Understanding and Using English Grammar Summary of

(grammar 1) by Betty Azar

By : Hanan Abdallah Nassar

ensesTChapter 1: Verb

of ing/ed forms 1 Spelling-1

drop (E)We

Eما عدا األفعال التي تنتهي بحرفين

seeing , agreeingمثل

hoping hoped Hope

dating dated Date

Verbs end with E

+اذا كان مقطع واحد وحرف علة نضاعف

الحرف األخير

+اذا كان مقطع واحد وحرفين علة ال نضاعف

الحرف األخير

المقطع االول مشدد ال نضاعف +اذا كان

الحرف األخير

+اذا كان المقطع الثاني مشدد نضاعف الحرف

االخير

ال تضاعف مثل W and xالكلمة التي آخرها

Fix fixed / plow plowed

stopping stopped Stop+

raining rained rain+

listening listened listen+

preferring preferred prefer+

Verbs end in vowel and

consonant

starting started Start

folding folded fold

two Verbs end with

consonants

there is a vowel يوجد حرف علة

there is no vowel ال يوجد حرف علة

enjoyedenjoying Enjoy

studiedstudying Study

Verbs end in (Y)

dying died die

lying lied lie

Verbs end in (ie)

imple PresentS2 -1

Uses:

1) General statements of facts

- Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

- The world is round.

-Most animals kill for food

2) Habitual and everyday activity

- she goes to school at 7; 00 am

- I work three hours every Monday

Present progressive 3-1

Use:

1) Activity is in a progress at the moment of speaking, which happened in the recent

past and probably will end in the near future.

Look! It is raining.-

- he is working here this summer

-I am still waiting for a reply of my letter.

They are playing right now. -

Every day, year… etc.

Usually

sometimes

always

Listen

look

right now

this + time

عند الشكوى والتذمر always نستخدم

you are always coming late.

transitive 1-3-1والمتعدية intransitiveاألفعال الالزمة

Intransitive Transitive ( needs an obj)

Rise, rose, risen. (the sun rises in the east)

تشرق

Raise, raised, raised. (You raised me up.)

يرفع

Sit, sat, sat ( I sit in the front) يجلس Set, set ,set. ( I will set the book on the

table) يضع

Lie, lay, lain. ( she is lying on the bed)

استلقى

Lay, laid, laid. (I am laying the book on

the desk). يضع /يرقد

Hang, hung, hung ( I hung the picture on

the wall) يعلق

Hang, hanged, hanged ( they hanged the

thief.يشنق

وهي : non-progressive verbs يوجد أفعال ال تقبل االستمرارية وتأتي دوما بزمن المضارع البسيط

+ Mental state: know, realize, understand, recognize, believe, feel, suppose, imagine, remember,

forget, need, prefer, mean and doubt.

+ Emotional state: love, hate, like, dislike, fear, envy, mind and care.

+possession: possess, own and belong.

Sense perceptions: hear+

+Other states: seem, cost, exist, include, contain, consist of and owe.

: توجد أفعال تقبل االستمرارية في حاالت وال تقبلها في حاالت أخرى وهي

Think: I think he is a kind man. I am thinking about this case.

Have: He has a house. I am having a good time.

Taste: this apple tastes good. The chef is tasting the sauce.

Smell: the flowers smell good. She is smelling the rose.

See: I see a car. The doctor is seeing the patient. يرى

Feel: the cat's fur feels soft she is feeling the cat's fur.

Look: she feels cold. I am looking for a job.

Appear: Sofy appears. The actor is appearing on the stage.

Weigh: this is heavy. It weighs a lot. She is weighing the apples.

Be: I am hungry. Tom is being foolish.

Simple past4 -1

Use:

1) Simple past indicates an activity which began and ended in the past.

Examples:

- I walked to school yesterday.

- Did you have dinner last night?

progressive Past 5-1

Use:

1) When there is two actions happened in the same time but one of them is occurred

earlier and was progress when the other action occurred.

I was walking on the street, when it began to rain.

هو األقدم فيأخذ الماضي البسيط . whenالفعل بعد

and past progressive have the same meaning Sometimes simple past

It rained this morning. It was raining this morning.

Present Perfect6 -1

حدث في الماضي وله عالقة بالحاضر والوقت الذي حدث به غير مهم

Uses:

1) Describes something happened or never happened before now, at an unspecified

time (the exact time it happened is not important).

this film. seenalready haveI

2) Describes the repetition of an event before now, the exact time of repetition is not

important.

many people since he came here in May. as methHe

Yesterday

last + day, week, etc.

this morning (when

meaning is past)

When

While

3) With since and for:

I have been here since 7:00 Am. He has been here for two weeks.

عادة many مع تأتي مع رقم أو forأما )منذ )و وقت محدد ومعناهاأبعد تاريخ أو يوم أو شهر sinceتأتي

(.لمدة ) ومعناها

Present perfect progressive 7-1

: Uses

1) An event began in the past and continues to the present. (Used with: all day, since,

for)

It has been raining all day. It is still raining right now.

حدث في الماضي وما زال مستمرا الى اآلن

2) Expresses a general activity in progress recently or lately.

I have been thinking about changing my major.

present perfect progressiveو present perfectلهم نفس المعنى في live ,work, teachاألفعال

forو sinceعند استخدام

He has worked at the same store since 1992. He has been working in the same

store since 1992

Already

Yet,

Just,

Ever,

Never,

Since + a particular time,

For + a duration of time

For

Since

Lately

perfect astP 8-1

Use:

1) Two events happened in the past and ended in the past.

-She had already eaten by the time he got home.

Sam had left when we got there.-

Past perfect progressive9 -1

حدث أول وأخذ وقت وله آثار في الماضي

Uses:

1) Emphasizes the duration of an event that was in progress before another event or

time in the past.

- The police had been looking for the thief for two years before he caught him.

2) Expresses an activity in progress recent to another time or activity in the past.

- Her eyes were red because she had been crying.

Simple future 10-1

Use:

1) Expresses the future time by using (Will/ be going to).

I will finish this work next week.

yourself will/ are going to hurtyouمثال: (predictionللتنبأ ) will/ be going toنستخدم

careful!

مثال: prior plan)لألمور المخطط لها مسبقا ) be going toونستخدم

Are you busy tonight? Yes, I am going to meet Tom in the park.

will answerthe phone's ringing. I .( مثال: Willingnessللرغبة والمشيئة ) willونستخدم

ممكن استخدام المضارع البسيط

للتعبير عن المستقبل ويكون بأفعال

,open, close, beginمحددة مثل :

end, start, finish, arrive,

leave come, return.

The train leaves at 6:00 PM

next Monday .

Already

Before

By the time

Since

For

Future progressive 11 -1

حدث سيقع مستقبال وستطرأ عليه االستمرارية

-Don't call me at nine because I won't be home. I am going to be studying at the

library.

- The class will begin at seven. You will come at eight. I will be studying when you

come.

Some Using of Prepositions 112 -1

مثال Inتأخذ والشهور والفصول والسنوات األوقات الرئيسية

, winter, March, 1990 (In) the morning, afternoon evening

,noon, dawn, midnight, six o'clock, present . (At) night مثال Atواألوقات الفرعية تأخذ

)thrch 15) Monday , MaOn مثال Onواأليام تأخذ

Chapter 2 : Madals

1 using of modals-2

past Present/future Uses Auxiliary

May I borrow your

pen?

Polite request May

You may leave the

room.

Formal permission

He may have been

with Mary.

Where’s John?

He may be with

Mary.

Less than 50%

certainty

He might have

been with Mary.

Where’s John?

He might be with

Mary.

Less than 50%

certainty

Might

I should have

studied more

yesterday. ( regret/

blame)

I should study

more.

advisability Should

She should have

passed the exam.

She should pass the

exam (future only)

90% certainty

I ought to have

studied more

yesterday.

I ought to study

more.

advisability Ought to

She ought to have

passed the exam

She ought to pass

the exam (future

only)

90% certainty

the past form

uncommon

You had better

study more, or I

won't give you any

penny.

Advisability with

threat

Had better

The workshop was

supposed to begin

at 9:00 am.

The workshop is

supposed to begin

at 9:00 am.

Expectation Be (is, are, am)

supposed to

The workshop was

to begin at 9:00 am.

The workshop is to

begin at 9:00 am.

Strong expectation Be to

I had to go to

library yesterday.

I must go to the

library.

Strong necessity must

You must not be

late.

prohibition

he must have been

late yesterday.

He isn't in the

meeting, he must

be late.

( present only)

95% certainty

I had to go to the

library last week.

I have to go to the

library.

necessity Have to

I didn't have to go

to the library last

night.

I don't have to go

to the library

tonight.

Lack of necessity

I had to go to the

library last week.

I have got to go to

the library.

necessity Have got to

I will go to the

library next

Monday. (future

only)

100% certainty Will

The phone is

ringing. I will

answer.

willingness

Will you please

open the door?

Polite request

I am going to the

library next

Monday. (future

only)

100% certainty Be going to

I was going to buy

new furniture, but I

didn't have time.

I am going to buy

new furniture soon.

(future only)

Definite plan

I could do this job

last Friday, but

now I can't.

I can do this job Ability/ possibility Can

You can borrow

my bag tomorrow.

Informal

permission ( with

family and friends)

Can you open the

door?

Informal polite

request

That can't have

been true!

That can't be true! Impossibility (

negative only)

I could ride a horse

when I was child. Past ability Could

Could you open the

door?

polite request

You could have

asked your teacher

or you could have

seen some

references.

-I can't understand

this issue.

- You could ask

your teacher or you

could see some

references about it.

suggestion

He could have been

at home.

Where is John?

He could be at

home.

Less than 50%

certainty

That couldn't have

been true!

That couldn't be

true!

Impossibility (

negative only)

I was able to help

you.

I am able to help

you.

Ability Be able to

Would you please

open the door?

Polite request Would

She would rather She would rather preference

have gone to the

market.

go to the market

than study.

When I was child,

my mother would

sing a song for me.

Repeated action in

the past

When I was child,

my mother used to

sing a song for me.

Repeated action in

the past

Used to

Shall I open the

door?

Polite question to

make suggestion

(we can use let's

and why don't when

the subject isn't I )

Shall

I shall go to the

market.

(will is more

common)

Future with I/we as

subject

May/ shall I open the door?

May/ shall you open the door? ×

could be used with ' I' for polite request shall onlyand May

When the imperative sentence can be used?

1) To give directions. For example, turn right toward the Rainbow Street.

2) To give an order. For example, open the door.

3) To make a polite request. For example, please open the door.

2 Used to v.s be used to -2

- She used to live in Jordan.

past habit and repeated there) (It happened in the past and now she doesn't live

in the past.

- I am used to walking every morning.

it is happened in the past and(I am accustomed to walking in the morning)

still until now.

- Suzan moved from her parent's house, after a while she got used to working.

ing = gerund means become).-(Get used to/ get accustomed to + v

2 3 Some Using of Prepositions-2

withFamiliar

ofapprove

tosubscribe

ofconsist

atstaring

fromhide

withargues

forpray

fromrecovered

ofenvious

atangry

toresponded

upick p

upgrow

awaythrew

upcheer

money out ofran

Chapter 3: the passive

The using of passive: 1-3

1) When it is not known or not important to know who performs an action.

2) The "by" phrase is included only if it is important to know who perform an

action.

3) When it describes an existing situation or state (stative passive).

The form of passive: 2-3

Passive Active The tense

Mary is helped by John. John helped Mary. Simple present

Mary is being helped by

John.

John is helping Mary. Present progressive

Mary has been helped by

John.

John has helped Mary. Present prefect

Mary was helped by John. John helped Mary. Simple past

Mary was being helped

by John.

John was helping Mary. Past progressive

Mary had been helped by

John.

John had helped Mary. Past perfect

Mary will be helped by

John.

Mary is going to be

helped by John.

John will help Mary.

John is going to help

Mary.

Simple future

Be going to

Mary will have been

helped by John.

John will have helped

Mary.

Future perfect

The pronouns in passive3 -3

Object Subject

Me I

Us We

Them They

Him He

Her She

It It

ive form of modals:pass The4 -3

The past passive form is:

Modal+ have been+ P.P

Such as: Tom should have done this work

3 days ago.

The passive: This work should have been

done 3 days ago by Tom.

The passive form is:

Modal +be+ P.P

Such as: Tom should do this work.

The passive: This work should be done

by Tom.

Indirect objects and direct object as passive subjects5 -3

)O.D( Direct object Indirect object (O.I)

The teacher gave the student a prize. Example (1) :

When we focus on the (O.I):

The student was given a prize by the teacher.

When we focus on the (O.D):

A prize was given to the student.

Example (2): someone has handed Mary the list.

When we focus on the (O.I):

Mary has been handed the list.

When we focus on the (O.D):

The list has been handed to Mary.

Stative passive 6-3

It describes an existing situation or state (stative passive)

(verb to be+ adj)

Active: Tom broke the window.

Passive: the window was broken by Tom.

So, the window is broken now.

P.s:

The passive with get, which means become, is common in spoken English but

not in formal writing.

For example: They are getting married tomorrow.

Some of common adjectives which follow get are : angry,

worry,busy,bald,dark,cold,warm,well,wet,warse,hungry,better,big,chilly,sick,

thirsty,tall,sleepy,rich,hot,late,good and empty.

P.s:

When we describe the subject (person) the adj will be (- ed) while when we describe the object (not person), the adj will be (-ing).

For example: the novel is exciting. (The novel isn't a person)

The child is excited. (We describe person)

Chapter 4: Gerunds and infinitive

1 what is gerund and what is infinitive?-4

How can we distinguish between the gerund and the verb?

If –ing come before is, are, was, were and am it is gerund. If it is come after them this

is a verb.

For example:

Playing football is exciting. (Gerund)

He is playing football. (Present progressive)

infinitive.2 what followed by gerund and what followed by -4

Followed by both Followed by infinitive Followed by gerund

Group A

( no difference in meaning)

Group A

( verb+ to)

After (about ,of and in)

I'm interested in learning

more about legal

translation.

Intend Hope to Accustomed to +gerund

Begin Plan to Quit /give up

Like Decide to Enjoy

Hate Promise to Appreciate

Start Agree to Mind

Love Offer to Finish (get through)

Prefer Refuse to Avoid

Can't stand Seem to Postpone/delay/ put off

Continue Appear to Consider

Prefer Pretend to Discuss

Can't bear Mention

Group B

( with difference in

meaning)

Group B

(verb+ pronoun +to)

Suggest

Remember +to (to perform

responsibility, duty or task).

Remember+ gerund

(something happened in the

Would like to/ someone+

to

Keep/ keep on

A gerund: the –ing form of a verb

the infinitive: to+ the simple form of a verb

past _recall)

Forget+ gerund (to perform

responsibility, duty or task).

Forget +gerund ((something

happened in the past _recall)

This occurs in negative or

questions

Want to/ someone+ to Go

Regret+ to (to say or to

inform someone of some bad

news.

Regret+ gerund (something

happened in the past).

Need to / someone+ to

Stop+ gerund ( when ending

something)

stop+ infinitive (ending

something and starting to do

another thing)

Expect to / someone+ to

Advise+ someone(object) +

to

Advise +gerund

Ask to/ someone+ to

Try+ to (make an effort)

Try +gerund (experiment

with a new or different way

to see if it works).

Encourage +someone +to

Remind+ someone+ to

Invite + someone+ to

Permit + someone+ to

Allow + someone+ to

Warn + someone+ to

Require + someone+ to

Order+ someone+ to

Force+ someone+ to

Tell +someone +to

Some adjectives followed by infinitive:

glad to, happy to ,pleased to, lucky to,

eager to, content to, ready to, carful to

delight to and determined to

Chapter 5: singular and plural

es: -s, –Plural with 1 -5

Book (books)

Box (boxes)

Baby (babies)

Toy (toys)

Ps:

We add –es to words that end in ( -sh, -ch, -s, -x, and –z)

Class –classes wash – washes

Ps:

When y followed by a vowel we add –s. while, when it

is followed by a consonant the –y becomes –I then we

added –es.

Irregular plural nouns 2-5

Nouns their origins not

from English

Same

singula

r and

plural

End

with –f

add -s

End with

fe-f/–

End with

(O) add

s –either

es-or

End

with

(O)

s-add

End with

-(O) Add

es

Irregular

forms

Criterion-criteria

Phenomenon-

phenomena

Cactus- cacti/cactuses

Stimulus- stimuli

Syllabus-

syllabi/syllabuses

Formula-

formulas/formulae

Vertebra-vertebrae

Analysis-analyses

Basis- bases

Crisis-crises

Hypothesis-hypotheses

Oasis-oases

Parenthesis-parentheses

Thesis-theses

Appendix-appendices/

appendixes

Index- indices/indexes

Bacterium- bacteria

Datum-data

Medium-media

Memorandum –

memoranda

Deer

Fish

Means

Series

Sheep

Species

Roof-

roofs

Cliff-

cliffs

Leaf-

leaves

Life-lives

Knife-

knives

Shelf-

shelves

Wolf-

wolves

Volcanos

/

Volcano

es

Zeros/

zeroes

Mosquit

os/

mosquito

es

Kilos

Memo

s

Autos

Piano

s

Solos

Photo

s

Tattoo

s

Zoos

Video

s

Echo-

echoes

hero-

heroes

Potatoes

Tomatoes

Man-men

child-

children

mouse-mice

louse-lice

foot-feet

goose-geese

tooth-teeth

ox- oxen

Possessive nouns3 -5

Possessive form Plural noun Possessive form Singular noun

The girls' book The girls book The girl's book The girl

The men's The men The man's The man

The children's The children The child's The child

A ladies' A ladies A lady's A lady

Using nouns as modifiers 4 -5

noncount (uncountable) nouns (countable) andCount 5 -5

When we used a noun as a modifier, we use it in its singular form

For example: My farm has apple trees. It is an apple tree farm.

When we use the noun as modifier is combined with a number, we use

it in its singular form and we use (-)

Her daughter is twenty three years old. She has a twenty-three-year-

old daughter.

Most noncount nouns refer to a whole that is made up of different

parts. Such as: furniture.

An example on count nouns ( table – tables)

6 some common noncount nouns -5

1) Whole groups made up of similar items: food, fruit, cash, traffic, equipment, etc.

2) Fluids: water, coffee, blood, milk, etc.

3) Solids: ice, cheese, gold, wood, etc.

4) Gases: air, oxygen, etc.

5) Particles: rice, corn, hair, etc.

6) Abstractions: luck, music, pride, peace, sleep, time, homework, knowledge,

grammar, slang, etc.

7) Languages: Arabic, English, etc.

8) Fields of study: engineering, translation, history, etc.

9) Recreation: chess, tennis, etc.

10) General activities: walking, driving, etc.

11) Natural phenomena: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, rain, snow, sunshine, etc.

Expressions of quantity 7-5

Both of them Noncount nouns Count nouns

Not any

(haven't any friends/ time)

A little (a little food) One (one day)

No (have no friends/ time) Little ( little food) Each (each day)

Some (days/ time) Much (much food) Every (every day)

A lot of (friends/time)

A great deal of (food) Two (two days)

Lots of ( days/time) Both (both days)

Plenty of (days/ time) Three, four, etc.(three

days)

Most (days/ time) A few ( a few days)

All (days/time) Few ( few days)

Many (many days)

Several ( several days)

A number of ( a number of

days)

A couple of ( a couple of

days)

P.s

The differences between a little/

little and a few /few:

A little/ a few: emphasizes that

something still remains and exists

(give a positive idea). While little

/few: emphasizes the lack of

something (give a negative idea

that something is absent or not

enough).