ujamaa villages in tz a bibliography
TRANSCRIPT
amaa Villages in Tanzania: iography
by ,>
Dean E, McHenry, Jr.
Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala 1981
UJAMAA VILLAGES IN TANZANIA:
A BIBLIOGRAPHY
by Dean E. McHenry, J r . Brown U n i v e r s i t y
S c a n d i n a v i a n Institute o f A f r i c a n Studies, Uppsa la 1 9 8 1
The mos t a m b i t i o u s e f f o r t o f any A f r i c a n c o u n t r y t o i n i t i a t e t h e e s t a b l i s h r f i e n t o f a s o c i a l i s t s o c i e t y i s T a n z a n i a ' s a t t e m p t t o c r e a t e ujamaa v i l l a g e s . T h i s i s a b i b l i o g r a p h y o f books, a r t i c l e s and p a p e r s on t h e s u b j e c t p u b l i s h e d up t o 1980. Most o f t h e m a t e r i a l s a r e i n E n g l i s h , s e v e r a l a r e i n S w a h i l i , some i n French , a few i n German and s t i l l fewer i n o t h e r l a n g u a g e s . The works a r e o r g a n i z e d by t h e i r dominant theme i n t o s e c t i o n s w i t h i n f o u r b a s i c s u b j e c t c a t e g o r i e s : t h e e v o l u t i o n , f o r m a t i o n , c h a r a c t e r and e v a l u a t i o n o f ujamaa v i l l a g e s o r e f f o r t s t o b u i l d ujamaa v i l l a g e s . An a u t h o r and a s u b j e c t i n d e x a r e i n c l u d e d ' to f a c i l i t a t e f u r t h e r t h e l o c a t i o n o f r e l e v a n t s t u d i e s .
ABBREVIATIONS
BRALUP CCM EALB EAPH ERB FAO TANU TPH
Bureau o f Resource Assessment and Land Use P l a n n i n g Chama c h a Mapinduzi ( R e v o l u t i o n a r y P a r t y ) E a s t A f r i c a n L i t e r a t u r e Bureau E a s t A f r i c a n P u b l i s h i n g House Economic Research Bureau Food and A g r i c u l t u r e O r g a n i z a t i o n Tanganyika A f r i c a n N a t i o n a l Union T a n z a n i a P u b l i s h i n g House
ISBN 91-7106-187-8 P r i n t e d i n Sweden by O f f s ~ t c e n t e r a b , Uppsala 1981
This b ib l iog raphy would n o t have been i n i t i a t e d o r completed wi thou t t h e a s s i s t a n c e of Yvet te Scheven, t h e Af r i cana L i b r a r i a n a t t h e Uni- v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s . Her r epea t ed adv ice , counse l and e d i t o r i a l work were i n v a l u a b l e . The s t a f f s of t h e l i b r a r i e s of t h e Un ive r s i t y of I l l i n o i s , Brown Un ive r s i t y , Northwestern Un ive r s i t y , Boston Univer- s i t y , t h e L ib ra ry of Congress and, i n t h e p a s t , t h e Un ive r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam have provided cons ide rab le a s s i s t a n c e . And, many Tan- zanian and non-Tanzanian s c h o l a r s who have s t u d i e d ujamaa v i l l a g e s have d i r e c t l y gnd i n d i r e c t l y a s s i s t e d i n i t s compi l a t i on . The h e l p of a l l t h e s e co l l eagues h a s made t h i s b ib l iog raphy p o s s i b l e .
D. ElcH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. Subject 1. Ujamaa villages 2. Their significance 3. Their literature
B. Bibliography 1. Character of existing bibliographies 2. Character of this bibliography
11. REFERENCES
A. Evolution of the Ujamaa Village Strategy for Rural Development
1. Experiences and conditions in rural Tanzania 2. Ideas defining the ujamaa village undertaking
B. Formation of Ujamaa Villages 1. Establishment of villages 2. Initiation of communal activities
C. Character of Ujamaa Villages 1. Case studies 2. Role of the government/party 3. Agricultural activities 4. Non-agricultural activities 5. Villagers and village leaders
D. Evaluation of the Ujamaa Village Approach to Rural Development 1. Review of the effort 2. Assessment of success
E. General Sources: Journals, Newspapers 8 Bibliographies 1. Journals 2. Newspapers 3. Bibliographies
111. INDEXES
A. Subject Index
B. Author Index
1 , INTRODUCTION
A. The Sub jec t
Tanzania ' s e f f o r t t o b u i l d ujamaa v i l l a g e s has a t t r a c t e d t h e a t t e n t i o n of l e a d e r s and scho la r s from throughout t h e world. I t has been the keystone of t h e coun t ry ' s s t r u g g l e f o r both r u r a l development and s o c i a l i s t t r ans fo rma t ion . As a r e s u l t , it has been t h e focus of many empi r i ca l s t u d i e s and much t h e o r e t i c a l debate . Never the less , t h e con- t r i b u t i o n of t h e s e works t o t h e b u i l d i n ' j of both s p e c i f i c and gene ra l knowledge o f t e n has been l i m i t e d by a l ack of awareness of t h e r e- sea rch of o the r s . This b ib l iography seeks t o provide a r e l a t i v e l y comprehensive guide t o t h e l i t e r a t u r e on ujamaa v i l l a g e s .
1. Ujamaa v i l l a g e s
The expres s ion "ujamaa v i l l a g e " has assumed a wide v a r i e t y of meanings s i n c e it was f i r s t used by P r e s i d e n t J u l i u s Nyerere i n 1967 t o r e f e r t o s e t t l e m e n t s where people would " l i v e and work toge the r f o r t h e good of a l l . " I n i t i a l l y , it was app l i ed t o v i r t u a l l y every newly- formed v i l l a g e , r e g a r d l e s s of i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . I n some a r e a s o f f i - c i a l s ca t egor i zed t h e s e ujamaa v i l l a g e s according t o t h e degree of progress they saw toward what they conceived t o be t h e i d e a l form. Because pe rcep t ions v a r i e d among o f f i c i a l s , a " s t a g e one" v i l l a g e i n one p a r t of t h e country d i f f e r e d from a " s t age one" v i l l a g e i n another p a r t of t h e country. Never the less , almost a l l t h e new v i l l a g e s were cons idered ujamaa v i l l a g e s . By t h e e a r l y 1970s, though, o f f i c i a l s be- gan t o abandon t h i s p r a c t i c e . Some v i l l a g e s were so d i f f e r e n t from t h e o r i g i n a l i d e a t h a t they were c a l l e d "development v i l l a g e s " o r "permanent v i l l a g e s " i n s t e a d of ujamaa v i l l a g e s . The p r a c t i c e was n o t u n i v e r s a l , f o r many o f f i c i a l s argued t h a t i t discouraged evo lu t ion i n t o t h e vaguely de f ined i d e a l form. F i n a l l y , i n 1975, t h e c e n t r a l government ac t ed t o end t h e confus ion by ob ta in ing passage of t h e V i l l a g e s and Ujamaa V i l l a g e s Act. I t e s t a b l i s h e d formal procedures f o r t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of s e t t l e m e n t s a s e i t h e r v i l l a g e s o r ujamaa v i l l a - g e s . A l l s e t t l e m e n t s had f i r s t t o be r e g i s t e r e d a s t he former be fo re they could be cons idered f o r t h e l a t t e r s t a t u s . The immediate e f f e c t was t h e d e j u r e a b o l i t i o n of ujamaa v i l l a g e s , f o r i t was s e v e r a l years be fo re any obta ined r e g i s t r a t i o n . Yet, d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t s e t t l e - ments were no longer des igna ted ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n law, i n common p r a c t i c e t h e express ion cont inued t o be used widely .
In o rde r t o avoid problems caused by changes i n concep tua l i za t ion and
t o make t h i s b ib l iography a s i n c l u s i v e a s p o s s i b l e , a broad d e f i n i t i o n
of "ujamaa village" has been employed. It is used to re£ er to all those settlements in Tanzania whose formation or reorganization is a consequence of either the ideas outlined in President Nyerere's poli- cy paper Ujamaa Vijijini or the subsequent modifications of those ideas in the process of their realization. Yost of the new rural sett- lements in Tanzania at least until the late 1970s fall within such a conceptualization.
2. Their significance
In february 1967 the Arusha Declaration was adopted by the National
Executive Committee of the sole political party in mainland Tanzania, the ~anganyika'African National Union (TANU). It called for a socie-
ty based on principles President Nyerere labeled "ujamaa," usually translated "socialist" but more meaningfully translated "family." In September Nyerere published a subsidiary document titled Ujamaa Vijijini, meaning "Ujamaa in the Villages." He argued that to make the country socialist, the rural areas where 95 % of the population lived had to become socialist. That meant that peasants ought to live and work together for the good of all in settlements he called ujamaa villages. It was estimated at the time that 85 % of the rural popu- latlon of about 11 million people lived in scattered homesteads, so the task of creating villages that would develop along socialist lines was an immense one. At first peasants were merely encouraged to live in villages, but compulsion soon began to be applied. Following the President's declaration late in 1973 that everyone would have to live in villages by December 1976, massive operations were organi- zed throughout the country. By 1977 about 90 % of the rural popula- tion was living in villages. These were to be the foundation for all future rural development in Tanzania. No rural development under- taking whether directed toward socialist or non-socialist goals has directly affectzd the lives of as many Africans as the ujamaa village undertaking in Tanzania. And, no development effort has attracted as many leaders and delegations from all parts of the world seeking to examine what might be a model applicable to their own countries which would facilitate rapid rural development and/or socialist transfor- mation.
3. Their literature
There is an extensive literature, both descriptive and theoretical, on the formation and nature of ujamaa villages. It has been written by people of a variety of nationalities with a variety of ideological viewpoints employing a variety of analytical skills. Tanzanians
have produced or helped produce a substantial proportion of the stu- dies. One reason is the decision of the party in 1967 to involve students more directly in socialist development. As a result, many university students have conducted field research as part of their course work or have assisted faculty members in on-going research. Most of the primary research by non-Tanzanians has been undertaken by those employed at the University of Dar es Salaam or in govern- ment ministries.
Many of the studies of ujamaa villages contain "ideological" or "theoretical" components. That is, they seek to suggest how what they see fits-within the general process of socialist transformation. Several of them make suggestions of what should be done to overcome particular problems.
The quality of the studies varies considerably. Whether or not a particular work has been published is much less correlated with its substantive contribution in the case of this body of literature than in the case of that on many other subjects. For example, important works prepared by students such as Henry Mapolu's M.A. thesis, remain unpublished. Significant Ph.D. dissertations, such as those by Justin Maeda and Frances Hill, have not been published yet. And, only re- cently did any of Michaela von Freyhold's works appear in print, though insightful studies of hers have existed in mimeographed form for many years.
Most of the literature on ujamaa villages is in English. A high pro- portion of relevant government publications, though, are in Swahili. There are some secondary studies in French, a few in German and still fewer in other languages. The spectrum of interpretations of the ujamaa village effort does not appear to be very closely correlated with the language used in the study. One can find in English, for example, virtually the entire range of perspectives.
B. The Bibliography
Partly because much of the literature on ujamaa villages is in mimeo- graphed form, standard bibliographies fail to include a substantial proportion of the studies which have been written. A lack of infor- mation about what research already has been done adversely affects the quest to build knowledge. For example, there are several case studies of ujamaa villages which make no reference to previous work which has been done in the village under consideration. The findings
of a study in one village have seldom been used as hypotheses in stu- dies of other villages, probably because of a lack of awareness of them. As a consequence, the contribution that research might make to understanding the specific case of ujamaa villages and the general case of the transition to socialism is limited. There is, then, a clear need for a bibliography on the subject.
1. Character of existing bibliographies
There are several bibliographies that appeared during the 1970s which contain references to works on ujamaa villages. Citations can be found scattered through the standard Africana bibliographies. And, others can be found in bibliographies dealing specifically with Tanzania (see items nos. 478 to 486). Tanzania Notes and Records has a section each year titled "Tanzania Bibliography" which lists under subject headings materials on Tanzania. Although there is no subject heading "ujamaa villages," some relevant items appear under such topics as "Agriculture ,(' "Sociology" and "Political Science." M. Sumar and E. McGee's bibliography, National Policies of Tanzania, contains a sec- tion headed "Ujamaa Villages" (pp. 19-24) which consists of citations of a few journal articles and several newspaper reports and news re- leases on ujamaa villages. The Deutsches Institut fir Afrika-Forschung bibliographies compiled by Ties Moller in 1972 and by Ties Moller and Anne Jansen in 1974 do not have an index heading for ujamaa villages, but do have one for "ujamaa" with 30-40 items listed under each, several of which are relevant to ujamaa villages. Volkhard Hundsdorfer and Wolfgang Kuper's bibliography published in 1974 contains a sub- section on ujamaa villages containing 44 items (pp. 141-144 and 146). A bibliography of studies that are not widely available is that com- piled bv Ibrahim Kai-Samba, et al., Development for Self-Reliance, published by the Faculty of Agriculture Library. It contains a sub- ject index which lists many items on ujamaa villages. Some of these items are duplicated by James De Vries' Selected Bibliography on Agri- cultural Extension in Tanzania published in 1978 by the Department of Rural Economy at the Faculty of Agriculture. It is simply a listing of materials without a subject index to ujamaa villages. Finally,
James Kocher and Beverly Fleisher compiled A Bibliography on Rural Development in Tanzania and published it in 1979. Although it contains no subject index, it lists about 75 relevant items under the subject heading "Ujamaa, Villagization and Planned Settlement." None of these bibliographies contains more than a small proportion of the works dealing with ujamaa villages.
2. Character of this bibliography
This bibliography contains most of the works relevant to ujamaa villa- ges produced'up to 1980. It is based on materials collected in Tan- zania by the compiler during several years of research on the subject, studies identified by colleagues, works cited in bibliographies and collections held by major libraries in the United States and Tanzania. Most of the materials have been examined by the compiler, though a few have been included if they were cited repeatedly in other sources. Some of the works may be obtained only in Tanzania, though most of them are available in at least some major libraries abroad. It is likely that more and more of the items contained in this bibliography will become available outside Tanzania as library collections grow.
The dominant theme of each work has been used to classify it into one of four major and then one of several minor categories, as shown in the table of contents. The four major subdivisions group materials that deal with the evolution of the strategy, the formation of villa- ges, the character of the villages and evaluations of the undertaking. Some of the more comprehensive works contain information about all the major and the minor categories. Nevertheless, they have been classified into only one on the basis of the compiler's subjective assessment of the major theme. In order to help the user find mate- rials that are relevant to, yet excluded from, these categories, a subject index is included. The subject index does not include topics only briefly mentioned in a given work. For example, village organi- zation may be dealt with briefly in a case study but not included in the subject index. The subject index does contain a listing of most villages studied and, wherever possible, the districts in which they are found. Because some district names and boundaries have changed over the years, the district at the time of the most recent study is given. District and regional subject headings are also used to direct the user to materials on villages within those areas. The combination of categorization by dominant theme and a subject index should facili- tate the user's identification of relevant materials. Finally, an author index is included to aid in the location of works known to the user only by the author's name.
I I REFERENCES
There are a few variations from normal forms of citation in the follo- wing list of references. Mimeographed material is not distinguished explicitly from printed material, because the distinction is of li- mited significance to the user. The country of publication is not identified for those cities whose locations are widely known or are found in Tanzania for the sake of simplicity. The cities in which the main campuses of the University of Dar es Salaam and the University of Nairobi are located are not given to avoid redundancy. The Facul- ty of Agriculture of the University of Dar es Salaam, though, is lo- cated at i4orogoro.
Following main citations, other sources of the items are listed. In
the case of the frequently republished writings of President Nyerere, only the volume of his collected works in which the article appears is given following the main citation. For the few items which have not been examined by the compiler/author, the source of the citation is listed in a comment following the reference. Other relevant in- formation about citations is included where appropriate in similar comments.
A. Evolution of the Ujamaa Village Strategy for Rural Development
Works whose major theme concerns the evolution of the ujamaa village strategy are divided into two parts: the first includes those related to the experiences of, or conditions in, rural Tanzania that shaped the ujamaa village approach; the second includes those related to the philosophy behind, or proqram of, that approach. The list of referen- ces pertaining to the former is relatively selective; that pertaining to the latter is relatively exhaustive.
1. Experiences and conditions in rural Tanzania
1. BRAIN, JAi4ES. "Is transformation possible? Styles of settlement in post-independence Tanzania. " Af rican 3.f fairs 76, no. 330 (1977): 231-245.
2. CHIMOTO, N. N. 0. "Ruvuma Development Association (R.D.A. ) . " Student paper, Department of Sociology, University of Dar es Salaam, 1974. 81 p. In Field Research in Tanga ujamaa villages, DeparLiment of Sociology, University of Dar es Salaam, 1975.
3. CLIFFE, LIONEL. "Traditional ujamaa and modern producer coopera- tives in Tanzania." In cooperatives and rural development in East Africa, edited by Car1 Gi5sta Widstrand, pp. 38-60. ?Jew York: Africans, 1970.
CLIFFE, LIONEL and GRIFFITHS CUNNINGHAM. " I d e o l o g y , o r g a n i z a- t i o n and s e t t l e m e n t e x p e r i e n c e i n T a n z a n i a . " I n S o c i a l i s m i n T a n z a n i a , Vol. 2 , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e and John S a u l , pp. 131-140. Dar e s Salaam: EAPH, 1973.
CUNNINGHAM, GRIFFITHS. "The Ruvuma Development A s s o c i a t i o n , an i n d e p e n d e n t c r i t i q u e . " I4bioni 3 , no . 2 (1966) : 44-55.
DUMONT, RENE. Tanzanian a g r i c u l t u r e a f t e r t h e Arusha D e c l a r a t i o n : a r e p o r t . Dar e s Salaam: Government P r i n t e r f o r M i n i s t r y of Economic A f f a i r s and Development P l a n n i n g , 1969. 62 p . Pre- p a r e d i n 1967.
ELLVAN, ANTONY. " K i t e t e : a l a n d s e t t l e m e n t scheme i n n o r t h e r n T a n z a n i a . " Land r e f o r m , no. 1 ( 1 9 6 7 ) : 12-21.
GEORGULAS, NIKOS. " S e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n s and r u r a l development i n Tangan$ika." ( O c c a s i o n a l paper no. 2 9 ) . Program of E a s t e r n A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , S y r a c u s e U n i v e r s i t y , New York, May 1967. 40 p. A b s t r a c t e d i n E k i s t i c s 24, no. 41 ( 1 9 6 7 ) : 180-192.
GUNZA, J. K . F. "Rwamkoma p i l o t v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t scheme: a c a s e s t u d y . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , Department o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1971. 24 p .
IBBOTT, RALPH. "The Ruvuma Development A s s o c i a t i o n . " Mbioni 3 , no . 2 ( 1 9 6 6 ) : 3-43.
KATES, R. W . , J . NcKAY and L . BERRY. "Twelve new s e t t l e m e n t s i n Tanzania : a c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y of s u c c e s s . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of E a s t A f r i c a s o c i a l s c i e n c e s c o u n c i l c o n f e r e n c e , Eim,pala, 30 December 1968 - 5 J a n u a r y 1969. I n U n i v e r s i t y of ~ a s t A f r i c a s o c i a l s c i e n c e s c o u n c i i c o n f e r e n c e 1968/69, Geography p a p e r s p u b l i s h e d by Y a k e r e r e I n s t i t u t e of S o c i a l Research , pp. 63-100.
KAWAWA, R. M . "New approaches t o r u r a l deve lopment , " Nbionl 2 , no. 11, ( 1 9 6 6 ) : 4-15.
KONTER, J . H . "Economic i m p e r a t i v e s f o r a s o c i a l i s t develoument i n ' t h e r u r a l economy o f Nyakyusa ( T a n z a n i a ) . " c u l t u r e s
L
e t developpement 1 0 , no. 3 ( 1 9 7 8 ) : 409-427.
LANDBEXG, LEIF C . W. "U jamaa v s . Udugu and Umo j a , i n s t i t u t i o n a l o p p o s i t i o n and i d e o l o g i c a l congruence w i t h i n a Tanzanian f i s h i n g c o o p e r a t i v e . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e a n n u a l mee t ing o f t h e A f r i c a n S t u d i e s A s s o c i a t i o n , S y r a c u s e , New York, November 1973, 19 p .
McKAY, J O H N . "A r e v i e i ; of r u r a l s e t t l e m e n t s t u d i e s f o r T a n z a n i a . " E a s t A f r i c a n g e o g r a p h i c a l r e v i e w , no. 6 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 37-49.
MWANSASU, BISMARK U . "TYL s e t t l e m e n t schemes, t h e whys and where- f o r e s o f s u c c e s s . " Kivukoni C o l l e g e , 1966.
NELLIS, J . R. " P r e l u d e t o Arusha: a s t u d y of p r o d u c t i v i t y pro- blems on a r u r a l development scheme i n T a n z a n i a . " J o u r n a l of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o v e r s e a s 11, no. 3 (1972) : 169-181.
NEWIGER, NIKOLAUS. " C o o p e r a t i v e v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t s i n Tanzania . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e r e g i o n a l seminar on c o o p e r a t i v e f a r - ming, FAO, New D e l h i , I n d i a , May 1966. 13 p.
19 . NEWIGER, NIKOLAUS. " V i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t schemes: t h e problems of c o o p e r a t i v e f a r m i n g . " I n S m a l l h o l d e r fa rming and smal l- h o l d e r development i n T a n z a n i a , e d i t e d by Hans Ruthenberg, pp. 251-273. Munich: I n f o - I n s t i t u t f u r W i r t s c h a f t s f o r s c h u n g , 1968.
20. NG'ASI, A. P. " K i j i j i cha ujamaa cha Li towa." [The ujamaa v i l l a - g e of Li towa]. Ujamaa, no. 4 ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 19-28.
21. PITBLADO, J . ROGER. "A r e v i e w o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d u s e and l a n d t e n u r e i n Tanzania . " (BRALUP r e s e a r c h n o t e s no . 7 ) . Uni- v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, J u n e 1970. 41 p .
22. SAUL, J O H N S. "Market ing c o o p e r a t i v e s i n Tanzania : a c a s e s t u d y i n r e s o u r c e a l l o c a t i o n and i n e q u a l i t y . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e E a s t A f r i c a n u n i v e r s i t i e s s o c i a l s c i e n c e c o n f e r e n c e , N a i r o b i , December 1969. 16 p . Revised and p u b l i s h e d a s "Mar- k e t i n g c o o p e r a t i v e s i n a d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r y : t h e Tanzanian c a s e " i n Taamuli 1, no. 2 ( 1 9 7 1 ) : 30-50; i n P e t e r Worsley, e d . , Two b l a d e s of q r a s s : r u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n d e v e l o p i n s o c i e t i e s (Manchester : Manchester U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1971): pp. 347-370.
23. TANZANIA, RURAL SETTLEMENT COiVIMISSION, A r e p o r t on t h e v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t programme from t h e i n c e p t i o n of t h e r u r a l s e t t l e - ment commission t o 3 1 aecember, 1965. Dar e s Salaam: Govern- ment P r i n t e r , 1966. 49 p.
24. TEMU, PETER E. "Tanzanian exwer ience w i t h r u r a l s e t t l e m e n t sche- mes o v e r t h e p a s t two d e c a d e s . 'I South A f r i c a n j o u r n a l of A f r i c a n a f f a i r s 3 , no. 2 (1973) : 33-36.
2 . I d e a s d e f i n i n g t h e ujamaa v i l l a g e u n d e r t a k i n g
25. BULEGI, S. A. " S h e r i a ya v i j i j i ya 1975 na s h e r i a ya madaraka m i j i n i y a 1976." h he v i l l a g e s law of 1975 and t h e urban de- ve lopment law of 19761. Ujamaa, no. 52 ( 1 9 7 7 ) : 28-40.
26. KIMITI, P. K. S i a s a a Tanu k a t i k a k i l i m o : twendeni v i ' i ' i n i . [ p o l i c i e s of Tan: i n a g r i c u l t u r e : l e t ' s go t o the lv : l l ages l . Dar e s Salaam: Wizara ya Ki l imo, Chakula na U s h i r i k a , n .d. 41 p .
27. AAPUNDA, G . "Ujamaa n i s i l a h a kubwa ya kupigana na umaskin i , u j i n g a na magonjwa." [ s o c i a l i s m i s a n i m p o r t a n t weapon i n t h e b a t t l e w i t h p o v e r t y , i g n o r a n c e and d i s e a s e ] . Ujamaa, no. 4 (1968) : 14-18.
28. MSAMBICHAKA, L. A. "A t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s of t h e fundamenta l s of a g r i c u l t u r a l development i n a n o n - c a p i t a l i s t deve lop ing Tanzania i n t h e s t a t e s e c t o r and a g r i c u l t u r a l p roducer co- o p e r a t i v e s . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e a n n u a l E a s t A f r i c a n u n i v e r s i t i e s s o c i a l s c i e n c e c o n f e r e n c e , Dar e s Salaam, De- cember 1973. 41 p.
29. MSEKWA, PIUS. "Towards p a r t y supremacy: t h e changing p a t t e r n of r e l a t i o n s h i p s between t h e N a t i o n a l Assembly and t h e N a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e Committee o f TANU b e f o r e and a f t e r 1965 ." M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , Department o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1974.
30. MUSHI, SAiiUEL S. "Modern iza t ion by t r a d i t i o n a l i z a t i o n : ujamaa p r i n c i p l e s r e v i s i t e d . " Taamuli 1, no. 2 (1971) : 13-39.
31. NYERERE, JULIUS K. "The Arusha D e c l a r a t i o n . " I n Ujamaa, e s s a y s on s o c i a l i s m by J u l i u s N y e r e r e , pp. 13-37. Dar e s Salaam: Oxford U n i v e r s i t v P r e s s . 1968. R e p r i n t e d i n J u l i u s Nverere , Freedom and s o c i ~ l i s m (Dar e s sa laam: Oxford u n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 8 ) , pp. 231-250.
32. NYERERE, JULIUS K . "Hotuba ya r a i s wa chama kwenye mkutano mkuu wa TANU wa 1 6 . " [Speech of t h e p r e s i d e n t of t h e p a r t y a t t h e 1 6 t h b i e n n i a l coAf e r e n c e of TAN^] . I n Maendeleo n i k a z i , e d i t e d by I d a r a y a H a b a r i , Makao Makuu y a TAW, pp. 1-27. Dar e s Salaam: TANU, 1973.
33. NYERERE, JULIUS K. " P r e s i d e n t i a l c i r c u l a r no. 1 of 1969 ." I n R u r a l . c o o p e r a t i o n i n T a n z a n i a , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e , a l . , pp. 27-34. Dar e s Salaam: TPH, 1975. -
34. NYERERE, JULIUS K . P r e s i d e n t ' s r e p o r t t o t h e TANU c o n f e r e n c e , S e p t . 1973. Dar e s Salaam: Government P r i n t e r , 1973. 22 p. R e p r i n t e d a s " P r o g r e s s comes w i t h p r o d u c t i o n " , The A f r i c a n rev iew 3 , no. 4 (1973) : 519-539.
5. NYERERE, JULIUS K . " P r o g r e s s i n r u r a l a r e a s . " I n Ujamaa, e s s a y s on s o c i a l i s m by J u l i u s Nyerere , pp. 178-186. Dar e s Salaam: Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1968. R e p r i n t e d i n a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l form a s "Implementing r u r a l s o c i a l i s m " i n J u l i u s Nyerere , Freedom and development (Dar e s Salaam: Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 7 3 ) , pp. 5-11.
36. NYERERE, JULIUS K. S o c i a l i s m and r u r a l development . Dar e s Salaam: Government P r i n t e r , 1967. 3 1 p. R e p r i n t e d i n J u l i u s N y e r e r e , F~~~ . . (Dar e s Salaam: Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 8 ) , pp. 337-366. S w a h i l i v e r s i o n o f t h i s p a p e r was p u b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e t i t l e Ujamaa v i j i j i n i . (See i t e m no. 3 8 ) .
37. NYERERE, JULIUS K. "Ujamaa: t h e b a s i s of A f r i c a n S o c i a l i s m . " I n Freedom and U n i t y by J u l i u s N y e r e r e , pp. 162-171. London: Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1967. Originally p r e p a r e d i n 1962.
38. NYERERE, JULIUS K . U jamaa v i j i j i n i . [ s o c i a l i s m i n t h e v i l l a g e s ] . Dar e s Salaam: Government P r i n t e r , 1967. 33 p. E n q l i s h v e r - s i o n of t h i s p a p e r was p u b l i s h e d under t h e t i t l e S o c i a l i s m and r u r a l development . (Cee i t e m no. 36)
39. "Saba Saba Day: Mwalimu s p e a k s t o A f r i c a n deve lopment . " A f r i c a n development 8 , no. 7 ( 1 9 7 4 ) : T7-T8.
40. TANZANIA. IDARA YA MAENDELEO YA UJAMAA NA USHIRIKA. OFISI YA WAZIRI MKUU NA i4AKAMU WA PILI WA RAIS. = i a ya k u a n d i k i s h a v i j i j i na v i j i j i vya ujamaa. h he law f o r r e g i s t e r i n g v i l l a - q e s and uiamaa v i l l a q e s l . Dodoma: O f i s i va Wazi r i Mkuu na ~ a k a m u w a - ~ i l i wa ~ a i s , ' 1 9 7 5 . 52 p. c o n t a i n s t h e l aw, Kawawa's e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e l aw, forms and s u b s i d i a r y l e g i s - l a t i o n .
41. TANZANIA. LAWS, STATUTES, ETC. "The V i l l a g e s and Ujamaa V i l l a g e s ( R e g i s t r a t i o n , D e s i g n a t i o n and A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ) Act (No. 21 o f 1 9 7 5 ) . " I n A c t s of T a n z a n i a , 1975 , pp. 305-312, The Re- g u l a t l o n s , O r d e r , N o t i c e and D i r e c t i o n s i s s u e d under t h i s a c t a p p e a r i n supplement No. 38 ( S u b s i d i a r y L e g i s l a t i o n t o
t h e G a z e t t e o f t h e U n i t e d Republ ic of T a n z a n i a , Vol . 56, No. 35, 22 Augus t , 1975, pp. 183- 206) . Both t h e E n g l i s h and S w a h i l i v e r s i o n s were r e - p u b l i s h e d i n T a n z a n i a , I d a r a ya Maendeleo ya Ujamaa na U s h i r i k a , O f i s i ya W a z i r i Mkuu na Makan~u wa P i l i wa R a i s , S h e r i a ya k u a n d i k i s h a v i j i j i na v i j i j i vya ujamaa, pp. 23-34 and 34-48, r e s p e c t i v e l y . ( S e e i t e m no. 40.)
B. Format ion of Ujamaa V i l l a g e s
The o r i g i n a l c o n c e p t i o n o f a n ujamaa v i l l a g e a s a p l a c e where p e o p l e l i v e d and worked t o g e t h e r f o r t h e good of a l l r e q u i r e d two s t e p s : t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a v i l l a g e and t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f communal a c t i v i t i e s . An ujamaa v i l l a g e r e q u i r e d t h e c o n j u n c t i o n of t h e s e two a c t i v i t i e s .
1. E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f v i l l a g e s
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FREYHOLD , MICHAELA VON. "Rura l d e v e l o p e n t th rough u jamaa v i j i ji- n i (some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s based on e x p e r i e n c e s i n T a n g a ) . " Department of Economics, U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam. 1972. 36 p. Based on r e s e a r c h conduc ted i n t h e f i r s t h a l f of 1971 i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h K . R . Ki ravu , G . K r e u t e r , E.N. Makere, and D . C . Xbez i .
FUMBUKA, S. and H . MAPOLU. "U jamaa v i l l a g e s and c o o p e r a t i v e s . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , Department of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1973.
HYCZN, GORAN, ed. C o o p e r a t i v e s i n Tanzania : problems of o r g a n i- s a t i o n b u i l d i n g . Dar e s Salaam: TPH, 1976. 93 p . The L i b r a r y of Congress e n t r y f o r t h i s volume i s C o o p e r a t i v e s i n Tanza- n i a : problems of o r g a n i s a t i o n bu i ld ing /A.Z. Mutaha, e t . Dar e s Salaam: TPH, 1976. I t n e g l e c t s t o i d e n t i f y Gi5ran Hy- d6n a s t h e e d i t o r .
98. KIKWETE, JAKAYA M . "Bulu lu- vis- a- vis ujamaa v i l l a g e : a compara- t i v e s t u d v of t h e t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a a e svs tem of t h e Wakwere > L
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99. K I N Y O N D O , S. R. "The b u i l d i n g of s o c i a l i s m i n Tanzania : Katoma t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a g e , a c a s e s t u d y of problems and p o s s i b i - l i t i e s o f t r a n s f o r m i n g a t r a d i t i o n a l v i l l a g e i n t o an ujamaa v i l l a g e . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , Department of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1971. 140 p .
100. MAHECHA, M. A. C . "Forms o f c o o p e r a t i o n a s a p o t e n t i a l b a s e f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f ujamaa l i v i n g : Hongi v i l l a g e e x p e r i e n c e . " 17 p . I n F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga ujamaa v i l l a g e s , Department o f S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
101. IWUYA, MAX. " 'Bega kwa b e g a ' , n a f a s i yake k a t i k a wa ujamaa." lock f a r m s ' , i t s p o t e n t i a l i n t h e b u i l d n i g of ujamaa].
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102. MODERNE, FRANK. " E v o l u t i o n e t p e r s p e c t i v e s d e l a c o o p e r a t i o n a g r i c o l e e n T a n z a n i e . " LEvolut ion and p e r s p e c t i v e s o f a g r i - c u l t u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n ~ a n z a n i a ] . Revue F r a n ~ a i s e d ' e t u d e s p o l i t i q u e s A f r i c a i n e s , no. 59 ( 1 9 7 0 ) : 65-90.
113. MOHAN, RAKESH. "On t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r s u c c e s s f u l c o o p e r a t i o n i n U jamaa v i l l a g e s i n . Tanzania . " Development S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i- t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1970? 26 p .
104. MWAKISYOABE, J . S. E. " U t e k e l e z a j i Wa Operesheni Maduka." [The implementa t ion of O p e r a t i o n Maduka!. Ujamaa, no. 49 (1976) : 1-24.
105. N I N D I , B . C . "The a r t i c u l a t i o n of I smani s o c i a l economic s t r u c - t u r e and i t s i m p l i c a t i o n f o r ujamaa v i j i j i n i p o l i c y . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , Department of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, J u n e 1975.
106. NTIRUKIGWA, ESPERIUS N . "The impac t o f t r a d i t i o n a l l a n d t e n u r e sys tem on ujamaa v i l l a g e s : a c a s e s t u d y of Kalebezo Buchosa i n G e i t a . " S t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n , Department of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, March, 1970. 34 p. P u b l i s h e d i n a s l i g h t l y r e v i s e d form a s "The l a n d t e n u r e sys tem and t h e b u i l d i n g of ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n G e i t a : a c a s e s t u d y of Ra lebezo" i n J . H . P r o c t e r , e d . , B u i l d i n g ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n Tanzania . (Dar e s Salaam: TPH, 1 9 7 1 ) , pp . 33-47
107. PLESKAC, J I R I . " D i v i s i o n of l a b o u r and d i s t r i b u t i o n of o u t p u t . " Mbioni 6 , no. 1 ( 1 9 7 0 ) : 12-24.
108 . RUGUMISA, S. M . " l4utual a i d g r o u p s and t h e i r p o t e n t i a l f o r a g r i - c u l t u r a l development i n Bukoba d i s t r i c t w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e - r e n c e t o Bukabuye v i l l a g e . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e E a s t A f r i c a n u n i v e r s i t i e s s o c i a l s c i e n c e c o n f e r e n c e , Dar e s Sa- laam, December 1973. 20 p .
109. SAUL, J O H N S. "From m a r k e t i n g c o o p e r a t i v e t o p roducer coopera-. t i v e . " I n R u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n T a n z a n i a , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e , e t a l . , pp. 287-307. Dar e s Salaam: TPH, 1975.
110. SAWE, L. M . M . "Linkage of government and l o c a l p e o p l e i n p o s t e - r i n g c o l l e c t i v e p r o d u c t i o n i n c e n t r a l H a i . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , Department o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975. 93 p .
111. TANU. tlwelekeo wa maendeleo ya k i jamaa mkoani K i l i m a n j a r o . [The e f f o r t t o d e v e l o p s o c i a l i s m i n K i l i m a n j a r o r e g i o n ] . Dar e s Salaam: bIakao I.lakuu y a Chama y a Mkoa wa K i l i m a n j a r o , March 1974. 6 9 p .
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113. THODEN VAN VELZEN, H . U. E. "Some s o c i a l o b s t a c l e s t o ujamaa: a c a s e s t u d y from Rungwe." I n R u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n ~ a n z a n i a , e d i t e d . b y L i o n e l C l i f f e , e t a l . , pp. 346-359. Dar e s Salaam: TPH, 1975. W r i t t e n i n 1970.
114. THODEN VAN VELZEN, H . U . E. " S t a f f , k u l a k s and p e a s a n t s . " I n S o c i a l i s m i n T a n z a n i a , Vol . 2 , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e and John S a u l , pp. 153-179. Dar e s Salaam: EAPH, 1973.
115 . "Tobacco p r o d u c t i o n i n Tabora d i s t r i c t : c a s e s t u d y of Tutuo scheme." 21 p . I n A c o l l e c t i o n of e s s a y s on ujamaa v i l l a g e s , by E.O. Kayombo, e t a l . , Four s t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n s , Depart- ment o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1971.
C. C h a r a c t e r of U jamaa . V i l l a g e s
The l i t e r a t u r e d e s c r i b i n g what ujamaa v i l l a g e s a r e and how t h e y work i s e x t e n s i v e . Although n o t e a s i l y c a t e g o r i z e d , i t c a n be grouped under f i v e h e a d i n g s : c a s e s t u d i e s , t h e r o l e of t h e government /par ty i n t h e v i l l a g e s , a g r i c u l t u r e i n t h e v i l l a g e s , n o n - a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e v i l l a g e s and v i l l a g e r s and t h e i r l e a d e r s . I n c l u d e d i n t h i s l i s t i n g a r e government p u b l i c a t i o n s meant f o r u s e i n , a s w e l l a s g e n e r a l s t u d i e s o f , U jamaa v i l l a g e s .
1. Case s t u d i e s
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143. LEWIN, ROGER. "Ujamaa development i n Sukumuland: a c a t t l e - c o t t o n ujamaa v i l l a g e . " Kivukoni C o l l e g e , Dar e s Salaam, 1968.
144 . LEWIN, ROGER. "Ujamaa v i l l a g e l i v i n g a t Mbambara. " Mbioni 4 , no. 8 . ( 1 9 6 8 ) : 2-7.
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146. LUGANGA, J. and E . RASHIDI. "A S tudy of Namikunda ujamaa v i l l a g e . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , I n s t i t u t e of A d u l t E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, J a n u a r y 1973. 5 p .
147. MXMIMBO, W . S . ; B. KIPANGA and N . MNONDWA. "A Study of Mtuunani ujamaa v i l l a g e . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , I n s t i t u t e of A d u l t E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1973? 9 p.
148 . MAHINYA, T. "The c a s e s t u d y of c o o p e r a t i o n : Mtanana ujamaa v i l l a - g e . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , I n s t i t u t e o f Adul t E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1972? 3 R .
149. MAINA, B. W. and A. S. BANGO. "Bas is of Tanzania ' s r u r a l t r a n s- format ion: some o r g a n i z a t i o n a l problems, a c a s e s tudy of Msaje ujamaa v i l l a g e . " S tuden t paper , Department of Socio- logy , Un ive r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1974. 19 p. I n F i e l d r e- sea rch i n Tanga U jamaa v i l l a g e s . Department of Sociology, Un ive r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
150. MAKERE, E. N . "Ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n p r a c t i c e . " Taamu!.i 2 , no. 2 (1972) : 17-26.
151. MAPOLU, HENRY. "The s o c i a l and economic o r g a n i s a t i o n of ujamaa v i l l a g e s . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , Department of Socio logy, Uni- v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, September 1973. 113 p.
152. MASHEULA, AVIA. "Mkongo ujamaa v i l l a g e . " 2 1 p. I n U jamaa v i l l a - ges : a c o l l e c t i o n of o r i g i n a l manusc r ip t s , 1969-70, Tanzania, Min i s t ry of Community Development. A mimeographed manuscr ip t c o l l e c t e d by Eugene d e Benko, Michigan S t a t e Un ive r s i t y , March, 1971, i n Dar e s Salaam.
153. MATALISI, F. I . and A. CHIPATA. "Sociology of o rgan iza t ion : r e- sea rch p r o j e c t i n Tanga r eg ion . " S tuden t paper , Department of Socio logy, U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1973? 12 p. I n F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga ujamaa v i l l a g e s , Department of Socio- logy, Un ive r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
154. MAUIYA. ROMIYEL Z . "Uiamaa v i l l a a e s r e s e a r c h r e ~ o r t : Tabora d i s t - r i c t . " 16 p. I n Ujamaa v i l l a g e s : a c o l l e c t i o n of o r i g i n a l manusc r ip t s , 1969-70, Tanzania, Min i s t ry of Community Deve- lopment. A t y p e w r i t t e n manuscr ip t c o l l e c t e d by Eugene de Benko, Michigan S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , March, 1971, i n Dar e s Salaam.
155. MBOYA, B. J . and A. MIHAYO. "Report from a two and h a l f week p r t i c i p a t i o n obse rva t ion of Mng'aro ujamaa v i l l a g e i n Lus- hot0 d i s t r i c t - Tanga Region." S tuden t paper , Department of Sociology, Un ive r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1974. 2 2 p. I n F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga ujamaa v i l l a g e s , Department of Sociology, U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
156. MEENA, V . R.; W. K . MOSHI; MCHOMW; and J. S. M . KATHAMBI. "A s tudy of Mtaku j a ujamaa v i l l a g e . " Studen t paper , I n s t i t u t e of Adult Educat ion , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, January 1973. 7 p.
157. MHILU, S.G.; B . MAJILI and LUCAS. "A s tudy of Chamwino ujamaa v i l l a g e . " S tuden t paper , I n s t i t u t e of Adult Educat ion , Uni- v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1973? 8 p.
158. MLAWA, H . and M. MSHANA. "Kwemwewe ujamaa v i l l a g e i n Tanga d i s t - r i c t , Tanga r eg ion . " S tudent paper , Department of Socioloqy, u n i v e r s i t y of ~ a r e s Salaam, i 974 . 29 p. I n F i e l d r e sea rch - i n Tanga ujamaa v i l l a g e s , Department of Sociology, Univer- s i t y of D a r e s Salaam, 1975.
159. PIMBAGA,FRANK ELIEZER. " V i l l a g i z a t i o n and d e c e n t r a l i s a t i o n : I t obo ward, Nzega d i s t r i c t . " S tudent d i s s e r t a t i o n , Department of P o l i t i c a l Sc ience , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1977. 68 p.
160 . MOODY, TONY. "A comparative s tudy of s i x ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n Karagwe d i s t r i c t , West Lake r e g i o n . " (Paper A.72.13). Copen- hagen: I n s t i t u t e f o r Development Research, 1972. 18 p.
161. MPUNGWE, A. R. A. "Ujamaa p r o d u c e r c o o p e r a t i v e v i l l a g e s and so- c i a l i s t development: t h e e x p e r i e n c e of Morogoro r e g i o n . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , Department o f P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975. 7 1 p.
162. MSUYA, E. A. and J. P. MOBERG. "Repor t on l a n d u s e problems r e - l a t e d t o t h e development of Butiama ujamaa v i l l a g e . " Depar t- ment o f R u r a l Economy, U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, Morogoro, 1975. 40 p. C i t e d i n Ib rah im B. Kai-Samba, e t a l . , Develop- ment f o r s e l f - r e l i a n c e ( I t e m no. 480)
163. MTAKI, S. ; D. MACHEMBA and S. KASORI. "A S tudy of M a l i l i Ujamaa V i l l a g e . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , I n s t i t u t e o f Adul t E d u c a t i o n , Uni- v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, J a n u a r y 1973, 10 p.
164. MTEI, S.and B. C. N I N D I . "Ujamaa, T a n z a n i a ' s c r u c i a l exper iment : Changalikwa ujamaa v i l l a g e , a c a s e s t u d y . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , Department o f S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1974. 39 p. I n F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga ujamaa v i l l a g e s , Department of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
165. MTEMBA, CLAUDIA. "U jamaa v i l l a g e s i n P a r e . " 33 p. I n U jamaa v i l l a g e s : a c o l l e c t i o n o f o r i g i n a l m a n u s c r i p t s , 1969-70, T a n z a n i a , M i n i s t r y o f Community Development. A mimeographed m a n u s c r i p t c o l l e c t e d by ~ u g e n e - d e ~ e n k o , Michigan s t a t e - u n i - v e r s i t y , March 1971 , i n Dar e s Salaam. F i v e m a n u s c r i p t s l is- t e d i n t h e t a b l e of c o n t e n t s a r e r e a l l y p a r t s of t h e above work, i . e . , "Gavao-Saweni," "Kigonigoni s o c i a l i s t v i l l a g e , " " K i l e o s o c i a l i s t v i l l a g e , " "Kimungu-Makanga proposed s o c i a - l i s t v i l l a g e , " and "Manka-Mbaga o r d i n a r y v i l l a g e ( a n d ) o v e r- a l l ujamaa problems i n P a r e d i s t r i c t . "
166. MUGOYA, MUNASSA. "U jamaa i n p r a c t i c e : Mwalimu v i s i t s Makundusi. " A f r i c a n development 6 , no. 12 ( 1 9 7 2 ) : T.21.
167. MUSTAFA, KEMAL. "The development o f ujamaa i n Musoma: a c a s e s t u d y of Butiama ujamaa v i l l a g e . " M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s , Department of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
168. MWAMBI, JAKA M. "Problems of c r e a t i n q ujamaa v i l l a q e s i n Mqata." S t u d e n t p a p e r , Department of ~ o c ~ o l o g ~ , u n i v e r s i t y o f ~ a r e s Salaam, 1974. 11 p. 111 F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga ujamaa v i l l a - ges, Department of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
169. NDOMBA, C . J. "Development th rough ujamaa: Kihanga v i l l a g e ex- p e r i e n c e . " S t u d e n t o a a e r . Deoartment of S o c i o l o a v . Univer-
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170. NDONDE, E. C. "L i towa." I n R u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n T a n z a n i a , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e , e t a l . , pp. 360-369. D a r e s Salaam: TPH, 1975. Most, t h o u s h n o t a l l , of t h e i n t e r v i e w p u b l i s h e d i n t h i s a r t i c l e appeared i n "The g r a d u a t e ~ e a s a n t , " New i n t e r - n a t i o n a l i s t (May 1 9 7 3 ) , pp. 19-21.
171. NGOYANI, J. D . "Lupembe ujamaa v i l l a g e a s a n o r g a n i z a t i o n . " S tu- d e n t p a p e r , Department of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1973. 22 p. C i t e d i n Sheldon Weeks, " B u i l d i n g Ujamaa" ( I t em no. 4 0 6 ) .
172. NKHOiIA, A. G. and N. P. DABANA. "Segera ujamaa v i l l a g e , Handeni d i s t r i c t , Tanga r e g i o n . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , Department o f Socio- l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1974. 33 p. I n F i e l d r e - s e a r c h i n Tanga ujamaa v i l l a g e s . Department of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
173. NTAWATAWA, P. P . ; J. MWANASALI and J. MUTALEMWA. "A s t u d y of Mtanana ujamaa v i l l a g e . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , I n s t i t u t e of Adul t E d u c a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1972. 4 p.
174. ODEDE, S. 0 . "Some n o t e s on Tanzania r u r a l development s t r a t e g y : a c a s e o f v i j i j i vya ujamaa o f Tanga r e g i o n . " ~ n s t r a t e g i e s f o r improving r u r a l w e l f a r e , p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop h e l d a t t h e I n s t i t u t e f o r Development S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y of Nai- r o b i , 3 1 May - 3 J u n e 1971, e d i t e d by M.E. Kampe and L.D. Smi th , pp. 299-309. ( O c c a s i o n a l Paper no. 4 ) . I n s t i t u t e f o r Development S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y of N a i r o b i , 1971.
175. PHILIPPSON, G. " S o c i o l o g i c a l r e p o r t on some ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n Njombe d i s t r i c t . " Department o f S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, November 1972. 20 p.
176. PHILLIPPS, STEPHANIE H. " P e r s p e c t i v e s on ujamaa and r u r a l deve- lopment i n Tanzania . " B.A. honors t h e s i s , Department o f Eco- nomics, Harvard U n i v e r s i t y , March 1973. 86 p.
177. " P o s t s c r i p t t o Mbambara 1972 ." I n R u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n Tanzania , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e , e t a l . , pp. 392-395. Dar e s Salaam: TPh, 1975.
178. "The P r o s p e c t s f o r ujamaa t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n Bagamoyo d i s t r i c t . " 23 p . I n A c o l l e c t i o n o f e s s a y s on ujamaa v i l l a g e s , by E . O . Kayombo, e t a l . Four s t u d e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n s , Department of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1971.
179. RALD, JORGEN. "U jamaa v i l l a g e s i n West Lake r e g i o n . " J o u r n a l of t h e G e o g r a p h i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n of T a n z a n i a , no. 6 (1970) : 65-81.
180. RIYAMI, ABDULLA. "Litowa v i l l a g e of U jamaa. " A f r i c a n development , J a n u a r y 1969 , pp. 8-10.
181. RUGIMBANA, R. 0. B. and G . G . MPONGULIANA. "On t h e p r a c t i c a l problems i n t h e development o f ujamaa v i l l a g e s : U b i r i ( c a s e s t u d y ) . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , Department o f S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1974. 18 p . I n F i e l d r e s e a r c h i n Tanga ujamaa v i l l a g e s , Department o f S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
182. WAWERU, E. M . " I t i g a ujamaa v i l l a g e : p r o p o s a l s f o r o r g a n i z a t i o - n a l changes n e c e s s a r y t o i n c r e a s e e f f i c i e n c y and e f f e c t i v e - n e s s and minimize f o r c e s b l o c k i n g t h e ach ievement of t h e v i l l a g e ' s g o a l s . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , Department of S o c i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1973.
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2, Role of t h e government /par ty
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186 . COULSON, ANDREW. "The e v o l u t i o n of r u r a l p o l i c i e s i n Tanzania o r c a n a government b u r e a u c r a c y b r i n g a b o u t development?" P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t a n ERB s e m i n a r , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Sa- laam, 21 J a n u a r y 1975. 19 p. P u b l i s h e d i n M a j i M a j i , no. 20 ( 1 9 7 5 ) : 1-16 and p o r t i o n s of i t were p u b l i s h e d a s " P e a s a n t s and b u r e a u c r a t s . " Review of A f r i c a n p o l i t i c a l economy, no. 3 (1975) : 53-58.
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188 . DE VRIES, JNJIES. " A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n and t h e development of ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n Tanzania : toward a d i a l o g i c a l a g r i c u l t u - r a l e x t e n s i o n model ." Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of W i s - consin-Madison, 1978. 263 p.
189. DE VRlbS, JAI4ES. "Extens ion methods i n t h e ujamaa s e t t i n g : a comment." I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e deve- lopment: p a p e r s and p r o c e e d i n q s o f a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann H a n s e l , e t a l . , pp. 184-192. Morogoro: U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
190. ERVES, S. " F i n a l r e p o r t : e v a l u a t i o n of e x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e i n s i x v i l l a g e s i n Tanzania p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e n a t i o n a l maize p r o j e c t . " Dar e s Salaam: USAID/Tanzania, 1976. C i t e d i n James De V r i e s , S e l e c t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y on a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n Tanzania ( I t e m no. 4 7 8 ) .
191. FREYHOLD, K. VON. "The r o l e of a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n U jamaa v i l l a g e deve lopment ." I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e development: p a p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann H a n s e l , e t a l . , pp . 84-93. Morogoro: Uni- v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
192 . FREYHOLD, MICHAELA VON. "The government s t a f f and ujamaa v i l l a - g e s (The Tanga e x p e r i e n c e ) . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e E a s t A f r i c a n U n i v e r s i t i e s s o c i a l s c i e n c e c o n f e r e n c e , Dar e s Sa- laam, December 1973. 1 7 p . P r e p a r e d J a n u a r y 1972.
193. FREYHOLD, MICHAELA VON. "Problems of e x t e n s i o n e v a l u a t i o n . " I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n u]-?aa v i l l a g e development : p a p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann Hanse l , a l . , pp. 242-262. Morogoro: U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, - 1975.
194 . HANSEL, H. "New emphas i s on e x t e n s i o n e v a l u a t i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a - g e s : a comment." I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e development: p a p e r s and p r o c e e d i n q s of a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann Hanse l , e t a l . , pp. 271-278. Morogoro: U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
195. HANSEL, H . ; J . DE VRIES and P. C . NDEDYA, e d s . A g r i c u l t u r a l ex- t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e development: p p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop. Morogoro: Department of R u r a l Economy and E x t e n s i o n , F a c u l t y of A g r i c u l t u r e and F o r e s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975. 292 p . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p a p e r s and t h e comments on t h o s e p a p e r s , e a c h of t h e s i x s e c t i o n s con- t a i n s a summary of d i s c u s s i o n s . A g e n e r a l summary of r e - commendations i s i n c l u d e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e volume.
HARRIS BELL. "Survey o f a g r i c u l t u r a l t r a i n i n g i n s t i t u t e s : impl i- c a t i o n s f o r p roduc ing ujamaa v i j i j i n i e x t e n s i o n w o r k e r s . " ( R u r a l Development Research Committee paper No. 2 ) . R u r a l Development Research Committee, U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1968. C i t e d i n James De V r i e s , S e l e c t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y on ag- r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n Tanzania ( I t e m no. 4 7 8 ) .
"Historia ya k u t o a zawadi kwa v i j i j i v i l i v y o s h i n d a . " [ ~ i s t o r y of t h e awarding of p r i z e s f o r t h e winning v i l l a g e s ] . Ujamaa, no. 26 (1972) : 7-17.
" H i s t o r i a na maendeleo y a v i j i j i vilivyoshinda mwaka 1972. " [His- t o r y and development of t h e winning v i l l a g e s i n 1972:. Ujamaa, no. 26 (1972) : 18-39.
HULLS, R. H . "The scope of e x t e n s i o n programme e v a l u a t i o n : a comment." I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a q e deve- lopment: p a p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann Hanse l , e t a l . , pp. 279-287. Morogoro: U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
"Impact and p e n e t r a t i o n o f community development a c t i v i t i e s i n r u r a l Dodoma d i s t r i c t . " 33 p. I n A c o l l e c t i o n of e s s a y s on ujamaa v i l l a g e s by E. 0 . Kayombo, e t a l . Four s t u d e n t d i s s e r - t a t i o n s , Department of P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1971.
KAJIAGE, F. K . "One v i l l a g e , one bwana shamba: i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e a n n u a l a g r i c u l t u r a l t r a i n i n g confe- r e n c e , Mbeya, J u l y 1976. C i t e d i n James De V r i e s , S e l e c t e d b i b l i o g r a p h y on a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n Tanzania ( I t e m no . 4 7 8 ) .
KAWAIA, RUSHIDI. Kuandikishwa kwa v i ' i ' i , vi ' i ' i v a u ' amaa na uon c z i w a k e . m a t i o n of v i l : a g e s , ' u ~ a m a ~ vi : lages and t h e q r o r g a n i z a t i o n : . [ ~ a r e s Salaam]: 19757 16 p. S l i g h t l y r e v i s e d , and p u b l i s h e d a s Madaraka v i j i j i n i : t a a r i f a ya wa- z i r i mkuu na makamu wa p i l i wa r a i s , juu ya s h e r i a ya v i j i j i , v i j i j i v y a ujamaa na uongoz i wake (Dodoma: O f i s i y a Wazi r i i+lkuu na Makamu wa P i l i wa R a i s , 19751, 19 p; and r e p r i n t e d i n T a n z a n i a . I d a r a v a Maendeleo va Uiamaa na 6 s h i r i k a . - 0 f i s i va .. - W a z i r i ~ k u u na ~akarnu wa P i l i wa R a i s , S h e r i a ya kuandik i sGa v i j i j i na v i j i j i vya ujamaa (Dodoma: O f i s i y a W a z i r i Mkuu na Makamu wa P i l i wa R a i s , 1 9 7 5 ) , pp . 3-21.
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KREUTZER, H. " U n i f i e d a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n p l a n n i n g : a com- ment . " I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e deve lop- ment: p a p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop, e d i t e d by Her- mann Hanse l , e t a l . , pp. 140-141. Norogoro: U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
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Mapendekezo juu ya k u i m a r i s h a vyama vya u s h i r i k a Tanzania ( B e r a ) na n~uundo mpya wa vyama pamoja na chama k ikuu cha t a i f a (C . U .T . ) . [ P r e f e r e n c e s concern ing t h e s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f coopera- t i v e s o c i e t i e s on t h e Tanzania (main land) and t h e new union of s o c i e t i e s and t h e c o o p e r a t i v e u n i o n of Tanganyika. [Dar e s Salaam: CUT, 19771. 14 p.
MBAKILE, E. P. R. " E v a l u a t i o n t o s t r e n a t h e n t h e e x t e n s i o n svs tem: a comment." I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e de- velopment: p a p e r s %proceedings of a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann H a n s e l , e t a l . , pp. 263-270. Morogoro: U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
MFIKWA, J. L. "The r o l e of e s s e n t i a l a g r i c u l t u r a l s e r v i c e s i n t h e economic development o f ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n I smani d i v i s i o n , I r i n g a d i s t r i c t . " Paper p r e p a r e d f o r t h e Department of R u r a l Economy, U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, Morogoro, 1975. Type- s c r i p t . 53 p . C i t e d i n Ib rah im B . Kai-Samba, e t a l . , Deve- lopment f o r s e l f - r e l i a n c e (Item no. 4 8 0 ) .
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MORIS, J O N R. "The imwrovement of e x t e n s i o n ~ e r f o n a n c e : s t a f f and f a r m e r t r a i n i n g : a comment. " I n ~ g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e d e v e l p e n t : p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann H a n s e l , e t a l . , pp. 221-238. Morogoro: Uni- v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
HOSHA, A . C . and K . J . RWIZA. " T r a i n i n g e x t e n s i o n s t a f f and ujamaa v i l l a g e s . " I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e deve- lopment: p a p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s o f a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann Hanse l , e t a l . , pp. 196-210. Morogoro: U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
NDEDYA, PHILIP C . " A q r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n uiamaa v i l l a s e : a comment. " I n ~ g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n u j & a a v i l l a g e F d e v e - l o p n e n t : p a p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop, e d i t e d by Her- mann Hanse l , e t a l . , pp. 98-102. Morogoro: U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
NDONDE, E. C . " E d u c a t i o n a l F4ethods f o r S e l f - R e l i a n t Development. " I n = i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e development: pa- p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s o f a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann H a n s e l , e t a l . , pp. 164-180. Morogoro: U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
NEIGUS, D . L. " E x t e n s i o n and v i l l a g e o r g a n i z a t i o n : a comment. " I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e development: pa- p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann Hanse l , e t a l . , pp. 94-97. Yorogoro: U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
215. NGEZE, P. B. N . 14. "On s t a f f c o n s t r a i n t s i n p l a n n i n s : a comment." I n A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e development: pa- p e r s and p r o c e e d i n g s of a workshop, e d i t e d by Hermann Hanse l , e t a l . , pp . 133-139. Morogoro: U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975.
216. NGEZE, P. B. N . M . " V i j i j i vya U jamaa na muundo mpya wa xryama vya u s h i r i k a . " [Ujamaa v i l l a g e s and t h e new form of coopera- t i v e s o c i e t i e s ] . I n U r i k a Tanzania by P.B.N.M. Ngeze, pp. 113-123. Dar e s Salaam: TPH, 1975.
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218. OKEYO, JAMES A. " D i s c u s s i o n paper on v i l l a g e Management T r a i n i n g Programme: a c r a s h programme f o r ujamaa and c o o p e r a t i v e de- velopment p e r s o n n e l i n t h e Prime M i n i s t e r ' s o f f i c e . " I n g- c e e d i n g s o f t h e second annua l m e e t i n q of t h e N a t i o n a l Coun- c i l f o r A g r i c u l t u r a l Educa t ion h e l d a t t h e Uyole A q r i c u l t u - r a l C e n t e r , Mbeya, J u l y 1976, pp. 17-21. Mbeya: Uyole Agri- c u l t u r a l C e n t e r , 1976?
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227. TANZANIA. VILLAGE MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAMME. P u b l i c a t i o n s . Dar e s Salaam: V i l l a g e Management T r a i n i n g Programme, Prime M i n i s t e r ' s O f f i c e , 1976-1977. I n S w a h i l i o r E n q l i s h t i t l e s i n c l u d e : Case s t u d i e s adopted t o t h e WIT- t ra in ing (40 p. ) ; C o o p e r a t i v e management and law (34 p. ) ; Crop s t o r a g e (9 p. ) ; I n s t r u c t i o n on c o l l e c t i o n and u t i l i z a t i o n o f v i l l a g e d a t a (10 p . ) ; Kazi za V.M.T. ( m i e z i 6 ya mwanzo) pamoja na u t a r a - t i b u wa k u t o a r i p o t i , [v.M.T. work ( t h e f i r s t 6 months) t o- g e t h e r w i t h i t s sys tem o f r e p o r t i n g ] (6 p . ) ; Mafunzo ya uongoz i v i j i j i n i , [ A c o u r s e on v i l l a g e l e a d e r s h i p ] (33 p . ) ; Management (67 p . ) ; Masomo a Kil imo Kwa VMT, [Lessons i n a g r i c u l t u r e f o r WT ]-al: o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e (42 p . ) ; U t a f i q u l i z i wa ilesabu za b i a s h a r a , [ B a s i c c o u r s e i n commercial a r i t h m e t i c ] (56 p . ) ; V i l l a g e p lanning (63 p. ) ; V i l l a q e p l a n n i n q and b u d g e t i n g (76 p . ) ; V i l l a g e t r a i n i n g (42 p . ) ; V i l l a g e t r a n s p o r t and s t o r a g e (63 p . ) ; Tamm, R o b e r t , V i l l a g e t r a n s p o r t and t r a c t o r i s a t i o n : gu ide- l i n e s f o r f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s (2 p . ) ; Tamm, R o b e r t , V i l l a g e t r a n s p o r t o p e r a t i o n s (54 p . ) ; A g r i c u l t u r a l m a r k e t i n q i n v i l l a - ges (1 p . ) ; and K i t a b u cha mwonqozo wa u h a s i b u na u t u n z a j i wa v i t a b u vya hesabu v i j i j i n i , [ A s t u d y g u i d e i n a c c o u n t i n g and m a i n t a i n i n g a c c o u n t books i n t h e v i l l a g e s ] (219 p . ) . A l l t h e above were c i t e d i n t h e L i b r a r y of Congress A c c e s s i o n s L i s t , E a s t e r n A f r i c a , d u r i n g 1977.
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229. V i j i j i v i l i v o s h i n d a , Saba Saba 1975. [Winning v i l l a g e s , Saba , Saba 1 9 7 ~ l ~ r ~ 1 : Makao Makuu ya TANU na O f i s i -fa W a z i r i Mkuu n a ~ a k & u wa ~ ; l i wa R a i s , 1975? 22 p. A t l e a s t two o t h e r pamphle t s w i t h s i m i l a r t i t l e s were p u b l i s h e d p r i o r t o t h i s one : T a n z a n i a . O f i s i va W a z i r i Mkuu na Makamu wa P i l i wa R a i s , V i j i j i vya ujamaa v i l i v y o s h i n d a : TANU maka 20 Saba Saba 1974 (Dar e s Salaam: O f i s i y a W a z i r i Mkuu, 1 9 7 4 ) , 26 p. and ; T a n z a n i a , I d a r a ya V i j i j i vya Ujamaa, V i j i j i vya ujamaa v i l i v y o s h i n d a - Saba Saba 1972 (Dar e s Salaam: I d a r a ya V i j i j i vya Ujamaa, 1 9 7 2 ) , 35 p.
230. WANACHUO, CHUO CHA CCM (Kivukoni ) . "Kupeleka wataalam na madaraka v i j i j i n i kama mbinu ya k u l e t a maendeleo. " [Sending development e x p e r t s t o v i l l a g e s a s a f o r c e t o b r i n g development] . Ujamaa, no. 56 ( 1 9 7 8 ) : 1-28.
3. A g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s
231. ASSLY, G. A. "The o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p a t t e r n and production e f f i - c i e n c y of communal v e g e t a b l e f a r m s : a c a s e s t u d y o f Monjo ujamaa v i l l a g e i n Lushoto d i s t r i c t . " S p e c i a l p r o j e c t f o r B. Sc. ( A g r i c u l t u r e ) , R u r a l Economy Department , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, Morogoro, 1974. 41 p. C i t e d i n Ib rah im B. Kai- Samba e t . a l . , Development f o r s e l f - r e l i a n c e ( I t e m no. 4 8 0 ) .
232. BALDUS, R. D . "The i n t r o d u c t i o n of c o o p e r a t i v e l i v e s t o c k hus- bandry i n T a n z a n i a . " Land re form 2 ( 1 9 7 7 ) : 37-46.
233. "Bedingungen M o g l i c h k e i t e n nachholender Entwick lung: e i n e Empi- r i s c h e Untersuchung zu Problanen T r a d i t i o n a l e r Produkt ions- wesen und I h r e r Uberwindung d u r c h P o l i t i s c h e N o b i l i s i e r u n g und Sozial- okonomische T r a n s f o r m a t i o n e n am B e i s p i e l d e r Ujamaa S t r a t e g i e i n T a n z a n i a . " [ C o n d i t i o n s and p o t e n t i a l i - t i e s of a c h i e v i n g development: a n e m p i r i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e problems of t r a d i t i o n a l modes of p r o d u c t i o n and of surmounting them through p o l i t i c a l m o b i l i z a t i o n and s o c i a l - economic t r a n s f o r m a t i o n : t h e example of t h e ujamaa s t r a t e g y i n T a n z a n i a ] . F r a n k f u r t a m Main: I n s t i t u k f i i r S o z i a l f o r s c h u n g a n d e r Johann Wolfgang Goethe U n i v e r s i t a t , 1972. 29 p. C i t e d i n Volkhard Hundsdor fe r and Wolfgang Kuper, B i b l i o g r a p h i e z u r S o z i a l w i s s e n s c h a f t l i q e n Er forschung T a n z a n i a s ( I t em no. 4 7 9 ) .
234. BOESEN, JANNIK and A. T. MOHELE. The ' s u c e s s s t o r y ' of p e a s a n t tobac'co p r o d u c t i o n i n Tanzania . ( C e n t r e f o r Development Re- s e a r c h , p u b l i c a t i o n No. 2 ) . Uppsa la : S c a n d i n a v i a n I n s t i t u t e o f A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , 1980.
235. " C o n d i t i o n s and p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r overcoming underdevelopment: a n e m p i r i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o t h e problems of t r a d i t i o n a l modes of p r o d u c t i o n and o f surmounting them by means of po- l i t i c a l m o b i l i z a t i o n and socio- economic t r a n s f o r m a t i o n : u s i n g t h e example of t h e ujamaa s t r a t e g y i n T a n z a n i a . " Frank- f u r t am Main: I n s t i t u t f u r S o z i a l f o r s c h u n a a n d e r Johann Wolfgang Goethe U n i v e r s i t k i t , 1972. 281 p . ' c i t e d i n Volkhard HundsdBrfer and Wolfgang Kuper, B i b l i o g r a p h i e zur S o z i a l - w i s s e n s c h a f t l i c h e n Er forschung T a n z a n i a s ( I t e m 4 7 9 ) .
236. DAVIDSSON, J A N . Some b a s i c u i d e l i n e s f o r v i l l a e t r a n s o r t ope- r a t i o n i n combina t ion wyth c u l t i v a t i o n . D a r g e s S a l a k ] : T r a n s p o r t S e c t i o n , Ujamaa and C o o p e r a t i v e Developmelit De- p a r t m e n t , Prime M i n i s t e r ' s O f f i c e , J a n u a r y 1976. 30 p .
237. DUE, JEAN M . " A g r i c u l t u r a l c r e d i t i n T a n z a n i a . " ( I l l i n o i s Agri- c u l t u r a l Economics S t a f f paper no. 77 E- 2 ) . DeparCJnent of A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics, U n i v e r s i t y o f I1-f"inois a t Urbana- Champaign, March 1977. 19 p. P u b l i s h e d i n J o u r n a l of s o u t h e r n A f r i c a n a f f a i r s 3 , no. 1 ( 1 9 7 8 ) : 99-113.
238. DUE, JEAN M . " A g r i c u l t u r a l c r e d i t i n T a n z a n i a , p a r t 111," ( I l l i - n o i s A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics S t a f f paper no. 78 E- 3 8 ) . De- par tment of A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics, U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s a t Urbana-Champaign, 1978. 32 p .
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240. DUE, JEAN M . "The a l l o c a t i o n of c r e d i t t o ujamaa v i l l a g e s and t o s m a l l p r i v a t e f a r m e r s i n T a n z a n i a . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e a n n u a l m e e t i n s of t h e A f r i c a n S t u d i e s A s s o c i a t i o n , Houston, Texas , November 1977. 2 8 p . P u b l i s h e d i n S ~ ~ v i n g s and development 2 ( 1 9 7 8 ) : 69-107.
241. DUE, JEAN PI. C o s t s , r e t u r n s and repayment e x p e r i e n c e of ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n Tanzania 1973-1976. Washington, D . C . : U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s o f American, 1980. 1 4 1 p . Summary of h e r S t a f f Papers I , I1 and I11 n o s . 237, 242, 238) .
242. DUE, JEAN M . and WAYNE MILLER. " A g r i c u l t u r a l c r e d i t i n Tanzania , p a r t 11." ( I l l i n o i s A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics S t a f f Paper No. 77 E- 15) . Department of A g r i c u l t u r a l Economics , U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n o i s a t Urbana-Champaign, J u l y 1977. 1 2 1 p.
243. JAMES, R. W. Land t e n u r e and p o l i c y i n Tanzania . N a i r o b i : EALB, 1971. 375 p. P a r t I V on C o l l e c t i v e Tenure i s r e l e v a n t . pp. 225-258.
244. KIRo, D. J. B. "A s t u d y o f t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f r u r a l t r a i n i n g c e n t r e a c t i n g a s a n i n p u t p roduc ing and m a r k e t i n g a g e n t f o r ujamaa v i l l a g e s . " S p e c i a l p r o j e c t , B. Sc. ( A g r i c u l t u r e ) , Department of R u r a l Economy, U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, Moroqoro, 1974. T y p e s c r i p t . 67 p. C i t e d i n Ib rah im B . Kai- Samba, e t a l . , Development f o r s e l f - r e l i a n c e ( I t e m no. 4 8 0 ) .
245. KROKFORS,. CHRISTER. " A g r i c u l t u r a l development i n s e l e c t e d ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n Sumbawanga d i s t r i c t . " (BRALUP r e s e a r c h r e p o r t 4 / 1 ) . U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, J a n u a r y 1973. 34 p.
246. LAWRENCE, PETER R. " S i s a l : t h e c a s e f o r ujamaa p r o d u c t i o n . " I n R u r a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n T a n z a n i a , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e , g G . , pp. 480-505. Dar e s Salaam: TPH, 1975.
247. LUPATU, M. A. " A n a l y s i s of egg p r o d u c t i o n and m a r k e t i n g problems i n ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n Morogoro d i s t r i c t . " S t u d e n t p a p e r , De- p a r t m e n t of Animal S c i e n c e , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, Morogoro, 1975. T y p e s c r i p t . 43 p . C i t e d i n Ib rah im B. Kai- Samba, e t a l . , Development f o r s e l f - r e l i a n c e ( I t e m no. 480)
248. I?ACHUNDA, J . B. "Dai ry development p o t e n t i a l under ujamaa v i l l a - g e s : a c a s e s t u d y of f i v e d i s t r i c t s . " Paper p r e s e n t e d a t t h e f o u r t h s c i e n t i f i c c o n f e r e n c e of t h e Tanzanian S o c i e t y of Animal P r o d u c t i o n h e l d a t Mbeya, May 1977. 4 p. C i t e d i n Ib rah im B. Kai-Samba, et., Development f o r s e l f - r e l i a n c e ( I t e m no. 4 8 0 ) .
249. MKONGWA, A . G . "Tobacco p r o d u c t i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n I r i n g a district." S p e c i a l P r o j e c t , F a c u l t y of A g r i c u l t u r e and Fo- r e s t r y , U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975. C i t e d i n James De V r i c s , " A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n and t h e development a t Ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n Tanzania" (no. 1 8 7 ) .
250. MOHELE, A. T. "The I smani maize c r e d i t programme." (ERB paper 7 5 . 2 ) . U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975. 39 p. P u b l i s h e d i n Kwan S. Kim, Rober t B. Mabele and Michael J . S c h u l t h e s i s , e d s . , P a p e r s on t h e p o l i t i c a l economy of Tanzania ( N a i r o b i : Heinemann, 1 9 7 9 ) , pp. 216-222.
251. MSM+?BICHAKA, L. A. " A g r i c u l t u r a l m e c h a n i z a t i o n i n ujamaa v i l l a - g e s : p r o s p e c t s and prob lems ." (ERB p a p e r 7 5 . 7 ) . U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1975. 43 p.
252. MSAMBICHAKA, L. A. and ROBERT B. M . MABELE. " A g r i c u l t u r a l c r e d i t and t h e c?evelopment o f ujamaa v i l l a g e s i n T a n z a n i a . " (ERB p a p e r 7 4 . 1 0 ) . U n i v e r s i t y of Dar e s Salaam, 1974 , 40 p. Pub- l i s h e d i n t h e J o u r n a l o f economic r e f l e c t i o n s ( j o u r n a l of t h e Economic A s s o c i a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s S a l a a m ) , no. 3 ( 1 9 7 4 ) : 32-58; r e p u b l i s h e d i n Kwan S. K i m , Rober t B. Ma- b e l e and l l i c h a e l J . S c h u l t h e s i s , e d s . , P a p e r s on t h e p o l i t i - c a l economy of Tanzania ( N a i r o b i : Heinemann, 1 9 7 9 ) , pp. 207-215.
253. MSHISENI, K . E. "Seaweed fa rming: a p o s s i b i l i t y f o r T a n z a n i a ' s c o a s t a l ujamaa v i l l a g e s . " Tanzania n o t e s and r e c o r d s 79/80 (1976) : 99-105.
254. MUSSULA, J . T. "Nansio beach f i s h i n g r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t . " 10 p. I n Ujamaa v i l l a g e s : a c o l l e c t i o n o f o r i g i n a l m a n u s c r i p t s , 1969-70, Tanzania M i n i s t r y o f Community Development. A m a n u s c r i p t c o l l e c t e d by Eugene d e Benko, Y i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , March 1971, i n Dar e s Salaam.
255. MVENA, Z . S. K . "Problems o f t o b a c c o p r o d u c t i o n i n I r i n g a : a c a s e s t u d y of Kiwere ujamaa v i l l a g e . " S p e c i a l p r o j e c t , B. Sc . ( A g r i c u l t u r e ) , Department o f R u r a l Economy, U n i v e r s i t y o f Dar e s Salaam, Morogorq, 1977. 87 p . C i t e d i n Ibrahirn B. Kai-Samba, e t a l . , Development f o r s e l f - r e l i a n c e ( n o . 4 8 0 ) .
256. NDISSI, CHACHA. "Ujamaa v i l l a g e s a s a c o l l e c t i v e development s t r a t e g y i n T a n z a n i a ' s economic development ." Ph.D. d i s s e r - t a t i o n , George Washington U n i v e r s i t y , 1976. 154 p .
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259. RAIKES, PHILIP L. "Wheat and ujamaa v i l l a g e s . " I n R u r a l coopera- t i o n i n Tanzania , e d i t e d by L i o n e l C l i f f e , e t a l . , pp. 455- 479. Dar e s Salaam: TPH, 1975.
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273. CHUO CHA ELIMU YA USHIRIKA. "Vijiji vya ujamaa: mafunzo maalurn kwa vikundi vya kujifunza." [~jamaa villages: special les- sons for study groups]. Moshi: Chuo Cha Ushirika, 1972. 27 p.
274. COILYUNITY DEVELOPMENT TRUST FUND OF TANZANIA. Approuriate tech- nology for grain storage in Tanzanian villages, report of a pilot project, January, 1977. New Haven, Conn.: Economic Development Bureau, 1977. 94 p.
275. COOPERATIVE UNION OF TANGANYIKA. Cooperative Education Centre. Ujamaa vijijini. Moshi: Cooperative Union of Tanzania, 1967+? Contains Guidelines and five pamphlets as follows: no.i "Masharti ya ujamaa." The statutes of ujamaa].l970,
1;3 P. no.2 Muundo wa kijiji cha ujamaa." he structure of uja-
maa villages]. 1970, 13 p. no.3 "Uongozi wa kijiji cha ujamaa." [Leadership of Ujamaa
Villages.]. 1970, 12 p. no.4 "Maendeleo ya Kijiji." [The Development of a Village].
1971, 9 p. no.5 "Uchurni wa Kijiji." h he Economy of a Village;. 1971,
13 p. Guidelines cited in Printed in Tanzania, 1971.
GOTTLIEB, MANUEL. "Health survey of selected households, rural and urban, mainland Tanzania, six districts, summer 1972." (ERB paper 74.1). University of Dar es Salaam, 1974. 47 p.
INSTITUTE OF ADULT EDUCATION. UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAV. E- tunda ya kuishi kijamaa. [~ruits of an ujamaa life]. Nai- robi: EALB, 1971. 21 p.
KAHAMA, C. G. "Promotion of small-scale industries in ujamaa villages." Mbioni 7, no. 2 (1973): 5-26.
KAZIMOTO, A. A. "Planning implications of the policy of ujamaa villages." Mbioni 6, no. 6 (1971): 15-21.
LEWIN, ROGER. "Education in the ujamaa village." Mbioni, no. 8 (1968): 8-16. Published in Swahili as "Elimu katika kijiji cha ujamaa," Ujamaa, no. 6 (1968): 31-42.
LEWIN, ROGER. "Tatizo la ujamaa vijijini - uchawi: seheu ya I." [A problem of ujamaa villages - witchcraft: part I]. Ujamaa, no. 4 (1968): 30-33. Part I1 should be in Ujamaa, no. 5.
LONG, NORMAN. "Cooaerative enter~rise and rural develonment in Tanzania." In kural cooperatives and planned changk in Africa, case materials, edited by Raymond Apthorpe, pp. 287-361. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1970.
MARO, PAUL S. and WILFRED F. I. MLAY. "Decentralization and the organization of space in Tanzania." Africa 49, no. 3 (1979): 291-301.
MASON, ALAN. "Education for ujamaa living." Ybioni 4, no. 11 (1968): 26-34.
MBENNA, IRENEI CASSIAN. Ujamaa siuwezi. [communal living is im- possible]. Dar es Salaam: Maarifa Publishers, 1973. 25 p. Cited in the Library of Congress, Accesions List, Eastern Africa 10, no. 3 (1977) is a possible reprint titled Siuwezi ujamaa (Dar es Salaam: EAPH, 1976), 22p.
MWAKISYOMBE, J. S. E. "Matatizo ya uwekaji na ufunzaji wa kum- bukumbo za 1-dahesabu ya biashara katika vl]l]l vya ulao2a na vyama vya usnirika. [Problems of preparing and keeping accounts in ujamaa villages ana cooperative societies]. Ujamaa, no. 34 (1974): 16-28.
MWASE, NGILA R.L. "Cooperatives and ujamaa in Tanzania: a case study of the Arusha Region Cooperative Union Limited (ARCU)." Student dissertation, Department of Political Science, Uni- versity of Dar es Salaam, March 1973. 135 p. Preliminary version published in Economic reflections (journal of the Dar es Salaam University Economics Association) 1 (1972): 27-31; and published in a substantially cut form as "Coope- ratives and ujamaa: a case study of the Arusha Region Coo- aerative Union Limited (A.R.C.U.)" in Goran Hyden, ed., Cooperatives in Tanzania (Dar es Salaanl: TPH,- 1976) , pp. 78- 93.
MWOLEKA, CHRISTOPHER and JOSEPH HEALEY, eds. Ujamaa and Chris- tian communities. Eldoret, Kenya: Gaba Publications, Amecea Pastoral Institute, 1976. 63 p.
289. "NDC Goes to the Villages." Jenga, no. 11 (1972): 14-19.
290. NG'WANDU, PIUS YASEBASI. "The role of adult education in meeting the development needs of ujamaa villages in Tanzania." Master's thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, 1973.
291 NG'WANDU, PIUS YASEBASI. "Ujamaa villages: Tanzania's strategy versus rural underdevelopment, and the role of adult edu- cation." (Studies in adult education no. 15). Institute of Adult Education, University of Dar es Salaam, 1974. 40 p.
292. NIEUWENHOVE, JACQUES VAN. "Presence Chretienne en societe socia- liste, valeur pastorale d'une integration dans les villages uiamaa." r~hristian Dresence in socialist society, the value of pastoral integration with ujamaa villages]. 1n Socialisme et Eglise en Tanzanie by S. Urfer, pp. 107-128. Paris: IDOC- France. 1975. Abridsed and translated into Enslish in Marilee Karl, ed., Ujamaa and self-reliance: building socialism in Tanzania (Rome: IDOC, 1976), pp. 69-73.
293. NSHIKU, T. "Vijiji vya ujamaa." [~jamaa villages]. In Tanzania kabla na baada ya uhuru, edited by the Institute of Adult Education, University of Dar es Salaam, pp. 70-81. Kampala: EALB, 1971.
294. NYERERE, JULIUS K. Ujamaa ni imani 3: kufanya kazi pamoja. [So- cialism is faith 3: working together]. Dar es Salaam: EAPH, 1974. 43 p.
295. NYERERE, JULIUS K. Ujamaa ni imani 1: moyo kabla ya silaha.[So- cialism is faith I: the heart before the weapon]. Dar es Salaam: EAPH, 1973, 72 p.
296. OMARI, C. K. and E. A. LUKWARO. "Settlement patterns and ujarnaa," Tanzania notes and records, no. 83 (1978): 21-28.
297. "Planning for nutritional self-sufficiency for ujamaa villages in the context of Tanzania's goals for national development" In Nutritional planning and policy for African countries: summary report of a seminar held in Nairobi, Kenya, June 1976, edited by Micahel Latham and Sidney Westley, pp. - 78-86. (Occasional paper no. 21). Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi, 1976. Republished as Cornell international nutrition monograph series no. 5 by the Cor- nell University Program on International Nutrition and De- velopment Policy, Ithaca, New York, 1977, pp. 63-73.
298. RAIKES, PHILIP L. "Village planning for ujamaa." Taamuli 3,no. 1 (1972) : 3-26.
299. RUPIA, J. A. J. "Mpango wa uchumi wa kijiji cha ujamaa." [Eco- nomic plan for an ujamaa village]." Ujamaa, no. 25 (1971?): 7-15.
300. SHIMBA, H. J. PI. "Socio-economic conditions of ujamaa introduc- tlon in Handeni district." Special project, BSc. (Agricul- ture), Rural Economy Department, University of Dar es Sa- laam, Morogoro, n.d. 46 p. Cited in Ibrahim B. Kai-Samba, et al., Development for self-reliance (no. 480).
301. TANU. Maisha ya uj-. The ujamaa life . Dar es Salaam: Makao Makuu ya TANU, 1971? 40 p.
302. TANU. Vijiji vl7a ujamaa, vitabu vya darubini 2. [~jamaa villa- ges, study books no.21: Dar es Salaam: EAPH, 1971. 64 p.
303. TANZANIA, CHUO CHA ELIMU YA WATU WAZI-MA. CHUO KIKUU CHA DAR ES SALAAM. Matunda ya kuishi kijamaa.[The fruits of socialist living]. Nairobi: EALB 1971. 21 p.
304. TANZANIA. IDARA YA MIPANGO YA UTUMISHI. WIZARA YA MAENDELEO YA UTUMISHI. "Uchunquzi wa mahitaji ya mafunzo ya ufundi/utaa- lam vijijini." [Research on the requirements for technical education in the villages] ." [ ~ a r es salaam?] : Idara ya Mipango ya Utumishi, Wizara ya Maendeleo ya Utumishi, 1977. 72 p.
305. TANZANIA. KAMATI YA KUCHUNGUZA ELIMU YA UJAMAA NA USHIRIKA. Mpango wa elimu ya ujamaa na ushirika, Tanzania, 1973-1979. h he education plan for ujamaa villages and cooperative so- cieties]. Dodoma . January 1973. 84 p.
306 TANZANIA. NATIONAL HOUSING AND BUILDING RESEARCH UNIT. MINISTRY OF LANDS, HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT. Report from a seminar held at Lushoto, February, 1974. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development, July 1974. 41 p.
307. TANZANIA. OFISI YA WAZIRI MKUU NA KAKAMU WA PILI WA RAIS. W- ka ya ujamaa. Ujamaa shops . Dodoma: Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu na Makamu wa Pili wa Rais, May 1976. 18 p.
308. TANZANIA. UJAMAA AND COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT. PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE. A guide for planning, operation and con- trol of a villaqe cooperative shop. [Dodoma], 1974? 33 p.
309. TANZANIA. UJAi'AA AND COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT DEPART-VENT . PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE. Manual and textbook for villaqe book- keeping system. Dodoma . 1976? 116 p.
310. TANZANIA. UJAMAA AND COOPERATIVE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT. The operational manual of the Tanzania rural savings and credit scheme. Dar es Salaam: Office of the Prime Minister and the Second Vice President, 1976? 59 p.
311. TOROKA, S. "Education for self-reliance; the Litowa experiment." Mbioni 4, no. 11 (1968): 2-25. Republished in Rural African6 no. 9 (Fall 1969), pp. 23-33; and in Lionel Cliffe and John Saul, eds., Socialism in Tanzania, Vol. 2 (Dar es Salaam: EAPH, 1973), pp. 264-271.
312. TSCHANNERL, GERHARD. "Rural water supply in Tanzania: is 'po- litics' or 'technique' in command?" Paper presented at the East African Universities social science conference, Dar es Salaam, December 1973. 33 p. Published in The African re- view 6, no. 2 (1976) : 165-194.
313. WESTMAN, JOHANNA. "Planning ujamaa." Mbioni 5, no. 7 (1969) : 3-9.
314. WOOD, A. W. "The community school in Tanzania: the experience at Litowa." Teacher education in new countries 10, no. 1 (1969) : 4-12.
5 Villagers and village leaders
315. BAVU, IMMANUEL. "Leadership and communication in the ujamaa pro- cess: a case study of Kabuku-Ndani ujamaa village cooperative society." Master's thesis, Department of Sociology, Univer- sity of Dar es Salaam, 1971.
316. FORTMANN, LOUISE. "Women's work in a communal setting: the Tan- zanian policy of ujamaa." Paper presented at the conference on Women and Work in Africa, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 29 April - 1 May 1979. 18 p.
317. GUILLOTTE, J. V. "Attitudes toward ujamaa in a multi-ethnic ru- ral community in northern Tanzania." Paper presented at the annual meeting of African Studies Association Syracuse, New York, November 1973. 14 p.
318. LEWIN, ROGER. "Jinsi viongozi wa siasa wanavyoweza kuwasaidia wakulima." How political leadership is able to help pea- sants . Ujamaa, no. 4 (1968) : 8-11.
319. LEWIN, ROGER. "On ujamaa villages." Dar es Salaam, n.d. 19 p.
320. MAEDA, JUSTIN HUMPHREY J. "Popular participation, control and development (a study of the nature and role of popular par- ticipation in Tanzania's rural development)". Ph.D. disser- tation, Department of Political Science, Yale University, 1976. 410 p.
321. MASCARENHAS, ADOLFO C. "Settlements and population redistribu- tion in Dodoma." (BRALUP Research paper no. 47). University of Dar es Salaam, March 1977. 35 p.
322. P.IASHAUR1, R. K. "Leadership structure and communication in an ujamaa village: a case study of Gallu." Student disserta- tion, Department of Political Science, University of Dar es Salaam. 1970. 14 R. Published in slishtlv revised form in
2 2
J.H. Procter, ed., Building ujamaa villages in Tanzania, (Dar es Salaam: TPH, 1976), pp. 55-63.
323. McHENRY, DEAN E., JR. "Peasant participation in communal far- ming: the Tanzanian experience." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Afrlcan Studies Association, Boston, November 1976. 31 p. Published in slightly revised form in the Afrlcan studies review 20, no. 3 (1977): 43-63; reprin- ted in Alan Smith and Claude Welch, eds., Peasants in Africa (Waltham, I4assachusetts: Crossroads Press, 1978) , pp. 43-63.
324. McHENRY, DEAN E., JR. "Rural policy divergence: communal farming in ujamaa villages." Paper presented at the East African universities social science conference, University of Nai- robi, December 1975. 13 p.
325. "Mfano wa katiba ya kijiji cha ujamaa." An example of a consti- tution of an ujamaa village . In Fnzania kabla na baada ya uhuru, edited by the Institute of Adult Education, Univer- sity of Dar es Salaam, pp. 111-115. Kampala: EALB, 1971.
326. MPESHA, M. A. L. "The effect of participation in decision- making on commitment to ujamaa work: a case study of Rugaze and Omurunazi ujamaa villages in Bukoba district." Special project, B. Sc. (Agri-culture) , Department of Crop Science, University of Ear es Salaam, Morogoro, 1976. 51 p. Cited in Ibrahirn B. Kai-Samba, et al., Development for self-reliance (no.480) .
327. NDUNGURU, CRESCENT C. "Ujamaa: a comparative study of percep- tions and orientation in Kilosa and Mpwapwa Districts." Master's thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, 1973.
328. SENDER, JOHN. "Some preliminary notes on the political economy of rural development in Tanzania based on a case study in the western Usambaras." (ERB paper 74.5). University of Dar es Salaam, May 1974. 59 p.
329. STORGAARD, B. "Women in ujamaa villages." Rural Africana 29 (Winter 1975-76) : 135-155.
330. SWANTZ, MARJA-LIISA. "Strain and strenght among peasant women in Tanzania." (BRALUP research paper no. 49). University of Dar es Salaam, 1977. 81 p.
331. SWANTZ, MARJA-LIISA. "Youth and ujamaa development in the Coast region of Tanzania." Paper presented at the East African universities social science conference, Dar es Salaam, De- cember 1973. 28 p. Revised substantially and published as "Youth and development in the Coast region of Tanzania" (BRALUP research report no. 6 (new series), University of Dar es Salaam, 1974, 48 p.
D. Evaluation of the Ujamaa Village Approach to Rural Development
Many or the studies of ujamaa villages categorized elsewhere in this bibliography contain evaluations of progress and suggestions for im-
provement. Student papers, influenced by the drive to make education relevant to socialist development, frequently contain sections pro- viding advice for overcoming problems. In this section, though, works whose general theme is evaluative are included. They are of two ty- pes: general reviews of the effort, which are implicitly evaluative, and specific assessments of the undertaking, which are explicitly evaluative.
1. Review of the effort
332. ANTONIOTTO, ALBERTO. "L'esperienza dell'ujarnaa in Tanzania: una riconsiderazione antropologica."[~he experience of ujamaa in Tanzania: an anthropological reconsideration]. Africa 32, no. 2 (1977) : 177-199.
333. BALDUS, ROLF D. Zur Operationalen Effizienz der Ujamaa Koopera- tive Tansanias. [The operational efficiency of the ujamaa cooperatives in Tanzania!. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1976. 275 p. Contains English surnmary and an ex- tensive bibliography.
334. BARKER, JONATHAN. "Socialism and the rural sector in Tanzania." Paper presented at the American Political Science Associa- tion meeting, September 1976, Chicago.31 p. Revised and pub- lished under the title "The debate on rural socialism in Tanzania" in Bismarck Mwansasu and Cranford Pratt, eds., Toward socialism in Tanzania (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 19791, pp. 95-124.
335. BARKER, JONATHAN. "Uiamaa in cash-crop areas of Tanzania: some problems and reflections .journal bf African studies 1, no. 4 (1974) : 441-463.
336. BAUM, ECKHARD. "Ujamaa ein-Konzept der Agrar, und Siedlungs- politik in Tanzania." ~Ujamaa, an agrarian concept, and settlement politics in ~anzania]. Zeitschrift fiir auslan- dische Landwirtschaft 10, no. 2 (1971): 114-124.
337. BAUM, ECKHARD. "Ujamaa villages: an approach to rural develop- ment in Tanzania." The South African journal of African affairs 3, no. 2 (1973): 37-46.
338. BULEGI, S. A. "The role of villages as multi-purpose producer cooperatives in rural development." In Agricultural exten- sion in ujamaa village development: papers and proceedings of a workshop, edited by Hermann Hansel, et al., pp. 19-27, Morogoro: University of Dar es Salaam, 1975.
339. GARDETTINI, 0. %merits d'une strategie d'Gcodgveloppement pour les villaqes Ujamaa de Tanzanie.[Elements of a strateqv of economic develoument for Tanzanian Uiamaa villaaes?. Thesis > - ~- -
prepared for Ecole pratique des hautes Gtudes, centre inter- national de reserches sur l'environnement et le dgveloppenent, Paris, 1974. 91 p. Cited in CARDAN, Bibliographic fran~aise sur l'afrique 7, no. 3 (1975): 102; 7, no. 4 (1975): 102; and 8, no. 3 (1976) : 84, in which the author's name is spelled Cordettini .
340. CEDILLO, VALENTIN G. "Rural development through ujamaa, A Tan- zania case report." (Occasional paper 73/11). Vienna: Vienna Institute for Development, 1973. 55 p.
341. CEDILLO, VALENTIN G, G. H. E. MWINAMA and R. P. A. S. MKOKOI. study of the rural development programme, ujamaa villages and rural development staff of Tanga, Kilimanjaro and Arusha. Dar es Salaam: Government Printer, 1970. Cited by James Kocher and Beverly Fleisher, Bibliography on rural develop- ment in Tanzania (no. 481) .
342. CLIFFE, LIONEL. "The policy of ujamaa vijijini and the class struggle in Tanzania." Paper presented at the seminar on Changes in Tanzanian Rural Society and Their Relevance for Developraent Planning, Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden, Nether- lands, December 1970. 25 p. Slightly revised and published in Rural Africana, no. 13- (1971): 5:27; and republished in Lionel Cliffe and John Saul, eds., Socialism in Tanzania, Vol. 2 (Dar es Salaam: EAPH, 19731, pp. 195-211.
343. CLIFFE, LIONEL and JOHPJ S. SAUL, eds. Socialism in Tanzania: An Interdisciplinary Reader, Vol. I1 - Policies. Dar es Salaam: EAPH, 1973. 356 p.
344. CLIFFE, LIONEL; PETER LAWRENCE; WILLIAM LUTTERELL; SHEM MIGOT- ADHOLLA and JOHN SAUL, eds. Rural cooperation in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: TPH, 1975. 554 p.
345. CONNELL, JOHN. "Ujamaa villages: institutional change in rural Tanzania." Journal of administration overseas 11, no. 4 (1972): 273-283. Revised and published as The evolution of Tanzanian rural development (Brighton: University of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies, 1974), 21,p.; and in a slightly different form in the Journal of troplcal geo- graphy 38 (1974) : 7-18.
346. COULSON, ANDREW. "Agricultural policies in mainland Tanzania." Review of African political economy, no. 10 (1977) : 74-100.
347. DARAJA, A. W. M. "The Tanzanian pattern of rural development: sorne administrative problems." Student dissertation, De- partment of Political Science, University College, Dar es Salaam, 1970. Revised slightly and published in J. H. Proc- ter, ed., in Building ujamaa villages in Tanzania (Dar es Salaam: TPH, 1971), pp. 48-54.
348. DESAI, P. M. "Ujamaa villages: a Tanzanian experiment in rural developmenk" Africa quarterly 16, no. 2 (1976) : 36-55.
349. DE VRIES, JAiiS and H. HANSEL. "Ujamaa villages as a strategy for rural development in Tanzania." In Agricultural exten- sion in ujamaa village development: papers and proceedings of a workshop, edited by Hermann Hansel, et al., pp. 28-63. Moroyoro: University of Dar es Salaam, 1975.
350. ELLPiAN, ANTONY. "Agricultural improvements through cooperative farming in Tanzania: a brief outline." (ERB paper 69.32). University College, Dar es Salaam, 1969. 10 p. Published as "The introduction of agricultural innovations through co- operative farming: a Brief outline of Tanzania's Policies," East African journal of rural development 3, no. 1 (1970) : 1-15.
351. ELLMAN, ANTONY. "Development of ujamaa farming." Paper presen- ted at the seminar on Changes in Tanzanian Rural Society and Their Relevance for Development Planning, Afrika-Studie- centrum, Leiden, Netherlands, December 1970. 30 p. Published in Kroniek van Afrika, no. 2 (1971) : 113-130.
352. ELLMAN, ANTONY. "Development of ujamaa policy in Tanzania." In Rural cooperatives in Tanzania, edlted by Lionel Cliffe, et al., pp. 312-345. Dar es Salaam: TPH, 1975.
353. ELLPIAN, ANTONY. "Group farminq experiences in Tanzania." In Cooperative and cbnunune, edited by Peter Dorner, pp. 234-276. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1977.
354. ELLMAN, ANTONY. "Progress, problems and prospects in ujamaa de- velopment in Tanzania." Paper presented at the East African Economics Society conference, Dar es Salaam, 31 March - 4 April 1970. 4i p. Published as ERB Paper 70. 18, Univer- sity College, Dar es Salaam, 1970, 35 p.
355. Field Research in Tanga Ujamaa Villages. A collection of stu- dent papers prepared for the Department of Socioloqv. Uni- versityLof D& es Salaam in 197'3 and 1974, 1975. ~ i G o - graphed. 456 p. The Library of Congress entry indicates the papers were prepared between 1974 and 1977 and that the vo- lume contains 538 p. Yet, the Library of Congress copy con- tains only 456 p. and is limited to papers prepared between 1973 and 1974. There is a three page introduction by B.C. Nindi and G. Philippson.
356. FORTMANN, LOUISE. Peasants, officials and participation in ru- ral Tanzania: experience with villagization and decentrali- zation. (Rural local organization series no. 1). Rural De- velopment Comm~ttee, Center for International Studies, Cor- nell-University, Ithaca, New York, 1980. 148 p.
357. GHAI, DHPAW and REGINOLD HERBOLD GREEN. "Ujamaa and villaqi- sation in Tanzania." In 1- m t , edited by Dharam Ghai, Azizur Rahman Khan, Eddy Lee and Samir Radwan, pp. 232-256. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1979.
358. GHAI, DHARAM, EDDY LEE, JUSTIN !IAEDA and SNIIR RADWAN, eds. Overcoming rural underdevelopment: proceedings of a work- shop on alternative agrarian systems and rural development, Arusha, Tanzania 4-14 April 1979. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1979. 98 p.
359. GODDING, JEAN-PIERRE. "La politique rurale et les villages uja- maa." [~ural politics and Ujamaa villages]. In Conference Olivaint de Belgique, La Tanzanie: une leader, une experi- ence, un espoir: session d'etude 4 aout-2 septembre 1974: rapports des participants, pp. 282-305. Sruxelles: Con- ference Olivaint de Belgique, 1975?
360. HESS, OLEEN. "Tanzania: ujamaa and development." (International Agriculture Mimeograph no. 52). Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1976. 86 p.
361. HEWLETT, ROBERT and JOHN MARKIE. "Cooperative farming as an instrument of rural development: examples from China, Viet- nam, Tanzania and India." Land reform, no. 2 (1976): 41-54. Relevant pages are 46-48.
362. HILL. FRANCES. "Uiamaa: African socialist ~roductionism in Tan- zania." In Socialism in the Third World, edited by Helen Desfosses and Jacques Levesque, pp. 216-252. New York: Praeger, 1975.
363. HUIZER, GERRIT. "The ujamaa village programme in Tanzapia: new forms of rural development." (Occasional papers no. 11). The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 1971. 30 p. Published in Studies in comparative international development 8, no. 2 (1973) : 183-207.
364. HYDEN, GdRAN. Beyond ujamaa: underdevelopment and an uncaptured peasantry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. 270 p.
365. HYDEN, GoRAN. "Ujamaa, villagisation and rural development." Overseas development institute review, no. 1 (1975): 53-72.
366. HYDEN, GBRAN. "Villagization, population growth, and agricultural development in Tanzania." Paper presented at the East African Agricultural Economic Society conference on population growth and agricultural development, Kampala, Uganda, May 1975. 9 p.
367. INUKAI, I. "African socialism and agricultural development stra- tegy: a comparative study of Kenya and Tanzania." The deve- loping economies 12, no. 1 (1974): 3-22.
368. JOBS AND SKILLS PROGXW%E FOR AFRICA. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFI- CE. "Changes In the rnstitutional framework: villagisation and ujamaa." In Towards self-reliance: development, ernploy- ment and equity issues in Tanzania, pp. 41-55. Addis Ababa: International Labour Office, 1978.
369. JUMA, RICHARD S. "Ujamaa development in Tanzania." In Ujamaa and self-rqliance: building socialism in Tanzania, editedby Marilee Karl, pp. 36-37.Rome: IDOC, 1976.
370. KAYOMBO, E. 0.; H. H. LUS!.IP,SA, S. PtESAKI and 0. P I . M. NGALYA. 5 collection of essays on ujamaa villages. Four student disser- tations, Department of Political Science, University of Dar es Salaam, 1971. 109 p.
371. KEREGERO, K. J. B. and A. 2 . MATTEE. "Villagization and rural de- velopment: a comr~1ent." In Agricultural extension in ujamaa village development: papers and proceedings oL a workshc?, edited by Hermann Hansel, et al., pp. 22-21. r4orogoro: Unf- versity of Dar es Salaam, 1975.
372. KIM, KWAIJ S. , ROBEKT B. XABELE and IIICAhEL J . SCHULTFiEIS, eds . S-- pArs on the political economy of Tanzania. Nairobi: Heinemann : -
Educational Books, 1979. 294 p.
373. KOlmNYA, L. B. "Creating viable ujamaa villages." In Agricultural extension in ujamaa village development: papers and procee- dings of a workshop, edited by Hermann Hansel, et al., pp. 64-69. Morogoro: University of Dar es Salaam, 1975.
374. MAPOLU, HENRY and G. PHILIPPSON. "Agricultural cooperation and the development of productive forces: some lessons from Tan- zania." The African review 6, no. 2 (1976): 143-163.
MARKIE, JOHN. "Ujamaa villages in Tanzania: a possible solution to the problems of the rural poor." Land reform, no. 1 (1976) : 54-76.
376. MASCARENHAS, ADGL21iO. "After villagization - what?" In Towards socialism in Tanzania edited by Bismarck Mwansasu and Cran- ford Pratt, pp. 145-165. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979.
377. MASCARENHAS, ADOLPHO. "Social and institutional framework for implementing rural development approaches and constraints: the case of Tanzania." In Report on the FAO/SIDA expert con- sultation on policies and institutions for integrated rural development, Nairobi, Kenya, September 1976, Vol. 2, pp. 16-22. Rome: FAO, 1977.
378. McHENRY, DEAN E., JR. "Concentrations and ujamaa villages: a note on resettlemect efforts in Kigoma region." Taamuli 5, no. 1 (1975) : 54-59.
379. McHENRY, DEAN E., JR. "The ujamaa village in Tanzania: a compa- rison with Chinese, Soviet and Mexican experiences in collec- tivization." Comparative studies in society and history 18, no. 3 (1976) : 347-370.
380. MEYEN, W. L. "Ujamaa village development in Mbeya region." (ERB paper). University of Dar es Salaam, n.d. Cited by C. Boalt, "Village housing in Tanzania" (no. 272).
381. MEYNS, PETER. Nationale Unabhan ie keit und landliche Entwicklun in der 3. Welt: Das Beispie? Tznzania. [~ational Independencz and Rural Develoument in the Third World: the Tanzanian Example]. Berlin: Oberbaumverlag, 1977? 298 p.
382. MLAMBITI, M. E. "Rural development: The Tanzanian type." Paper presented at the East Afrikan universities social science conference, Dar es Salaam, December 1973. Published in Tan- zania notes and records, no. 79/80 (1976): 1-12.
383. MODERNE, FRANK. "Etude comparative de deux institutions socialis- tes du dQveloppement rural dans l'ocQan indien: le fokonolona Malgache et le village ujamaa Tanzanien." [comparative study of two socialist institutions for rural development in the Indian Ocean: the Fokonolona of Madagascar and the ujamaa villages of ~anzania]. Annuaire des pays de 110c6an Indien 1 (1974) : 235-259.
384. MODERNE, FRANK. "La cooperation agricole en Tanzanie." Terre llal- gache 8 (1970) : 61-82.
385. MODERNE, FRANK. "Noveaux dsveloppements de l'experience des villaqes ujamaa en Tanzanie." r ~ e w development in the expe- rience of Ujamaa villages in Tanzanial. Revue Pran~aise d'etudes politiques Afrlcanines, no. 61 (19711: 62-86.
386. MODERNE, FRANK. "Villages cornmunautaires et socialisme Tanzanien" [Communal villages and Tanzanian socialism;. Dsveloppement et civilisations, no. 39-40 (1970) : 147 -166.
387. MODERNE, FRANK. "Les villages ujamaa et l'edification du socia- lisme en Tanzanie."[Ujamaa villages and the building of so- cialism in ~anzania]. Revue economique de Madagascar, no. 5 (1970) : 363-381.
388. MUSHI, SAMUEL S. "Revolution by evolution: the Tanzanian road to socialism." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, Yale University, 1974. 484 p.
389. OMARI, C. K. "Operation Kigoma, Kibondo district: a preliminary appraisal." (Rural Development Research Comn~ittee report no. 2). Department of Sociology, University of Dar es Salaam, 1973. 38 p.
390. OMARI, C. K. Strategy for rural development, Tanzania experience. Kampala: EALB, 1976. 168 p.
391. OhlARI, C. K. "Tanzania's emerging rural development policy." Africa today 21, no.3 (1974): 9-14.
392. PHILIP, CHRISTIAN. "Le socialisme Tanzanien et les villages uja- maa, base de son Qdification." [~anzanian socialisni and uja- maa villages, the foundation of its construction]. Memoire, Diplome d'etudes Superieur, Science Politique, Faculte des Sciences Economiques? , Paris, 1970.
SCHULTZ, PETER. "Tanzanie: la parole est au village." [Tanzania: the talk is of the village]. Croissance des jeunes nations, no. 143 (1974) : 31-33.
SCHiiTTE, HEINZ. "Ujamaa Villages und Nyereres Afrikanischer So- zialismus." Internationales Afrika Forum 5, no.4 (1969): 282-287.
SVENDSEN, KNUD ERIK. "General problems of the rural development policy of Tanzania." Paper prepared for a seminar on foreign aid and rural development, Organization for Economic Coopera- tion and Development, Dar es Salaam, January 1970. 14 p.
TANU, BODI YA UHARIRI. "Watanzania vijijini." [Tanzanians in the villagesl. In Kujenga ujamaa Tanzania: miaka kumi ya kwanza, pp. 163-177. [Dodoma]; TANU, 1977.
TANZANIA, 'IDARA YA MAENDELEO YA UJAMAA NA USHIRIKA. OFISI YA WA- ZIRI MKUU NA P4AKAMUrWA PILI WA RAIS. Maendeleo ya ujamaa na ushirika Tanzania, ,The development of socialism and coopera- tives in Tanzania!. Dodoma: Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu, 1976. 43 p.
TANZANIA. KIKUNDI CHA TAKWIMU. SEHEMU YA MIPANGO NA UTAFITI. OFISI YA WAZIRI MKUU NA MAKAMU WA PILI WA RAIS. Maendeleo a vijiji vy ujamaa. [Progress of ujamaa villages]. Dar es SaY lam: Kikundi cha Takwimu, 1974. 60 p.
TANZANIA. MINISTRY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. Ujamaa villages: a collection of original manuscripts, 1969-1970. Dar es Salaam: 1970. 108 P. Typewritten and mimeoqraphed manuscripts collec- ted by ~ugene de Benko, Michigan state university,-in March 1971 from the Ujamaa Village Project in the Ministry of Com- munity Development, Dar es Salaam.
TAI'iZANIA. OFISI YA WASIRI MKUU NA MAKAMU WA PILI WA RAIS. IDARA YA UJAMAA NA USHIRIKA. SEHEMU YA MAENDELEO YA SIASA NA UTA- FITI. Maendeleo ya vijiji. Dodoma: Sehemu ya Maendeleo ya Siasa na Utafiti, 1975. 16 p. Cited in Tanzania National aibliography, 1974-75.
~
TANZANIA. PRIME MINISTER AND SECOND VICE PRESIDENT'S OFFICE. Maendeleo ya vijiji vya ujamaa. Dar es Salaam: Prime Minis- ter's Office, 1973. 15 p. Cited in Printed in Tanzania, 1973.
TSCHUDI, A. B. "Ujamaa villages and rural development." Norsk geografisk tidsskrift 26, no. 1/2 (1972): 27-36.
"Ujamaa, the rural revolution." Jenga, no.8 (1971): 1-7. Re- printed as "Rural revolution In Tanzania." African progress 1, no. 4 (1971) : 32-35.
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA. OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT GROUP. "Agrl- cultural Organisation and vlllage settlement." In Irinqa re- gion, Tanzania: integrated rural development proposals for the third five-year plan, 1976-81, vol. I, pp. 5.1-5.22. Rome: FAO, 1976.
URFER, SYLVAIN. Une Afrique socialiste, la Tanzanie. [~ocialist Africa, Tanzax]. Paris: Les Editions Ouvrieres, 1976. 239 F. The relevant section is pp. 70-81.
WEEKS, SHELDON. "Building ujamaa: Tanzania's rural socialist villages." Paper prepared for a public lecture given at the University of Papua New Guinea, April 1975. 28 p.
407. WOLSTENHOLME, CHRIS. "Ujamaa." New internationalist, May, 1973, pp. 16-18.
2. Assessment of success
408. ANDREOU, P. and SHARMA, K. L. "Approche Gconomique du mouvement Ujamaa et du d6veloppernent rural cooperatif en Tanzanie ." [Economic approach bf the Ujamaa movement and rural coopera- tive development in ~anzania]. Revue des etudes cooperatives, no. 187 (1977) : 115-123.
409. ANGWAZI, JOSEPH and BENNO NDULU. "Evaluation of Operation Rufiji, 1968." (BRALUP service paper 73/9). University of Dar es Sa- laam, 1973.
410. ANGWAZI, .JOSEPH and BENNO NDULU. "An evaluation of ujamaa villa- ges in the Rufiji area, 1968-1972." Paper presented at the East African universities social science conference, Dar es Salaam, December 1973. 22 p.
411. AWITI, ADHU. "The development of ujamaa villages and the peasant r~uestion in Irlnga district: a study outline." (ERB (procedural) paper 71.1). University of Dar es Salaam, 1971. 39 p. Reissued as ERB paper 73.4, University of Dar es Salaam, 1973, 48 p.
412. AWITI, ADHU. "Economic differentiation in Isrnani, Iringa region: a critical assessment of peasants' response to the ujamaa vijijini programme." Paper presented at an ERB Seminar, Uni- versity of Dar es Salaam, October 1972. 47 p. Reprinted as "Class struggle in rural society of Tanzania", Maji Maji, no. 7 (1972); under the original title in The African review 3, no. 2 (1973): 209-240; with three new introductory pages as "Analysis of a rural village in Tanzania." African red family 1, no. 1 (1973) : 26-61; split into two parts as "Is- man1 and the rise of capitalism" and "The development of ujarnaa in Ismani," in Lionel Cliffe, et. al., eds., Rural cooperation in Tanzania (Dar es Salaam: TPH, 1975), pp. 51- 78 and 418-425, respectively; and as "Lutte des classes dans la societe rurale de la Tanzanie: une etude de cas de Isma- ni-Iringa," in Samir Amin, ed., L'agriculture Africaine et le capitalisme (Paris: Editions Anthropos, 19751, pp. 257- 318.
413. BLUE, RICHARD N. and JAMES H. WEAVER. A critical assessment of the Tanzanian model of development. (Occasional paper no.1). Washington, D. C.: Agency for International Development, De- velopment Studies Program, June 1977, 61 p. Re~rinted by the Agricultural Development Council, no. 30, July 1977, 19 p.
414. BOGGIO, BERNARD and PIERRE-YVES DOUET. "Tanzanie, comment fonc- tionnent les villages communautaires ujamaa." [Tanzania, how the Ujamaa villages function!. Croissance des jeunes nations, no. 164 (1975) : 11-14.
415. BRYCESON, DEREK. "Village settlements scheme now well on way to success." African Development, December 1971, pp. T17-T20.
416. CHAMBERS, ROBERT. "Book review: building ujarnaa village in Tan- zania." Taarnuli 2, no. 2 (1972): 62-66.
417. CLIFFE, LIONEL; WILLIAM LUTTERELL and J. E. MOORE. "Socialist transformation in rural Tanzania: a strategy for the western Usambaras." (ERB paper 69.24). University of Dar es Salaam, 1969. 47 p. Presented at the East African universities social science conference, Nairobi, Kenya, December 1969 and re- printed in slightly revised form as "Socialist development in Tanzania agriculture: its application to the western Usambaras" in Lionel Cliffe, et al., eds., Rural cooperation in Tanzania (Dar es Salaam: TPH, 1975), pp. 506-538.
418. "Cooperative villages in near revolt..." Free Zanzibar voice, October 1974, pp. 6-9.
419. COULSON, ANDREW, ed. African socialism in practice: the Tanzanian experience. Nottingham, England: Spokesmen Books, 1979.
420. ELLIS, my. "Ujamaa: a personal assessment." Africa report 19, no. 6 (1974): 42-45.
421. ERGAS, ZECKI. "La politique des villages ujamaa en Tanzanie: la fin d'un mythe." [The politics of ujamaa villages in Tanza- nia: tine end of a myth]. Revue Tiers-monde 20, no. 77 (1979): 169-186.
422. FIRST, RUTH. "How ujamaa works." Africa, no. 21 (1973): 40-43.
423. GIGER, HEINI; URS LENDENPIANN; HANNY LUTOLF and HANSRUEDI SCHWEI- ZER. Tansania, ein Kritischer Reisebericht. [Tanzania, a critical tour report]. Ziirich: Schweizerische Arbeitsgrup- pen fiir Entwicklungspolitik, 1976. 81 p. Particularly re- levant are pp. 24-29.
424. GREEN, REGINALD. "Ujamaa: success or failure?" African- ment 9, no. 1 (1975): 12-13.
425. GRUHN, ISEBIL V. "Tanzania's noble experiment imperiled." World- view 19, no. 10 (1976) : 23-25.
426. HONNOLD, EDWARD. "Tanzania's struggle for ujamaa: towards a ru- ral utopia?" Foreign service journal 53, no. 2 (1976) : 7-11, 25.
427. JOINET, BERNARD. "L'ujamaa et le dgveloppement agricole en Tan- zanie socialiste." Revue des studes cooperatives, no. 192 (1978) : 67-94.
428. JUMA, RICHARD. "Ujamaa in practice." African development, Decem- ber 1970, p. T21.
429. KIVA, A. V. "Tropicheskaia Afrika: nekotorye problemy revoliu- tionno-demokraticheskikh preobrazovanii v derevne ['Udzhamaa' v Tanzanii)." tropical AFrica: Some Problems of the Revolu- tionary-democratic Transformations in the Village (Ujamaa in ~anzania)] . Narody Azii i Afriki 20, no. 5 (1974) : 15-25.
430. KJEKSHUS, HELGE. "The Tanzanian villaqization policy: implemen- tatibn lessons and ecological dimensions. " - canaaian 3ournal of african studies 11, no. 2 (1977): 269-282.
431. K~RSCHNER, F. "Das Konzept der Ujamaa-Dorfer: Eine Kritische Be- standsaufnahme." Afrika Spectrum 10, no. 3 (1975) : 245-262.
432. LEWIN, ROGER and GRIFFITHS CUNNINGHAM. "The prospects for ujamaa villages." In Self-Reliant Tanzania, edited by Knud Eric Svendsen and Merete Teisen, pp. 272-280. Dar es Salaam: TPH, 1969.
433. LOFCHIE, MICHAEL. "Agrarian crisis and economic liberalisation in Tanzania." The journal of modern African studies 16, no.3 (1978) : 451-475.
434. LOFCHIE, MICHAEL. "Agrarian socialism in the Third World: the Tanzanian case." Comparative politics 8, no. 3 (1976): 479- 499.
435. MAEDA, JUSTIN H. J. "Managing the ujamaa village development in Tanzania: an assessment of the implementation of the rural ujamaa policy." Paper presented at the sixteenth Inter-Afri- can Public Administration and Management Seminar, Banjul, the Gambia, 28th November-3rd December, 1977. Cited in Su- sanne Mueller, "Landing the middle peasantry'' (no. 442).
436. MAEDA, J. H. J. and IBRAHIM M. KADUMA. "Self-reliance and ujamaa: Tanzania's development strategy." In What now? The Daq Ham- marskjold report, pp. 54-59. Uppsala: Dag Hammarskjold Foun- dation, 1975. Summary of a longer paper they prepared for the 1975 Dag Hammarskjold Project.
437. 14APOLU, HENRY. "Mjadala na wakulima wa kijiji cha Isesa, wilaya ya Mwanza." LDebate with peasants of Isesa Ujamaa village, Mwanza district]. Maji Maji, no. 10 (1973) : 22-29.
438. MATANGO, R. R. "'Operation Mara:' the paradox of democracy." Maji Maji, no. 20 (1975) : 17-29.
4391 MBILINYI, MARJORIE J. "The transition to capitalism in rural Tanzania." (ERB paper 74.7). University of Dar es Salaam, 1974. 49 p. Relevant section is pp. 34-40.
440. McKINSEY & CO. Strengthening the ujamaa village programme: a progress review. Dar es Salaam: Government of Tanzania, 1974.
441. MIGOT-ADHOLLA, S. E. "Rural development policy and equality." In Politics and public policy in Kenya and Tanzania edited by Joel D. Barkan and John J. Okumu, PP. 154-178. New York:
L L
Praeger, 19 79.
442. MUELLER, SUSANNE D. "Landing the middle peasantry: Narodism in Tanzania." (Working paper no. 20). Brookline, Mass.: African Studies Center, Boston University, 1979. 32 p. Revised and to be published in Ralph Miliband and John Saville, eds., The Socialist Register (London: Merlin Press, 1980).
443. MUNGAI, JOSEPH H. "Ujamaa and rural development." Africa, no. 48 (1975) : 23-26.
444. mJF.NSASU, BISMARCK U. and C W F O R D P-TT, eds. Toward Socialism in Tanzania. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 243 p.
445. NDAWULA-KAJUMBA, S. "Is the selectiveness of wajamaa and the un- selectability of farm work a future problem for Tanzania's state farm sector." Paper presented at an ERB seminar, Uni- versity of Dar es Salaam, 6 August 1974. 20 p.
446. NGASONGWA, J. A. "An assessment of socialist rural transformation in Tanzania during the first decade of the Arusha Declara- tion." Mbioni 8, no. 7 (1977): 16-43.
447. NGOTYANA, R. "The strateqv of rural develowment: Tanzania's se- < A
cond five-year plan." The African communist, no. 39 (1969): 24-38. Reprinted as "The strategy of rural development" in Lionel Cliffe and John Saul, eds., Socialism in Tanzania, Vol. 2 (Dar es Salaam: EAPH, 1973), pp. 122-128.
448. NGUNANGWA, N. "Socialism and Tanzania rural strategy. " Maji Maji, no. 27 (1976) : 42-56.
449. NURSEY-BRAY, P. F. "Tanzania: the development debate." African Affairs 79, no. 314 (1980) : 55-78.
450. NYERERE, JULIUS K. The Arusha Declaration, ten years after. Dar es Salaam: Government Printer, 1977. 51 p.
451. PUTTERMAN, LOUIS. "Is a democratic collective agriculture possi- ble? Theorectical considerations and evidence from Tanzania." (Working paper no. 80-18). Department of Economics, Brown University, Providence , Rhode Island, 1980. 33 p.
452. PUTTERMAN, LOUIS. "l'he producers' organizational choice; theory and the case of the Tanzanian villages." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Economics, Yale University, 1980. 729 p. The dissertation is bound in two volumes.
453. PUTTERMAN, LOUIS. "Voluntary collectivization: a model of pro- ducers' institutional choice." Journal of Comparative Econo- mics 4 (1980): 125-157.
454. RAIKES, PHILIP. "Agrarian crisis and economic liberalisation in Tanzania: a comment." Journal of modern African studies 17, no. 2 (1979) : 309-316.
455. RAIKES, PHILIP L. "Economic evaluation criteria for ujamaa villa- ges." (ERB paper 73.3). University of Dar es Salaam, 1973. 36 p.
456. RAIKES, PHILIP. "Settlement, villagization and ujamaa in Tanza- nia." (Centre for Development Research project paper D. 77.2). Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research,l977. 29 p. Draft of chapter 8 of a book in preparation to be tit- led State and agriculture in Tanzania.
457. RAIKES, PHILIP L. "Ujamaa vijijini and rural socialist develop- ment." Paper presented at the East African universities so- cial science conference, Dar es Salaam, December, 1973. 32 p. Republished by the Institute for Development Research, Co- penhagen as research paper A 74.4, 1974; and as "Ujamaa and rural socialism," Review of African political economy, no. 3 (1975): 33-52, with a postscript up-dating it to early 1975.
458. RAKE, ALAN. "Too soon to judge ujamaa yet." African development 9, no. 12 (1975) : 81 and 83.
459. RUPIA, J. A. J. "U~uhimu wa vijlji vya ujamaa katika maendeleo ya Tanzania." the importance of ujamaa villages in the de- velopment of ~anzanial. Ujamaa, no. 38 (1974): 1-68.
460. SANDBERG, AUDUN. "Ujamaa and control of environment." Paper pre- sented at the East African universities social science con- ference, Dar es Salaam, December 1973. 23 p.
461. SEIDLITZ, PETER. "The failure of Tanzania's collective agricul- ture." Swiss review of world affairs 24, no. 10 (1975): 18-19.
462. SHIVJI, ISSA G. Class struggles in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: TPH, 1975. 182 p. Part 4, pp. 101-120, deals with Ujamaa villages.
463. SVENDSEN, K. E. "General problems of rural development policy in Tanzania." In Socialism in Tanzania, Vol. 2, edited by Lic- nel Cliffe and John Saul, nn. 180-185. Dar es Salaam: EAPH. 1973. Prepared in ~anuary i970.
464. SWEET, C. LOUISE. "Obstacles to the creation of collective villa- ges in Tanzania: a discussion of ideology and administration." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the African Studies Association, Houston, Texas, November 1977. 24 p.
455. SWEET, C. LOUISE. "Rural equality versus rural development among the Luguru peoples of eastern-central Tanzania." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1976. 575 p.
466. "Tanzania: ujamaa revisited." Africa confidential 19, no. 22 (1978) : 5-7.
467. TEMU, PETER E. "The ujamaa experiment." Ceres 6, no. 4 (1973): 71-75. Reprinted in Kwan Kim, Robert B. Mabele and Pdichael J. Schultheis, eds., Papers on the political economy of Tan- zania (Nairobi: Heinemann, 1979) , pp. 197-201.
468. ZEGGE, BARNABAS K., et al., "A performance analysis of Upper- Kitete Ujamaa Village." Paper prepared for the Office of the Prime Minister and Second Vice President, Rural Development Division, Dar es Salaam. 1973. Cited in Rolf D. Baldus, g Operational en Effiziens der Ujamaa Kooperative Tanzanias (no. 333).
469. ZEGGE, BARNABAS K. "Ujamaa Villages Program: Past and Present." Paper presented at the Workshop on Development from Below, Addis Ababa, October, 1973. Cited in James Kocher and Be- verly Fleisher Bibliography on rural development in Tanzania (no. 481).
E. General Sources: Journals. Newsnaners & Biblioqranhies
There is one journal which has been devoted almost entirely to mate- rial on ujamaa villages and there are several newspapers which have contained relevant articles almost daily. Several bibliographies, mentioned in the introduction, are listed in this section.
1. Journals
470. Ujamaa ieo (Dar es Salaam). Published irregularly since May 1974. Issued by the Prime Minister's Office.
2. Newspapers
471. Daily News (Dar es Salaam). Published siz days each week since 26 April 1972. Owned by the government. Formed by the merger of The Standard and the Nationalist.
472. Mzalendo (Dar es Salaam). The sunday Swahili newspaper published by the party since 30 April 1972.
473. Nationalist (Dar es Salaam). Party newspaper published between 17 April 1964 and 25 April 1972.
474. The Standard (Dar es Salaam). Privately owned from 1929 to Feb- ruarv 1970, when the sovernment nationalized the DaDer. Ori- L L
ginaily appeared as the Tanganyika Standard. Since January 1965 it appeared as The Standard and the Tanzania Standard. Published six times a week until 25 April 1972 when it mer- ged with the Nationalist to form the Daily News.
475. Sunday News (Dar es Salaam). The sunday issue of the Standard/ Daily News. Government owned since February 1970.
476. Uhuru (Dar es Salaam). Swahili newspaper published six times a week since 1961. Owned by the party.
477. Ushirika (Dar es Salaam). Monthly newspaper published by the Co- operative Union of Tanganyika since 1964.
3. Bibliographies
478. DE VRIES, JAMES. Selected bibliography on agricultural extension in Tanzania. (Technical paper no. 3). Morogoro: Department of Rural Economy, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Vete- rinary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, 1978. 44 p.
479. HUNDSDBRFER, VOLHARD and WOLFGANG KUPER. Bibliographie zur So- zialwissenschaftlichen Erforschung Tanzanias. ;Bibliography for social science research in Tanzania]. (Arnold-Berq- straesser-Institut, Materialien zu ~ntw;cklung und Poiitik, 6.). Munich: Weltforum Verlag, 1974. 231 p.
480. KAI-SAMBA, IBRAHIM B.; SALUM S. MBWANA and VALLERY G. MAHOMBA. Development for self-reliance: a bibliography of contribu- tions from the Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veteri- nary Science, University of Dar es Salaam, 1967-1977. (Lib- rarv occasional uaoer). Moroqoro: The Librarv. Facultv of * - . 2 .
Agriculture, Forestry and veterinary Science, university of Dar es Salaam, December 1977. 154 p. Citations in this bib- liography are to materials found in the Library of-the fa- culty of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Science, Uni- versity of Dar es Salaam, Morogoro.
81. KOCHER, JAMES E. and BEVERLY FLEISCHER. A bibliography on rural development in Tanzania. (MSU rural development paper no. 3). East Lansing: Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, 1979. 77 p. The co-author's name is mis- spelled on the cover: it should be Fleisher. The bibliogra- phy is a revised version of one with the same title by James Kocher published as development discussion paper no. 30, Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, June, 1977, 30 p.
482. MOLLER, TIES, compiler. Tansania: Ujamaa und Entwicklungsplanung - ausgewahlte Neuere Literatur. Tanzania: ujamaa and deve- lopment - selected new literaturhi. (Dokumentationsdienst ~fkika, 4). Hamburg: Deutsches ~nstitut fur Afrika-Forschung, 1972. 65 p.
483. MOLLER, TIES and ANNE JANSEN, compilers and editors. Wirtschafts-, Agrar- und Sozialpolitik in Ostafrika (Kenia, Tansania) - ausgewahlte neuere Literatur. LEconomic, agricultural and social policy in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania) - selected recent literature]. (Dokumentationsdienst Afrika, Reihe A, 8). Hamburg: Deutsches Institut fiir Afrika-Forschung, 1974. 189p.
484. SUMAR, M. and E. McGEE, compilers. National policies of Tanzania: a bibliography. Dar es Salaam: Tanganyika Library Service, 1972. 66 p.
485. TANZANIA LIBRARY SERVICE. Subject index to "The Nationalist" 1964 - 1972. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Library Service, 1977. 250 p. Relevant citations are classified under Tanzania, ~jamaa and Ujamaa villages, pp. 216-219.
486. "Tanzania bibliography." Tanzania notes and records, published each year usually in July. Compiled from 1968 to 1974 by B .W. Langlands .
111 , INDEXES
A. S u b j e c t Index
I n a d d i t i o n t o a v a r i e t y o f t o p i c a l e n t r i e s , t h e s u b j e c t i n d e x i n c l u- d e s a l i s t i n g o f t h e v i l l a g e s / u j a m a a v i l l a g e s which have been t h e s u b j e c t o f s t u d y . Each v i l l a g e i s l i s t e d i n c a p i t a l l e t t e r s and i s f o l l o w e d by a c i t a t i o n of t h e d i s t r i c t i n which t h e v i l l a g e i s loca- t e d . D i s t r i c t h e a d i n g s i n c l u d e t h e s t u d i e s o f v i l l a q e s t h a t f a l l i n t h e g i v e n d i s t r i c t ; r e g i o n a l h e a d i n g s do n o t i n c l u d e t h e s t u d i e s of v i l l a g e s which f a l l i n t h e g i v e n r e g i o n . O t h e r g e o g r a p h i c a l head ings a r e i n c l u d e d i f t h e y were t h e u n i t w i t h i n which ujamaa v i l l a g e s were s t u d i e s .
A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n , 185 , 187 , 189-191, 195 , 202, 203, 213, 214, 219, 225; e v a l u a t i o n o f , 1 8 8 , 193 , 1 9 4 , 199 , 207; p l a n n i n g a n d , 205, 215, 217, 219; t r a i n i n g of a g e n t s f o r , 196 , 209-211, 220; s e e a l s o Government s t a f f , a g r i c u l t u r e
A g r i c u l t u r a l m a r k e t i n g , 244; s e e a l s o C o o p e r a t i v e s
A g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n , 6 , 26, 175 , 241, 257, 263, 265, 268, 273, 346, 350; e f f e c t o f v i l l a q e s on, 433, 434, 454, 457; cashew n u t , 135; c o f f e e 242; d a i r y , 46, 248; e g g , 247; f i s h , 1 4 , 254; l i v e - s t o c k , 232, 233; maize , 250; seaweed, 253; s i s a l , 129 , 246; t e a , 46; t o b a c c o , 115 , 1 5 4 , 241, 242, 249, 255, 411; v e g e t a b l e , 231; whea t , 245, 259; s e e a l s o Communal a c t i v i t i e s , a g r i c u l t u r e
Arumeru d i s t r i c t , 198 , 320, 452
Arusha d i s t r i c t , 126
Arusha r e g i o n , 356, 358
Bagamoyo d i s t r i c t , 1 9 , 98 , 178 , 229
BENDERA ( P a r e ) , 198
B e s t v i l l a g e award: r e a s o n s f o r p r i z e , 197; winning v i l l a g e s i n 1972, 198; winning v i l l a g e s i n 1975, 229
Biharamulo d i s t r i c t , 84, 35, 229
BISUMWA (Musoma) , 272
Block f a r m s , 101 , 410
B o o k / a r t i c l e r e v i e w s , 416, 434, 242, 454
BUKABUYE (Bukoba) , 108
BUKANGARA (Karagwe) , 160
Bukoba d i s t r i c t , 42, 46, 69 , 108 , 198, 326, 329, 330, 381
BUNJU (Mzimzima) , 331
BUTIAMA (Musoma), 118, 162 , 167 , 276
Bwakira C h i n i s e t t l e m e n t (Florogoro) , 1
C e n t r a l Hai d i v i s i o n ( K i l i m a n j a r o ) , 110
CHAKACHANI (Tanga) , 150
CHAMWINO (Dodoma R u r a l ) , 157
CHANGALIKWA (Korogwe), 11, 132 , 164, 347
CHEKERENI (Moshi) , 59, 358
C H I K U N D I ( L i n d i ) , 1 9 8 ,
CHOLOLO (Dodoma) , 276
Chunya d i s t r i c t , 198
C o a s t r e g i o n , 66, 198 , 331, 409
Communal a c t i v i t i e s : A q r i c u l t u r a l : 64 ,258 , 320, 323, 324, 334, 434; i n Bukoba D i s t - r i c t , 326; Handeni D i s t r i c t , 265, 315; Lushoto D i s t r i c t , 231; Musoma D i s t r i c t , 118 ; Njombe D i s t r i c t , 175; R u f i j i D i s t r i c t , 152 ; Sumbawanga D i s t r i c t , 245; Uf ipa D i s t r i c t , 268; i n I r i n g a Region, 262, 404; Mwanza Region, 263, 264; Tanga Region, 44, 46, 123; West Lake Region, 179;
N o n- a g r i c u l t u r a l : 122 , 320, 307; i n Musoma D i s t r i c t , 118; T r a d i t i o n a l : 56, 332; s e e a l s o i t e m s i n S e c t i o n I1 B2
Comparison w i t h o t h e r u n d e r t a k i n g s : China , USSR and Mexico, 379; China , Vietnam and I n d i a , 361; Fokonolona i n Madagascar , 383; Kenya, 367
C o n s t i t u t i o n s ; v i l l a g e , 323
C o o p e r a t i v e s , 8 8 , 89, 96, 97 , 206, 216, 275, 287, 408; d i s b a n d i n g o f , 35; f i s h i n g , 1 4 ; l e a d e r s o f , 223; m a r k e t i n g , 22; m u l t i - p u r p o s e , 36, 109 , 282, 338; t r a d i t i o n a l fo rms , 3 , 100
C r e d i t , 223, 234, 237-242, 252, 260, 261, 386; s e e a l s o N a t i o n a l De- ve lopment C o r p o r a t i o n and R u r a l S a v i n g s and C r e d i t Scheme
Dodoma r e g i o n , 6 4 , 128 , 321, 323, 324, 358, 362, 381
Dodoma R u r a l d i s t r i c t , 11, 128 , 157, 200, 229, 272, 276, 362
E c o n o m y , 1 7 5 , 2 7 5 ; see a l so A g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n , I n d u s t r y a n d P r o d u c t i v e forces
E d u c a t i o n , 2 8 0 , 2 8 4 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 5 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 4 ; a d u l t , 2 1 9 , 2 9 0 , 2 9 1 ; l i b - rar ies , 2 7 1 ; p o l i t i c a l e d u c a t i o n m a t e r i a l s , 2 7 3 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 7 , 2 8 5 , 2 9 3- 2 9 5 , 3 0 1- 3 0 3 ; see a l so A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n , t r a i n i n g o f a g e n t s , R u r a l T r a i n i n g C e n t e r , a n d V i l l a g e M a n a g e m e n t T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m m e
ENDAKISO ( H a n a n g ) , 3 2 0 , 3 5 8
E v a l u a t i o n o f , 3 3 7 , 3 6 0 ; see a l s o i t e m s i n S e c t i o n I1 D2
F i s h i n g , see A g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n , f i s h
F o r e i g n a s s i s t a n c e , 1 2 3 , 3 1 2
F o r m a t i o n o f v i l l a g e s / u j a m a a v i l l a g e s , 3 3 3 , 3 3 5 , 3 4 0 , 3 4 2 , 3 5 1 , 3 5 7 , 3 6 0 , 3 7 6 , 4 5 7 ; g o v e r n m e n t a d v i c e , 2 7 3 , 2 7 5 ; i n Dodoma d i s t r i c t , 2 0 0 ; i n I r i n g a d i s t r i c t , 9 0 , 9 4 , 4 1 2 ; i n Mwanza r e g i o n , 1 5 1 ; i n T a n g a r e g i o n , 1 2 3 ; i n West L a k e r e g i o n , 4 5 ; u s e o f f o r c e i n , 2 9 , 3 9 , 8 0 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 4 ; v i l l a g i z a t i o n , 4 5 , 3 3 8 , 3 7 1 , 4 3 0 ; see a l s o O p e r a t i o n V i j i j i , P r o b l e m s a n d S e c t i o n I1 B 1
GAIRO ( K i l o s a ) , 2 6 0
GALLU ( U k e r e w e ) , 3 2 2
GAVAO-SAWENI ( P a r e ) , 1 6 5
G e i t a d i s t r i c t , 4 9 , 1 0 6 , 2 2 9 , 2 6 3
GEZAULOLE ( T e m e k e ) , 2 2 9
G o v e r n m e n t s t a f f , 4 6 , 5 2 , 9 5 , 1 1 0 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 3 , 1 9 2 , 3 3 3 , 3 5 6 , 4 5 7 , 4 6 2 ; a s r i c u l t u r e . 1 8 6 . 2 0 1 . 2 0 8 . 3 5 0 : c o m m u n i t v d e v e l o ~ m e n t . 2 0 0 . 230 ; - t e c h n i c a l , 3 1 2 ; Lee aiso ~ b l i t i c a l party leahers; ' ~ u r a i c a d r e a n d c o o p e r a t i v e s
GUA ( C h u n y a ) , 1 9 8
H a n a n g d i s t r i c t , 2 2 9 , 3 2 0 , 4 5 2
H a n d e n i d i s t r i c t , 11, 9 2 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 8 , 1 4 9 , 1 5 0 , 1 7 2 , 1 9 2 , 2 4 6 , 2 6 5 , 3 0 0 , 3 1 5
H e a l t h , 2 7 6
H o n g i s e t t l e m e n t ( M b i n g a ) , 1 0 0
H o u s i n g , 2 7 2 , 3 0 6
IBANDA ( G e i t a ) , 2 6 3
I c h u n g u d i v i s i o n ( N o r t h M a r a ) , 4 3 8
I d e o l o g y , 2 7 , 3 0 , 1 2 3 , 2 5 7 , 2 7 5 , 3 5 4 , 4 3 1 , 4 3 2 ; N y e r e r e ' s f o r m u l a t i o n , 3 1- 3 9 , 4 5 0 ; as p o l i c y , 2 6 , 2 9 , 6 4
IDIBO ( K i l o s a ) , 2 6 0
IGONGOLA ( N j o m b e ) 1 3 4
I G O S I ( N j o m b e ) , 2 2 9
IGULA ( I r i n g a ) , 4 1 2
I k o w a s e t t l e m e n t (Dodoma) , 11
I K W I R I R I ( R u f i j i ) , 3 3 1
IMALAMPAKA ( T a b o r a ) , 1 5 4
I n e q u a l i t y ; r u r a l , 4 4 , 8 7 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 1 0 5 , 1 7 5 , 3 2 8 , 3 3 5 , 4 1 2 , 4 3 9 ; see a l s o P e a s a n t r y , k u l a k s
I n d u s t r i e s ; s m a l l s c a l e , 1 1 0 , 1 2 3 , 2 7 8 , 2 8 9 , 3 3 3
I r a m b a d i s t r i c t , 1 9 7 , 2 4 8
I r i n g a d i s t r i c t , 9 1 , 9 2 , 2 4 1 , 2 4 9 , 2 5 5 , 4 0 4 , 4 1 1 , 4 1 2 ; see a l s o I s m a n i d i v i s i o n
I r i n g a r e g i o n , 6 4 , 1 2 0 , 1 8 8 , 2 4 2 , 2 6 2 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 4 , 3 5 6 , 4 0 4
IRUMYA ( M w a n ~ a ) , 2 6 3
ISANSA-ITUMPI ( M b o z i ) , 1 3 6
ISESA ( M w a n z a ) , 1 5 1 , 4 3 7
I s m a n i d i v i s i o n ( I r i n g a ) , 9 0 , 9 3 , 9 4 , 1 0 5 , 2 0 8 , 2 5 0 , 3 8 1 , 4 1 1 , 4 1 2
I T I G A , 1 8 2
I t o b o w a r d ( N z e g a ) , 1 5 9
ITUMBA ( R u n g w e ) , 1 1 3
ITUNUNU ( S e r e n g e t i ) , 2 2 9
IWINDI ( M b e y a ) , 2 7 2
K
KABUKU-NDAPJI ( H a n d e n i ) , 1 1 9 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 , 2 4 6 , 3 1 5
Kahama d i s t r i c t , 1 9 8 , 2 2 9
K a l e b e z o w a r d ( G e i t a ) , 1 0 6
KANDAGESHO ( K a r a g w e ) , 1 6 0
KANGABUSHARO ( B u k o b a ) , 3 3 0
K a r a g w e d i s t r i c t , 4 6 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 1 6 0
K a r u m e S m a l l h o l d e r s s e t t l e m e n t ( I r i n g a ) , 2 5 6
KASAMWA ( G e i t a ) , 2 6 3
KASOLOLO (Kwimba) , 26 3
K a s u l u d i s t r i c t , 2 2 9 , 2 7 6
K a t o m a s e t t l e m e n t ( B u k o b a R u r a l ) , 9 9
KATORO ( G e i t a ) , 2 6 3
KEREGE ( B a g a m o y o ) , 1 9 , 1 7 8
KIBIMBA ( K a r a g w e ) , 1 6 0
K i b o n d o d i s t r i c t , 5 4 , 7 7 , 8 2 , 1 9 8 , 3 8 9 , 3 9 0
KICHEBA ( M u h e z a ) , 4 2 , 1 3 7
K i g o m a r e g i o n , 6 4 , 8 2 , 1 7 7 , 3 2 3 , 3 2 4 , 3 8 9 , 3 9 0
KIGOMBE ( T a n g a ) , 1 4
KIGONIGONI ( P a r e ) , 1 6 5
KIGWE ( D o d o m a ) , 2 2 9
KIHANGI ( M b i n g a ) , 1 6 9 , 2 2 9
KIHINDA ( K a r a g w e ) , 1 6 0
KIHITU-NGWELO ( L u s h o t o ) , 3 2 8
KIHOROGOTA ( I r i n g a ) , 4 1 2
KILEO ( P a r e ) , 4 3 , 1 6 5
K i l i m a n j a r o d i s t r i c t , 1 1 0
K i l i m a n j a r o r e g i o n , 6 4 , 1 1 0 , 111, 3 2 3 , 3 2 4 , 3 5 8
KILIMELILE ( B u k o b a ) , 3 3 0
K i l o m b e r o d i s t r i c t , 4 5 2
K i l o s a d i s t r i c t , 1 9 8 , 2 6 0 , 3 2 7 , 4 5 2
KIMUNYU-MAKANYA ( P a r e ) , 1 6 5
KIPENGERE (N j o m b e ) , 1 9 8
KISAKI ( M o r o g o r o ) , 1 6 1 , 2 2 9
K i s a r a w e d i s t r i c t , 6 6 , 1 4 7 , 1 7 6
KITAMA I1 ( N e w a l a ) , 1 3 5
KITUMBI-CHANIKA ( H a n d e n i ) , 1 2 3 , 1 5 0
KIWANDA ( T a n g a ) , 11, 3 4 7
KIWERE ( I r i n g a ) , 2 5 6 , 3 5 9
K o n d o a d i s t r i c t , 1 1 6 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 3 , 1 9 8 , 3 6 2
K o r o g w e d i s t r i c t , 11, 1 2 5 , 1 3 2 , 1 6 4 , 3 4 7
KWAMANGUGU ( H a n d e n i ) , 11, 9 2 , 1 5 0
KWAMSISI ( K o r o g w e ) , 1 2 5
KIWANGWA ( B a g a m o y o ) , 2 2 9
KWEMWEWE ( T a n g a ) , 1 5 8
Kwimba d i s t r i c t , 1 9 8 , 2 6 3
K y e l a d i s t r i c t , 1 3
L
L a n d t e n u r e , 2 1 , 6 2 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 9 3 , 1 0 6 , 2 4 3 ; c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r p r o p e r t y , 5 3
L a w s , 5 3 , 6 5 , 8 3 ; see a l so V i l l a g e s a n d U j a m a a V i l l a g e s A c t o f 1 9 7 5
L e a d e r s h i p , 1 0 6 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 5 , 3 1 5 , 3 1 8 , 3 2 2
L i n d i d i s t r i c t , 1 9 8 , 2 2 9
LITOWA ( S o n g e a ) , 1 0 , 2 0 , 1 0 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 7 0 , 1 8 0 , 1 9 8 , 2 8 2 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 4 , 3 1 9
LIWETA ( S o n g e a ) , 1, 2 8 2
LOTIMA ( M o s h i ) , 5 9
LUGAZE ( B u k o b a ) , 3 3 0
LUPALE (Rungwe) , 2 7 6
LUPEMBE ( N j o m b e ) , 2 1 6
L u s h o t o . d i s t r i c t , 3 , 5 0 , 1 3 2 , 1 5 3 , 1 5 5 , 1 8 1 , 2 3 1 , 3 2 8 , 3 7 4 , 4 1 7
L u s h o t o I n t e g r a t e d D e v e l o p m e n t P r o g r a m m e , 5 0
LWAMI ( P a r e ) , 2 2 9
LWANZALI ( N j o m b e ) , 4 2 6
LYEHELAGI ( G e i t a ) , 229
M
M a a s i l a n d : E n g ' a r u k a i a n d K o m o l o n i k areas ( M a s a i ) , 7 8
MADINGO ( L i n d i ) , 229
I*IAGODA ( N j o m b e ) , 4 2 6
MAHOMA-MAKULU (Dodoma) , 2 7 2
MAKUNDUSI (Musoma) , 1 6 6
MALIBWI ( L u s h o t o ) , 5 0
MALILI ( M w a n z a ) , 1 3 9 , 1 5 1 , 1 6 3 , 2 6 3
MALOCHA (Surnbawanga) , 2 4 5 , 2 9 3
MALYA (Kwimba) , 1 9 8
MANDAMAZINGARA ( B a g a m o y o ) , 1 7 8
MANGAWE ( I r i n g a ) , 4 1 2
M a n ' g o n y i s e t t l e m e n t ( S i n g i d a ) , 11
Manka-iCbaga s e t t l e m e n t ( P a r e ) , 1 6 5
M a r a r e g i o n , 6 1 , 1 3 5 , 1 6 7 , 4 4 8
MARANZARA ( M u h e z a ) , 3 2 8
MAREU ( A r u m e r u ) , 1 2 6 , 3 2 0 , 3 5 8
Masai d i s t r i c t , 7 8 , 1 4 6
MASAIKA ( P a n g a n i ) , 1 5 0
MATETEREKA ( S o n g e a ) , 1 4 2 , 2 8 2
M a t o n g o r o s e t t l e m e n t ( M p w a p w a ) , 11
Mbaga w a r d ( P a r e ) , 7 4
MI3AMl3ARA ( M u h e z a ) , 11, 9 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 3 1 , 1 4 2 , 1 4 4 , 1 7 7 , 1 8 4 , 2 2 9 , 2 8 2 , 3 4 7
MBARIKA (Mwanza) , 1 3 2
Mbeya d i s t r i c t , 7 2 , 2 7 2
Mbeya r e g i o n , 2 4 2 , 3 3 5 , 3 8 0
MBINDU, 2 3 0
M b i n g a d i s t r i c t , 7 1 , 1 0 0 , 1 6 9 , 2 2 9
M b o z i d i s t r i c t , 1 3 6
M b u l u d i s t r i c t , 7 , 1 9 , 3 1 7 , 3 8 1 , 4 6 8
M b u t u s e t t l e m e n t ( N g e z a ) , 11
MCHAKAMCHAKA ( M p a n d a ) , 229
M e c h a n i z a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e , 2 2 7 , 251
METANAMCHACHA ( N e w a l a ) , 229
MGATA ( M o r o g o r o ) , 1 6 8
M g o r i Dam s e t t l e m e n t ( S i n g i d a ) , 11
MGWASHI ( L u s h o t o ) , 3 2 8
MINJALE, 1 9 8
MIWALENI ( M o s h i ) , 5 9
MKATA ( M o r o g o r o ) , 5 5
MKINGA LEO ( T a n g a ) , 1 2 3
MKOKA (Mpwapwa) , 3 2 0
MKONGO ( R u f i j i ) , 1 5 2
MKUNGUGU ( I r i n g a ) , 4 1 2
M l a l e s e t t l e m e n t ( S o n g e a ) , 1 9
MLESA ( L u s h o t o ) , 3 2 8
MLOWA-BARABARANI ( D o d o m a ) , 3 5 8
MNG'ARO ( L u s h o t o ) , 1 5 5
M o d e s o f p r o d u c t i o n , 2 3 3 , 2 3 5 , 2 6 6 , 3 5 9 , 4 4 2
MONJO ( L u s h o t o ) , 2 3 1
M o r o g o r o d i s t r i c t , 1, 5 5 , 7 3 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 8 , 2 2 9 , 2 4 7 , 4 5 2
M o r o g o r o r e g i o n , 1 2 4 , 1 6 1 , 3 5 6 , 3 8 8
M o s h i d i s t r i c t , 5 9 , 1 1 0 , 1 5 6 , 3 3 0
MOYA MAYOKA ( H a n a n g ) , 2 2 9 , 3 2 0
MPANDA ( R u n g w e ) , 2 2 9
l l p a n d a d i s t r i c t , 1 9 8 , 2 2 9
MPUNGUZI ( D o d o m a ) , 2 7 6
Mpwapwa d i s t r i c t , 11, 1 1 7 , 1 4 8 , 1 7 3 , 3 2 0 . 3 2 7
MRIJO CHIN1 ( K o n d o a ) , 1 9 8
MSAJE ( H a n d e n i ) , 1 4 9
MSANGE ( S l n g i d a ) , 2 2 9
MSETA (Mpwapwa) , 11, 1 1 7 , 3 2 0 , 3 5 8
MSOLWA ( U l a n g a ) , 1 6 1
MSOWERO ( K i l o s a ) , 1 9 8
MTAKUJA ( M o s h i ) , 5 9 , 1 5 6 , 3 3 0
MTAKUJA ( M p a n d a ) , 1 9 8
MTANANA (Mpwapwa) , 1 4 8 , 1 7 3
MTUUNANI ( K i s a r a w e ) , 1 4 7
M t w a r a r e g i o n , 1 9 8
M u h e z a d i s t r i c t , 11, 1 0 3 , 1 4 2 , 1 4 4 , 1 7 7 , 1 8 4 , 2 2 9 , 2 8 2 , 3 2 8 , 3 4 7 ; see a l s o T a n g a d i s t r i c t
MULEMBULE ( L u s h o t o ) , 1 3 2
Musoma D i s t r i c t , 9 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 6 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 , 2 7 2 , 2 7 6
MVUMI ( K i l o s a ) , 2 6 0
MWALO ( K a h a m a ) , 1 9 8
MWAMAKOGE (Kwimba) , 2 6 3
MWAMASHELE ( S h i n y a n g a ) , 2 7 6
MWANGAZA ( B i h a r a m u l o ) , 2 2 9
Mwanza d i s t r i c t , 5 7 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 9 , 1 5 1 , 1 6 3 , 2 6 3
Mwanza r e g i o n , 7 0 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 4
MWONGOSO ( T e m e k e ) , 2 7 2
l ~ l z i m z i ~ ~ a d i s t r i c t , 3 3 1
N
NAMIKUNDA ( M a s a i ) , 1 4 6
N a n s i o B e a c h ( U k e r e w e ) , 2 5 4
N a r o d i s m , 4 4 2
N a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t C o r p o r a t i o n , 289
NDOROBONI ( K o n d o a ) , 1 3 3
N d u l i s e t t l e m e n t ( I r i n g a ) , 9 1 , 9 2
N d u r u g u n i s e t t l e m e n t ( H a n d e n i ) , 11
N e w a l a d i s t r i c t , 1 3 5 , 2 2 9
NGAMU ( S i n g i d a ) , 1 3 0
N g a r a d i s t r i c t , 4 4 , 46
NGORONGO ( R u f i j i) , 3 3 1
Ngunlbo s u b d i v i s i o n ( M b i n g a ) , 7 1
NGUNGA ( t d w a n z a ) , 2 6 3
N j o m b e d i s t r i c t , 1 3 4 , 1 4 1 , 1 7 5 , 1 9 8 , 2 1 6 , 2 2 9 , 2 4 1 , 4 2 6
NKAMA ( H a n d e n i ) , 1 3 8
NKAIMAI ( L u s h o t o ) , 3 2 8
NKULABI (Dodoma) , 2 7 6
NKWINI ( P a r e ) , 4 3 , 1 6 5
N o r t h M a r a d i s t r i c t , 4 3 8
NTOBEYE ( N g a r a ) , 4 4 , 4 6
N u t r i t i o n a l s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y , 2 9 7
NYABIHANGA ( N g a r a ) , 4 6
NYAGWIJIMA ( K i b o n d o ) , 1 9 8
N y a k u s a , 1 3
N y a l u b e r e s e t t l e m e n t ( G e i t a ) , 49
NYAMVURA, 1 9 8
NYANGUGE (b lwanza) , 1 5 1
NYAVYUMBU ( K i b o n d o ) , 5 4
N z e g a d i s t r i c t , 11, 1 5 9
0
OLJORO ( A r u m e r u ) , 1 9 8 , 3 2 0
OMKAGANDO ( K a r a g w e ) , 1 6 0
OMURUNAZI ( B u k o b a ) , 4 2 , 3 2 6
O p e r a t i o n M a d u k a , 1 0 4 ; see a l s o S h o p s , c o m m u n a l
O p e r a t i o n N g o d a n o , 8 2 ; see a l s o H o u s i n g
O p e r a t i o n V i j i j i ; i n I r i n g a d i s t r i c t , 3 4 2 ; i n K i l i m a n j a r o d i s t r i c t , 1 1 0 ; i n R u f i j i d i s t r i c t , 4 0 9 , 4 6 0 ; i n S h i n y a n g a d i s t r i c t , 7 0 ; i n T a r i m e d i s t r i c t , 6 0 ; i n C o a s t r e g i o n , 6 6 ; i n Dodoma r e g i o n , 1 2 8 , 3 6 2 , 3 8 1 ; i n K i g o m a r e g i o n , 8 2 , 1 7 7 , 3 7 8 , 3 8 9 , 3 9 0 ; i n M a r a r e g i o n , 6 1 , 1 6 7 , 4 3 8 ; i n West L a k e r e g i o n , 8 5
O r g a n i z a t i o n , 6 , 1 1 8 , 1 2 3 , 1 5 1 , 2 5 7 , 2 7 3 , 2 7 5 , 3 2 0 , 3 4 5 , 3 5 3
P
P a n g a n i d i s t r i c t , 1 2 3 , 1 5 0 , 1 9 2
PANYAKOO ( T a r i m e ) , 1 9 8
P a r e d i s t r i c t , 4 3 , 7 4 , 1 6 5 , 1 9 8 , 2 2 9
P e a s a n t r y , 9 1 1 2 3 , 1 8 6 , 3 2 7 ; K u l a k s , 6 , 8 7 , 1 1 4 , 1 9 2 , 2 2 1 , 3 1 2 ; m i d d l e p e a s a n t s , 4 4 2 , see a l s o V i l l a g e r s
P l a n n i n g ; o f v i l l a g e s , 6 9 , 8 1 , 1 2 1 , 4 4 7 ; i n v i l l a g e s , 1 2 3 , 2 0 4 , 2 0 5 , 2 1 9 , 2 2 7 , 2 7 9 , 2 9 8 , 2 9 9 , 3 1 3
P o l i t i c a l p a r t y l e a d e r s , 5 2 , 6 4 , 2 2 4 ; see a l s o G o v e r n m e n t s t a f f a n d R u r a l c a d r e
Problems :
In the formation of: 150, 347, 351, 352, 354, 360, 363, 448, 464; economic differentiation, 87, 91; Operation Vijiji, 70, 438; in Bukoba district, 42; in Kibondo district, 54; in Kili- manjaro district, 68; in Morogoro district, 168; in Musoma district, 67; in Runqwe district, 113; in Kilimanjaro region, 62; in Mwanza region, 151; in West Lake region, 76; In the operation of: 64, 123, 150, 175, 351, 352, 439, 448; accounting, 286; agricultural production, 255, 433
Productive forces; development of, 374
Records: Bookkeeping, 286, 309; Budgeting, .227; Finance, 273
Registration of, 202, 243; see also Villages and Ujamaa Villages Act of 1975
Religion, 288, 292
Rufiji district, 152, 331, 409, 410, 460
RUGAZE (Bukoba) , 198, 326 RUGAZI (Nyerere) (Bukoba) , 69 RUHITA ( K ~ s u ~ u ) , 229, 276 Ruiwa settlement (Mbeya) , 72 RUKURAIJO (Karagwe) , 160 Rungwe district, 13,113, 114, 229, 276
Rural cadre, 58, 230, 360
Rural Savings and Credit Scheme, 310
Rural Training Center, 185, 244
Ruvuma Development Association (RDA), 1, 2, 4, 5 , 10, 52, 140, 183, 282, 314, 353, 381; see also Litowa, Liweta and Matetereka
Rwamkoma settlement (Musoma) , 9, 17, 19
SALALA (Iramba), 198
SANGAIWE (Mbulu) , 317 SEGERA (Handeni), 11, 123, 132, 172
Serengeti district, 229
SESENGA (Morogoro) , 124 Settlements: pre 1967, 1, 4, 8, 15, 24, 64, 98, 243, 296, 378, 396,
456; see also Village Settlement Programme, TANU Youth League Settlements and Ruvuma Development Association
S h i n y a n g a d i s t r i c t , 7 0 , 2 7 6
S H I R I MATUNDA ( M o s h i ) , 5 9 , 1 1 0
S h o p s : Communa l , 3 0 7 , 3 0 8 ; see a l s o O p e r a t i o n M a d u k a
SINGE ( A r u s h a r e g i o n ) , 3 5 8
S i n g i d a d i s t r i c t , 11, 1 3 0 , 2 2 9
S o c i a l services, 6 0 , 2 8 3 , 3 5 7 , 4 3 1
S o n g e a d i s t r i c t , 1, 1 0 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 1 4 0 , 1 4 2 , 1 4 4 , 1 4 5 , 1 7 0 , 1 8 0 , 1 8 3 , 1 9 8 , 2 8 2 , 3 1 1 , 3 1 4
SOTELE B ( K i s a r a w e ) , 1 7 6
STAHABU ( P a n g a n i ) , 1 2 3
S t a t e f a r m s , 4 4 5
S t a t i s t i c s , 5 1 , 2 9 5 , 3 9 7
S t o r a g e : crop, 2 2 7 , 2 7 4
S u k u m a l a n d , 1 1 2 , 1 4 3 , 3 7 4
S u m b a w a n g a d i s t r i c t , 2 4 5 , 2 9 3
SUWA, 1 9 8
SWAILA (Surnbawanga) , 2 4 5
TANU Y o u t h L e a g u e s e t t l e m e n t s , 4 , 5 , 1 6 ; see a l s o Ruvuma D e v e l o p m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n
T a b o r a d i s t r i c t , 1 5 4 , 2 2 9
T a n g a d i s t r i c t , 11, 1 4 , 4 9 , 9 2 , 1 2 3 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 7 , 1 5 0 , 1 5 8
T a n g a r e g i o n , 9 5 , 1 2 3 , 1 7 4 , 1 9 8
T a n z a n i a R u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t B a n k , 2 3 1 , 2 4 0- 2 4 2 , 2 5 2 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 1 ; see a l s o C r e d i t T a r i m e d i s t r i c t , 6 0 , 1 9 8
T e c h n o l o g y , 6 , 2 6 9 , 2 7 0 , 2 7 4 ; see also M e c h a n i z a t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e
T e m e k e d i s t r i c t , 2 2 9 , 2 7 2
T r a n s p o r t , 2 2 7 , 2 3 6
TuMBAKOSE ( K o n d o a ) , 1 1 6
TUMBILINI, 1 3 2
U
UBIRI ( L u s h o t o ) , 1 8 1
U f i p a d i s t r i c t , 2 6 8
U h a m b u l e s e t . t l e m e n t ( M b e y a ) , 7 2
U k e r e w e d i s t r i c t , 2 5 4 , 3 2 2
UKONDAMOYO ( T a b o r a ) , 2 2 9
U l a n g a d i s t r i c t , 1 2 7 , 1 6 1
UPPER KITETE ( M b u l u ) , 7 , 1 9 , 3 8 1 , 4 6 8
URORI ( M o s h i ) , 59
U s a m b a r a , W e s t e r n ; see L u s h o t o d i s t r i c t
U s a n g u p l a i n ( M b e y a ) , 7 2 , 8 7
v V i l l a g e M a n a g e m e n t T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m m e , 2 1 8 , 2 2 2 ; p u b l i c a t i o n s o f , 2 2 7
V i l l a g e S e t t l e m e n t P r o g r a m m e , 1, 4 , 1 7- 1 9 , 2 1 , 2 3 , 2 9 , 6 4 , 3 3 3 , 3 5 0 , 353; see a l s o B w a k i r a C h i n i , K a b u k u- N d a n i , K e r e g e , M k a t a , Mlale, Rwamkoma a n d U p p e r K i t e t e V i l l a g e r s : a t t i t u d e s o f , 6 4 , 7 2 , 2 4 2 , 3 2 3 ; f a m i l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , 1 7 5 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 4 ; p a r t i c i p a t i o n , 3 2 0 , 3 2 6 , 3 6 2 ; women, 4 6 , 3 1 6 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 0 ; y o u t h , 3 3 1
V i l l a g e s a n d U j a m a a V i l l a g e s A c t o f 1 9 7 5 , 2 5 , 4 0 , 4 1 , 6 5 , 8 9 , 2 0 2 , 2 2 3 , 2 2 8 , 4 0 8 ; see a l s o L a w s
V i l l a g i z a t i o n : see F o r m a t i o n o f v i l l a g e s / u j a m a a v i l l a g e s
W WALA ( K w i m b a ) , 2 6 3
WAME ( K a h a m a ) , 2 2 9
WANGAMA ( N j o m b e ) , 1 4 1
Water s u p p l y , 3 1 2
West L a k e r e g i o n , 4 5 , 4 6 , 7 6 , 8 4 , 8 5 , 1 7 9 , 2 2 4
W i t c h c r a f t , 2 8 1
Women, V i l l a g e r s , women
z ZEBA ( L u s h o t o ) , 3 2 8
ZIWA LA DAMU ( M ~ u ~ u ) , 3 1 7
B. Author Index
Anonymous works are indexed according to the journal in which the:, appear or the institution which published them. Edited works in which several articles about ujamaa villages are found are indexed under the names of the editors only once.
Africa Confidential, 80, 466
African Development, 39, 145
Ali, 131
Amani, 271
Andreou, 408 Angwazi, 409, 410 Antoniotto, 332
Apthorpe, 282
Assey, 231
Awiti, 411, 412
B
Babyegeya, 185
Bakula, 42
Bamugaya, 116
Banduka, 43
Bango, 149
Barkan, 441
Barnes, 260
Barnett, 94
Baum, 336, 337
Bavu, 315
Berry, 11
Binamu, 131
Blue, 413
Boesen, 44, 45, 46, 234
Boalt, 272
Boggio, 414
Booth, 94
Brain, 1
Bryceson, 415 Bugengo, 84, 85, 118 Bulegi, 25, 338
Buliga, 119
Bundakila, 86
Cardettini, 339
Cedillo, 340, 341
Chale, 87
Chambers, 416
Chengula, 131
Chimoto, 2
Chipata, 153
Christian Rural Fellowship of East Africa, 48
Chuo Cha Elimu ya Ushirika, 273
Cliffe, 3, 4, 342-344, 417
Community Development Trust Fund of Tanzania, 274
Connell, 345
Cooperative Union of Tanganyika, 85, 89, 206, 223, 275
Cordettini, see Cardettini
Coulson, 186, 346, 419
Cunningham, 4, 5, 47, 48, 432
D
Dabana, 49, 172
Daily News, 471
Daraja, 347
Davidsson, 236
de Benko, 124
Department of Sociology, 355
Desflosses, 362
Desai, 348
De Vries, 120, 187-189, 195, 349, 478
Dorner, 353
Douet, 414
Due, 237-242
Dumont, 6
E
Ellis, 420
Ellman, 7, 350-354
Ergas, 421
Erves, 190
F
Feldman, D., 90-92
Feldman, R., 92-94
First, 422
Fleisher, 481
Fortmann, 120, 316, 356
Free Zanzibar Voice, 418
Freyhold, M., 95, 121-123, 192, 19 3
Freyhold, K., 191
Fumbuka, 96
G
Gama, 124
Georgulas, 8
Ghai, 357, 358
Giger, 423
Githinji, 125
Godding, 359
Golleth, 126
Gottlieb, 276
Green, 357, 424
Gruhn, 425
Guillotte, 317
Gunza, 9
H
Hansel, 127, 194, 195, 349
Harris, 196
Haulle, 50
Healey, 288
Hess, 360
Hewlett, 361
Hill, 128, 362
Hirst, 51
Honnold, 426
Huizer, 363
Hulls, 199
Hundsdorfer, 479
Hussein, 134
Hyden, 97, 129, 364-366
Ibbott, 10, 52
Inderbitzin, 130
Institut fur Sozialforschung, 233, 235, 266
I n s t i t u t e o f A d u l t E d u c a t i o n , 117 , 277, 293, 303
I n u k a i , 367
J a n s e n , 483
Jaquement , 130
J e n g a , 289, 403
J o b s and S k i l l s Programme for A f r i c a , I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour O f f i c e , 368
J o i n e t , 427
Juma, 369, 428
K
K a b i g i , 1 3 1
Kaduma, 436
K a n i k i , 137
Kathambi, 156
Kahama, C . G . , 278
Kahama, K . , 132
Kai-Samba, 480
K a j i a g e , 201
K a j u l a , 133
Kajumba, see Ndawula-Ka jumba
Kampe, 174
Kandege, 134
K a n i k i , 137
K a r l , 292
K a s o r i , 163
Kassami, 184
K a t e s , 11
Kathambi, 156
Kaunde, 135
Kavura, 54
Kawawa, 1 2 , 202
Kayornbo, 74, 115 , 178 , 200, 370
K a z i , 55
Kazimoto, 56, 279
Kehengu, 136
Keregero , 371
Khan, 357
Kharumo, 203
Kibona, 137
Kikudo, 133
Kikwete, 98
K i m , 372
Kimani, 1 3 8
K i m i t i , 26
Kimolo, 119
Kindamba, 116
Kinyondo, 99
Kipanga, 147
K i r o , 244
K i s u l a , 57
Kiva , 429
K j e k s h u s , 430
Kocher , 481
Komanya, 373
Konte r , 1 3
K r e u t z e r , 204
K r o k f o r s , 245
Kuper , 479
K u r s c h n e r , 139 , 431
Kus i lawe , 140
Landberg , 14
Latham, 297
L a t i g o , 1 4 1
Lawrence , 246, 344
Lee , 357, 358
Lendermann, 423
Levesque , 362
Lewin, 142-144 , 280, 281, 318, 319, 432
L o f c h i e , 433, 434
Long, 282
L o x l e y , 261
L u c a s , 1 5 7
Luganga, 146
Lukwaro, 296
L u p a t u , 247
Luswaga, 370
L i i t o l f , 423
L u t t e r e l l , 58 , 344, 417
Lwesya, 136
L y a t u u , 126
Lyimo, 59
Mabe le , 204, 252, 372
Machemba, 1 6 3
Machunda , 2 4 8
Madsen, 46
Maeda, 320, 358, 435, 436
M a g a t t i , 60
Mahecha, 100
Mahimbo, 147
Plahinya, 1 4 8
Mahomba, 480
Maina, 149
M a j i l i , 157
Makere I n s t i t u t e o f S o c i a l R e s e a r c h , 11
Mapolu, 9 6 , 1 5 1 , 374, 437
Mapunda, 27
M a r k i e , 361, 375
Maro, 283
M a s c a r e n h a s , 321, 376, 377
M a s h a u r i , 322
Masheu la , 152
Mason, 284
M a t a l i s i , 1 5 3
Matango, 6 1 , 438
M a t t e e , 371
Mauma, 154
M b a k i l e , 207
Mbenna, 285
M b i l i n y i , 439
Mboya, B . J . , 155
Mboya, G . R . , 62
Mbwana, 480
McGee, 484
Mchomvu, 156
Mchumo, 65
McKay, 11, 1 5
McKinsey a n d Company, 440
Meena, 156
Mesaki, 66, 370
Meynen, 380
Meyns, 381
Mfikwa, 208
Mhilu, 157
Mhindi, 125
Migot-Adholla, 344, 441
Mihayo, 155 . Miliband, 442
Miller, 242
Missana, 67
Mkindi, 268
Mkokoi, 341
Mkongwa, 249
Mlambiti, 282
Mlawa, 158
Mlay, 283
Mmbaga, 159
Mrnuya, 101
iflnondwa, 147
Moberg, 162
Moderne, 102, 383-387
Mohan, 103
Mohele, 234, 250
Moller, 248, 483
Mongi, 209
Moody, 46, 160
Moore, 417
Moris, 210
Mosha, 211
Moshi, 156
Mpesha, 326
Mponguliana, 181
Elpungwe , 16 1 Msambichaka, 28, 251, 252
Msekwa, 29
Mshana, 158
Mshigheni, 253
Msigwa, 138
Msuya, 162
Mtaki, 163
Mtei, 164
Mtenba, 165
Mueller, 442
Mugoya, 166
Mungai, 443
Mushi, S. A., 68
Mushi, S. S., 30, 388
Musoke, 69
Mussula, 254
Mustafa, 167
Mutaha, 97
Mutalemwa, 173
Mutangira, 84, 85
Mvena, 255
Mwakisyombe, 104, 286
Mwambi, 168
Mwanasali, 173
Mwansasu, 16, 444
Mwapachu, 70
Mwase, 287
Mwinama, 341
Mwoleka, 288
Mzalendo, 472 Nyerere, 31-38, 294, 295, 450
N
Nationalist, 473
Ndawula-Kajumba, 445
Ndedya, 195, 212
Ndissi, 256
Ndomba, 169
Ndonde, 170, 213
Ndulu, 409, 410
Ndunguru, C. C., 327
Ndunguru, K. K., 71
Neigus, 214
Nellis, 17
Newiger, 18, 19
Ngalya, 370
Ng'asi, 20
Ngasongwa, 446
Ngeze, 215, 216, 257
Ngotyana, 447
Ngoyani, 171
Ngunangwa, 44 8
Ng'wandu, 290, 291
Nieuwenhove, 29 2
Niinivaar, 258
Nindi, 105, 164, 355
Nkhoma, 172
Nsereko, 217
Nshiku. 293
Ntawatawa, 173
Ntirukigwa, 106
Nursey-Bray, 449
Nuwagaba, 184
0
Odede, 174
Okeyo, 218
Okumu, 441
Oliech, 219
Omari, 296, 389, 391
Oxaal, 94
P
Philip, 392
Philippson, 175, 355, 374
Phillipps, 176
Pipping, 72
Pitblado, 21
Pleskac, 107
Pomjee, 73
Pratt, 444
Proctor, 75
Putterman, 351-353
R
Radwan, 357, 358
Raikes, 259, 298, 454-457
Rake, 458
Rald, 76, 179
Rashidi, 146
Riyami, 180
Rugemarila, 77
Rugimbana, 181
Rugumisa, 108, 260
Rupia, 299, 459
Ruthenberg, 19
Rwelengera, 85 Sweet , 464, 465
Rwiza, 211, 220
S a i b u l , 78
Sandberg, 460
Sanga, 222
S a u l , 22, 109, 343, 344
S a v i l l e , 442
Sawe, 110
S c h u l t z , 393
S c h u l t h e i s , 372
S c h u t t e , 394
Schweizer , 423
S e i d l i t z , 461
S e n d e r , 328
S e u s h i , 261
Sharma, A . C . , 262
Sharma, K . L. 408
Sharma, R. D . , 263, 264
Shayo, 127
Shengena, 1 3 1
Shimba, 300
S h i v j i , 462
Smi th , A . , 323
Smi th , L . D . , 174
S p e c i a l c o r r e s p o n d e n t , 79
S t a n d a r d , 474
S t o r g a a r d , 329
Sumra, 265, 484
Sunday news, 475
Svendsen, 395, 432, 463
Swantz, 330, 331
Tanzania : I d a r a ya Mipango ya Utumish i , Wizara y a Maendeleo yc; Utumishi , 304; Kamati y a Kuchungu za Elimu y a Ujamaa na U s h i r i k a , 305; Laws, S t a t u t e s , e t c . , 4-1. Marke t ing Development Bureau, 225, 226; M i n i s t r y o f Community Development, 399; N a t i o n a l Housing and B u i l d i n g Research U n i t M i n i s t r y o f Lands Housing and Urban Development, 306; O f f i c e of t h e Prime M i n i s t e r and Second Vice P r e s i d e n t , 229, 307, 401; Kikundi cha Takwimu, O f f i c e of t h e Prime M i n i s t e r and Second Vice P r e s i - d e n t , 398; R u r a l S e t t l e m e n t Com- m i s s i o n , 23; V i l l a g e Management T r a i n i n g Programme, 227; Ujamaa and C o o p e r a t i v e Development D e- p a r t m e n t O f f i c e o f t h e Prime M i - n i s t e r and Second Vice P r e s i d e n t , 40, 308-310, 397, 400
Tanzania High C o u r t D i g e s t , 221
T a n z a n i a L i b r a r y S e r v i c e , 485
Tanzania Notes and Records , 486
T e i s e n , 432
Temu, 24, 467
Thoden Van Velzen , 1 1 3 , 114
Toroka, 311
T r a o r e , 267
T s c h a n n e r l , 312
Tschundi , 402
Uhuru, 476
Ujamaa, 197 , 198
Ujamaa Leo, 470
Ulvund, 268
U n i v e r s i t y o f E a s t Angl ia , 404
U r f e r , 292, 405
Ur io , 131
Ush i r i ka , 477
v V a i l , 269, 270
Verhagen, 228
Von Freyhold , s e e Freyhold
Vukovic, 81
Wachiye-Munyasia, 50
Wagao, 82
Wanachuo, Chuo cha CCM (Kivukoni) , 230
Waweru, 182
Weaver, 413
Weeks, 406
Welch, 323
Wenner, 183
Westley, 297
Widstrand, 3
Wil l iams, 83
Wisner, 184
Wolstenholme, 407
Wood, 314
Worsley, 2 2
Zegge, 468, 469
The Scandinavian lnstitute of African Studies in Uppsala was started in 1962 as an element in the initial Scandinavian collaboration to collect and disseminate information about Africa and to promote a scholarly exchange of ideas on topics of central concern to the developing countries. The Institute's task is to circulate information about Africa to public institutions, private organizations and individual inquirers in the Scandinavian countries. This is done through libt'ary and publication work and through educational activities of various kinds. Research activities. Another of the Institute's principal tasks is to stimulate and support Scandinavian research on Africa. Several research workers are associated with the lnstitute and travelling scholarshi<s are distributed annually to forward research in Africa. The library. The library specializes mainly in material on modern Africa. Endeavours are made to stock the current literature on the social sciences, modern history and modern biography. There are complete catalogues, both of the Institute's own book stock and of the stocks of Africana in all the major Scandinavian scientific libraries. Seminars and courses. Once a year the lnstitute organizes an international seminar in which specialists from all over the world are assembled for lectures and discussions. The seminar proceedings are published in one of the Institute's publication series. The lnstitute also arranges courses for teachers and other persons dealing with information on Africa. Both Scandinavian and non-Scandinavian experts are engaged to lecture on Africa and African problems. In many cases lecture tours are arranged, covering several of the university towns in Scandinavia. The lnstitute does not provide any instruction for those aiming at academic degrees. For more detailed information about the activities of the Institute, we recommend the reading of the annual Newsletter which can be ordered from the lnstitute free of charge.
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Offsetcenter ab Uppsala 1981