u1. the start of the modern age. 15 - 16 centuries
TRANSCRIPT
THE START OF
THE MODERN
AGE.15th & 16th
Centuries.
UNIT 1
3ºESOIES Camilo José Cela
Teacher: Rocío Bautista
HISTORICAL PERIODS
Prehistory
4,2 m.y.a –3,000 BC
AncientHistory
3,000 BC –476 AD
MiddleAges
476 –1453/92
ModernAge
1453/92 -1789
ContemporaryAge
1789 - today
MIDDLE AGES
5th – 15th centuries
• Byzantine Empire
• Carolingian Empire
• Origin & spread of Islam
• Feudalism
• Theocentrism
• Monasteries, manuscripts
• East-West schism (Catholic VS Orthodox)
• Romanesque & Gothic art
• Crusades
• Growth of cities
• Origin of the Middle class (bourgeoisie)
• Universities
MODERN AGE
15th – 18th centuries
• Geographical discoveries
• Centralised power. Authoritarian & absolute monarchies
• Capitalism
• Anthropocentrism
• Recovery of classical culture (Greek & Roman)
• Reformation (Catholic VS Protestant)
• Printing press
• Reason, science...
Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassic art.
• Increased power of the Middle class (bourgeoisie).
MODERN AGE
SUBPERIODS
Renaissance(Renacimiento)
15th – 16th Centuries
Baroque(Barroco)
17th Century
Enlightenment
(Ilustración)
18th Century
Unit 1 & 2 Unit 3 4º ESO
1. The Modern Age: a new conception of the world
The Modern Age:
changes in the 15th & 16th Centuries
Beginning of this period. No agreement among historians:
1453: fall of Constantinople to the Turks
1492: discovery of America
Changes in this period
Political changes:
Authoritarian monarchies.
The major states confronted each other for the European hegemony. Spain dominated
in the 16th Century.Geographical changes: Portuguese & Spanish
discoveries in America, Africa & Asia.
Religious changes: new crisis & schism in the Church
(Reformation: Catholics VS Protestants). This led to
several “Wars of religion”
Cultural changes: new mentality (Humanism) & art (Renaissance)
Economic changes: new ways of producing
& trading (rise of capitalism; crisis of feudalism & guilds’
systems)
Social changes: growth of the Middle Class
(bourgeoisie).
2. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES
Causes of geographical discoveries
End of 15th
Century
known
world for
Europeans
was quite
small.
Map of the world
according to Ptolemy’s
work “Geographia”
REASONS THAT MADE THE
DISCOVERY OF NEW LANDS POSSIBLE
Conquest of Constantinople (1453) need
to search for new routes to
Asia (spices, silk)
Growth of the idea that the Earth was a sphere
possibility to reach India by travelling West
New mentality (Humanism) + will to spread Christian faith (vs Islam) encouraged
exploration of new territories
Technical inventions (compass, astrolabe,
caravels...) & more accurate maps made
navigation easier
End of La Reconqusitawill to continue
expansion. Opportunity for
authoritarian monarchs to gain power & glory.
The silk, spices (cinnamon, cardamom, ginger,
pepper…), porcelain, perfumes, ivory… and
other luxury products from Asia entered Europe
via Constantinople. When this city was
conquered by the Turks in 1453, Europeans had
to search for new routes to reach the Far East.
"Liber Divinorum Operum”.
12th Century.
“Vox Clamantis”.
14th Century.
Copy of “Macrobius Commentarii in
Somnium Scipionis”. 12th Century.
MEDIEVAL DEPICTIONS OF SPHERICAL EARTHS
World map.
Florence, mid
15th century
Compass & astrolabe
from the 16th century
Christopher Columbus’ nao (La Santa María)
and caravels (La Pinta & La Niña)
The explorations of the
Portuguese
Portuguese first ones to explore the Atlantic Ocean
southwards. Encouraged by the Prince Henry the Navigator.
Portuguese goal: to reach India by fallowing the African
coast & sailing beyond the cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama reaching India
(1498)
In different expeditions during the 15th Century they occupied
the coasts of Africa, until nearly a century later they reached
India (1498): animation
Madeira
Azores
Archipelago of Cape Verde
Gulf of Guinea
Cape of Good Hope Bartolomé DIaz
India (1498) Vasco da Gama
Portuguese new maritime routes & settlements on the coasts of
Africa & Asia enabled them to control the European trade of
slaves, gold, spices & silk.
Henry the Navigator
Bartolomé Diaz
Vasco da Gama
The discovery of America
Christopher Columbus’ plan: to reach India by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean, since
he believed the Earth was a sphere.
John II of Portugal rejected his project.
The Catholic Monarchs accepted it. They signed the CAPITULATIONS OF SANTA FE,
an agreement that granted Columbus:
‐ The title of Admiral of the Ocean Sea (Atlantic Sea)
‐ The title of Viceroy (governor) of any lands he might discover
‐ 10% of the riches that he found
First voyage:
Departure: Palos Harbour (Huelva), 3rd August 1492.
Arrival: Bahamas (Guanahani – San Salvador), 12th
October 1492.
Columbus made 3 more voyages to the new lands. He
died in Valladolid (1506) still thinking that he had
reached the Indies (that’s why they called them Indians)
America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer who was the first to
recognize the territories as a new continent.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
(the division of the world)
The Portuguese claimed that the new territories in America belong to
them according to the old TREATY OF ALCAÇOVAS (1479) which had
divided the discovered territories in the Atlantic Ocean between Spain
& Portugal.
Canary Islands Spain
Rest Portugal
However, the Catholic Monarchs claimed that the territories discovered
by Columbus were to the West of the Canary Islands, not to the South.
The Treaty of Tordesillas
(the division of the world)
To solve the conflict, the kings of Spain & Portugal signed the TREATY
OF TORDESILLAS (1494), which divided the newly discovered lands
outside of Europe by using an imaginary line located 370 leagues
west of Cape Verde:
Spain received
all lands West.
Portugal received
all lands East
(including Brazil in
America).
New expeditions
During the 16th Century, other sailors explored America:
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa: crossed the isthmus of Panama and
discovered the Pacific Ocean (1513).
New expeditions
Fernando de Magallanes & Juan Sebastián Elcano: completed the
1st voyage around the world (1519-1522), demonstrating that
the Earth was round.
Magallanes died in the Philippines (1521)
before having completed the voyage
around the world, and he was replaced by
Elcano, who completed the voyage in
1522.
4. THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN STATE:
Authoritarian Monarchies
Authoritarian monarchies
MIDDLE AGES
FEUDAL MONARCHIES:Kings’ power was limited.
Nobility & clergy had power inside their fiefs.
MODERN PERIOD
AUTHORITARIAN MONARCHIES:Kings’ power becomes unlimited. Kings reinforce their authority & power by weakening the power of others (nobles, clergy, parliaments, cities).
HOW DID AUTHORITARIAN
MONARCHIES REINFORCED THEIR
POWER?
Controlling others’ power by…:
- Appointing high public posts (positions of authority).
- Summoning the Parliament (Cortes) as little as possible.
- Limiting the autonomy of the cities by sending “Corregidores” to preside the meetings of the City Councils.
Establishing the court in one city
(the capital)
Professional permanent army paid by the king,
so they obeyed his decisions. Nobles weren’t allowed to have private
armies anymore .
Establishing a diplomatic system representatives (ambassadors) sent to different courts to defend
the interest of their country in international politics
Imposing regular taxes (provided
kings with a regular income)
Unifying & extending their territories by
marriage & wars
Authoritarian monarchies were established in France, England and Spain.
Germany and Italy weren’t united under single rulers
Henry VIII
(TUDOR Dynasty,
England)
Francisco I
(VALOIS Dynasty,
France)
Catholic Monarchs (TRASTAMARA Dynasty).
Their grandson, Carlos I, began the HABSBURG
Dynasty in Spain.
5. ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CHANGES
Economic growth
It was a PERIOD OF ECONOMIC PROSPERITY. Cause?
AGRICULTURE: still the basis of the economy
CRAFTWORK: development of a new way of producing craft products due to the incapacity of the guilds to attend the increased demand: the domestic system:
1) Wealthy people (merchants) provided raw materials and tools.
2) Poor people (peasants) made the products at home.
3) Investors took the finished products to sell them.
TRADE: many changes due to the new trade routes (Africa, Asia, America):
Ports in the Mediterranean lost importance, while the ones in the Atlantic grew in importance (ex: Sevilla, Lisbon…)
Banks, credit, currency exchanges developed foundation for a capitalist economy.
LESS EPIDEMICS
INCREASE IN POPULATION
MORE DEMAND FOR AGRICULTURAL &
CRAFTED PRODUCTS
INCREASE IN TRADE
IMPROVEMENT OF THE
ECONOMY
New trade routes with America,
Africa & Asia enabled the ports
in the Atlantic Ocean to grow in
importance
Financial instrument to facilitate international
trade “Promissory note” (letra de cambio)
Everyone is free to create a business
The market(not guilds) determinesthe price of products & the qualitythey should
have
Capitalis the
engine that
enables wealth
CAPITALISM
Social changes
Society was still hierarchical, but economic changes brought social changes too:
Nobility and higher clergy: still the most important class
Kept most of their privileges.
Highest positions in government and army.
Bourgeoisie:
Grew in number and in wealth
Economic assistance to kings demanded more privileges.
Peasants:
Freed from serving others, worked in exchange of a wage.
Reformation & Counter-Reformation
6. THE CRISIS OF THE CHURCH:
Since the end of the
Middle Ages there
was a general
discontent with the
Church:
REFORMATION
OF THE CHURCH
IN THE 16th
CENTURY:
a new schism
C
A
U
S
E
D
Luxury life of
high clergy
Little formal
training &
non-moral
behaviour of
low clergy
High
ecclesiastical
positions were
bought
Sale of
indulgences
(pardon for
sins)
CATHOLITHISM
PROTESTANTISM
LUTERANISM
CALVINISM
ANGLICANISM
Causes of the
Reformation
The Protestant Reformations
1515: Pope Leo X
encouraged the sale of
indulgences to finance the
construction of St. Peter’s
basilica (Vatican City).
1517: monk Martin Luther published
his “Ninety-five theses”, in which he
criticised the sale of indulgences. He
was excommunicated by the Pope.
He had began a new doctrine which
spread quickly due to the newly
invented printing press.
LUTHERANISM CALVINISM ANGLICANISM
Initial
location?Germany Switzerland England
Who began
it?
Martin Luther
(Martín Lutero)
John Calvin
(Juan Calvino)
King Henry VIII
(Rey Enrique VIII)
He declared himself
Supreme Head of the
Anglican Church when the
Pope didn’t accept his
divorce from Catherine of
Aragon.
Main
principles?
•Salvation is achieved by
faith, not by merit .
•Individual interpretation
of the Bible (no priests;
pastors).
•Rejection of Pope’s
infallibility.
•Only 2 sacraments
(Baptism & Eucharist)
•No cult of the Virgin &
the Saints
•Based on the idea
of predestination:
salvation is
predetermined by
God, it can’t be
achieved by merit or
faith.
•The king is leader of the
Church.
•Salvation is achieved by
faith, not by merit .
•No cult of the Virgin & the
Saints
Martin
Luther
John
Calvin
King
Henry VIII
CHRISTIAN CHURCHES
ROMAN CATHOLIC
ORTHODOX CHURCH
PROTESTANT CHURCHES
LUTHERAN CALVINIST ANGLICAN
After the Reformation, Christianity was divided into three main branches:
The religious differences caused by the Reformation led to armed encounters between different European countries (“Wars of religion”)and an increase in religious intolerance.
The Catholic Counter-Reformation
The quick expansion of Protestantism made the Catholic Church react
by redefining itself. The high clergy met in the COUNCIL OF TRENT
(1545-63) where they:
Reaffirmed the Catholic doctrine:
Only the Church can interpret the Bible.
Salvation is achieved by faith & merits.
The Pope is infallible.
7 sacraments.
Cult of the Virgin & the Saints.
Decided measures to improve the image of
the Church:
Sale of indulgences was forbidden.
Seminaries were created for clergy’s
education.
The Catholic church also founded a new order to spread the renovated Catholic
religion: THE COMPANY OF JESUS (“Jesuitas”):
Founded by the Basque priest Ignacio de Loyola.
Devoted to teaching & preaching they created schools & missions to evangelize the new
conquered territories.
Scene of the movie “The
Mission”, about the
experiences of a Jesuit
missionary who enters the
South American jungle to
build a mission and
convert a tribal community
to Christianity
7. HUMANISM: a new mentality
HUMANISM
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS
MAIN
REPRESENTATIVES
EXPANSION DUE TO...
Intellectual movement that changed the mentality of
the age. Originated in Italy in the 15th century.
•Inspiration in Classical Culture: texts from Ancient Greece
& Rome were studied & imitated.
•Anthropocentrism: human being at the centre of the
world, instead of God (Medieval theocentrism).
•Growing interest in science: observation of reality,
experimentation & reasoning to explain things (not
faith!)
•Religious humanism Erasmus of Rotterdam: joined
classical antiquity & Christian religion
•Scientific Humanism Nicolaus Copernicus:
formulated the heliocentric theory: sun (not the Earth) as
the centre of the universe.
•Movable types printing press invented by Gutenberg.
Books became cheaper revolution in education.
•Academies where humanists met & share ideas. (e.g.:
Platonic Academy in Florence – Medici Family)
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Nicolaus Copernicus
Gutenberg’s
printing press
video
Platonic
Academy in
Florence.
Sponsored by
the Medici
family.