings - 402 - 142 207 72 47 69 939

Other orms o occupancy 390 221 242 603 244 214 115 549 2 578

Total 548 786 401 696 470 125 239 008 145 093 105 785 32 345 20 425 1 963 263

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336781812148

Source: il sl o.

2.2.3. G gvt

th l v p:

all institutionalunitsthatproducenon-marketgoodsand services intended forllv vul up ply y pulypy y u l h ;

allinstitutionalunitswhosemainfunctionis toredistributethecountrysincome wlh.

i pul, h ul l v uv hllw u:

central government: h lu ll h v h ls h h l wh uhy lly x h y, xp l l uy u;

local government: h lu pul (xp l uy u)wh uhy x ly v p h y;

social security unds: h lu ll l, ll ul uwh vy l u whlly,

p, y p up h ppul, llv ulypv. th u lu v pl


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, ppv, u , ply h l

upvy ply y.th p ly h ul u h l ywh h l v h ul lvlyplx u llly uv p. th p, hw Fu 2.1, h ll u whp uu h u h lv ul u . th p wh h h u ly ( ppl y h u wh h y lu h uy l ). th qu whh h u puv vy : , u up, u l h huhl . i pu u, hwv, u

whh pv pul ( h h w ll,ly ly, y l ll v y lu h lv ). i pv, h ul u wll lu hh ul .

i h u pul, hwv, u whh k-(k u) (-k u),i.e. whh h v pu h k lly ul p, hy pv u plly vully h; ly h l , , h u l h l v . t lv h pl,h esa h u -k h pl p h l

v v l 50% h pu (xpu ,pu v, .). th u pppu y u ly h u v hv ullyly u h puly yll .

o h lh h h pul ul u -k, y whh -p l u (u,, .). i h w, u whh, ll y v ( ly h p p), l ply y v (huh uvl ): ly h h , , hul h l u lu h l

v . i u pl pv u (hp , , .), h u u l h -p u v huhl (nPisH).


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Fu 2.1 Procedure or classiying units in the general government sector

INSTITUTIONAL UNITIs it a production unit?

No Yes

No Yes

No Yes

No Yes

Yes No

Consuminghouseholds

sector

Is it public?(i.e. owned/controlled by government)

Consuming householdssector, non-financial or

financial corporations, NPISHIs it non market?

Corporation andquasi corporation

sector

Is it aNPISH?

Is it financed mainlyby government?

Government NPISH sector


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th l h h ly plx pu ly ul

u h p ly h u hl v . Fly, h w k -kpu u h uu pl u l gdP.i , w p pu vlu qu ly, p h yp u: k v u, hw u u h uv; -k v u, hy h u pu . th h -k u wl h p , vlu wul uvlu.

sly, ly h l v p uh pl l ply ( -l ply h

u-l l lvl) hv qu ly ly, u l ply k ul p. Fh eup u, xpl, h l u lv y cuyu u h u h u huhuul u pplly h u hl ( l) pu y h vu u ( ). thpl v vu w h u h pul , w p eup y ply.

tl 2.9 hw h l u h v 15 000 u uvy l pul u h 2001 il u, wh h lv

ply. i l hw h l u h h 235 000-p u,i.e. h u, wh whu ll ply, pul pv, h pu v h y lw u h w uyul u p h xp p p wk hl h u u . cquly, -pu lu , whh hy , u,vluy -vl , l -pv, pllp, u, ., whh 2001 h 500 000 ply ly3.5 ll vlu.

tl 2.9 Institutions, local units and employees by geographical distributionily, 2001

Geographical

distribution

Public institutions Non-proft institutions

Legal-economic

units

Employees Other orms* Legal-economic

units

Employees Other orms*

North 8 710 762 345 71 910 120 884 271 606 1 918 298

Centre 2 343 1 913 539 167 969 48 808 110 186 675 959

South 4 527 533 241 32 582 65 540 106 731 825 338

Italy as a whole 15 580 3 209 125 269 461 235 232 488 523 3 419 595

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336784120254

* ilu pj , py wk vlu.

Source: il sl o.


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2.3. e gggt

a w hv ly , y vully u k pl w . th ,whh y p vy w pup (uh h puh l , v, l v, u, .) u w ul , ul h h u vul . b h h h, vul l ( h ul h sna) hu up, economic aggregates. th u h vll u h u y ll u h y. th luprivate consumption, ll xpu y huhl puh

v h y h pl (, lh, .);investment,p y xpu puh u uv p;production,i.e. h ul h vy pu u, .

cquly, l u p ,p why w u h vlv. F xpl,h h puh w vhl l up, u y huhl p h ly, v ( x pl) y l (i.e. p p) vu v h y. slly, h lhp h ll h vhl

wll h u v uv, h wll u h vlu h l pu h y.

e ( vl) l h vu , uh lv wstock variables fow variables. Flw v h v h u wh p , whlk u p . t xpl l, fw fh , , xh, x vlu hk pl u p ; k p h vlu non-nancialassets (l ll l , uh wll, pl , .) / nancialassets/liabilities (uh py, u, .) pul

. i p p u h, y h u, fw ly xpwh p ( y, qu, .), whl k p (l y h y, h qu, .). Flw l xp h l vlu (u) h fw u h p, v vlu,i.e. y v h u h fw y h u (u y, h, .) lu h p .

rl h produced non-produced: pu -l h hv x upu p h ll whh pu uy h sna (uh h vhl h pvuxpl): hy x , v vlul. n-pu

-l h x h h huhp pu: hy lu h l ( xpl ) l l lu whp , jpv , h .


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2.3.1. put, tt t vu

a w hv ly , pu p h fw v u h l ul u, u , v pu pu, uh lu pl. a p phylj u y , h w vu v whh ppy h hl. sv hu pu upuh h h h u u wh qu h v. i h, h y whh h ppy h p phyl , uh ply u h v.

alhuh pu vy u v,

h sna lly h boundaries o production. s h u vlly, hy y h v . F xpl, h 1993 snalu pu v h w h pvu v(vlp 1968). a h 1993 sna, h u pup, h pu v h , hllw yp pu:

theproductionofall individualorcollectivegoodsorservicessuppliedtounitsh h h pu, uppl, lu h pu v u up h p pu uh v;

theown-accountproductionofallgoodsretainedbytheirproducersfortheirown

l up pl ; the own-account production of housing services by owner-occupiers and of

pl v pu y ply .

th 1993 sna lu h pu uy h u ly l pv h u huh pu p, v h p k pl quy. th sna lqu h h wh h u u h ulv p h l v , ly wh h pu h l uy.

Lly, hul p u h h u pu l p

h -ll uu y, i.e. h pu whv qu v u. F xpl, h llw lu pu: h vy wk wh p v ulwhu l h h v x uh; puy p h wh h uh h u wk l l uy . cquly, h h puvvy u lllly h xlu h u pu. ev huh h l qu h v uhwh ul, l u hv vlp h lu hvlu h -v y l .

a h sna, pu hul l lu lll v h pu v p y uy vluly, uh ul, pu,h pu k lll u, . Pu lu lll


46/199



v h vlv vluy py, uh h, whh vluy

w . Hwv, v h u ul vlv u pu v lll v, ly w l ulu uh vlu, whl h p pulh h pl u.

Pu y vlu vu wy, p h p u. Fly, u market prices ( puh p), whh p h ulp up y h . th h lu p , x (uh vlu x), l u pu,i.e.u y v ( y eU u) fu, lly ww , h p h y h pu/v. i h k , vlu u (-k

v pu y v) y k p lu v (v w-up wll).

i w xlu h k p y x pyl h p vply y h pu, w y vl u, w hp ully v y h pu,i.e. hbasic price. th p pullyp ly h p h lv p -k y p, i.e. h p h whh h pul ply u.

t u upu, h pu u u u h vu l pu (lu pl) wll h v puy h u. th vlu h v u pu u hpu p, xlu x wh u up x pl, u h kw intermediate consumption.i up lwy vlu puh p; ludepreciation, whh h h vlu h x pl (uh ulqup) u u up.

th w pu p up ll value added at basic prices: h p h vlu h h (upu) y h pu p h p-x vlu h v

u (pu) u h p.by ll h vlu p y vul hu puu, w h vlu y uy. a pl p yh k , whh v pv l p, huhl, l v, . s h whh v lly ul h p ,l u p u h l h ly, l h p l v ly u(Fisim).

i w h vlu y vul h, h h vlu

h x pu (l u) u Fisim, w h pu at market prices (gdP), whh p h pu p wh h l y. i w u gdP x


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pu p, p ply ppy

pyl h h wl, w h p vl h h wl ( h w, gdP l py pyl - u plu py vl - u), w h l (gni), whh p h l ul hv ly yu h uy vy u h wh h l y . th l h p h h sna kw hproduction account (tl 2.10).

tl 2.10 Production accountVlu u p (ll u) ily, 2002-2005

Aggregates 2002 2003 2004 2005

RESOURCES

Production at basic prices 2 514 947 2 587 887 2 690 677 2 752 042

Taxes less subsidies on products 129 807 131 614 139 712 144 479

USES

Intermediate consumption 1 349 528 1 384 147 1 441 518 1 479 280

Gross domestic product 1 295 226 1 335 354 1 388 870 1 417 241

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336870088018

Source: il sl o.

2.3.2. cut, t t t g

th pu hv y y, xp gdP k p (Y), u, h wh p v (m), hvll u vll l up (c), pl (i) xp v (X):

Y + m = c + i + X [2.1]

th y kw l u hgoods and services account ( lh resources and uses account).

Final consumption p xpu v yhu . dp h yp , l up kw individual consumption, u h huhl, collective consumption, whh h huhl, p h u. th vul up huhl (whh l luh up ulul pu hy hv pu hlv) l y nPisH l v, plly h hlh,u, l uy ulu. th k y uh wl up ul up. th p h vwp h h up, whl h l f h vwp h

h up. aul up p h l v u up y vul huhl; p h huhlup xpu plu h vul up xpu lv nPisH.


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cup l lul national consumption,i.e. h up

wh h l y y h u h l y, domestic consumption,i.e. h up wh h l y hy - u (tl 2.11).

Fl up lwy vlu k p lul uup u, i.e. y xpu v hu (, v, p v,.). Hwv, l uh w vu yp up, h yp uly h . th l h w v , uh uh w -ul ,whh u ly puh (, phul, .)

wh l u (lh), ul , whh puh u v u y (uu, vhl, huhl ppl,.).

tl 2.11 National nal consumption and domestic nal consumptionVlu u p (ll y) Jp, 2003-2005

2003 2004 2005

National consumption 370 294 373 896 377 273

Expenditure o general goverment () 88 503 89 468 90 684

Expenditure o NPISHs () 5 877 6 118 6 396

Expenditure o resident households 275 915 278 310 280 193

Acquisi tions abroad by resident s () 2 783 3 409 3 320

Acquisi tion in Japan by non-residents (+) 646 804 923

Final domestic household comsumption 273 778 275 706 277 795

12http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/336874201116

Source:National Accounts o OECD Countries, oecd.

Fl huhl up l lu ul , i.e. h ullyp y huhl h u wll, h pu hw-up. th l k pu

h h w-up wul hv py upy h wll, v h w-up ully k y y py.

Capital ormation p h vlu qu l pl pu -l ,i.e. v pu p. i kw x pl , h v quu pl vlul. Gross xed capital ormation h l vlu pu qu (l pl) x u h up plu h vlu -pu (uh ul j pv h quy, quly puvy l) ly h puv vy ul u. g x pl lu

phyl (hy, qup, .) wll l pu (uh w), huh p pu p u hpu p p l h y. th p x pl lwy vlu k p y


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uy pu,i.e. h h h (hy,

qup vu pu; ul; l ), y w uuy, i.e. h h h puh, whh hl y ul u (huhl, u, lv).

Inventories k upu ll hl y h u h pu hp h uh p, l, lv h u u hwy, wll k pu qu h u u up l whu uh p. iv w l , wk--p h . thpup p h lly h pu

u p, k pl yh h fuu upply . cquly, v h plu h pu; h vlu h i h y [2.1] hv h vll k v u h p. iu, h v qul h vlu v u h vlu h h lv v u h pu p l, ul vlu u phyl , l h.

Lly, h net acquisitions o valuables vlu (uh pu l), qu ly y huhl pup h hup. th u u u ully h u

h k vlul, u v u h p.th fw x pl u h vlu hpl vll h y: pul, v y xpl (gFcF) hh h p (d), i.e. hh h h l h vlu pl u phyl u h pu p,h x pl pv, h l h y h pl vll h y (nK):

nK = nK-1 + (gFcF d) [2.2]

i h w, p h p pl

y pv uh h x pu py. Wh p h vlp y h l h the trend pl . i ph h p, p u uy ul wh net domestic product (ndP), whh qul h pu u p.

th h ndP y ly h h gnP, pllywh h v l pl h ly v . th vully ll ul u h 1990 wh h puvlu u l p x qup, w ply w qup wh hh hly u ly lw v

l (e.g. h v l pl pu uh h h h lul hy). th h u h hv v hvly h w y pv, hv h pl (


50/199



hu h gdP) , whu h f vll h

uy pu py (i.e. quvl h ndP).Lly, wh v wh h h wl, u ph h h y l u, h p xp vlu ree on board,i.e. whu h p uw h h xp uy h h p uy. th w xp p l kw net oreign demand p h u h k g pu. i, h wy xp h lhp [2.1] llw:

Y = c + i + (X m) [2.3]

th v qu hw hw h u gdP,h h .

exp p ly , u l v uh pl,ulul l v, l v, u v, . byv, p xp v p pvly h xpu h xpu wh h l y.

2.3.3. F g t ut t t

th pu p h uy u h

pu v v p (lly y) y p y. Hwv, u y h vu ul u (huhl,p, l v, .) up, pl v wh h h wl, h u h pu h pl wh u. th hv huh hu h w pu h sna: lu pl.

Lu u huh h py p vul, whh u wh kw l h, whh ply p p. th u wages and salaries (pyl h

k) h vlu h social contributions pyl y ply (ul lu pyl y ply sl suy h pv ul u h u l h ply; pul u y ply pv uu l ) uh compensation o employees, i.e. h p h p ly ly h wh hv u h pu p y pvh lu ply. th w h vlu hp ply hgross operating surplus,i.e. h p h pu p h lu pv ly y hpu h h l pu (pl).

a w hv , h gdP f h u lu pl u pu pup: h, hgross national income (gni) l qul h vlu h l py ll . nully,


51/199



l pl h hnet national income y u h vlu

p h l .Lly, y u h l h x p lv h u p h h wl, h grossnational disposable income , whh u y u hpup l up. th w l pl l up ( h , k u ju p u) usaving.

2.4. Vu t ut tt

th vlu xp p uy (ll, u, .). a h pul lvl, h vlu ( l) y y ulply h quy h pu vlv h y p, whh u h u y hu p xh u h pu. i h wy, h vlu h xp in current prices,i.e. u h p up y hp h pul h p .

Hwv, w kw, p vy v , xp u p l u wh x h v vv hl p (y, h, .) u v qu

v p. cquly, u ly xp u p, u l h h vlu h p v. F h pup, y lul h u p h p v h u u h p u. th y xp h vlu h vu uh p pvl u p, k . i h , hul xpin constant prices, hv v l , pp h l , lul h vlu u p.

L u k h xpl h l ul, l u u h h

y 2000 lhp l 40 l , wh h qulv h(l, p, .) p 11 000 u h. nx, l u u h 2001 h u ( wh h qulv h) 45, u p 11 500 u. cquly, h vlu u p h ll y h l wll 440 000 u (40 * 11 000) 2000 517 500 u(45 * 11 500) 2001, wh p 17.6% [(517 000 440 000)

/440 000) * 100]. i ly, ly p h u v hqu qu,i.e. l l , whl h u v p. i pul, h l p ( 2000) qul 12.5% [(45 * 11 000 40 * 11 000)/(40 * 11 000) * 100].

th lhp w xp u p h xp p kw defator. thu, pl hv f h pu, pv up,


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x pl , . Vlu p l

h h p y h p h pvu y. a whll chp 4, h 2005 vl eU u h yh f l u h pvu y p.

2.5. ix u

th f f ypl l ,i.e. qu w l ,h whh h ph u : h yp l lhp ll index number. ix u y lul h p. i l , x u

(, fy, ) u p. i h ,h x u y h w h u ph v , h u h k (h h x). L u, xpl, lul h w h vlu pv up u p 2000-2005 vlu 2000 p.th ul x (xp 2000, v h h y h u qul) wll u h h pl p pvup u 2001-2005, l p lvl v 2000.

W uh w simple index numbers complex index numbers:wh , h k pl p h v v

vul ph l h ; h l, hwv, xp hv up ph l h vlu u h p h h h x. a pully p l l h w xed base x u moving base x u. th lwy u (i.e. h ) h quy ( h pxpl, h vlu up 2000), whl h l u h l h v v . th u p llyhv h vlu 100 h ( ) p.

th lul pl x (iF) lvly y. U V h vlu v ( = 1, 2, ... ) h lv , h x

xp 0 (0iF), h p 0 :0iF0 = V0/V0 * 100

0iF1 = V1/V0 * 100

0iF2 = V2/V0 * 100

....

0iF = V/V0 * 100

i h pl v x (im), wh pvu p u (h x), h vlu h x h p 1 :

im1 = V1/V0 * 100

im2 = V2/V1 * 100


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im3 = V3/V2 * 100

....

im = V/V-1 * 100

gv h h p v VP

VP = [(V V-1)/V-1 ] * 100

l h VP = [ (V/V-1) 1 ] * 100

h VP = [(V/V-1) * 100 ] 100,

h VP = im 100.

i h wy, w h h pl v- h p ly xph p v l h pvu p.

th x- xp v ly v h . t x- x p w x-x p z, u v h x wiF y h vlu h xxp w, u w p wiFz, ulply hul y 100:

ziF = wiF/wiFz * 100

i lhly pl v pl x- (xp w) v- x v v: h , y vh wiF y p wiF-1 ulply h ul y 100. i , vh h wiF v y (V/Vw * 100 ), llw h:

im = ( V/Vw * 100 )/( V-1/Vw * 100 ) * 100

whh :

im = ( V/Vw * 100 ) * ( Vw/V-1 * 100 ) * 100

h :

im = ( V/ V-1 ) * 100Wh v v- x im x- x 0iF (wh0 h h ), h im u ulpl y h pu ll h v lu w h 0 h -1. F xpl, lul 0iF5, h llw p u p:

0iF5 = ( im1 * im2 * im3 * im4 * im5) * 100

i w w wh xp h x- x wh 0, uh z, lul h 0iF w , pvuly ,

h h y v ll h 0iF ( = 1, 2, ... ) y h vlu 0iFz ulply h ul y 100.


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a ly , plx x u l xp, l yh

vlu, h v y ph wh p p h h h x. th yh h y lul whv u wh h l wh h jv puu. cquly, h u plx x u qu hh llw l : h l h ph h x; h h x; h wh h.

th xy vy , whh ly h whh u: h h u h, , h , ., wh h h v p h p h p whh h x lul. th llw x u wly u

h l : Lpy (iL), Ph (iP) Fh (iF) :h w u h h h wh p,whl h Fh x qul iL*iP, i.e. h h Lpy Ph .

L u w h Lpy x, u h w wh u yh x h p v u h p 1 . t lul yh x h xp h v h l lvl p v, w u ully u h p wh h xph p h lv h vll up xpu. L uu h w h wh h vlu h up h u

h (v) qul :v = p q

wh p h p h pul q h lv quy u.L u l u h w h h p 0 : hu, hp 0 w hll hv h p h vul p0 h lv vluu v0. th Lpy x, whh p wh p h p 0 h:

p p

0q

0 p

q

0 = 1 p0 = 1

0iL = = [2.4]

p0 q0 p0 q0 = 1 = 1

a , h h u h h quyu u h 0 (q0): quly, h x y hh h u h p up u h p h

p; ly y h p v (p/p0).


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Hwv, h Ph x h p 0 xp y:

p p0 q p q = 1 p0 = 1

0iP = = [2.5]

p0 q p0 q = 1 = 1

i h , h wh uu pv y h qu u q u

p , u h p, h Lpy x. cquly,h Ph x y h h u h h v p (p/p0) h p up w h p h h hx p .

Lpy Ph wly u u p, vlu vlu . Wh Lpy Ph ul u u p, h ul hw y . i, hw y hy, h quy u ll h p (ll h h ), h u h Lpy x v h l p h pu lu h x: , h p up

kp uh u h p, h uu pu whp h v k u. i h w, hx u h v h l lvl p h wul hv u u h ju h w hvu p , hyu h qu u h pu wh p hh. cquly, h Lpy x wll lwy v hv lvl p h h h u wh h Ph x.o h h h, h Ph x wll hv v , v l-h-v wh h pu wh p h u h p. th Fh x, h w , hv

h .i hul l p u h, y p, h Ph x ul u u h l h vlly h uuwh. th h , xpl, wh lul hly u px h 2000-2005 p, 2000 = 100. Whl h p p v hly, h qu u q2005 ly vlu h h y: quly, h Ph x ( h Fh x) 2005 ly lul 2006, pl h Lpy x lul 2000-2005 xp 2000.

understanding economics statistics (oecd 2008)

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