umts_part_6

8/8/2019 umts_part_6

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Lehrstuhl fr Rechnernetze und InternetWilhelm-Schickard-Institut fr InformatikUniversitt Tbingen

UMTS Networks

Leo Petrak, Dr. Christian Hoeneund Prof. Georg Carle


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UMTS Networks and Internet Telephony Sommersemester 2006 2

Course Overview

Motivation

Standardization issues

UMTS architecture basics

UMTS radio link

Physical layer Signaling

UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain

Basic functionalities: Accessing the network

Transferring data Detaching from the network

Information storage

Mobility

QoS

Security

IMS Charging

UMTS Evolution:from R99 to Rel7

Beyond UMTS


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UMTS Evolution

UMTS Releases Overview

From GSM via GPRS to UMTS R99

Rel4 Features

Rel5 Features Rel6 Features

Outlook Rel7/8


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UMTS Evolution - Literature

TS 23.234 3GPP System to WLAN Interworking

TS 23.246 Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service (MBMS)

Supplementary Reading:Interworking Architecture between 3GPP and WLAN Systems K. Ahmavaara et al.,

IEEE Communication Magazine Nov. 2003


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(almost) each year, a new Release of the UMTS standard is published UTMS is evolving

first UMTS Release is "R99, finalized in 2000 (not 1999)

subsequently numbered Rel4, Rel5,...

Work on Rel7 has started

GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4

Rel5 Features

Rel6 Features

Outlook Rel7/8


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GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4 I

GSM CS domain

GSM RAN

initially < 10kb/s, evolved to today (EDGE) 384 kb/s

GPRS

adds PS Domain, in parallel to CS Domain

Initially higher transmission rates than GSM (max 115 kb/s)

can also be used with EDGE

Shared radio channel (DSCH)=> more efficient usage of radio resources,because bandwidth demands of e.g. web traffic are highly fluctuating(user needs time to read page) and bursty

allows a direct connection to e.g. the Internet

charging per data volume possible

in GSM always charging per time unit


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UMTS R99 GSM RAN replaced by UTRAN

W-CDMA

Higher bandwidth

Up to 2Mb/s Macrodiversity, soft(er) handover

Functionality differently distributed compared to GSM RAN

Support for QoS classes

UMTS Rel4

Separation of Transport and Control in CS domain

CS Domain may also be IP-based

GSM -> GPRS -> UMTS R99 -> UMTS Rel4 II


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UMTS Evolution



Rel5 Features

Rel6 Features Outlook Rel7/8


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Rel5 Features

IMS Layer 2 between RNC and GGSN not necessarily ATM-based

Flexible RANs

May attach GSM RAN and GERAN to PS domain(see next slide)

GERAN = GSM EDGE Radio Access Network

The proper term to refer to a system including GERAN and GSM RAN is 3GPPnetwork rather than UMTS network

UMTS network implies UTRAN

Iu Flex

Breaking hierarchical mapping of RNCs to SGSNs (MSCs)

HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access)

3.5G

UTRA enhancement to increase downlink packet rate

Up to 14 Mb/s Currently being deployed


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Rel5 Features Flexible RANs

InternetIntranet

GSMRadio

UTRAN

PSTN

/ISDN

Gb/Iu ps

ApplicationServer (AS)HLR

GSM / UMTS Core Network

CSCF

to UE viaconnectivity service

HSS

GERAN

CS-GWIP

CS domain

SGSNGi

GGSN

CSCF

MRF

CS-MGW MGW

GMSC-S.MSC-S. SGW

PS domain

IP orATM

Mg

Nc

McMc

Mw

Cx

Mm

Nb

Mr

Gn

to SGSN,MSC-S.,GMSC-S.

to CSCF (SIP), SGSN,MSC-S., GMSC-S.

Iu ps/Iu cs

Gb/A

A/

Iu cs

A/Iu cs

Gb/A/Iu cs/Iu ps

transport

control

IMS

Go

IP

COPS

SIP

SIP

SIP

SIP


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Rel5 Features Iu Flex I

Up to Rel5, RNC to SGSN relation hierarchical Each RNC is assigned to exactly one SGSN

Each SGSN serves one or more RNCs

GGSN

RNC

SGSN

SGSN

RNC

RNC

RNC


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Rel5 Features Iu Flex II

Iu Flex allows many-to-many relation ofRNCs and SGSNs (and MSCs)

RNCs and SGSNs grouped as belonging to Pool Areas

A Pool Area is served by one or more SGSNs

All the cells controlled by a RNC belong to the same one [or more] Pool Area[s].

UE may roam in Pool Area without need to change the serving SGSN.

GGSN

RNC

SGSN

SGSN

RNC

RNC

RNC

Pool Area 1

Pool Area 2

Overlap of

Pool Areas 1 and 2

SGSNSGSNsservingPool Area 1

SGSNservingPool Area 2


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Rel5 Features Iu Flex III

Iu Flex allows Load balancing between SGSNs in one Pool Area

Reducing SGSN relocation

Reduced signaling

Reduced access to HLR / HSS Overlap of Pool Areas allows mapping mobility patterns onto Pool Areas

E.g. Pool Areas may cover certain residential zones plus city center

City center

ResidentialZones


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Rel5 Features: HSDPA I

HSDPA Features Introduces new shared downlink transport channel:

HS-DSCH (High-Speed Downlink Channel)

Associated with up- and downlink feedback / control channels

Can be allocated to a single PDP (Packet Data Protocol) context or to multiplePDP contexts of several suscribers

Can accommodate peek-rates up to 14 Mb/s

Sustained rates of 1 5 Mb/s

Coexists with R99 UTRA in same frequency band

Existing Node Bs can be upgraded (theoretically) to support HSDPA


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Rel5 Features: HSDPA II

Technical Realisation 16QAM modulation

Codes 4 bits per phase/amplitude shift

Node B based scheduling Reduces delay

E.g. retransmissions handled more quickly

Node B based adaptation of data rate Depending on currently necessary and possible throughput adapt

code rate and modulation scheme Without HDSPA data rate fixed per session

optimize throughput Hybrid ARQ (Automatic Repeat-reQuest)

Upon detection of frame errors, receiver requests retransmission (normal ARQ)

Information encoded redundantly in each transmission. Retransmission doesntresend complete information, but only some more redundancy, complementingthe redundant data that has already been sent (Hybrid ARQ)

Turbo Codes for FEC Powerful error correcting / encoding scheme suited for low signal-noise ratios

Usage of MIMO Multiple antennas in UE and Node B / spacial multiplexing


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Rel5 Features: HSDPA III

Codes 4 bites by amplitude-phase shift using 16QAM


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UMTS Evolution



Rel5 Features

Rel6 Features Outlook Rel7/8


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Rel6 Features Overview

Flow-based Charging (see slide set on charging)Network Sharing

Allow cost efficient sharing of network resourcesScenario 1: Multiple core networks sharing common radio access network(already in R99)

Scenario 2: Geographically split networks sharingScenario 3: Common Network Sharing

Scenario 4: Common spectrum network sharing

Scenario 5: Multiple radio access networks sharing common core network

IMS Services

These are services (mostly) supporting actual user applicationsPartly standardized by OMA (Open Mobile Alliance)

E.g. Push-to-Talk

MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service)

WLAN interworking use WLAN as access network for IMS instead of PS Domain

and many more


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Rel6 Features IMS Services I

IMS Presence Service What is it?

User defined visibility to others E.g. reachable for everybody by any communication means when online. Except

when in a meeting. Then only reachable by email. Unless it is the boss, then alsoavailable by phone

User can find out presence of others Other services can use this service

Push services, push-to-talk,

Supported via Presence Agent

Provides information on user presence Obtained from UE or network

Presence Server A SIP Application Server

Stores all presence information

Watcher Application / Proxy

Request specific presence information from Presence Server Upon-request (pull)

By subscription (push) (e.g. alert when user becomes available)

Standardized Format for presence information, access rules


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Rel6 Features IMS Services II

Push Service Pushing of information from network to UE

E.g. notification that mail has arrived, charging information,

Problems Can only push when user is present Need to find current IP address of user network cannot activate PDP context

Support via

Application Server notifies Proxy AS a Push Message is available for a certain Push Subscriber Proxy AS finds out about subscriber presence and IP address from AR

Stores message until user is available

When user is available, Proxy AS contacts NA in GGSN GGSN performs network-requested PDP context activation Push Message is delivered

Related problem: alert user that MMS has arrived Send SMS

AR: Address Resolver

AS: Application Server

NA: Notification Agent

Operator

Specific

PDNFirewall

ExternalIP Network

AR

GGSN

NA

Packet

Domain

Network

UEGi AS

Operator

Specific

PDN

Proxy AS

FirewallExternal

IP Network

AR

GGSN

NA

Packet

Domain

Network

Gi AS

UMTS PLMN


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Rel6 Features IMS Services III

IMS Group Management Setting up and maintaining user groups

Uses Presence Service

Supporting service for other services

Multiparty conferencing Push-to-talk

Etc.

Standardization in progress


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Rel6 Features IMS Services IV

Push-to-talk over Cellular (PoC) What is it?

Multicast of speech to predetermined list of parties(CB Funk)

Pick participants from buddy list

They are alerted and accept by pressing a button Half duplex: only one person can speak at a time

Whoever pushes the button first

No dialing necessary, just push

Uses always-on functionality

volume-based charging advantageous Supported via

PoC Server (SIP Application Server)

Session handling, media distribution, accounting

PoC Client on UE

Presence Service, Group Management, Multiparty Conferencing Also possible using GSM conference call

More overhead (call establishment) and more expensive

Inefficient use of air interface


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Rel6 Features IMS Services V

IMS Messaging SIP-based messaging Instant messaging, Chat room, and deferred messaging (equivalent to MMS)

Interworks with Presence Service to determine whether addressee is available

Multiparty-multimedia conferencing service in IMS utilizing MRF (Media Ressource Function)

Supported by Group Management Service

Location-based services in IMS

UE indicates it wishes to use local service. S-CSCF routes request back to visited network Mechanism for UE to retrieve / receive information about locally available services


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Rel6 Features MBMS I

MBMS - Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service

Enables resource and cost efficient data transfer to many users in parallel

Applications

Multicast of e.g. sport events

Broadcast of emergency information Download of software (games)

Multiparty conferencing

Push-to-talk

streaming type reception:present data as it is received

download type reception:store data and replay later


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Rel6 Features MBMS II

MBMSAppli-cation

UE

MBMSBearerService

GGSN

Application

Server

e.g.BMSC

Gmb (AAA protocol)

Gi (IP multicast)

MBMS User Service

SGSN

RAN

MBMS data distribution tree

MBMS bearer service control

How does it work Application server submits multicast / broadcast data via Gi interface

May be BMCS (Broadcast Multicast Service Center), or e.g. MRF

Multicast effective especially on air interface

Control channel via Gmb interface

Authorisation, sending encryption keys,

Network resource configuration

In multicast mode, data is transmitted only to cells with UEs that joined the service


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Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking I

Use WLAN as access network

WLAN operated either by 3GPP operator or by 3rd party

6 scenarios are defined:

Scenario 1: Common billing and customer care

Receive only one bill

Scenario 2: Common access control (authentication and authorisation) using a (U)SIM

based solution and charging

Scenario 3: Access to all 3GPP packet-switched services

(e.g., IMS, Push etc.) and services like SMS or MMS

Scenario 4: Service continuity between different accesses like WLAN and UTRAN (i.e.

service must not be set-up again, if access technology is changed)

Scenario 5:

Seamless mobility between WLAN and 3GPP access networks Scenario 6: Seamless handover even for CS services

In Rel6, only scenarios 1-3 are supported


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Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking II

Architecture for supporting authentication, authorization and charging(scenarios 1 and 2)

AAA Server is an IETF-standardized entity doingauthentication, authorization, accounting

AAA Server receives data from HSS / HLR

WLAN UEs multi-homed with WLAN and 3GPP access capability

Contain USIM

USIM in WLAN UE allows using 3GPP subscription

3GPP Home Network

WLAN Access NetworkWLAN

UEWw 3GPP AAA

Server

HSS / HLR

ChargingWa

Intranet / Internet

USIM


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Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking III

Architecture for supporting access to 3GPP packet-switched services(Scenario 3)

Ww

3GPP Home Network

WLAN Access NetworkWLANUE

3GPP AAAServerPacket Data

Gateway

HSS / HLR

Intranet / Internet

3GPP Visited Network

3GPP AAA

ProxyCharging

WAGWn

Wa

Wd

Wp

Wm

Wi

Scenario3

Wg

Wu Charging


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Rel6 Features: WLAN interworking IV

UE is authenticated by Proxy AAA Server in visited network relayingdata to AAA Server in home network

PDG (Packet Data Gateway)

A tunnel is established between UE and PDG

PDG provides access to 3GPP services (e.g. IMS) PDG acts as Policy Enforcement Point for Service Bases Local Policy

(similar to GGSN)

WAG (WLAN Access Gateway)

Gateway to WLAN, i.e. all packets to/from WLAN routed via WAG

Enforces routing of packets to PDG


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UMTS Evolution



Rel5 Features

Rel6 Features

Outlook Rel7/8


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Outlook Rel7/8 UTRA/UTRAN Long Term Evolution (LTE)

LTE results in eUTRAN (evolved UTRAN) forpacket-optimizedradio-access technology

Goals

Decrease user-plane latency


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Outlook Rel7/8 System Architecture Evolution (SAE) I

Goals Support of multiple (incl non-3GPP) access networks

Incl. Inter-access mobility

Streamline architecture

Accommodate results of LTE work

Accommodate results of AIPN work

Focus on PS Domain Assume voice services are supported by PS Domain


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Outlook Rel7/8 System Architecture Evolution (SAE) II

Evolved Architecture MME (Mobility Management Entity)

Manages and stores UE information

Generates temporary identities and allocates them to UEs

Authentication and Authorization of UEs

UPE (User Plane Entity) terminates downlink path for idle state UEs triggers/initiates paging when downlink data arrive for the UE

manages and stores UE contexts

Inter AS Anchor: User plane anchor for mobility between different access systems.

Supports handover between different access systems.

Evolved Packet Core

Evolved RANS1 Gi

Op.IP

Serv.(IMS,

PSS,etc)

Rx+

S2

GERAN

UTRAN

GPRS Core

Gb

Iu

S3

MMEUPE

Inter ASAnchor

S4

non 3GPPIP Access

HSS

PCRF

S5

S2

S7

S6

WLAN3GPP IP Access

* Color coding: red indicates new functional element / interface


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Outlook Rel7/8 (All IP Network)

WiMAX integration Along the lines of WLAN integration

Integration of Personal Area Networks and Personal Networks Per location only one device has USIM (subscription)

Other devices route traffic through subscribed device

Subscribed device authenticates and authorizes on behalf of all others

DeviceDevice Device

AIPN

Mobile

Terminal

Use case 1: PN with the terminal away from the user

Access

System

Subscription

Access

System

PAN

Personal Network (PN)

O


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Outlook Rel7/8 - AIPN

3GPP SA1 feasibility study and service requirementson evolution towards All IP Networks (AIPN) TR22.978, TS22.258

Scenarios in TR22.978 Integration of heterogeneous access technologies and heterogeneous network types

Personal Network, Personal Area Network, Ad-hoc Network, Mobile Networks, Sensor Networks E.g. mobility management can be solved locally (not in AIPN)

Cellular access

system connection

Bob's

PAN

Bob's

PAN

Bob's

PAN

Bob moves

Change of point of

attachment

Change of point of

attachment

AIPN

Bobs

Home-WLAN

City

Hotspot

Service

TS22.978 Scenarios PAN, Moving Network

Ubiquitous Service

All-IP Network (AIPN)

Sensor

S


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Summary

UMTS R99 (compared to GPRS) GSM RAN replaced by UTRAN

Support for QoS classes

UMTS Rel4

No major changes to packet-based part

UMTS Rel5

IMS

HSDPA

Iu Flex

UMTS Rel6

WLAN interworking

Flow-based charging

IMS Services

UMTS Rel7 / 8

Re-thinking 3GPP architecture, protocols and radio technology

Moves towards All-IP networks

Integration of heterogeneous network types Integration of heterogeneous access technologies


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Course Overview

Motivation Standardization issues

UMTS architecture basics

UMTS radio link Physical layer

Signaling

UE, UTRAN, PS Domain, CS Domain

Basic functionalities: Accessing the network

Transferring data

Detaching from the network

Information storage

Mobility

QoS

Security

IMS Charging

UMTS Evolution:from R99 to Rel7

Beyond UMTS


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Where can we go from today?

What new services?What new technology?

What is 4G?

Outline


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Outline

What is 4G? Evolution from 1G to 4G

Services

Technology

Current 4G Activities

WWI Activities

Ambient Networks

Evolution from 1G to 4G:


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Evolution from 1G to 4G:Generations of mobile communication systems

1stGeneration(1G)

2nd

Generation(2G)

3rd

Generation(3G)

Beyond3G/4G

Timeframe 50s-mid90s 90s2020? 2001-...? in10to15years?Technology NMT,AMPS,... GSM(worldwide),

IS-95(Americas,Asia),

PDC(Japan),...

IMT2000,e.g.UMTS,CDMA2000

?

Standards proprietary,domestic

Anumberofinternationalstandards

Few,openstandards

Oneumbrellastandardintegratingheterogeneoustechnologies?

Bandwidth Initially


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What is 4G?

3.5G ?

HSDPA (HSUPA) / more bandwidth

There is not yet a universally agreed-upon definition of 4G

for some bandwidth > 2Mb/s is 4G (outdated)

for some seamless integration of 3G and

WLAN / WiMAX / (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) access is 4G Already being specified into UMTS standard

Korea: WiBro

WiMAX plus simple architecture with mobility support

Currently in pilot phase

for some, only a qualitative step forwardin technology and services becomes 4G

See next slides

When will 4G be available?

(depending on definition)may be 2010 or earlier...or later

What is 4G? - Services I


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What is 4G? - Services I

Often cited service features of 4G include

"translate desktop experience to mobile world

Particularly regarding bandwidth

always best connected

Universal coverage

Connectivity provided by best available radio technology

Self-configured networking of all user-ownedelectronic devices

Among themselves

With the rest of the world

What is 4G? Services II


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What is 4G? Services II

Often cited service features of 4G include

"Ambient Intelligence"

multitude of embedded, networked devices in the environment ("ubiquitouscomputing")

they interact with the person and personalize the surroundings learning and adaptive environment

location-aware, context-aware, person-aware

raises interesting security issues

what information is spread and stored where

user needs to stay in control ("off-button" must exist) e.g. "milk-ordering fridge", "perfect toast", "always the same favorite meal"...

empowerment of user to act as service provider

movement away from provider-centric paradigm towards a decentralized peer-to-peer paradigm

What is 4G? Technology I


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What is 4G? Technology I

Often cited technology features of 4G include

=> Smooth evolution path from 3G / integration of 3G

In order to protect existing investment

In order to allow localized deployment

"translate desktop experience to mobile world

Particularly regarding bandwidth

=> Lower cost/bit (than 3G)

=> Bandwidth on air interface >> 2Mb/s

New radio technologies

What spectrum?

What is 4G? Technology II


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at s G ec o ogy

Often cited technology features of 4G include always best connected

Universal coverage

Connectivity provided by best available radio technology

=> All-IP

Integration of network controlled technologies such as UMTS possible as lower-layer?

By gatewaying?

=> Transparent integration of heterogeneous access technologies

Any fixed access and RAN technology (UTRAN von UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth,...)

integrated by means of IP-layer

IP-based core network

=> Seamless mobility across heterogeneous access technologies

=> Reconfigurable multi-mode multiband terminals

terminals can be adapted to local RAN technology by downloading appropriate software

(SDR - Software Defined Radio)

=> Policy-based decision making

What is 4G? Technology III


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gy

Often cited technology features of 4G include Self-configured networking of all user-owned

electronic devices

Among themselves

With the rest of the world=> As on previous slide plus

=> Support for dynamic interworking of networks such as

moving networks

a network moves as a whole, thereby changing its point of attachment

e.g. passengers using train networks as access network

Ad-hoc networks

wireless devices communicating without infrastructure

all nodes can act as routers

autoconfiguration

Devices must recognize when to form an Ad-hoc network e.g.PANs, BANs, HANs, VANs, WSNs etc.

What is 4G? Technology IV


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gy

Often cited technology features of 4G include "Ambient Intelligence"

multitude of embedded, networked devices in the environment ("ubiquitouscomputing")

they interact with the person and personalize the surroundings

learning and adaptive environment

location-aware, context-aware, person-aware

raises interesting security issues

what information is spread and stored where

user needs to stay in control ("off-button" must exist)

e.g. "milk-ordering fridge", "perfect toast", "always the same favorite meal"...

=> Intelligent Agent technology

Software agents acting on behalf of the user

=> speech / gesture recognition?

=> Artificial Intelligence?

What is 4G? Technology V


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Often cited technology features of 4G include

empowerment (Ermchtigung!) of user to act as service provider

movement away from provider-centric paradigm towards a decentralized peer-to-peer paradigm

=> Distributed, flexible management and control

Fixed, hierarchical management structures unfeasible for dynamic, ubiquitous

networks

Outline


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Background Evolution from 1G to 3G

Comparison UMTS and mobile Internet

What is 4G?

Technology Services

Current 4G Activities

WWI Activities

Ambient Networks

Current 4G Activities - Overview


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"Ambient Intelligence" scenarios defined byEU ISTAG (IST Advisory Group)

http://www.cordis.lu/ist/istag.htm

Vision of the future wireless world ("Book of Visions") by WWRF (Wireless

World Research Forum) www.wireless-world-research.org/

founded in 2001

over 150 members from industry and academia

EU 6th Framework IST Programme funds large-scale 4G research project Previously funded 3G projects, preceeding standardization

WWRF initiated a group of research projects funded in this programme

under the umbrella of WWI (Wireless World Initiative)

Several industry-funded 4G research institutes many more activities...

Current 4G Activities WWI


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EU 6th Framework Projects, currently running under WWI framework WINNER

New radio interface technologies

Radio topologies for facilitating ubiquitous coverage

Cooperation of heterogeneous radio technologies

Efficient spectrum use and spectrum sharing

E2R (End-to-end Reconfigurability) Reconfiguration of network nodes by downloading code and executing it

E.g. for adaptation to local radio technology

Other uses

Ambient Networks Network issues

MobiLife Service issues

Automatic (self)configuration of communication means, view and use of shared items

Service lifecycle (creation, packaging, configuration, provisiojn..)

Most major european players (manufacturers / operators / research institutes /

universities) are involved Facilitating later standardization

Each project employing 100 or more person-years / year

Duration 2 6 years

Ambient Networks - Overview


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Ambient Network researches

dynamic interworking of networks Interworking on both user plane and control plane

Need network configuration mechanism that is flexible and autonomous

Need uniform dynamic method for creating, extending and merging networks: Networks

Composition

The difference between end-system and network disappears

Users own networks that they attach to other networks

NNI = UNI:an Ambient Network always shows the same interface, independent of its internalstructure (single terminal or composed network)

When Ambient Networks compose, the result is again an Ambient Network (!)

Ambient Networks - Composition Scenarios


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Creation of PAN 1

BlueTooth

WLAN WLAN Access

Network in a Caf

Cellular OperatorNetwork A

Cellular OperatorNetwork B

Automatic establishment of Roaming Agreements

Attach

ingtheAc

cessNetwo

rk

tothe

CellularNetwork

PAN2

WLAN

UM

TS

Ambient Networks: Types of Composition


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Network Integration

Involved networks merge into one common network

E.g. creation of a PAN

Control Delegation or Control Sharing

One Ambient Network delegates certain control functions to the other Ambient

Network

E.g. 3GPP-WLAN interworking:

WLAN delegates authentication, authorization and charging

to 3GPP network E.g. PANs on a train:

PANs delegate mobility management to train network la nemo

Network Interworking

Cooperation according to the Composition Agreement but no control delegation

E.g. dynamic roaming agreements Increasingcoope

ration

Ambient Networks: Comparison to 3GPP AIPN


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Both AIPN and Ambient Networks aim to integrate heterogenous accessnetworks and hetergeneous network types

Both AIPN and Ambient Networks support control delegation

Network integration not a 3GPP problem

Network interworking already possible

Roaming agreements, SLAs

Difference AIPN and Ambient Networks

Ambient aims to achieve all this by a uniform plug&play procedure (akacomposition)

Network Composition is a new study item for 3GPP

Ambient Networks Control Plane


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Network Composition is facilitated by a modular Control plane

Each network supports different control functionality When composing, cannot assume a particular functionality is present

When composing, an Ambient Network must be ready to take on control functionality onbehalf of another Ambient Network

E.g. mobility control as in a moving network

E.g. authentication/authorization as in WLAN/3GPP interworking

A modular control plane is not monolithic as in UMTS

is not a set of (more or less) unrelated ingredients as in IP networks

is a set of interworking Functional Areas (FAs) Can be implemented in a distributed fashion

QoSFA

AmbientNetworkInterface

MobilityFA

CongestionControlFA

(.) ()

SecurityFA

AmbientConnectivity

AmbientConnectivity

CompositionFA

AmbientNetworkInterface

GANS

Ambient Networks abstract addressing


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When two Ambient Networks compose, their Functional Areas need to communicate

E.g. QoS FAs need to establish Service Level Agreement (SLA)

The FA/ node initiating the signaling usually doesnt know the IP address of the responsibleFA/node in the other Ambient Network

Need ability to abstractly address FAs, e.g. QoS FA @ Ambient Network X

Address a specific service rather than a particular node

This goes beyond HIP addressing

ANI

Ambient

NetworkInterface

Composition FA

Connectivity

FAAuthenticationAuthorisation

Other FAs

ANI

Composition FA

Connectivity

FAAuthenticationAuthorisation

Other FAs

FA - Functional Area

Ambient Networks abstract addressing Comparison with HIP


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HIP (Host Identity Protocol) studied in HIP Working Group of IETF

Basic idea: separate locator and identifier IP address continues to serve as locator

Introduce Host Identifier based on public keys A single host can have multiple identifiers

Applications use Host Identfiers to name peer hosts instead of IP addresses

Host Identifiers are resolved into Locators by infrastructure elements DNS

Define new record to resolve Host Identifier into IP address of HIP Rendezvous Server

HIP Rendezvous Server Hosts register their current IP address there

Other hosts can send initial HIP packets there for having them redirected

Allows hosts to authenticate current IP addresses Using HIP base exchange

Legacy applications can also work with HIP Can represent Host Identifiers in concise form as HIT (Host Identity Tag)

which have the structure of IPv4 / IPv6 addresses

Problems solved with HIP

Dynamic relocation of hosts, dynamic allocation of IP addresses Alternative to Mobile IP!

Anonymity

Authentication for systems and packets

Ambient Networks Approach


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Ambient Networks approach (quite generic for such projects) User scenarios

Technical scenarios

Requirements

Modeling and design (UML)

Use cases

Object Diagrams, Interaction Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams

Specification and Proof-of-Concept Implementation

Evaluation

Match against requirements Scalability

Deployability

Summary


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The definition of what is 4G is not stable yet A number of 4G features are being discussed

Higher bandwidth on radio interface

All IP

Ubiquity

Seamless mobility across of heterogeneous access technologies

Reconfigurability / Autoconfiguration

Flexible networking

Ambient Intelligence

Worldwide research on 4G is in full swing

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Documents