ulfur dioxide (SO2) is normally available in cylindersand drum tanks. Linde is also able to offer ISO tank containerdelivery in some markets.Sulfur dioxide has a number of applications in foodand beverage preservation. Linde is able to offer food grade product to meet these needs.

Packaged sulphur dioxide is used by a range of industries and applications, including: Food & Beverages:Water treatment, disinfecting andfumigation; bleaching agent for oils and foods and preservative for beer& wine, canned& bottled foodsand dried fruits (E220)

Glass polishing andacidfying agent in float glass production

Steel & Metals:For extraction of some metals from their respective ores.

http://www.linde-gas.com/en/products_and_supply/packaged_chemicals/product_range/sulphur_dioxide.html

http://scorecard.goodguide.com/chemical-profiles/uses.tcl?edf_substance_id=7446-09-5

Sulfur dioxideThe strong reducing properties of sulfur dioxide make it a valuable chemical in chemical processes and for producing bleaching chemicals, e.g. chlorine dioxide and sodium dithionite. It is also used for elimination of residual peroxide or chlorine dioxide in the final stage in the bleaching process.In the food industry, sulfur dioxide is used as a bleaching agent and as a preservative.http://www.kemira.com/en/industries-applications/pages/sulfur-dioxide.aspx

Production of Specialty Chemicals from a Coal Gasification Acid Gas Waste Streamhttp://www.che.cemr.wvu.edu/publications/projects/large_proj/acidgas.pdf

Consider low-strength acid gas processing retrofit options for sulfur recoveryhttp://gasprocessingnews.com/features/201504/consider-low-strength-acid-gas-processing-retrofit-options-for-sulfur-recovery.aspx

Flue Gas Desulfurization (Acid Gas Removal) Systemshttp://yosemite.epa.gov/oaqps/eogtrain.nsf/b81bacb527b016d785256e4a004c0393/d4ec501f07c0e03a85256b6c006caf64/$FILE/si412c_lesson9.pdf

Fiscal 2011 Study on Clean Coal Technology Project March 2012 The Institute of Energy Economics, Japanhttp://www.meti.go.jp/meti_lib/report/2012fy/E003752.pdf

b) Low Rank Coal Market Potential for utilization of low rank coal is found in the sectors of power, metallurgy, cement, fertilizer and fiber in the secondary industry that are subject to the domestic supply quota system which was started by the Indonesian government in 2010. Moreover, with the international coal price continuing at a high level and Indonesias GDP staying around 6%, it is certain that the countrys domestic demand for low rank coal will continue to increase.a) Policy Aspect The plan "as the Indonesian government, to incorporate the technology established into the policy" has been clarified. Moreover, the Indonesian government announced MP3 EI (Master Plan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia (Indonesian economic development expansion/promotion master plan)) in May 2011, and the construction plan of the coal related infrastructure in both Sumatra and Kalimantan islands was specified in it.

Mitsubishi to Start Construction of Sumatra Coal Gasification (operation strat 2015)http://www.americanfuelscoalition.com/2012/01/04/sumatra/

http://www.jcoal.or.jp/coaldb/shiryo/material/2012day2_session4_1.pdf

The Gasification IndustryThere are more than 272 operating gasification plants worldwide with 686 gasifiers.There are currently 74 plants under construction worldwide that will have a total of 238 gasifiers and produce 83 MWth. Thirty three gasification plants are located in the United States(See Existing Gasification Plants in the U.S). Currently, China has the largest number of gasification plants.

Gasification by LocationThe regional distribution of gasification has changed significantly in the last four years. Gasification plants had been fairly evenly distributed between Asia /Australia, Africa/Middle East and North America. The gasification capacity (both operational and under construction) in the Asia/Australia region now exceeds the rest of the world put together.(See State of the Gasification Industry-The Updated Gasification Database Paper)The prime movers behind this current and expected growth are the chemical, fertilizer, and coal-to-liquids industries in Asia (primarily China, India, South Korea, Malaysia, and Japan.) This is followed by South Africa and Qatar.(See Map Showing Location of Operating Gasification Plants)Gasification by ApplicationGasification for chemicals has been, and will remain, the most important gasification application for the foreseeable future. A recent study conducted by Higman and Tam determined that about 25% of the worlds ammonia and over 30% of the worlds methanol are now being produced via gasification (as compared to 10 % in each case ten years ago). Gasification for liquid and gaseous fuels is becoming increasingly important. While the demand for transportation fuels (particularly gasoline) has declined in the United States, the demand has been increasingly sharply in other parts of the world, primarily Asia.Gasification for substitute natural gas has also shifted to Asia. The abundant supply of cheaper natural gas in the United States has been a game changer; with little interest in any type of coal project (gasification or otherwise) or the production of substitute natural gas. In contrast, the natural gas (in the form of Liquefied Natural Gas or LNG) is extremely expensive in Asia and Africa. The high cost of importing LNG and the concerns about energy security haves prompted a number of new plants under construction in Asia.

Gasification by FeedstockCoal is now the dominant feedstock and will continue to be so for the foreseeable future. There are still gasification plants using oil as a feedstock, but that number has dropped considerably as the price of crude oil has increased. The figure for gas feedstock plants consists largely two gas to liquids or GTL plants-Bintulu and Pearl. While biomass and waste feed is currently very small, this feedstock category is expected to grow in the future.

Gasification Market TrendsGasification projects are becoming both larger and smaller. The large industrial coal and petroleum coke gasification projects (for chemicals, hydrogen, power) are getting bigger. Generally, these projects are in Asia and the Middle East. While the size the gasifier is generally not increasing in size, the number of gasifiers used in a project is increasing. These larger gasification projects necessitate the scale-up of the equipment necessary to help run the gasifiers, such as the air separation units.(See Top 20 Commercial Gasification Projects by Size)At the same time, demand for smaller, modular gasifiers for biomass and waste gasification is increasing. Generally, gasification of biomass and municipal solid waste does not require the larger gasifiers that are used in industrial applications. Many interested in biomass and MSW gasification want a gasifier that is just big enough to handle the MSW of a particular city. Modular gasifiers and under development that would enable the unit to be moved where the demand exists, such as in rural areas of developing countries or temporary military bases.The Future of GasificationWorldwide gasification capacity is expected to grow significantly by 2018,with the primary growth occurring in Asia (primarily China, India, South Korea, and Mongolia).

http://www.gasification.org/what-is-gasification/the-gasification-industry/

Map of FacilitiesGasification is a commercial manufacturing technology that has been used around the world to produce chemicals, fertilizers, transportation fuels,substitute natural gas, and electricity. See where gasification is usedaround the globe by clicking the map below.

http://www.gasification.org/what-is-gasification/map-of-facilities/

http://www.dfsgusa.org/media-center/articles-reports/feature-stories/articles/2013/01/29/celanese-pertamina-might-kick-off-coal-gasification-projectJAKARTA (Indonesia Today) Celanese Corporation PT Pertamina Joint Venture will develop a US$2.5 billion ethanol coal gasification plant in Kalimantan or Sumatera.Minister of Industry MS Hidayat told reporters that construction of the plant might kick off this year and start commercial operation by 2016. The plant will absorb 1.1 million tons of coal per annum and it is still under discussion about the plant location, depending on the coal reserves.

http://www.gasification.org/what-is-gasification/world-database/pertamina-celanese-ethanol-project/

http://www.pusri.co.id/ina/berita-amp-kegiatan-berita-terkini/penandatanganan-nota-kesepahaman-pusri-jpmc/Kesepakatan antar pihak meliputi pendirian pabrik sebagai berikut:

1. Pabrik Asam Fosfat (Phosphoric Acid) kapasitas 200.000 metrik ton/tahun2. Pabrik Asam Sulfat (Sulphuric Acid) kapasitas 800.000 metrik ton/tahun3. Pabrik NPK kapasitas 1.000.000 metrik ton/tahun

Direncanakan pembangunan pabrik pada tahun 2012-2014, berlokasi di Bontang Kalimantan Timur serta di Tanjung Api-Api Sumatera Selatan padda tahun 2013-2015.

http://www.jacobs.com/uploadedFiles/wwwjacobscom/20_Learn_About_Us/25_Products/253_Comprimo_Sulfur_Solutions/2534_News/Article%20Low%20Cost%20and%20Reliable%20Sulphur%20Recovery.pdf