udham singh nagar district of uttarakhand for drinking and
TRANSCRIPT
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Assessment and Indexing of Groundwater Quality of Udham Singh Nagar district of
Uttarakhand for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes
Neelam Bunkar*
Ex. M.Tech. Student
Vinod Kumar**
Professor (Corresponding Author) Email Id: [email protected]
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture &
Technology, Pantnagar – 263145 (U.S. Nagar), Uttrakhand, India
ABSTRACT
The intensive agriculture, rapid industrialization and urban growth are the common
cause of contamination of groundwater in the whole world and India is not separate from this
situation. The Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand, being rich in fertile land and water
resources, is most favoured for industrial development also. In recent years, the demand for
water has increased many folds due to rapid urbanization and establishment of Integrated
Industrial Estate (IIE) at Pantnagar, Kashipur and Sitarganj area of the district. The pace of rapid
urbanization and industrialization, clubbed with irrigation needs, require groundwater resource
planning and monitoring in the wider context of regional scale. Such a plan needs a systematic
study to know the spatial distribution of water quality so that any sustainable approach could
be implemented in the area. The parameters selected for the physico-chemical analysis of
groundwater samples were namely, pH, TDS, EC, DO, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, NO3, total hardness, alkalinity
and turbidity along with the colour, odour, and taste for the assessment of water quality for
potable use. The drinking water quality indexing of the groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar
district was based on the selected physico-chemical parameters, and standard & permissible
limits prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO for drinking purpose. The water quality parameters,
selected for the indexing for irrigation use were electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio
and concentration of chloride, sodium and bicarbonate ions measured in meq/l. The weighted
arithmetic index method was used in the assessment of water quality index.
The groundwater at Jaspur, Kashipur, Bazpur, Gadarpur, Rudrapur, Sitarganj and
Khatima blocks was found to have moderate contamination and was classed almost equally
under ‘good’ and ‘poor’ category. The groundwater near Gadarpur was found worst affected and
had been classified as ‘very poor’. The increased nitrate concentration was observed at some
locations due to application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizer and manure as the district as a
whole is under extensive agricultural activities. No toxicity due to specific ions was observed in
the groundwater as all the samples were having SAR value less than 3.0. About 92.68 per cent
samples were found within the safe limit of chloride content for irrigation of all crops on any soil.
The water quality index showed that for irrigation, the groundwater should be used with
moderate to high restrictions with adequate leaching on high permeability soils.
Keywords : Water quality, Physico-chemical analysis, Groundwater pollution, Weighted arithmetic
index, Nemerow Pollution Index
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Introduction
Water is indispensable for human civilization, living organisms, and natural habitat.
Though the water has multiple benefits such as drinking and domestic use, agricultural irrigation
and industrial use but its excess or shortage and quality deterioration creates several problems
also. About 1600 million km3 water is present on the earth in different forms of moisture. A huge
quantity of moisture, in various forms, is moved on and around the earth through hydrological
cycle. A major portion (about 97%) of water available on the earth is lying in the deep oceans
which, being rich in salt concentration, is unsuitable for human consumption and other
beneficial uses. The water stored in lakes is also not suitable for potable use and dissemination
of wildlife and fish culture due to the dumping of wastes from municipal and domestic sources
and agricultural runoff. Only about two percent of water resources i.e., 35 million km3 is
accessible as fresh water, out of which 24 million km3 (68.7%) is in frozen state, 10.5 million km3
(30%) is stored in aquifers as groundwater reserves and only 1.05 million km3 (0.3%) is
available on the earth surface in rivers, lakes and swamps. Only 1 percent of the total worlds’
water is available for human consumption [1].
Water quality index (WQI), introduced by [2], has been a useful tool for water quality
monitoring programs, to study trends in water quality, and to evaluate the impacts of corrective
measures on water quality. Water quality indices enable the processing of the composite water
quality data for an effective transformation in to environmental information [3]. It provides the
unique numerical value that expresses overall quality of water, based on the different physico-
chemical parameters. WQI basically involves some mathematical calculations to convert the bulk
water quality data, in the form of concentration of physico-chemical parameters, into a
cumulatively derived numerical expression, indicating the level of water quality on a scale
varying from zero (for excellent water quality) to hundred (for poor quality). This,
consecutively, is essential for evaluating the water quality of different sources and in observing
the changes in the water quality of a given source as a function of time and other influencing
factors [4][5].
Study Area
Udham Singh Nagar district geographical located in the Tarai region of Kumaon division
of Uttarakhand, India. On the basis of the geographical area of 3055 km2, the district ranks at 9th
place in Uttarakhand state. The spread of the district is from 28° 53' to 29° 23' N latitude and
from 78° 45' E to 80° 08' E longitudes. The Udham Singh Nagar district is surrounded by Nainital
and Champawat districts of Uttarakhand on north boundary, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly,
Philibhit and Bijnor districts of Uttar Pradesh on south and west boundary and Nepal on the east
boundary. The Sarada river forms the international boundary between India and Nepal. The
study area falls in Survey of India Toposheet Nos. 53K, O, P and 62D. For the Administrative
convenience, the district has been divided into 7 developmental blocks and 7 tehsils, viz. Japsur,
Kashipur, Bazpur, Gadarpur, Rudrapur, Sitarganj and Khatima with the district’s headquarters
at Rudrapur. The administrative map of district Udham Singh Nagar is shown in Fig. 1.
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Fig. 1. Administrative map of district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand
Material and Methods
The water samples were collected, from the hand pumps spread over entire Udham Singh
Nagar district and few points in the neighbouring districts, in 2000 ml sampling bottles. The
collected samples were brought to the laboratory, located at the Department of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering, without adding any preservative and stored in incubator at 20oC to
prevent any contamination. In total, the groundwater samples were collected from 82 locations
comprising of 70 locations spread over the seven developmental blocks of Udham Singh Nagar
district and 10 locations in the surrounding districts of Nainital, Champawat, Bareilly, Pilibhit,
Rampur and Moradabad. The sampling locations are presented in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Sampling locations
For calculation of the water quality index (WQI) fifteen important physico-chemical
parameters were chosen. The WQI has been calculated by using standards of drinking water
quality as well as irrigation water quality recommended by WHO [6], BIS [7], ICMR [8] and FAO
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[9]. The weighted arithmetic index method has been used for calculation of WQI for portable
water and Irrigation water quality index has been calculated by using following expression.
100x)VS(
)VV(Q
ii
iai
(For Drinking water) …
1
Where, Va and Vi are actual and ideal values of water quality parameters present in the water
sample. For all parameters the ideal value is zero except for pH and DO. Vi for pH is 7 and but for
dissolved oxygen the ideal value Vi is 14.6 mg/l.
The irrigation water quality rating was estimated by following the criteria and the
tolerance limits suggested by [9] and the method suggested by [10]. The following equation was
used in calculating Qi of the respective parameter.
iamp
amp
infij
imaxi Q*x
xxQ Q
( For Irrigation water) … 2
Unit weight was calculated by a value inversely proportional to the recommended
standard value Si of the corresponding parameter.
i
iS
K W … 3
Where Si is the recommended standard value of the ith parameter and K is the
proportionality constant defined as follows:
n321 S
1.........
S
1
S
1
S
1
1K … 4
The total sum of weighting factors of every considered parameter must equal 1, in other
words, all the parameters in WQI represent 100% of the WQI final value. The overall water
quality index was calculated by formula
n
1ii
i
n
1ii
W
WQ
WQI … 5
i
n
1ii WQIWQI
… 6
The Wi values and status of water quality for irrigation water suggested by [10] are given
in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. The water quality standards suggested by different agencies
and the status of water quality on the basis of WQI [11] are presented in Table 3 and Table 4,
respectively.
Table 1. Relative weights for calculation of IWQI
Parameter Weight (Wi)
EC 0.211
SAR 0.189
Na+ 0.204
Cl- 0.194
HCO3 0.202
Source: Meireles et al. (2010).
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Table 2. Irrigation Water quality index and status of water quality for irrigation purpose.
IWQI
Water use
restrictions
Recommendation
Soil Plant
85-100 No May be used for the majority of soils
with low chances of producing salinity
and sodicity problems, recommended
with leaching in irrigation practices,
except for in soils with extremely low
permeability.
No toxicity risk for most plants
70-85 Low Recommended for use in light textured
irrigated soils with moderate
permeability, being recommended salt
leaching. Soil sodicity in heavy texture
soils may occur, being recommended
to avoid its use in soils with high clay
level 2:1.
Avoid salt sensitive plants
55-70 Moderate
May be used in soils with moderate to
high permeability values, being
suggested moderate leaching of salts.
Plants with moderate tolerance
to salts may be grown
40-55 High
May be used in soils with high
permeability without compact layers.
High frequency irrigation schedule
should be adopted for water with EC
above 2000 μS/cm and SAR above 7.0.
Should be used for irrigation of
plants with moderate to high
tolerance to salts with special
salinity control practices, except
water with low Na, and Cl values
0-40 Severe
Should be avoided its use for irrigation
under normal conditions. In special
cases, may be used occasionally. Water
with low salt levels and high SAR
require gypsum application. In high
saline content water soils must have
high permeability, and excess water
should be applied to avoid salt
accumulation.
Only plants with high salt
tolerance, except for waters with
extremely low values of Na and
Cl
Source: Meireles et al. (2010).
Table 3. Drinking water standard recommended by different agencies.
S. No. Parameter BIS ICMR WHO
1. pH 8.00 8.50 8.50
2. Turbidity (NTU) 5.00 5.00 5.00
3. Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) 300.00 300.00 300.00
4. Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 500.00 500.00 500.00
5. Total Hardness (mg/l) 200.00 300.00 300.00
6. Ca (mg/l) 75.00 75.00 75.00
7. Mg (mg/l) 30.00 30.00 30.00
8. Cl (mg/l) 250.00 250.00 250.00
9. Alkalinity (mg/l) 200.00 120.00 200.00
10. Dissolved Oxygen 5.00 5.00 5.00
11. Nitrate (mg/l) 45.00 45.00 45.00
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Table 4. Water quality index and status of water quality for drinking purpose.
Water quality index level Status
0 - 25 Excellent
26 - 50 Good
51 - 75 Poor
76 - 100 Very Poor
>100 Unsuitable
Source: Brown et al. (1970).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand is rich in groundwater resources by
virtue of its geographical location. The shallow water table clubbed with intensive farming
situation in the district easily attract the contamination of groundwater. The assessment and
indexing of the shallow groundwater quality in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand was
carried out for human consumption. The results of the study are as follows:
Physico-chemical Analysis: Twelve parameters namely: pH, total dissolved solids, electrical
conductivity, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sodium, nitrate,
alkalinity and turbidity in addition to the physical parameters like colour, odour and taste were
considered for the assessment of water quality for human consumption. The other parameters
like Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and bicarbonates (HCO3) concentration, in addition to
parameters defined above, required for assessment of water quality for irrigation use, were
estimated by using indirect methods based on the observed concentration of the parameters in
laboratory examination of samples.
I. Physical characteristics: The physical parameters viz. colour, odour and taste, of the
groundwater are very important for a better understanding of the geochemistry of shallow
water of the study area. Unlike surface water, groundwater is generally clean, colourless
and odourless with little or no suspended matter and at relatively constant temperature.
From the aesthetic view point, it is necessary to assess the physical quality of water in
addition to the chemical quality. The analysis of groundwater samples revealed the
following facts:
a) Colour: The groundwater in the area of Baikunthpur and Uttam Nagar of Rudrapur
development block and Netaji Nagar of Gadarpur development block was found to
have light yellow to brownish colour. The light yellow colour develops in the
groundwater due to presence of sediments whereas the brownish colour may be due
to the oxidation of metallic elements like iron when come in contact with air and
sunlight. The groundwater samples collected from the other locations were found
colourless.
b) Taste and Odour: The taste and odour of waterbodies change mainly due to the
presence of foreign matters such as organic compounds, inorganic salts or dissolved
gases in it. Presence of odour determines whether the water is acceptable
aesthetically or not. The groundwater samples collected from Gadarpur (Gadarpur
development block), CIMAP gate (Nainital district), Uttam Nagar (Rudrapur
development block) were observed to have some odour and that might be due to the
seepage of water/ industrial effluent from the drain in the vicinity of the hand pump.
The samples collected from the other locations didn’t show any odour and taste.
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II. Chemical characteristics: The chemical composition of the water is known as the
quantities of various substances, known as solute, dissolved in water and is generally
defined as water chemistry. In general, 95% of groundwater composition has only seven
solutes namely: calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate and
bicarbonates [12][13]. Although many sources and reactions decide the concentration of
the main solutes in the groundwater, the dissolution of limestone; dolomite, and hydrated
and anhydrous gypsum for calcium, magnesium, sulphate and bicarbonates are
predominant. The dissolution of silicate minerals is also responsible for release of sodium
to the water in exchange for calcium or magnesium. The chemical properties observed in
the laboratory analysis of sampled groundwater are presented in Appendix A-1.
c) pH: It is a measure of behaviour of acidity/basicity of water. A low value of pH below 4.0
will produce sour taste and higher value above 8.5 impart alkaline taste. A pH range of
6.5 – 8.5 is normally acceptable, as per guidelines suggested by [14]. The use of water
with excessively high and low pH can be detrimental to health. High pH causes a bitter
taste and is responsible for encrustation of water pipes and appliances, and it depresses
the effectiveness of the disinfection of chlorine, thereby causing the need for additional
chlorine when pH is high. The low-pH water will corrode or dissolve metals and other
substances. According to the World Health Organization, health effects are most effected
in pH extremes. It may be observed from Appendix A-1 that pH values of the sampled
groundwater varied from 5.6 at Darau (Rampur district) to 7.7 at Jhagadpuri (Gadarpur
development block). The spatial variation shows that the most of the area in district has
pH below 6.5 that is not good for human consumption as per the BIS, ICMR and WHO
guidelines. Few locations in Bazpur, Gadarpur and Rudrapur development blocks
showed the pH beyond 6.5 and up to 7.7 that is within the prescribed limits for human
consumption by all the three agencies.
d) Turbidity: Turbidity or cloudiness is an optical property of water, which can be
described by the observation only. It generally measures the scattering effect that
suspended particle exert on the light, the higher scattering intensity results in high
turbidity. The primary contributors to turbidity are silt, clay, fine organic and inorganic
materials, soluble coloured compounds and microorganisms. A visible turbidity is found
beyond 5 NTU whereas the groundwater has a turbidity generally less than 5 NTU [15].
The contamination of groundwater system may increase the turbidity to a considerable
higher level [16][17][18]. The recommended turbidity limits for drinking water is 0.5
NTU, however the permissible limit goes up to 5 NTU, if no other alternative is available
[7]. In the present study, the turbidity in groundwater samples ranged from 0.1 NTU at
Baikunthpur (Sitarganj development block) to 7 NTU at Matkota (Rudrapur
development block). It may be observed from Appendix A-1 that in most of the area
under study the turbidity was found below 5.0 NTU that coincided with the findings of
[15]. As an exception, the turbidity level of groundwater exceeded 5.0 NTU at Matkota
(Rudrapur development block) which may be due to the presence of organic materials
as this sampling station was located in the vicinity of industrial area.
e) Electrical conductivity: The electrical conductivity (EC) of water is a measure of the
capacity to pass electrical flow and is directly proportional to the concentration of ions
and cations of dissolved salts and inorganic materials in the water. Electrical conductivity
of water depends on the temperature of water, if the temperature of water sample
increases then electrical conductivity also increases. For groundwater, the electrical
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conductivity exceeding 500 μS/cm indicates a possible contamination of the
groundwater. From the analysis of groundwater of the study area the electrical
conductivity, tabulated in Appendix A-1, ranged from 220 μS/cm at Narayanpur (Jaspur
development block) to 1556 μS/cm at Bari (Sitarganj development block). It may be
observed from Appendix A-1 that at 46 locations, out of 82 total sampled, the electrical
conductivity exceeded 500 μS/cm which indicated the contamination of groundwater
[19]. Thus the groundwater was not suitable for direct consumption and some primary
treatment is necessary before consumption. The electrical conductivity of groundwater
at Kaupa Lal Singh, Gadarpur, Kantopa, Nagla, Shankar Farm, Uttam Nagar, Bari, and
Sisaiya area of Udham Singh Nagar was beyond 1000 μS/cm. All these locations were
either under intense farming or in the vicinity of industries. The increased conductivity
level of groundwater may be due to leaching of plant nutrients or the industrial effluent
into the groundwater system. The classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar
district for irrigation use, on the basis of electrical conductivity [20] is shown in Table 5.
f) Total dissolved solids: The total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater include ions
and cations of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Nitrate
and Sulphate. It is sometimes referred as total salinity and expressed as mg/l. The
desirable limit of TDS in drinking water, as prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO, is 500
mg/l, whereas the maximum permissible limit is 2000 mg/l. The water with high TDS is
less thirst quenching and can interfere with the taste of food and beverage. In the study
area, TDS varied from 125 mg/l at Narayanpur (Jaspur development block) to 1042.54
mg/l at Bari (Sitarganj development block). High value of TDS, observed in groundwater
samples collected from Bari, indicated the contamination of the groundwater from the
unlined drain, serving the locality to drain off the sewage. The overall quality of
groundwater was suitable for human consumption except at Kaupa Lal Singh (Bazpur
development block), Bari and Uttam Nagar (Sitarganj development block) where the TDS
concentration exceeded 900 mg/l. The water containing TDS value less than 1000 mg/l,
classified as 'fresh water' by [21] for irrigation use, will not affect the osmotic pressure
of soil solution [22].
Table 5. Classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district for irrigation use on
the basis of electrical conductivity
Classes of
water
Electrical
conductivity
(µS/cm)
Per cent
samples
Characteristics
C-1 <250 2.44% Low salinity water, entirely safe for irrigation of all crops on
all types of soils
C-2 250-750 76.83% Medium salinity water, safe under practically all conditions
C-3 750-2250 20.73%
High salinity water, safe only with permeable soil and
moderate leaching. Cannot be used on soils with restricted
drainage. Even with adequate drainage, special management
for salinity control may be required, and plants with good
salt tolerance should be grown.
C-4 >2250 -
Very high salinity water, not suitable for irrigation under
ordinary conditions but may be used occasionally under very
special circumstances. The soils must be permeable,
drainage must be adequate, good quality irrigation water
must be applied in excess to provide considerable leaching,
and very salt-tolerant crops should be grown.
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[23] categorized the water on the basis of TDS into excellent, good, fair, poor, and
unacceptable categories. Comparing the values of TDS, obtained from the laboratory
analysis of the water samples with the values that [23] used in his categorization of
water, the groundwater of different locations in the study area may be categorized as
shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district based on TDS
concentration
g) Total hardness: Hardness of groundwater is important in evaluating its use for
domestic and industrial purposes. In general, the hardness of groundwater is more than
that of surface water due to leaching of calcium ions from rocks and soil. When water
moves through or over the mineral deposits such as limestone the concentration of Ca+2
and Mg+2 ions increases in the water, causing it to be classified as hard water. Hardness
in groundwater may also develop due to application of gypsum/lime to the soils in the
areas under intensive agriculture. On an average, the calcium hardness represents about
two-third and magnesium hardness as one-third of hardness of water. The permissible
limit of hardness for drinking water is 300 mg/l [7]. Based on present investigation,
hardness of groundwater samples varied from 24 mg/l at Swarajpur Patti to 712 mg/l at
Bari. Since the pH of the groundwater in the study area was below 8.0, the hardness may
be due to bi-carbonates of the Calcium and Magnesium that may be removed by boiling.
The high level of hardness in the groundwater was observed in the samples collected
from the locations having industrial area in the vicinity such as Kichha, Pulbhatta, Nagla,
Shantipuri, Gadarpur, Matkota, Bazpur and Kaupa Lal Singh. The classification, based on
the hardness of groundwater [24], presented in Table 6, shows that about 78 per cent
samples were classified under soft to moderately hard water and 22 percent under hard
to very hard category of water. As such about 80% water samples were found within the
permissible limit of total hardness (300 mg/l) as prescribed by BIS for drinking water.
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Table 6. Classification of the water according to hardness
S. No. Hardness (mg/l as CaCO3 ) Water Class No. of Samples Percent
1 0 - 75 Soft 29 35.37
2 75 - 150 Moderately Hard 35 42.68
3 150 - 300 Hard 8 9.76
4 >300 Very Hard 10 12.20
h) Calcium Content: The maximum permissible limit of calcium in drinking water, as per
BIS/WHO/ICMR, is 200 mg/l whereas the desirable limit is 75 mg/l. In present study, the
concentration of calcium, in the groundwater, varied from 4.8 mg/l at Narayanpur
(Jaspur development block) to 180.36 mg/l at Deoria (Rudrapur development block). As
such all the water samples had the calcium concentration with in the permissible limit
for human consumption. Higher amount of calcium in groundwater at Deoria may be a
result of industrial establishment located on north-west side. The calcium concentration
was high in the entire Bazpur area, Matkota, Sirga, Nagla-Shantipuri area (Rudrapur
block) and Narayanpur (Kashipur block). All these locations have industries in their
vicinity, therefore the increased calcium concentration may be due to the industrial
effluents.
i) Magnesium Content: The standard and permissible limits of magnesium concentration
in drinking water, as prescribed by BIS/ICMR/WHO are 30 mg/l and 100 mg/l,
respectively. In the present study, the magnesium content in the groundwater Appendix
A-1 varied from 0.96 mg/l at Tanda Mode (Rudrapur development block) to 70.04 mg/l
at Bari (Sitarganj development block). As such the magnesium concentration of
groundwater was within the prescribed limit for drinking use. In order to assess the
suitability of groundwater for irrigation, the magnesium hazard was calculated by using
the relationship given by [25] with the concentrations of Ca and Mg are in meq/l. The
magnesium hazard was found to be 7.13% at Tanda Mode to 75.03% at Serva Jwalapur
(located at the boundary in Rampur district). The magnesium hazard of 50% samples
(41 out of 82 total samples) was found exceeding 50%. Since the magnesium hazard
exceeding 50% is unsuitable for irrigation water [25], the groundwater from 41 locations
was not fit for direct irrigation and some precautionary steps like leaching must be
required.
j) Chloride: Chloride content increases due to the presence of high amount of sediment
particles. If chloride content increase, then it increases the electrical conductivity of
water and thus increases its corrosivity. In metal pipes, chloride reacts with metal ions
to form soluble salts thus increasing levels of metals in drinking-water. High
concentrations of chloride may be due to pollution by sewage wastes and leaching of
saline residues in the soil. The standard limit of chloride in drinking water prescribed by
BIS/ICMR/WHO is 250 mg/l with maximum permissible limit of 1000 mg/l. In the
present study, the chloride concentration of groundwater in the Udham Singh Nagar
district was varied from 4.26 mg/l at Govind Nagar (Rudrapur block) to 884.4 mg/l at
Bari (Sitarganj block). It may be observed from Appendix A-1 that except at Shantipuri
(290.40 mg/l), Adalpur (344.4 mg/l), Baheri (394.6 mg/l) and Bari (884.4 mg/l), the
chloride concentration of groundwater in the study area was less than 250 mg/l, i.e., the
standard limit for human consumption. The chloride is neither absorbed nor held back
by the soil, therefore, it readily moves with the soil water, taken-up by the plant and
accumulates in the leaves by moving through the transpiration stream. A higher
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accumulation, beyond the tolerance limit of the crop, becomes toxic to plants as evident
by leaf burn. The chloride classification of groundwater of the study area for irrigation
[26] is shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar on the basis of Chloride
concentration
Water classes Chloride
(meq/l)
No. of
samples
Per
cent
Characteristics
Class-I
Excellent to Good
< 5.0 76 92.68 Safe and suitable for most plants under any
condition of soil or climate
Class-II
Good to Injurious
5.0 – 10.0 4 4.88 Possibly harmful for certain crops under
certain conditions of soil or climate,
particularly in the higher ranges of this
class
Class-III:
Injurious to
Unsatisfactory
>10.0 2 2.44 Probably harmful to most crops
k) Alkalinity: The alkalinity in water develops due to the presence of hydroxides,
carbonates and bicarbonates. Alkalinity occurs in water due to carbon dioxide released
from the decay of organic matter. Water charged with carbon dioxide dissolves
carbonate minerals, as it passes through soil and rocks, to give bicarbonates. Under usual
conditions the alkalinity in groundwater ranges mainly from 200 to 600 mg/l. The
standard limits of alkalinity in the drinking water prescribed by WHO and BIS are 200
mg/l whereas it is 120 mg/l as per the ICMR recommendation. The maximum
permissible limit is 600 mg/l (BIS/WHO). The common problem associated with
application of high alkalinity water for irrigation is the decreased solubility of
micronutrients (particularly iron), due to increased media pH, resulting in micronutrient
deficiency in the crop, on the other hand lower alkalinity produces toxic effect on the
plants due to substrate pH over time. In the present study, the alkalinity in the
groundwater of the Udham Singh Nagar district varied from 110 mg/l at Lalkua (located
at the border in Nainital district) to 895 mg/l at Durgapur (Gadarpur development
block). It may be observed from Appendix A-1 that the alkalinity was ≤ 200 mg/l, > 200
- ≤ 600 mg/l and > 600 mg/l at 11 (13.41%), 66 (80.49%) and 5 (6.1%) locations,
respectively. Since the pH value in the study area was less than 8.3, it was presumed that
all the alkalinity was due to the bicarbonates.
l) Nitrate: Nitrate in drinking water is treated as a contaminant due to its harmful
biological effects. The major source of nitrate pollution of groundwater is a consequence
of excess application of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and manures (that leads to
leaching of nitrate into groundwater with irrigation water). The other sources include
wastewater treatment and oxidation of nitrogenous waste products in human and
animal excreta, including septic tanks [27][28]. The standard limits of nitrate
concentration in drinking water, prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO, is 45 mg/l with
maximum permissible concentration as 100 mg/l. The concentration of nitrate in
groundwater of the district varied from zero (at several locations) to 221.6 mg/l at
Adalpur (border area in Moradabad district). The main contributor to presence of nitrate
in groundwater may be identified as application of nitrogen fertilizers and shallow water
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table, a characteristic of tarai area. The nitrate concentration of irrigation water should
be kept in mind while estimating the nutrient requirement of crops. Sensitive crops may
be affected by nitrogen concentrations above 5 mg/l. Most other crops are relatively
unaffected until nitrogen exceeds 30 mg/l [9]. High nitrogen water can be beneficial
during early stages of growth of crops. Most of the district area fall in the category of 0-
56 mg/l of nitrate except some locations viz., Baheri (border area in Bareilly district),
Kichha (Rudrapur development block), Adalpur (border area in Moradabad district) that
have higher concentration being in extensive farming belt and surrounded by industrial
area. The consumption of water with high nitrate concentration may be detrimental to
health specially in infants who may suffer from Methemoglobinemia commonly known
as blue baby disease.
m) Sodium: Sodium content in groundwater ranges from about 1.0 mg/l in humid and
snow-fed regions to over 10000 mg/l in brines. In general, when the total dissolved
solids increase the concentration of sodium and chloride increases. Groundwater in well-
drained areas with good amounts of rainfall usually has less than 10 to 15 mg/l of
sodium. No standard limit for sodium in drinking water, has been prescribed by
BIS/ICMR and WHO. There is no direct impact of sodium in human being because its
naturally present in all foods, but high sodium intake may be harmful for the persons
with hypertension or heart disease. High sodium in water may affect the permeability of
soil and causes infiltration problem because of the exchange of calcium and magnesium
absorbed in soil with sodium resulting in dispersion of soil particles. In plants it causes
leaf burn, scorch and dead tissue along the outside edges of leaves, that impact on growth
of crops. The sodium concentration in groundwater varied from 6.0 mg/l at Sultanpur
Patti to 40 mg/l at Gadarpur. The sodium content of about 77% groundwater samples
was observed as 20 mg/l or less whereas in the remaining 23 percent samples the
sodium content varied between 20 to 40 mg/l. The sodium content was observed higher
in the vicinity of industrial area in Kashipur, Rudrapur and Sitarganj development blocks
of the district. The groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district was categorized on the
basis of sodium percent [29] and is presented in Table 8.
Table 8. Classification of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar on the basis of Sodium
concentration
Water class Sodium (%) No of samples % Samples
Excellent <20 21 25.61
Good 20-40 41 50.00
Medium 40-60 20 24.39
Bad 60-80 - -
Very bad >80 - -
Water Quality Indexing for Drinking Purposes
The water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district was
estimated by considering 12 quality parameters, and the standard and permissible limits
prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO for drinking purpose using the weighted arithmetic index
method [11]. The estimated WQI value with BIS, ICMR and WHO standards are given in Appendix
A-2. Since the standard values of the parameters, suggested by BIS and ICMR, were almost same,
except few parameters, the WQI values have no major difference. A significant difference was
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observed in WQI values based on BIS/ICMR and WHO recommended limits of parameters. It may
be observed from Appendix A-2, that the WQI (BIS standards) varied from 33.32 at Ahuja Colony,
Rudrapur (Gadarpur block) to 94.61 at Jhagadpuri (Gadarpur block) whereas on the basis of
WHO standards WQI values for these two locations were 23.92 and 99.80, respectively. The WQI
scores indicated that the quality of groundwater, of the shallow aquifer of Udham Singh Nagar
district varied from excellent (WQI ≤25) to very poor (76 ≤WQI ≤100). The rating of water
quality for drinking purpose [11] is given in Table 9.
Table 9. Drinking Water quality rating based on WQI.
WQI Value Rating of
Water Quality
No. of Samples % Samples
BIS WHO BIS WHO
≤ 25 Excellent 0 1 0.00 1.22
>25 – 50 Good 41 62 50.00 76.54
>50 – 75 Poor 40 18 48.78 21.95
>75 – 100 Very Poor 1 1 1.22 1.22
> 100 Unsuitable 0 0 - -
Water Quality Indexing for Irrigation
The indexing of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district, for irrigation purposes was
done by using the methodology suggested by [10]. The quality parameters, selected for the
indexing were electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio and concentration of chloride,
sodium and bicarbonate ions measured in meq/l. The analysis of electrical conductivity, sodium
and chlorides in groundwater has already been discussed above. The analysis and distribution
of sodium adsorption ratio and bicarbonate ion concentration are discussed hereunder:
Sodium Adsorption Ratio: Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is generally used to predict the
sodium accumulation in the soil structure. Excess sodium in irrigation water replaces the
adsorbed calcium and magnesium to change the soil structure, making it compact and
development of permeability problems. The groundwater bearing a SAR below 10 is considered
excellent for irrigation [30]. The SAR of the groundwater samples collected from various
locations in Udham Singh Nagar district were estimated by using the Richards relationship
between calcium, magnesium and sodium concentration [30]. The SAR of the sampled
groundwater was found varying from 0.17 meq/l at Shantipuri (Rudrapur block) to 2.11 meq/l
at Kesopur (Bazpur block).
Bicarbonates: The pH of groundwater in the district was observed to be under 8.3, hence it was
presumed that all the alkalinity was due to bicarbonate ions. Therefore, the bicarbonate ion
concentration (meq/l) was estimated by multiplying the total alkalinity by 1.22 [31]. The
bicarbonates in irrigation water with pH exceeding 8.3 may lead to precipitation of calcium
carbonate which is much difficult to remove from the soil surface. Acidification is the only way
to manage bicarbonate problem of irrigation water. Therefore, the irrigation water with lower
than 1.75 meq/l of bicarbonate is considered safe and severe problem may persist beyond 2.5
meq/l. The bicarbonate concentration in groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar varied from 2.68
meq/l at Lalkuan (in boundary area in Nainital district) to 21.83 meq/l at Durgapur (Gadarpur
block). No specific cause of increased bicarbonate was observed in the groundwater of the
district. It may, therefore, be a natural characteristic of groundwater.
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Permeability index: The permeability index defines the combined effect of ions (Na+, Ca++, Mg++
and HCO3-) on the soil permeability. The permeability index of the groundwater was estimated
by using [6] criteria. The estimated values of permeability index and the classification of water
on the basis of permeability index are given in Table 10. As shown in Table 10, 65.85% samples
of groundwater of the district was classified under ‘Good’ category followed by 12.20% under
‘Unsuitable’ and 21.95% under ‘Excellent’ category.
Table 10. Permeability index based classification of groundwater for irrigation
Class Description Permeability Index No of Samples % Samples
I Excellent >75 18 21.95
II Good 25-75 54 65.85
III Unsuitable <25 10 12.20
FAO suitability assessment: The suitability assessment of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar
district for irrigation was carried over using the criteria suggested by [9]. The assessment has
been given in Table 11.
Table 11. FAO suitability analysis of groundwater for irrigation
Problem Parameter Class Limit No. of
Samples
%
Samples
Salinity (Affects the
availability of crop water)
EC (ds/m)
None <0.7 64 78.08
Slight to moderate 0.70-3.0 18 21.92
Severe >3.0 Nil -
TDS (mg/l)
None <450 60 73.17
Slight to moderate 450-2000 22 26.83
Severe >2000 Nil -
Specific ion toxicity (affects
the sensitivity of crops) SAR
None <3.0 82 100
Slight to moderate 3.0-9.0 Nil -
Severe >9.0 Nil -
The Table 11 shows that about 78% samples didn’t have any salinity problem due to
electrical conductivity whereas only 22% samples were having slight to moderate salinity. It is
clearly observed from Table 4.8, that about 73% samples had no salinity problem due to
dissolved solids but about 27% samples had shown slight to moderate level of salinity,
developed due to dissolved solids. No toxicity due to specific ions, was observed in the
groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar as all the samples were having SAR below 3.0 [31].
[10] have rated the water quality for irrigation on the basis of restrictions of use into six
ratings namely no restriction, low restriction, moderate restrictions, high restrictions, very high
restrictions and severe restrictions (Table 2). On the basis of analysis of water quality ratings
(Appendix A-3) the quality rating of groundwater in Udham Singh Nagar district may be
summarized as given in Table 12. The table shows that the groundwater should be used for
irrigation with moderate to high restrictions with adequate leaching on high permeability soils.
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Table 12. Water quality rating of groundwater for irrigation in Udham Singh Nagar
district
Water Quality
Index (IWQI)
Restrictions No. of
Samples
%
Samples
55-70 Moderate restriction: May be used in soils with moderate
to high permeability values, being suggested moderate
leaching of salts
34 42.4
40-55 High restriction: May be used in soils with high
permeability without compact layers. High frequency
irrigation schedule should be adopted for water with EC
above 2000 μS/cm and SAR above 7.0.
45 54
0-40 Severe restriction: Should be avoided its use for irrigation
under normal conditions. In special cases, may be used
occasionally
3 3.6
The groundwater from the area near to Bari (Sitarganj development block) and Uttam
Nagar (Rudrapur development block) has highest level of restriction for irrigation due to
pollution. In rest of the district the groundwater should be used with moderate to high
restrictions and adequate leaching on soils having good drainage facility.
CONCLUSIONS
The water quality indexing of the groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar district was
conducted by considering the physico-chemical parameters, discussed above, and the standard
and permissible limits prescribed by BIS, ICMR and WHO for drinking purpose. The study
revealed that groundwater samples of only 50% locations have been rated as ‘good’ following
the BIS standards of drinking water quality. The groundwater of the remaining 50% locations
was mostly rated as ‘poor’. The groundwater in Jaspur, Kashipur, Bazpur, Gadarpur, Rudrapur,
Sitarganj and Khatima blocks was found to have advanced stage of contamination and was
placed almost equally under ‘good’ and ‘poor’ categories. The groundwater near Gadarpur was
found worst affected and had been categorized as ‘very poor’. The WHO standard based rating
show an amazing shift of about 26% locations with poor groundwater quality into good quality
rating because of the lower standard parametric values as compared to BIS/ICMR. As per rating,
based on WHO standards about 76% locations in the district were having ‘good’ quality rated
groundwater and about 22% locations were in the ‘poor’ quality rating of groundwater for
drinking purposes.
Salinity hazard due to electrical conductivity has been observed in the groundwater of
Cheti Chauraha (Kashipur), Kelakhera, Jhagadpuri, Beria Daulat, Gadarpur, Kaupa Lal Singh,
Kantowa, Bagwala, Rudrapur, Baheri, Nagla, Shankar farm, Uttam Nagar, Bari, Sisaiya and Tigri.
No sodium hazard was observed in the entire study area. The groundwater of the district was
classified under ‘Good’ to ‘Excellent’ category on the basis of permeability index. The overall
irrigation quality of the groundwater was rated as ‘moderate’ and should be used with moderate
to high restriction and adequate leaching on soils having good drainage facility.
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Appendix A-1 Physico-chemical properties of groundwater
S.
No.
Location pH Turbidity EC TDS TH Ca Mg Chloride Alkalinity DO Nitrate Sodium
(NTU) µS/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
1 Narayanpur1 5.90 3.00 220.00 125.00 24.00 9.60 2.43 32.66 175.00 3.00 2.20 14.00
2 Jaspur 6.00 2.73 690.00 570.00 66.00 18.43 4.88 102.24 530.00 2.00 1.19 23.00
3 Narayanpur 6.20 5.00 360.00 213.00 36.00 4.80 5.86 24.14 245.00 5.00 0.92 11.00
4 Swarajpur patti 6.20 2.70 290.00 161.00 24.00 10.42 2.92 24.14 180.00 2.30 0.70 17.00
5 Kunda 6.10 3.15 450.00 280.00 40.00 9.62 3.90 22.72 325.00 5.00 1.28 14.00
6 Bharatpur 6.10 3.17 620.00 391.00 44.00 11.22 3.90 53.96 375.00 5.00 0.31 9.00
7 Karanpur 6.20 3.00 530.00 345.00 44.00 14.42 1.95 49.70 365.00 5.00 1.32 8.00
8 Kashipur2 6.30 2.73 580.00 367.00 34.00 9.61 2.44 41.18 405.00 2.40 0.75 13.00
9 Kashipur 3 6.00 2.74 610.00 416.00 52.00 11.22 5.85 41.18 440.00 2.30 0.88 16.00
10 Kashipur 4 6.20 3.00 810.00 546.00 44.00 10.42 4.38 89.46 515.00 3.50 0.48 12.00
11 Kharmashi 6.00 3.15 530.00 320.00 98.00 19.23 12.19 35.50 380.00 4.80 0.40 20.00
12 Pratappur 6.00 3.00 520.00 308.00 86.00 21.64 7.79 38.34 335.00 3.20 1.23 32.00
13 Haldua 5.90 2.73 310.00 157.00 68.00 16.83 6.33 29.82 165.00 2.00 0.92 19.00
14 Sultanpur 6.50 2.72 360.00 210.00 30.00 6.41 3.41 19.88 245.00 2.00 0.66 6.00
15 Doraha 6.20 2.73 670.00 482.00 56.00 7.21 9.27 48.28 450.00 2.60 0.70 22.00
16 Kesopur 6.00 3.00 660.00 408.00 104.00 16.83 15.12 39.76 400.00 2.80 0.48 18.00
17 Rehta gaon 5.90 2.73 690.00 454.00 132.00 16.03 22.44 42.60 500.00 2.00 0.26 22.00
18 Banna kheda 5.90 2.75 510.00 289.00 102.00 10.42 18.53 22.72 390.00 2.40 1.10 11.00
19 Bazpur 5.90 2.73 650.00 401.00 120.00 12.82 21.46 39.92 635.00 2.00 0.35 15.00
20 Kela khera 6.80 0.20 910.00 610.00 62.00 10.40 8.60 8.57 345.00 3.00 50.11 12.00
21 Jhagadpuri 7.70 2.73 902.00 604.34 558.37 116.30 60.01 147.90 440.00 3.00 94.27 18.00
22 Beria Doulat 5.90 3.15 800.00 576.00 156.00 18.43 26.83 59.64 615.00 3.00 0.31 26.00
23 Gadarpur 6.00 2.73 1040.00 662.00 124.00 17.63 19.51 83.78 745.00 2.20 0.44 40.00
24 Mahtosh morh 6.30 2.73 440.00 270.00 76.00 17.63 7.75 66.74 465.00 5.00 0.00 27.00
25 Gularbhoj 6.50 2.00 500.00 290.00 52.00 10.42 6.30 19.88 345.00 3.90 0.00 19.00
26 Kaupa 5.90 4.40 1430.00 958.00 88.00 14.83 12.19 7.10 175.00 2.60 40.72 22.00
27 Serva Jwalapur 6.00 2.73 252.23 169.00 74.00 7.21 13.66 78.02 200.00 4.10 3.03 29.00
28 Kantowa 6.10 3.10 1050.00 670.00 92.00 13.62 14.07 56.80 470.00 3.90 0.00 20.00
29 Jaffarpur 6.30 2.60 490.00 310.00 46.00 6.41 7.30 27.69 320.00 2.00 0.31 17.00
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30 Chakki Morh 6.00 0.50 630.00 420.00 60.00 11.34 8.60 12.78 500.00 2.30 44.70 32.00
31 Dineshpur 6.20 1.20 380.00 256.00 128.00 25.36 16.83 21.30 300.00 2.30 52.50 6.00
32 Durgapur 6.30 2.70 400.00 239.00 36.00 7.21 4.39 13.49 895.00 2.80 0.48 24.00
33 Baghwala 6.00 2.71 850.00 550.00 52.00 12.82 4.60 66.74 275.00 5.60 0.00 28.00
S.
No.
Location pH Turbidity EC TDS TH Ca Mg Chloride Alkalinity DO Nitrate Sodium
(NTU) µS/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
34 Netajinagar 6.30 2.73 620.00 390.00 64.00 10.42 9.21 49.70 360.00 7.00 0.00 7.00
35 Danpur 6.40 2.72 380.00 202.00 60.00 14.42 5.85 24.14 355.00 2.00 0.88 35.00
36 Kali Nagar 6.60 0.20 560.00 374.00 76.00 17.03 8.68 8.52 305.00 3.00 80.72 9.00
37 Jai Nagar 6.50 2.74 377.61 253.00 60.00 11.22 7.80 97.45 280.00 6.50 1.90 12.00
38 Chandipur 6.20 2.00 350.00 260.00 42.00 12.02 2.90 32.66 300.00 5.00 0.00 16.00
39 Rudrapur5 5.80 0.70 1160.00 780.00 88.00 13.40 15.86 49.70 420.00 5.20 47.33 14.00
40 Chhatarpur Morh 6.50 2.90 440.00 270.00 56.00 11.22 6.79 35.50 335.00 6.10 0.00 18.00
41 Matkota 6.42 7.00 610.00 390.00 370.00 124.42 14.57 8.52 230.00 7.84 7.00 16.00
42 Tanda Morh 5.70 2.60 650.00 420.00 56.00 20.84 0.96 28.40 510.00 5.30 0.00 7.00
43 Patharchatta 6.70 2.73 580.00 370.00 56.00 16.83 3.39 49.70 335.00 4.80 0.00 9.00
44 Bagwada 6.60 2.61 370.00 230.00 68.00 11.22 9.70 35.50 205.00 2.00 0.00 10.00
45 Rudrapur 6.81 1.00 390.00 250.00 230.00 40.08 31.70 5.68 150.00 8.64 2.00 14.00
46 Darau 5.60 2.45 467.16 313.00 74.00 16.03 8.29 70.30 350.00 5.00 2.05 21.00
47 Chinki 6.00 2.45 629.85 422.00 86.00 17.60 10.26 9.94 305.00 6.12 12.10 24.00
48 Deoria 6.50 2.73 303.00 203.01 650.76 180.36 58.34 63.20 190.00 6.00 15.57 16.00
49 Adalpur 5.80 2.80 710.44 476.00 112.00 14.43 18.54 344.40 420.00 4.80 221.60 21.00
50 Pantnagar 7.45 3.00 450.00 360.00 260.10 46.20 36.77 24.00 155.00 5.50 0.08 13.00
51 Baheri 5.80 2.31 1089.55 730.00 128.00 24.05 16.58 394.26 480.00 4.20 144.47 9.00
52 Kichha 6.30 2.73 658.21 441.00 88.00 12.80 13.67 45.44 330.00 4.20 159.60 13.00
53 Lalkua 6.40 2.00 480.00 310.00 270.00 64.13 26.80 11.36 110.00 5.04 1.00 12.00
54 Nagla 6.42 2.00 1040.00 770.00 470.00 132.26 34.09 234.30 340.00 8.24 2.00 15.00
55 Pulbhatta 7.20 0.60 660.00 440.00 76.00 25.65 12.29 7.10 385.00 5.00 0.99 12.00
56 Halduchaur 6.47 5.00 560.00 370.00 295.00 100.20 10.44 18.46 270.00 5.04 0.80 11.00
57 Shantipuri 6.30 2.30 636.00 426.12 530.63 120.22 51.60 290.40 250.00 4.00 13.00 9.00
58 Shankar Farm 6.40 0.40 1030.00 690.00 128.00 26.45 27.78 78.10 585.00 5.60 1.20 16.00
59 Uttam Nagar 6.30 0.20 1520.00 1020.00 154.00 20.04 32.69 217.26 730.00 7.00 1.87 21.00
60 Sirga 6.90 1.20 620.00 420.00 88.00 16.83 17.36 18.46 420.00 2.10 1.00 12.00
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61 Shadhaura 6.90 3.60 460.00 310.00 52.00 16.03 8.77 8.52 285.00 5.00 1.10 14.00
62 Bari 5.70 2.79 1556.00 1042.54 712.00 160.22 70.04 884.40 500.00 2.00 36.71 16.00
63 Baikuanthpur 6.80 0.10 330.00 220.00 52.00 8.02 10.73 5.68 190.00 4.80 1.26 14.00
64 Govind Nagar 6.70 3.50 620.00 420.00 56.00 20.84 8.58 4.26 390.00 2.80 1.30 11.00
65 Shakti Farm 6.60 0.50 410.00 280.00 62.00 12.82 11.99 7.10 210.00 5.00 0.77 16.00
66 Sisaiya 6.60 4.40 1320.00 890.00 100.00 16.03 20.48 71.00 480.00 5.20 0.50 14.00
67 Bara 6.50 2.73 344.77 231.00 60.00 10.40 8.30 93.72 245.00 3.60 3.45 15.00
68 Kalyanpur 6.50 0.70 650.00 440.00 104.00 24.84 19.32 26.98 395.00 2.50 0.80 18.00
S.
No.
Location pH Turbidity EC TDS TH Ca Mg Chloride Alkalinity DO Nitrate Sodium
(NTU) µS/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L
69 Sisona 6.50 1.00 530.00 360.00 72.00 20.04 12.68 14.10 320.00 2.60 0.90 16.00
70 Shaktigarh 6.80 1.20 400.00 270.00 62.00 14.42 11.60 14.20 230.00 4.50 0.87 18.00
71 Chikaghat 6.3 2.73 490.00 364.00 66.00 16.03 6.33 19.88 290.00 2.40 0.18 12.00
72 Bijti 6.3 2.73 400.00 205.00 76.00 18.43 7.31 17.04 349.00 2.60 0.09 20.00
73 Pachpeda 6.4 3.00 430.00 244.00 70.00 16.03 7.31 29.82 335.00 3.00 0.44 9.00
74 Devha 6.3 2.73 480.00 260.00 74.00 11.22 11.22 24.14 350.00 2.50 0.04 11.00
75 Nanaksagar 6.1 2.72 700.00 483.00 76.00 22.45 4.86 11.36 300.00 2.30 0.31 11.00
76 Majhola 6.4 2.70 410.00 220.00 118.00 16.03 19.02 79.52 550.00 2.30 2.20 14.00
77 Paheniya 6.3 3.10 260.00 131.00 58.00 16.83 3.89 28.40 322.00 3.00 0.13 37.00
78 Charubeta 5.8 2.72 870.00 565.00 62.00 12.83 7.31 42.60 260.00 2.00 0.48 8.00
79 Khatima 6.1 2.73 320.00 164.00 72.00 16.83 7.31 107.92 488.00 2.00 0.40 17.00
80 Tigri 5.7 3.15 820.00 506.00 50.00 11.32 5.36 18.46 205.00 3.10 0.22 28.00
81 Jhunkat 6.3 2.73 420.00 233.00 122.00 20.84 17.07 122.12 415.00 2.00 2.77 8.00
82 Panchpakadiya 6.2 2.73 470.00 254.00 34.00 9.61 2.44 18.46 170.00 1.90 0.04 7.00
1* Alfazgarh road, 2* Opposite Gurudwara, 3* Chamunda Hospital, 4* Cheti Chauraha, 5*Ahuja colony
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Appendix A-2 Water Quality Index (drinking water) of groundwater as per WHO/ICMR/BIS standards
S. No. Location Water quality index (drinking use) S. No. Location Water quality index (drinking use)
BIS ICMR WHO BIS ICMR WHO
1. Narayanpur1 47.83 48.85 38.83 32. Durgapur 55.23 61.48 49.19
2. Jaspur 54.31 57.88 46.06 33. Baghwala 40.55 42.34 32.48
3. Narayanpur (Kashipur) 59.06 60.53 52.20 34. Netajinagar 40.33 42.74 34.57
4. Swarajpur Patti 52.30 53.33 45.51 35. Danpur 57.71 59.99 52.44
5. Kunda 45.87 47.99 38.45 36. Kali Nagar 47.53 49.50 43.96
6. Bharatpur 46.65 49.14 39.23 37. Jai Nagar 43.89 45.69 39.58
7. Karanpur2 46.39 48.81 39.74 38. Chandipur 39.07 41.05 32.51
8. Kashipur3 55.00 57.66 48.95 39. Rudrapur5 33.33 36.22 23.93
9. Kashipur4 52.47 55.40 44.22 40. Chhatarpur Morh 46.17 48.36 41.82
10. Kashipur 53.20 56.68 46.44 41. Matkota 72.07 73.36 67.44
11. Kharmashi 47.54 50.06 39.47 42. Tanda Morh 36.96 40.48 26.67
12. Pratappur 51.16 53.33 43.01 43. Patharchatta 52.02 54.19 49.10
13. Haldua 50.54 51.47 41.59 44. Bagwada 59.55 60.72 55.79
14. Sultanpur 57.75 59.23 53.18 45. Rudrapur 33.82 34.73 32.40
15. Doraha 54.68 57.68 47.93 46. Darau 36.15 38.51 25.15
16. Kesopur 54.32 56.95 46.16 47. Chinki 38.76 40.77 30.79
17. Rehta gaon 55.85 59.21 46.98 48. Deoria 61.39 62.44 58.16
18. Banna Kheda 52.79 55.35 43.89 49. Adalpur 63.17 65.90 53.39
19. Bazpur 56.01 60.35 47.10 50. Pantnagar 67.46 68.22 70.47
20. Kela khera 48.35 50.61 46.26 51. Baheri 56.89 60.09 47.23
21. Jhagadpuri 94.62 97.32 99.81 52. Kichha 63.93 65.99 57.87
22. Beria Doulat 56.92 61.10 48.08 53. Lalkua 47.38 47.93 42.74
23. Gadarpur 57.87 63.01 49.71 54. Nagla 43.28 45.53 39.30
24. Mahtosh morh 47.26 50.40 41.42 55. Pulbhatta 46.02 48.59 47.04
25. Gularbhoj 47.80 50.06 43.41 56. Halduchaur 67.10 68.71 62.76
26. Kaupa Lal Singh 66.40 67.32 57.27 57. Shantipuri 61.01 62.50 56.00
27. Serva Jwalapur 46.01 47.23 52.51 58. Shankar Farm 37.09 41.17 32.28
28. Kantowa 53.36 56.51 45.95 59. Uttam Nagar 51.91 37.71 27.10
29. Jaafarpur 55.72 57.75 49.69 60. Sirga 56.88 59.64 55.49
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30. Chakki Morh 41.96 45.39 33.88 61. Shadhaura 60.16 61.91 58.63
31. Dineshpur 50.50 52.42 43.98 62. Bari 74.91 78.15 65.55
S. No. Location Water quality index (drinking use)
BIS ICMR WHO
63. Baikuanthpur 35.82 37.01 33.89
64. Govind Nagar 65.41 67.90 62.29
65. Shakti Farm 35.81 37.15 32.38
66. Sisaiya 66.00 69.15 62.22
67. Bara 41.03 42.60 36.77
68. Kalyanpur 47.60 50.23 43.34
69. Sisona 47.21 49.29 42.88
70. Shaktigarh 44.82 46.26 42.78
71. Chikaghat 48.73 50.58 39.05
72. Bijti 48.27 50.56 38.62
73. Pachpeda 49.98 52.15 41.05
74. Devha 49.32 51.61 39.65
75. Nanaksagar 46.84 48.78 35.69
76. Majhola 53.76 57.49 44.88
77. Paheniya 48.24 50.33 38.55
78. Charubeta 44.42 46.08 31.00
79. Khatima 48.35 51.66 37.17
80. Tigri 41.31 42.58 27.15
81. Jhunkat 53.11 55.86 43.49
82. Panchpakadiya 47.57 48.55 37.08
1* Alfazgarh road, 2* Opposite Gurudwara, 3* Chamunda Hospital, 4* Cheti Chauraha, 5*Ahuja colony
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Vol. 8 Issue 10, October -2018 ISSN (O): 2249-3905, ISSN(P): 2349-6525 | Impact Factor: 7.196
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Appendix A-3 Irrigation water quality index of groundwater of Udham Singh Nagar
S. No. Place Cl
(meq/l)
(qi)
Na
(meq/l)
(qi)
EC
(dS/m)
(qi)
SAR
(meq/l)
HCO3-
(meq/l)
(qi)
IWQI
1 Narayanpur1 35.26 41.95 86.36 38.36 61.92 53.38
2 Jaspur 90.39 40.65 90.18 38.54 15.32 55.24
3 Narayanpur 36.21 42.60 92.91 39.24 50.76 52.99
4 Swarajpur patti 36.21 42.60 86.64 40.36 60.90 53.92
5 Kunda 36.36 41.95 66.00 38.64 38.56 44.63
6 Bharatpur 97.29 41.50 59.00 38.64 21.83 51.50
7 Karanpur 97.90 37.40 82.67 35.14 22.25 55.20
8 Kashipur2 99.12 42.15 94.55 38.61 20.57 59.23
9 Kashipur 3 99.12 41.10 88.55 38.36 19.10 57.40
10 Kashipur 4 92.22 41.30 94.27 37.80 15.95 56.57
11 Kharmashi 99.93 40.65 88.27 38.96 21.62 58.03
12 Pratappur 99.52 38.05 94.55 36.75 37.04 61.45
13 Haldua 35.58 42.40 87.45 40.29 63.95 54.54
14 Sultanpur 36.68 43.70 92.64 40.36 50.76 53.46
15 Doraha 98.10 40.20 92.36 37.56 18.68 57.59
16 Kesopur 99.32 36.95 94.00 98.35 20.78 69.43
17 Rehta gaon 98.91 41.95 88.82 39.55 16.58 57.31
18 Banna Kheda 35.10 42.40 88.00 39.27 21.20 45.73
19 Bazpur 99.30 38.90 81.00 36.05 10.91 53.31
20 Kela khera 37.94 41.75 75.33 39.06 35.51 46.33
21 Jhagadpuri 83.12 41.10 93.18 40.81 19.10 55.74
22 Beria Doulat 96.48 40.00 94.27 37.70 11.75 56.27
23 Gadarpur 93.03 39.15 96.18 37.31 6.29 54.65
24 Mahtosh morh 95.47 36.30 96.45 36.58 18.05 56.84
25 Gularbhoj 36.68 43.50 91.55 40.67 35.51 50.17
26 Kaupa 38.10 40.20 87.45 38.43 61.92 53.82
27 Serva jwalapur 93.85 38.70 93.73 36.89 57.63 64.49
28 Kantowa 96.89 40.65 73.67 38.85 17.84 53.58
29 Jaffarpur 35.81 41.30 91.00 38.22 39.33 49.74
30 Chakki Morh 37.47 38.05 98.36 35.91 16.58 45.92
31 Dineshpur 36.52 43.70 88.82 41.20 42.38 51.09
32 Durgapur 37.39 39.80 92.64 35.95 -0.01 41.71
33 Baghwala 95.47 41.50 95.36 39.31 46.19 63.87
34 Netajinagar 97.90 40.85 87.73 38.01 22.46 57.56
35 Danpur 36.21 41.10 93.18 39.03 22.67 47.03
36 Kali Nagar 37.94 43.05 80.00 40.46 41.61 49.08
37 Jai Nagar 91.08 42.60 81.67 40.08 45.43 60.34
38 Chandipur 35.26 41.50 92.09 38.26 42.38 50.53
39 Rudrapur5 97.90 41.95 92.09 39.87 19.94 58.54
40 Chhatarpur Morh 99.93 42.40 94.82 39.66 37.04 63.02
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1* Alfazgarh road, 2* Opposite Gurudwara, 3* Chamunda Hospital, 4* Cheti Chauraha, 5*Ahuja colony
41 Matkota 37.94 41.50 91.00 40.74 53.05 53.44
S. No. Place Cl
(meq/l)
(qi)
Na
(meq/l)
(qi)
EC
(dS/m)
(qi)
SAR
(meq/l)
HCO3-
(meq/l)
(qi)
IWQI
42 Tanda Morh 35.73 42.60 91.82 40.22 16.16 45.86
43 Patharchatta 97.90 41.10 95.91 39.34 37.04 62.53
44 Bagwada 99.93 42.85 95.09 40.15 56.86 67.27
45 Rudrapur 38.26 41.95 91.00 40.60 67.00 56.39
46 Darau 94.96 40.20 95.09 39.10 22.88 58.70
47 Chinki 37.78 39.80 75.67 38.08 41.61 47.02
48 Deoria 95.97 41.50 86.64 41.09 59.15 65.08
49 Adalpur 36.33 40.45 87.73 38.99 19.94 45.21
50 Pantnagar 36.22 42.15 83.00 40.81 65.98 54.18
51 Baheri -4.92 43.05 97.00 40.81 17.42 39.53
52 Kichha 98.51 42.15 94.55 39.90 37.80 62.84
53 Lalkua 37.63 42.40 89.64 40.88 75.13 57.77
54 Nagla 62.55 41.75 97.55 40.95 36.28 56.30
55 Pulbhatta 38.10 42.40 87.18 40.29 21.41 46.38
56 Halduchaur 36.84 42.60 88.55 41.02 46.95 51.76
57 Shantipuri 49.19 43.05 99.45 41.41 50.00 57.24
58 Shankar Farm 93.84 41.50 95.64 40.18 13.01 57.07
59 Uttam Nagar 66.60 41.50 88.55 39.59 6.92 48.95
60 Sirga 36.84 40.85 59.67 38.50 19.94 39.37
61 Shadhaura 37.94 41.95 87.73 40.11 44.66 51.03
62 Bari -59.38 41.50 95.64 41.09 16.58 28.24
63 Baikuanthpur 38.26 41.95 87.45 39.34 59.15 53.82
64 Govind Nagar 38.42 43.25 91.27 40.92 21.20 47.55
65 Shakti Farm 38.10 41.75 75.33 39.94 56.10 50.68
66 Sisaiya 94.86 40.45 88.55 38.29 17.42 56.09
67 Bara 91.61 42.40 89.64 39.69 50.76 63.09
68 Kalyanpur 35.89 41.10 62.33 39.69 20.99 40.24
69 Sisona 37.32 40.45 79.67 39.66 39.33 47.74
70 Shaktigarh 37.31 43.25 93.45 40.18 53.05 54.09
71 Chikaghat 36.68 41.95 83.33 40.04 43.90 49.69
72 Bijti 37.00 39.35 90.18 38.85 22.92 46.21
73 Pachpeda 35.58 43.05 98.64 40.36 37.04 51.61
74 Devha 36.21 43.05 97.27 39.94 22.88 48.50
75 Nanaksagar 37.63 42.60 88.27 40.08 42.38 50.75
76 Majhola 93.64 42.40 71.33 39.76 14.48 52.31
77 Paheniya 35.73 43.05 95.09 40.18 39.02 51.26
78 Charubeta 98.91 43.25 75.00 40.46 48.48 61.28
79 Khatima 89.58 41.30 92.36 38.96 17.08 56.11
80 Tigri 36.84 38.90 96.73 36.02 56.86 53.79
81 Jhunkat 87.55 43.50 93.45 40.57 20.15 57.32
82 Panchpakadiya 36.84 43.50 86.09 40.18 62.93 54.49