types of structures & loadssite.iugaza.edu.ps/malqedra/files/chapter-1.pdf · chapter 1 types...
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 1
Chapter 1
Types of Structures
& Loads
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 2
Introduction
• Structure refers to a system of connected
parts used to support load, such as
Buildings, Bridges, towers, …………….
• Engineers should account for structures
safety, esthetics and serviceability,
economic and environmental issues.
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 3
Structural Elements
Any structure comprises a
number of elements
• Tie Rods
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 4
Beams
• Type of Beams
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 5
Columns
• Columns
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 6
Type of Structure
• Trusses
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 7
Cables and Arches
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 8
Cables and Arches
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 9
Frames
• Frames members are subjected to axial, shear and
moment
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 10
Surface Structures
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 11
Loads
Codes
General Building Codes
Specify the requirement of minimum design load on
structures
1. ASCE
2. UBC
3. IBC
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 12
Loads
Codes
Design Code
Used to establish the requirement for the actual
structural design
1. ACI
2. AISC
3. AASHTO
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 13
Dead Load
Consist of the weight of the various structural members
and weight of any object that permanently attached to the
structure
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 14
Dead Load
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 15
Live Load
• Building Loads
• Bridge Load
Can vary both in their magnitude and location
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 16
Wind Load
)(N/m 613.0
22IVKKKq
pressureWind
dztzz
V The velocity of the wind measured 10 m above the ground
I Importance factor depends upon nature of the building
Kz The velocity pressure coefficient which is function of height
Kzt a factor that account for wind speed increases due to hills and
escarpments for flat ground Kzt=1.0
Kd a factor account for direction of wind when subjected to load
combination
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 17
Wind Load
)(N/m )(
2
pihp GCqqGCp
BuildingEnclosedforpressureWind
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 18
fph AGCqF
SignsforpressurewindDesign
Wind Load
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 19
Snow Load
gte IpCCF 7.0
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 20
Earthquake Load
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 21
Hydrostatic and Soil
Pressure
Other natural Loads
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Chapter 1 Types of Structures & Loads 22
Structural Design
• LRFD (Load and resistance factor design)
Load combination example:
1.4 Dead Load
1.2 Dead Load +1.6 Live Load
1.2 Dead Load +1.6 Live Load + 0.5 Snow
Load
1.2 Dead Load + 1.5 Eq. Load + 0.5 Live Load