Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2

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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2

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Planet Earth

Special characteristics Movements

The seasons

Characteristics The Sun’s rays

The Earth and Moon

How does the Moon move? The phases of the Moon Eclipses Tides

Spheres

The geosphereThe atmosphereThe hydrosphereThe biosphere HOME

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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2

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What is the Earth like?

How does the Moon move?

The geosphere

Phases of the Moon

How does the Earth move?

The Sun’s rays

Eclipses Tides The atmosphere

The hydrosphere The biosphere

Characteristicsof the seasons

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Animation: The Earth’s movements

Animation: The phases of the Moon and eclipses

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What is the Earth like?

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An atmosphere containing oxygen

Intense magnetic field

A water cycle

A large, natural satellite, the Moon

Geological activity

Conditions for life exist.

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Moderate average temperature (15 ºC)

Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2

What is the Earth like?

A magnetic field protects living beings from dangerous solar radiation.

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Radiation

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What is the Earth like?

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The atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases.

Main components:

nitrogen (4/5)

oxygen (1/5)

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What is the Earth like?

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Moderate average temperature (15 ºC)

This is possible because of: • the distance from the Sun • the composition of the atmosphere

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What is the Earth like?

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A water cycleWater exists in three statesdue to temperature variations:

• ice• liquid• water vapour

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What is the Earth like?

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A relatively large, natural satellite, the Moon.

The gravitational attraction of the Moon causes ocean tides.

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What is the Earth like?

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Geological activity:earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain building, erosion, etc.

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What is the Earth like?

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Conditions for life exist.

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How does the Earth move?

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Rotation

ENLARGE IMAGE

Revolution

ENLARGE IMAGE

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How does the Earth move?

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DAY NIGHT

Northern Hemisphere

Southern Hemisphere

equatorial plane

rotational axis

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Rotation

The Earth takes 24 hours (one day)

to rotate onceon its axis.

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How does the Earth move?

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Revolutionecliptic plane

The Earth takes 365¼ days (one year) to orbit the Sun once.

150,000,000 km

terrestrial orbit

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Animation: The phases of the Moon and eclipses

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Animation: The Earth’s movements

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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2

Characteristics of the seasons

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Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Days Days get longer until 21st June.

Days get shorter after 21st June.

Days get shorter until 22nd December.

Days get longer after 22nd December.

Nights Nights get shorter. Nights get longer. Nights get longer. Nights get shorter.

Summer

Winter

SummerWinter

WinterAutumnSummer

Autumn Spring

Spring

January February March April May June July August September October November December January February

Southern Hemisphere

Winter solstice

Summer solstice

Autumn equinox

Autumn equinox

Spring equinox

Winter solstice Spring equinox

Summer solstice

Northern Hemisphere

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Characteristics of the seasons

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Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere

22nd SeptemberAutumn equinox

21st MarchSpring equinox

21st DecemberWinter solstice

21st JuneSummer solstice

Southern Hemisphere

Summer

Spring

Autumn

Winter

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Summer

Characteristics of the seasons

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Northern Hemisphere

Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere

Spring

22nd SeptemberSpring equinox

21st MarchAutumn equinox

21st DecemberSummer solstice

Autumn

Winter

21st JuneWinter solstice

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Summer solstice Winter solstice

The Sun’s rays

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Summer simulation Winter simulation

Indirect rays produce less heat.

Direct rays produce more heat.

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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2

How does the Moon move?

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The red dot indicates the dark or hidden side.

The Moon takes 28 days to rotate once

on its axis (anticlockwise).

Rotation

Rotational axis

The Moon takes 27 days and 8 hours

to orbit the Earth once (anticlockwise).

Revolution

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Phases of the Moon

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NEW MOON

FIRST QUARTER

LAST QUARTER

FULL MOON

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Eclipses

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Nodes

Solar eclipse

Lunar eclipse

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Eclipses

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Nodes

Lunar eclipse

The Earth is between the Moon and the Sun.

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Eclipses

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Nodes

Solar eclipse

The Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.

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Essential Natural Science 1Unit 2

Tides

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Low tide in Spain

High tide in Mexico

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2

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2

High tide in Spain

Low tide in Mexico

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90 degree

turn

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The geosphere

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70 km

2 900 km

5 150 km

6 370 km

0 km

inner core

outer core

70 km 10 km

mantle

crust

continental crust oceanic crust

MAIN FEATURES

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The geosphere

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Main relief features

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continental shelf

great plains

mountain range

mid-oceanic ridge

oceanic trench

abyssal plains

submarine volcano

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The atmosphere

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The layer of air which surrounds the Earth

78 % nitrogen

21 % oxygen

1 % carbon dioxide and other gases

MAIN COMPONENTS

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The hydrosphere

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All the water on, under and above the Earth

salt water

The water cyclewater vapour and clouds

fresh water

heat from the Sun+

the force of gravity

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The biosphere

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all the living things

on Earth

The Earth’s crustThe atmosphere The hydrosphere

Aquatic environments Terrestrial environments

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The Earth and beyond: phases of the Moon

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Observing the sky

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