ClimateBrought to you

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Change

Global Warming

“It is the increase of the average global temperature thus influencing weather patterns and is directly proportional to the frequency rate of natural calamities such as floods, droughts and typhoons around the world.”

(movie)

Greenhouse gases?

What are

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•naturally present in the Earth’s atmosphere.•keep the planet 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would be without said gases.

CO2- 27 billion tonnes per year

CH4-since 1750 has increased by 151%N2O

- since 1750 has increased by 17% PCFs/ HFCs

-Industrial development

NOx, CO, NMVOC- indirect greenhouse gases

In fact!

• An average increase of global temperature of a little less than one degree Celsius is enough to create major increase in storms, floods and forest fires in a span of ten years

• 19 out of the 20 of the Earth’s hottest years have occurred since 1980 and the 3 hottest years have been recorded in the last ten years

As compared to the pre-industrial era, human activities have greatly increased

the amount/concentration of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.

GalleryClimate Change

Here comes the sun

“Ondoy” by jsants

Only Second To The River Styx

Before & After, Earth EditionThe famous Microsoft platform wallpaper photo was taken in Napa, in

1995. The second photo was taken in the same place 12 years later.

Pepeng, the Unruly Usurper

Picture (left): A Filipino boy holding a ruined corncob, a grim result of the fierce El Niño in the country. Surrounding him are dried corn stalks, their produce wasted and no longer marketable.

Picture (left): Shows three American men braving the ferocious storm as they move towards a shelter. Behind them, a two-story house is being washed away by the strong waves of the flash flood.

Picture (left): In Kenya, a worker tries to lift a weakened cow that lies among the dozens of corpses of the drought-stricken animals whose bodies gave away because of the extreme heat and lack of nutrient.

I’m lost…

Picture (above): A

Filipino farm

er picks up empty coconut shells on a piece of several

parched land, where, because of the absence of enough w

ater, the soil had started cracking.

Picture (above): Shows people traveling through the muddy and flooded streets of Manila during the Ondoy tragedy. People are flocking and moving towards the shelters where food and dry sleeping quarters await them. The police move around to ensure the order and safety of the evacuating people.

“3 Meters from School.” “3 Meters from School.”

Anthropogenic Sources

Case Study: Quezon

Case Study: Marikina

Case Study: Antipolo

Case Study: Makati

Case Study: Sagada

Activities that Contribute to the Increased Rate of Greenhouse Gas

Emission

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S• Burning fossil fuels

• Forestry• Agriculture• Livestock

• Cement Manufacture• Aerosols

•Waste Disposal & Treatment• Transportation Fuels• Land use & Biomass

burning• Residential/Commercial

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Burning Fossil fuels

• The World Energy Council : The increase from developing countries was three times that from developed countries. Middle East carbon dioxide emissions from burning of fossil fuels increased 35%, Africa increased 12%, and Eastern Europe increased rates by 75% from 1990-1995.

• Mainly due to industrial advancement: 280 ppm to around 387 ppm.

Burning Fossil fuels

Forestry

• Causes: logging for lumber, pulpwood, and fuel wood, clearing new land for farming and pastures used for animals such as cows

• Forests and wooded areas are natural carbon sinks

• About 860 acres, the size of Central Park in New York, is destroyed every 15 minutes in the tropics.

Deforestation (especially in tropical areas) and other forms of land use change are responsible

for up to 1/3 of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions.

FORESTRY

Agriculture

• Use of fertilizers-> higher nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations

-> leaching (pollution)

LIVESTOCK:

•UN: livestock is responsible for 18% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions

•Deforestation for grazing areas and natural emissions as a result of digestion & decomposition greatly contribute to methane and nitrous oxide concentrations

•Animal feces

CEMENT MANUFACTURE:

•responsible for 5% of man-made greenhouse gases

•For every 1000kg of cement produced, 900kg of carbon dioxide is released

•gas is produced during the manufacture process and when calcium carbonate is heated.

AEROSOLS:

•Chlorofluorocarbons are often used in refridgeration systems and fire suppression systems.

•Halons are also often used in fire suppression systems.

OTHER ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES:

• Waste Disposal & Treatment

• Transportation Fuels

• Land use & Biomass burning

• Residential/Commercial

BIG-TIME Solutions and their Issues

Geo-engineering

• the search for new processes such that we manipulate our environment to suit our needs for resources in a sustainable and non-harmful manner

• Solar radiation management• Greenhouse remediation• Arctic geoengineering• Heat transport• Should not induce laziness!

Biofuels

• Goal: Neutral Carbon• Food vs. Fuel debate• Abuse: violent land seizures taking place in

Colombia• Clearing of plantations- Sumatra and Borneo

(4 M hectares of forest converted to palm farms)

• -> BALANCE!

Dominance and Change in the Arctic

• exploration of the Arctic for petroleum• Represents 13% of the undiscovered oil in the

world• Oil drilling controversy-> Look long term.

Kyoto Protocol• held in Kyoto, Japan, between December 1-11,

1997• Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation and

Clean Development Mechanism• Non-signatories: US, China• Results: most developed nations doing most

of the reducing• emissions trading-> INITIATION AND COOPERATION!

WHY: Environment vs. Economy?

International and Local Partnerships

• International and Local partnerships – any individual effect to benefit the environment shall be increased dramatically within a group or organization

Gov’t: Alternative sources

• Hydro power

• Wind power

• Solar power

• Nuclear power

What now?Recommendations

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Conservation – the reduction of consumption of natural resources - leads to less waste produced and a greater chance for

preservation of finite materials exploited by man

1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning3. Change a Light Bulb4. Drive Less and Drive Smart5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products

6. Use Less Hot Water7. Use the "Off" Switch8. Plant a Tree9. Get a Report Card from Your Utility Company10. Encourage Others to Conserve

Conservation

• improving home building insulation, installing geothermal heat pumps and compact fluorescent lamps, and choosing energy-efficient vehicles

Carbon Footprinting

• "the total set of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions caused by an organization, event or product“

• Strategies: technological developments, better process and product management, changed Green Public or Private Procurement (GPP), Carbon capture, consumption strategies, and others.

DISASTER KIT!

Now, it’s your turn.

(o^_^o)

• http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse.htm

• http://www.bgs.ac.uk/education/carboncapture/Anthropogenic.html

• http://woody.typepad.com/files/greenhouse_gases_in_atmosphere

• http://www.opencarbonworld.com/646pxGreenhouse_Gas_by_Sector.png/image_preview

• http://www.newgencoal.com.au/resources.ashx/SystemRadControlAssets/26/Name/A66F99518DACF5938672BEC4F1DBA5A4/Global-GHG-Emissions.jpg

• http://www.ibuyeco.com.au/about/why-go-carbon-neutral

• IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007a). "Summary for Policymakers." Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report, edited by Rajendra K.

Pachaurl, et al., pp. 1- 22. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

• "Estimation of Emissions of Carbon Dioxide at the local level: A Low cost approach for local authorities." Atmospheric Research and Information

Center. http://doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/gcc/cell.html#pos6 (March 8, 1998)

• "Global Warming is Happening." Envirolink. http://www.envirolink.org/prgs/edf/sitemap.html (March 8, 1998)

• "Global Warming Campaign." Sierra Club. http://www.toowarm.org/factsheets/basfact.html (March 12, 1998)

• "Methane" World Book Encyclopaedia. Volume 7. Friend, 1982, p. 270

• "Fluorocarbons" World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 13. Hatch, 1982, p. 358

• "Clinton: We're Energy Hogs." ABC News. http://www.abcnews.com/sections/us/global106.html (March 8, 1998)

• "Global Warming." United States Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/ (March 8, 1998)

• "The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change." U.S. Department of State http://www.state.gov/www/global/oes/fs_kyoto_climate_980115.html (March 9, 1998)

• Sylvan H. Wittwer. "It's Good for Food Production" The Global Environment. http://www.comnett.net/~wit/food.html (March 8, 1998)

• "Greenhouse Effect" Encyclopaedia Britannica. Volume 5. 1988, p. 470

• "Photosynthesis" Encyclopaedia Britannica. Volume 25. 1988, pp.808-816

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