types of genetic disciplines robert f. waters, phd cytogenetics mendelian genetics molecular...
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Types of Genetic DisciplinesRobert F. Waters, PhD
Cytogenetics
Mendelian genetics
Molecular genetics
Population genetics
Immunogenetics
Oncogenetics
Evolutionary genetics
Medical genetics and genetic counseling
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Genetics Review
HistoryMedieval Concepts
VaporsDisease
Paternal Society
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Genetics Review Continued
MendelHomunculusOvistsDarwin (Pangenesis)Lamarck and LysenkoJohannsen
“gene” (1909) Johannsen + genotype + phenotype
Bateson“genetics” (1905) Bateson
T.H. Morgangenes -chromosomes
Others
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Watson Crick Wilkins FranklinNobel Prize Physiology 1962
James Watson
Francis Crick
Maurice Wilkins
Rosalind Franklin
Linus PaulingMolecular shapes
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Genes
Genotype + Environment = Phenotype
One gene one phenotype
One gene one enzyme
One gene one polypeptide
So what is a gene?
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Genes Continued:
Dominant
Recessive
Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Additive (Quantitative Genes)
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Inheritance
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Inheritance of acquired characteristicsWeisman experiment
Mendel’s LawsLaw of Independent Assortment
Law of Segregation
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ChromosomesMitosisMeiosis
Crossing-Over
Numbers of chromosomes (Human 46)GenomePloidy
AneuploidyMonosomy (2n-1)Trisomy (2n+1)
Polyploidy Wheat (hexaploid 42 chromosomes) T. aestivum (6n)Allopolyploidy (genomes different) vs. autopolyploidy
Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)
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Chromosomes Continued:NucleusNucleolusSex ChromosomesAutosomal ChromosomesChromatin vs. ChromosomesChromosome regionChromosome bandShort arm Long armCentromereTelomerep = short armq = long arm (9q34-Ch 9, long arm, reg 3, band 4)
One of the genes for ABO blood types
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Chromosomes Continued:
Homologous chromosomesPaternal and maternal
Zygote
Homozygote
Heterozygote
Allele
Gametes
Pedigree
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Mitosis
P/M/A/T
G1/S/G0 phases
Metaphase plate
Somatic cells
MTOC & Centriole
Spindle Fibers
Chromatids
Tetrads
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Meiosis
Germ cellsMeiosis I and Meiosis IIGametogenesis
Oogenesis (Plants:Megasporogenesis)Spermatogenesis (Plants:Microsporogenesis)
Crossing Over – RecombinationChiasmata (Chiasma)Synaptonemal Complex
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Mendelian GeneticsGenerations
ParentalFilial
Punnett’s SquaresGametesGenotypic frequencyPhenotypic frequency
MonohybridDihybridTrihybridLinkageKaryotype
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Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
Genome differences
Nucleus or not
Number of genes
Transcriptional differences
Translational differences
hRNA and mRNAPoly A tails on mRNA (eukaryotes)
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DNA and RNADNA Structure
Base pairingReplication
Meselson and Stahl proof of semi-conservative replicationTranscriptionTranslationRepair
RNA StructurehRNAmRNA
codontRNA
Anti-codonrRNA
Mitochondrial DNA and RNA (mt)
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Expressivity of GenesPenetranceExpressivityMutations
SomaticGermMorphological mutations (you can see)
Albinism
Caused by:Toxins, radiation
– Clastogens (ionizing radiation that causes mutations)– Mutagens (substances that cause mutations)
DNA missense codons (base substitution)Sickle cell anemia
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Viruses and BacteriaRetrovirusesReverse transcriptionBacterial plasmids
Genetic engineering
ecoRI Bacterial EndonucleaseRFLP
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
PCR
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Oncogenetics
CarcinogenCancer causing substance
Oncogenic viruses
Oncorepressor genesBreast cancer
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Population GeneticsEvolutionGenetic driftGenetic loadHardy-Weinberg EquilibriumInbreedingGenetic polymorphismsGenetic diversity
Asexual vs. sexual reproduction
Natural selection
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Discussion Topics
Genetic engineeringTurning off or on genes
Diabetes
Vectors and hostsPlants producing animal proteins
Herbicide resistant varieties
Cloning