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Video Lesson Handout

Describing Trends

What is a trend?

(noun) a trend is a general development or change in asituation or in the way people are behaving.

Example:

Surveys show a trend away from homeownership and towardsrented accommodation.

There!s been a downward"upward trend in sales in the last few

years.

Some graphs showing various trends

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Verbs to e#press $up% and $down%

&ouns to e#press $up%

&ouns to e#press $down%

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'dverbs and adectives to e#press $small% or $slow%changes

'dverbs and adectives to e#press $large% or $fast% changes

'dectives and adverbs for other changes

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There was a adective noun*

Examples

There was a dramaticincreasein the number of tourists to LeedsCastle.

There was a slightfallin the population from 1975 to 1980.

There was a minimal+uctuationin sales gures over the wholeperiod.

There was a marginaldeclinein eagle numbers over the 1980s.

There was a suddenumpin onsumption of brea!fast ereals

ompared to bread produts.

There was a graduallevellingo,in student numbers b" the middle

of the seond term.

* saw " e#perienced " enoyed " su,ered a adectivenoun*

Examples

The number of tourists to Leeds Castle saw a dramaticincreasein

1999.

The population e#periened a slightfallfrom 1975 to 1980.

$ales gures saw a minimal+uctuationover the whole period.

%agle numbers su&ered a dramaticdeclineduring the 1980s.

Consumption of brea!fast ereals en'o"ed a suddenumpompared

to bread produts.

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... verb adverb*

Examples

The number of tourists to Leeds Castle increaseddramatically in1999.

The population fellslightlyfrom 1975 to 1980.

$ales gures+uctuatedminimallyover the whole period.

(ver the 1980s eagle numbers declinedmarginally.

Compared to bread produts) onsumption of brea!fast ereals

umpedsuddenly.

*" the middle of the seond term)student numberslevelled o,gradually.

* adverb verb*

Examples

The number of tourists to Leeds Castle generally increasedover the

whole period.

The population -nallylevelled o,in 1985.

$ales guresoccasionally+uctuated.

nitially) enrolment numbers increasedrapidly) then slowedafter

the rst three months.

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/ther trends

+opulation gures remained constantover muh of the period.

The number of students enrolled at the ollege stayed roughly thesamefrom the rst "ear reorded to the ne#t.

$ales of *ritish ars e#ceededthat of %uropean ars in the ,- in001.

Consumption of beef rose abovethat of hi!en for the rst time in

1977.

/n 001) tra aidents fell belowprevious numbers.

fter reaching a pea0of 200m in 000) sales delined rapidl" and hit

a troughin 005.

/llitera" rates stopped risingand have remained onstant until this

"ear.

$to! mar!ets e#periened the biggest nosedivesine 199.

$ales of C3s too0 a diveafter the introdution of legal downloads

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1ractice 2#ercises

%#erise 1 4 %rror orretion

Each of the following sentences contains mistakes. Rewrite the sentencescorrecting the mistakes. When you have nished, check your answers with

the key at the end of the practice section.

1. Sales of chicken urgers dramatic increase over the period.

!. "here was a signicantly increase in the population.

#. $onsumption of diesel consideraly rose until the end of the period.

%. &igures plummeted slightly in 1'''.

(. "he numer of licensed taxis rocketed dramatically from theeginning.

). "here was signicant increase in the population of *rantishopston.

+. Sales of -pods rose signicant immediately after their release.

. /-oxes experienced a rapid grow from the eginning of 0ovemer.

'. &igures saw a remain constant over the whole period.

1. Enrolment gures for West 2ondon $ollege hit a peak in !(.

11. "here was a slow 3uctuation in the numer of urglaries in the south-east.

1!. "here was a slightly 3uctuation in the numer of urglaries.

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1#. Rainfall sees wildly 3uctuation each year in 4undaland.

1%. Employment gures dived immediately after the war.

1(. "eddy ear sales remained signicantly constant over the wholeperiod.


1ractice 2#ercises

%rror orretion nswers

1. Sales of chicken urgers dramatic increaseover the period.Sales of chicken urgers increased dramatically over the period.

2. "here was a signicantly increasein the population."here was a signicant increase in the population.

3. $onsumption of diesel consideraly roseuntil the end of the period.$onsumption of diesel rose consideraly until the end of the period.

4. &iguresplummeted slightlyin 1'''.&igures plummeted in 1'''.

5. "he numer of licensed taxis rocketed dramaticallyfrom theeginning.

"he numer of licensed taxis rocketed from the eginning.

6. "here was signicant increasein the population of *rantishopston."here was a signicant increase in the population of *rantishopston.

7. Sales of -pods rose signicantimmediately after their release.Sales of -pods rose signicantly immediately after their release.

8. /-oxes experienced a rapid growfrom the eginning of 0ovemer.

/-oxes experienced a rapid growth from the eginning of 0ovemer.9. &igures saw a remain constantover the whole period.&igures remained constant over the whole period.

10. Enrolment gures for West 2ondon $ollege hit a peakin !(.Enrolment gures for West 2ondon $ollege reached a peak in !(.

11. "here was a slow 3uctuationin the numer of urglaries in the south-east.

"here was a slight 3uctuation in the numer of urglaries in the south-

east.12. "here was a slightly 3uctuationin the numer of urglaries."here was a slight 3uctuation in the numer of urglaries.

13. Rainfall sees wildly 3uctuationeach year in 4undaland.

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Rainfall 3uctuates wildly each year in 4undaland.

14. Employment gures divedimmediately after the war.Employment gures took a nosedive immediately after the war.

15. "eddy ear sales remained signicantly constantover the wholeperiod.

"eddy ear sales remained constant over the whole period.


2LTS '3'D243 56T&7 4/D8L2

6riting Tas! 1

ou should spend about 0 minutes on this tas!.

The chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The

graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods.

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below

ou should write at least 150 words.

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Sample Answer

The diagrams give information on e#penditure and consumption of

fast foods in the 89.

The chart shows that high income earners consumed by far the

most fast foods: spending at least ;< pence more on hamburgersthan on the other foods. 'verage income earners also favoured

hamburgers (== pence per wee0): followed by -sh and chips at

pence: then ;; pence on pi??a. Low income earners spent the least

money: however -sh and chips were their most popular fast food:

followed by hamburgers and then pi??a.

@rom the graph: we can see that in ;ABC: pi??a was by far the most

popular fast food.The consumption of hamburgers and -sh and

chips rose steadily over the

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2LTS '3'D243 56T&7 4/D8L2

6riting Tas! 1


The bar chart below shows the reasons why adults choose to take up education courses. The

pie chart shows how adults believe the costs of their course should be shared.



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Sample Answer

The following charts show the results of a survey as0ing why adults

study: and how they thought their education should be paid for.

The top three reasons given ($for current ob%: $interest in subect%:

and $to gain Fuali-cations%) saw no signi-cant di,erence in

proportion: and were >>G: >CG and =G respectively. 2noyment

of learning was signi-cantly lower than these motivations: and had

a

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for adults who wanted to change careers (;CG). /nly slightly less: the employer was e#pected topay =EG of the course fees. @inally: and mar0edly lower than the

other two: respondents thought that the government should bear

e#actly a Fuarter of the costs.


2LTS '3'D243 56T&7 4/D8L2

6riting Tas! 1


The table below describes visitor numbers for various museums and galleries in the UK overthree decades: 1!1" 11 and #$$1.



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Sample Answer

The table illustrates visitor -gures for various 89 cultural

attractions in ;A;: ;AA; and

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decline in

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Sample Answer

The bar charts give information about the daily mil0 consumption

(in pints) of children in ritain in ;AAB.

The two largest proportions for male children were for a Fuarter of

a pint and half a pint (==G and

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most signi-cant proportions. 3onsiderably more boys than girls

consumed between three Fuarters and ; pint. G of boys

consumed more than one pint per day (eFual to the proportion

consuming no mil0). This: as can be seen earlier in the paragraph:

is in star0 contrast with the fraction of the girls who said they

dran0 more than one pint every day. @inally a very insigni-cant

proportion of girls (=G) dran0 no mil0 at all.

5hen we combine the proportions: we can see that the maority of

the children dran0 between a Fuarter and a half pint daily (both at

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Sample Answer

The graphs show the total number of cars licensed: and the

percentage of households with access to cars in ritain: over two

and a half decades from ;AC.

The number of licensed cars rose steadily from ;E.E million in ;A;G of households did not have access to a car: falling to

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Sample Answer

The bar chart compares percentage failure rates of students in end

of year e#aminations at an 'merican college in ;AAA and

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grade pupils failing: decreasing to a mere

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2ssay length J target is ;EC words. 4ore words are better

than fewer: but please remember you have a time limit of

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mproved 2ssay

"he line graph descries trends in irth and death rates in

reland from 1'1 and predicts these changes up to the year

!11.

4etween 1'1 and the present, the irth rate has een

consistently higher than the death rate. "here were !,

irths at the eginning of the period, rising to a peak of )),

in 1')1. "his numer 3uctuated wildly until the end of the

1's. "he graph then forecasts a slight decline in numer of

irths until the end of the period pro5ected.

$omparing the death rate, we can see a more steady increase

from 5ust elow 1, in 1'1 to nearly #, at the present

time. "he numer of deaths is expected to increase

dramatically until around !)1 6overtaking that of irths in

!%17 efore levelling o8 at roughly ),. "he gap

experienced at the eginning of the period is expected to

reverse y !11.

Total number o words !"# $ %E&TS s'ore ( )

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mproved 2ssay

"he ar charts illustrate what internal and external factors

determine how pleasant respondents found their workplaces.

nformation is displayed for those over and those under #(

years of age.

2ooking more closely at internal factors, over (9 of

respondents in each age group agreed that team spirit, a

competent oss and 5o satisfaction all made an important

contriution to pleasant working conditions. :owever, the

younger age group rated team spirit as more signicant than a

competent oss whilst the over-#(s would rather have a

capale oss. Respect from colleagues was more important to

the over-#(s ut was the internal factor considered least

important y oth age groups.

"he two groups agreed less when it came to the external

factors. "he under-#(s are seeking prospects for promotion and

personal development, although over )9 of this age group

also rate 5o security and salary as important. &or the over-#(s,

5o security and remuneration are highly desirale, with less

than (9 considering development or promotion opportunities

a signicant factor.

Total number o words !** $ %E&TS s'ore ( )

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