u nderstanding the e xperiences of the u nder - represented in e ngineering presented by odesma...
TRANSCRIPT
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UNDERSTANDING THE EXPERIENCES OF THE
UNDER-REPRESENTED IN ENGINEERING
PRESENTED BY
ODESMA DALRYMPLE
ENE WEEKLY SEMINAR SERIES
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PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
Personal Background
Under-representation phenomenon in engineering
Drivers / Motivators for Diversity
Treatment of Race and Ethnicity in Education Research
Learning from the Literature
Re-evaluating the research practice
Continuing the discussions
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PERSONAL BACKGROUND
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UNDER-REPRESENTATION PHENOMENON
Figure 1- Percentages of Population, College-Age Population, S&E Bachelor’s Degrees Awarded, S&E master Degrees Awarded, S&E PhD Degrees Awarded, S&E Workforce, 1997 (Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering and Technology Development, 2002)
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RESEARCH CONTEXT
TOPIC
Consider the low numbers of minority students enrolled in colleges of engineering
What is known about the experiences these minority engineering students have.
How do these experiences contribute to and shape their admission, retention, graduation and overall participation?
1.) Review & Synthesize Literature
3.) Identify possible research questions
2.) Critically analyze 3
seminal articles
4.) Propose a study to
address an identified research question
ENE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
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FRAMING THE EXPLORATION
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MOTIVATORS & DRIVERS
i. To satisfy the requests or requirements of funding agencies, or another official organization.
ii. To attain education equity
iii. To meet the demand for a workforce trained in science, engineering and technology
iv. To prepare student to enter a diverse workforce when they graduate
v. To strive for Social Justice
vi. To maximize the potential creativity of the profession
(Pfatteicher & Tongue , 2002)
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TREATMENT OF RACE AND ETHNICITY Dominant Practice
(O'Connor, Lewis & Mueller, 2007)
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…AS CULTURE
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...AS A VARIABLE
Proxy for traits
(intelligence & motivation)
Innate and culturally ingrained trait
Cause for education outcomes
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CONCEPTUAL LIMITATIONS
Masking Heterogeneity
The way in which space, time, ethnicity, gender & social class moderate the experiences are overlooked
Segments treated as a homogenous group
Under Analyzing Institutionalized Productions of Race
Under estimating the effects of discrimination
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LEARNING FROM THE LITERATURE
Reasons for Ethnic Disparity in the Pipeline
Disparity in Pre College preparation
Media Images
Challenges to University Admissions Affirmative Action Policies
Access to Financial Aid / Scholarships
Retention & Persistence
Intervention Programs & Strategies for Change
Engineering Pre-College programs
Media Images
Minority Engineering Program
Two Yr Colleges
Minority Serving Institutions
Dual Degree Programs
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DISPARITY IN PRE COLLEGE PREPARATION
2000 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics and science assessments (May & Chubin, 2003)
White students outperformed African American and Hispanic American students in mathematics by 24-41 scale score points, and by 26-40 scale score points in science.
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DISPARITY IN PRE COLLEGE PREPARATION
Disparity stems from the distribution of educational resources (qualified teachers, high-quality curriculum, and computer equipment)
School Teachers of Mathematics and Science Without a Major or Certification in Class Subject: School Year 1993-1994 (Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women
and Minorities in Science, Engineering and Technology Development, 2002)
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DISPARITY IN PRE COLLEGE PREPARATION
Disparity stems from the distribution of educational resources (qualified teachers, high-quality curriculum, and computer equipment)
Figure 5 – Advanced Placement Candidates, by Selected Subjects and Race/Ethnicity: 1996 (Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering
and Technology Development, 2002)
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DISPARITY IN PRE COLLEGE PREPARATION
Disparity stems from the distribution of educational resources (qualified teachers, high-quality curriculum, and computer equipment)
(Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering and Technology Development, 2002, May & Chubin, 2003)
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REASONS FOR ETHNIC DISPARITY IN THE PIPELINE
Media Images of the Engineer Minorities are seldom depicted by the media as successful
participants in the SET workforce.
Challenges to University Admissions Affirmative Action Policies
(Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering and Technology Development, 2002; May & Chubin, 2003)
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REASONS FOR ETHNIC DISPARITY IN THE PIPELINE
Access to Financial Aid / Scholarships Low socioeconomic background + increasing costs of tertiary
education = strong need of financial aid.
Low pre-college scores ≠ scholarships
High demands of the engineering curriculum + working while at school = impractical
(May & Chubin, 2003)
Retention / Persistence 37 of every 100 minority freshman drop out of engineering compared to
22 of every 100 non-minority freshman. (Reichert & Absher ,1997)
Tinto’s Theory – Less persistence when the environment at the university is supportive of their social and cultural needs.
(Holmes, Ebbers, Robinson, & Mugenda, 2000 )(Hernandez & Lopez, 2004)
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INTERVENTION PROGRAMS & STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE
Successful engineering pre-college programs tend to promote awareness of the engineering profession provide academic enrichment have trained and competent instructors
(May & Chubin, 2003)
Media Images “Math is Power,” national public service
campaign in 1995. (Congressional Commission on the Advancement of Women and
Minorities in Science, Engineering and Technology Development, 2002; May & Chubin, 2003)
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INTERVENTION PROGRAMS & STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE
Minority Engineering Program (MEPs)
Endorsed by the National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering (NACME) as well as by private industry
Basic goal – implement intervention programs to help remove the obstacles that impede the success of minorities in engineering
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INTERVENTION PROGRAMS & STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE
Dual Degrees
Builds on the success of MSIs in attracting minority students.
Liberal arts bachelor’s degree from one school, usually the MSI and a bachelor’s degree in engineering from a second institution, usually a PWI.
E.g. Institute of Technology and the Atlanta University Center
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INTERVENTION PROGRAMS & STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE
Two –Year Colleges Enrollment at Two Yr Colleges
54% of Hispanics
52% of American Indians
46% of African Americans
Bachelor degree recipients with Associate Degrees
11 % of the African Americans
15% of the Hispanics
20% of the American Indians
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INTERVENTION PROGRAMS & STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE
Minority Serving Institutions
Bachelor degrees in SET
31% of African Americans from HBCUs
20% of Hispanics from HIS
1% of American Indians from TCU
Schools that graduate large classes of African American in engineering are not necessarily more successful in educating African American engineers
(Reichert & Absher, 1997)
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RE-EVALUATING THE RESEARCH PROCESS
Ethnographic Research
Entering a social setting and getting to know the people within in … Real Time
How various school contexts affect minority students?
How minority students experience and understand various school contexts?
Integrate multiple levels of analysis when interpreting educational outcomes
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QUESTION & ANSWER SEGMENT
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CONTINUING THE DISCUSSION In studies you have conducted where
racial / ethnic data was collected
What was the intent for including or collecting race / ethnic data?
How was it collected?
Was race or ethnicity treated as culture / as a variable?
What meanings / interpretations were derived?
Was the intent fulfilled?