tuskegee moton field

8/6/2019 Tuskegee Moton Field

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5 rmIn1997. ID r.6enjilmin f. fia~.President Qf 'iJ'uskeg:ee Urnv.e~,and 1U1T I1~~St:sm:es Flepr sentatwB 'B oo R ile y, 3mDi5-~riiJ~,Alatla.ma.re qu e ste c 'th a~ th eNatiooal ParkSe~lre (NFl'S) pfep[UB' 8 ~peolalIFte souriie ' 8~udyof how OOSl'IOim ~ rp rn t aM ccle lJ \ra l:e the role 9 4:~he'Th.~:ee AJrm el!ll in Wm ld Vila rIIIa n d 'LihC l:I~n[t!a liIIt 'lln ln c g l a ~ Mo o o J ! !I F iQ rd .itre, AI


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aoo 100 ~d S taro~ ' l: \Ig .osrevli ll . Moreover, acc ::ordl llQ10nUm900ljJ~ aeeourus ,the FI1lnQ.: '1M :3M lnd A~h te .f'(1I"OOPii111:;'i'~Q'lCLS ta bOOlloo~iI:OI !nem) l '~ Igh tem,'htIllc,eSQmllng' l . lTJ1)'ll.5~nAJrFOI"t.1lQfiI oornt!IJlg mis sio ns . T lh ls e arn edlhe'' I i l I s 'k f lgt; e ,A ,Irill!l!fl I~}ff'~Sp8d: O " fAm:fh::!9Inb E l rm b e rCIlG'NS, ;! l I . I1JoooJ : I :d~hGF I i 1 Im ilUR!M: I " , t a l lAlilg~ls,na fo o r l oo .f: r,dlstlnc:1Were d~a i lma rk in gs " a sw. e 11a sthQ !3!~t.r~fil L.u~l'!Nalk!'.wlt! ! ! lIJIrrlGl'rreE lir tot h : lf '1 ' I :lfi la s ttle ~~'h\i'lartzeV 'QoZ Ie 'lm e~e n,~ or '"lI8 iQki ' ! .INifie 'J"i . '"Tlhe ~m ; p l i S h "m en ts e l'th e se a 1 rll1 1 ie n, a loc i ,I i 'ePN~nta peak In'1M's~nJlOOI'eby Alrr i IDanAmen"eans 1 :0 p;flFtQlpru:eIn theI L I. S . . a r rm oo '( i\ j'; jJ : s :t h e l~~ I ' J Ii flOO J :S!lE~S p r o v e d'wmilitary IOOrlQfcSt h a t , Ifg't 'Klii ' iltM~{If!pN~UTIlty,.A;FrlcanAmQfl(!ftnsCiDu'ldb~i]! 'Jr lOO1i\ ; 'QFI i 1l I~aryfiQafilFs:a o o combat vl~tm'aoo.

TlilQ! '}1:oF'lfo t' '~h ieiliufi~iC!1J .A1rJ:nQfi land ltiC l:11'~flilplaryff'~CCijl:dl~ vlrtl l_all IIJl ilkncrwlil toI lK ! sA :Aml~~. F~schc! t~ li1 Iy works. doo ll w i th !iII1I@IhISitory {II' '~h)f!aJlrrlliflenandth ' l Ir tp rIFfl ;}~ fJlg'ln '~rnlndng a tIM a . 1O nF'1e'ld.Consequenlly"Nf'S h ls tm ia n sClonSlillleodvar lOIJ iSIPfll 'lilarry and!&eCOMaJryseureas such as.milita ry ~rds. Mws~a p ers, Ip liJG .W 'Q"1.tlptlS; dcetJlflitQmfl"ilQs"books. and film [email protected].'tlisttlrla fls, a lso ,g athiflF tld ~n fm~llon l ~r{!1 i1 lth~ MO(!fland~pE fl~flI F tlJUa rch (:.:l::n [~r a tI F k I I N a r dIJJr1Il'i'~e'J:sl~.~e

Na~iGna l Ard iJ i~e3 , I he 'Library o~Co .ng re ss , Ti .J=*e~eUfliver :s l~1f Ard 'l Il 'fe3, and'~hieAi r rForee FI~tor ir.. ta l Re~afAg,eooy ,B i tMaxwe ll A JriB . .A~aDama J. To' f ! . J r~he r riIltlJeirunder:nandillQO'~tlle T lUskeg~ Ai~m enJ '1M N PSs t ! Jd~ '' team

ah !} oondoo te da ' f f ' l )mkSw ilh se ...erallairmen a~''theMig ttty [ lE igh th ,A ir Fo rcH e ri.a ;-g e M ~ 8 e 1J 1m !in~ nn ;(!lh, G .e iJ l~ ir:!. a nsent many af th e rurrnel!'!a ques.~ionli!airefor 'Ihe [;r '~np!Jta nd in sig htin.o this;IPro j; ec~ .From '1Mi l 'l f0! l"mlion g:a~hered,~eNruiooo!Fla:rkS~ire ":o:n~dedthat ~e "T l!s .k ~e e; A jrmc:t :per i'ence" ~oos I b e y otl ii e oomba te:~P'liJits0 'theIPlki ts !Mlo.S8IVBd in the99th fighter , sq ! J ' f : i dFO ' I Iand1h~ : a3at1d F Ig'h le r ~ ro !Jamll oooul ll :l IJ ilcl~d:e'~he

,a,1'7b'hBI)'fLIib,aIl'd_rMG ~ p . 'wtiliicn' f ouS I i r tf~r ~!J,JaJ ri,9ht$!N1i1 l1 l11i l~e ArrrnyA1J 'FiJi~QS S: ' ! fS ' l ' l ff i t ,3Jnd' ~hl ' lh , ( l lJS a l ! !ld10FJ i l en l:;Iillg1,~mell wllo ~n,re.d in ~ilian ,!;lIiidiliRili~1i)i'~j;I~iQltg ~ OO p s .This; smry 3 J : o odQals ~LiM1 00 hls!~_ ry a ndOOve torm e n t gfiT!,!I!;Ikli!'9~'~~tihl,J~~1I!ilg.wIk lnQ1, ' ! . ! r l9:;;'TiJ~eeIJ .Jf i l l ' i '~Q'J .s l~y.nd llts ' !lfklf~st(!oQs~ab l l s . hi9 Jfllg trl trantng pi{!;-wa rn 'fo r AMil;:a n,;!\JlineriC'~n~,The hi~tQry g~: the!;le Iffle-f1 ailieWOiil9F1a~ Itla tr'righi,'to , lElfr l1i'Kl,Arrm- ! /Air c.u~p.s(Almy,;!\iFf i. J lr c e 5 i') i ;I ln d t oPJQ'!e' l l t ieir'worth, to 'I t t i i ieirCOU!iftry.:;I!~w eii as thei~~lfli;ggi9i ' ih r 8-qU;:drtgh~ lin bcnh lhie t J n l lUa r yand :~iXie~1!OO s.~0'pre~eN~ 'K i r theAmefica n p ul:i!iG

A l "r ie a n,Americans:in th e MUitaryAfric;anI"'AmElli~i3!nlm etl B iM i'wFn8n l n a w o o o lifiiiu a iiy1P ! ' ay ! e a. a~gli!iliC'a!ntl"(lilei'll '~h.e1 I1 l i l e di S~ate5l !1'1ili~aiI)! 'n~~ts ! k iA l a lpr'~eoe!3sors.Th e } ! '~i}.to n t y.rou : ,gn tto em:er'IM~j'ml'J'dlfO~i:OO; e u .'I kI a.n 11n~ l~ aooQptiJdby r t I1J( I ;{lO\i'{llflfl-1iinB:n1.'~h8Yhad! ttl 1NOrtl:lind'ai' s .a9 il ie~a~CI a li il dl Uf i' iE lJlla I,(:(I1liditi(J1iiI!;ia 'ng p:r{l '~retheir ~b:ili~ie!;i. Th~ lin.1emal b.a~leQ t in tim . !!e d " !"H1 ;! I!J g h l i L f1 !eI !3I_le~e:Vef" iteen 'i t! . ~9Ne,en1t! . andnlneteeruh 08.fTfturies,up Iintoth e '~ill"SthaMi O . :'1M 'IWen~jethiOOn1ltuF~,8 G 1 h'~rn81 a o oI9FL~!iOO A ' tF i :e a f '\ S a n dAfli'iioaJl.A.i"narioan!i. (ooghl.il'loo lO ' tl ia iw a~ aM O O O ' ll il i' iiU8 d11 .O$Uppr1 E . . , . Fp e a nna1il;J1Il!;l,ElJ 'II:;1th e l,,!IFllibe~sta~~ iin ~liieReo. l! !. J lio~ry W a,aJijlj ~e WaF of 18 12 . F orex.ampl'e, byi I I l I l l i;eM ii)1 RI!!l \l 'Cl I! iI~lMIary War; appi i'~~IFf ;lat~ .5X!lOO.A:frlcafl l~rioan!i, iliadMfwd] in ~li ' iIa.CotitiMffftaII . A tm : .. " a n drNa'!/Ij;while tiim;l\!,J!;Il;I!ni;.:l!;l'f(Jl!Iglir~' fQr ~hE;!'B~ir~i!;lh ~I!I~E;!'.A~liil)\Jgh ~I!!ieext.em!OI:$!;'fricaFl-,;i\meri'a:in 1P8rOO!pra~ionin ~l:le 'WaJrof

1 6~2 i a . ! . !!Mi l e ' a il " ".$'Ch!O!;:IiFe,~tirna.te t~j; ~pg;iroxiirnelte!lfto 000%of ttle men n Ihe.'n avy 'We re 'b'1~ Mm'e0er.' ! /! ,! ,!A , l 'f Ii c . aF l~A f '" I iU : ! fi 'i c a f 'I ! ! .I n l ts m e i ' {j i9dro 't .om mlhe F f f i 9 1Ne g r oIElalt:illi:g1i'iiw hicn ., W ith lIila , a iD !, 1 ) '1 :Blr\(I~h.'EI~500blad l: : ro ldi8rhe!poedAndrew J!3I_c!


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si.1lJi!9$e.scapsd ' f J i lOO1 ltM iGl l~ma ste rs, sou ght r l~4i : t9 ,e'W i1 t J lnU n io n Ih rrl!:ts , a m d o f'ft} rG d II-le l1.8 .Gol ' \ ' iC{ls~Cl1tJ1) e a u s e , El I a . ck .iIiIOops.,oo~r, w!:t:~~in l1 ii1lJ Iy pbccd l n non-oornb~~I f~ tiloie!;, sueh as C00i- ' ;s , ~1~.gfS, 'fIil'{i'7


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A fr ican Amer icansill Avimt iO [ ( ] .AJtho~h the hist,griG 'flightO'~ONi le and'~Ioor Wlfightin~ 90 3 sp aIWe dS J1f18l!lioo-widemierest in ;( :IYiatioo, rBioiald i s -![ ;f imioo~ion hi~delfedAfliGa:IlAmericans, j'rom fti!lIy parttfd_pat-

in g il'l!th~ n:;w 'fie!I~, IJke themilit~ry, m~rr~ Ameri~115~1ili~!;~N'~~~ i\f tr i~nlA!!rn!rlcan~,lacked U~ nnel'i '! ' talIr;afJ~bilitie~.i ; i !p1ib"II : ; le .aif ld l ref tle) le~ 10 'f l: ."~n de : : l ~ e . d l ~lt iei 'S!ei1 !nE! ! ' "a ndW(lnru;ln frQall'l ' f light il"!e.!!Uc~ion,T h e fe w ~; f l l ' iCS!n lAmer iCa ' I " ! ! e ,~ho"eS ! !T Ie< !~i) fly i!'ll'itle'e i! ir tytwefi-'iieth ~ rv Il4 ry we re se lf- ta lJ !9ntor !~Ied 8_bFO-!3IAo ' IFe.1eiveltIirnal. ! l'ai! 'l lin.g.A~ef Charleslind~e'({lt!':sfamous fligtn {I,f

~ ' 9 ~ 7 ', J i, lr ic a l i! i! i.m e r i'e r :i n sbeG"armei r u~ e , e ! e l e din avis :oon in il'M::Feas lngnl1.lmb~fSan dbeQa;f!. '0form ,al~rialioncluDs and scbeols so 'i}1fiIINSceuldlearn to ~!y,Howeve~. the ~ J i l i ~ e< ! : IStales . g : oV r nmen~dElino t a pC f ls or'~Iigh.t~ffiiJilil!)Q~QrAwic;3lnAmerh::ans lmlil193'9'wilt! '~he PB.~g!e of ttle Ci'ililianpm ! ) 1TilainingAd;. 'whichal,J!hI;Ifi~e


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J .I ;_me~iGansw e re 'flloolly ~p be dl a ndoomiilissiofiiled a , ; sl l l r io; ts ,aru;i! GflIeer:s~F l i' 11111] ;Um o o aStltfiS AiI ' i ' i ' IT_1Meuccesstul t1J-.alnlll1l~1D~ t he se IP a .ts ,a t " fu sk flga~.tOoup:ledwith ~ l lT Ie l Jn i t ed.s~'M{lS"{imry i F i ~ :O\I'!roi'idw.~ i "Iii, 1 8d~lTIialml l im ryto e M p a.n d la s., ~ ; F r 1 c an - -AmGr1e aF i.a,'i'iatiOO'iprogi; ;1lr ' i f i i .Oi:ifJseqoorntly.~he AI'Ii1lYAir F fir.o es ; eSMi.I :! ii~8it I 8 ii'i! t! ~hlI fI J . j' ri c .a l il l-Am eO O a I1 l!JIIU~ t11 { l 3 B 2 r u r: iF "~mr l : e rG K tU fl, aMbegan p lans fo r 8 J sQgreg~tQd J 'I il ,{Ia ium OOf:WJ8if '~rDupmooJ las th e 4 i7 th iBomoon:ilmm i1 lt(;1~oop.

~spltQI iU1 J~~d~i')MS in AlfiearmAriiariC.a.ii1riiili!s1l"~'BV,ia1ron,iitglill l1I;!~illed IQ ~ eeelil 'iffl'ijei'tiiie'J''t hese 1P!k i~sWltilildlbe uaed lin!!)tim'battibeside'wh[ re p llotsaool seldlorsto dereM100 co!Jf tl ryInWorkiWaf'U.,Aithou,gn '~M ' O O ~ h iI F " I { l i i 1 i oo~~Sq[j.afiffiinha;ti eloriiplEibBfIits hsini'.ng tJ .ySprilii91'942, iI: 'W~i;i, 1lil1ii :~nti] ,~J;lri! 11 9 4 3t t1iMthe rum y sen tn.e '~nit ~:oNorilfhl Aw ica for comba .t duty, F ors{1Qf:J1moo~h!'1.In!,SqtladfOfi p~jf01i'Qdl N!ii 'thAtfiea .aFldl~liie,M\eClitEilfraliiieari,WilrIout,~DDriliil91; 11 ,sjjr)gle\ ii icbGr) ': Final ly.on .A lly2. 19d$,thE!u:nilSfiDi:OD'i'l'n~9 tli'r~ ; l i ! f le . '1 i I lYwrc~ !1 t. Thelad!: 91 'ci;!Iliflooi'!o'i~'Ories,hOWeeF, le d se ve r,a j m lImlllleaders'til ques.lion ~ l lT Iesquadronfs, aJj.Jll li ii lls;WheD ' lilJieutenafliColCine l 9 :QnJfrilanjalt3l1f'8CO!)ni1idrii1i1l.9i[he 'iigli'llbel'lliIiiIit" 'ltiey : s 1E i gE i a,M iil'll;port.ant(lrote~t ltIt"Elqual rig(h~a atFrEieriiarilFie~. In~ie!na_MeilJl!bere,of 1fleiilinln, frl,l$.lr~~~ 'lli1ti '~heir ' ' s epar, [3J1 :eoot , eqU lf: lI "Imi!!llillQIlXIl'lduti(lllliS, deciood to de~Qr~me ' ~h . eall-white of"fl)oo~~l,Ib a t Freeman lF ie r.d .'w lM ichw a s apatfllcllliarafil 'rlO iil 'tlSiillOOoffitiaJ, : i l l "m)"r.egul ' f l~IGns ,proltlb IDd'1ti9 segF9ga'tiOf'lo ~ re o re i: U llo o o lfa eIllUls. A ith0U{ i~ a s15'11iJ t .E1fi 'SweM pla '08Qu n d er < : IJ rr ( lS ~fmdis.ob;e~hf~g of'de-r~to . eave ~h.e club, theanll"l~merei:P.'Ii'E!prilTilCltll:ll8r1tiM riieriloii!nQGlrop(ied.he'~a.r 'giBaa ga in st 1 tli;m _Thi!;l ,~rty non-violentpretest wilhin,h eArmy A.ir IFQrGe'~ ~y~tep:nwas a ~ fgn i f !wa : f l IpreeedemIl;if ~e later ~il riWiISm0ement .

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SlgmfficHlo 'ce of tlle'Iuskegee Airm.,tnMill Moton :F~e~,d~l~F iteSIS.i1lMhlllgsuch 8J blood 3J! l1dls . ;g l ' i i ! iC 'antal'O!)i',!"'e'NFl'S s il ldyI.~ reall;]edthe impo l ' t t : i !YJe 'of '~he Tuekeg~Airm en and!iMa. . tofl lFIe,1d1,he site of p rim a ry flig httrs,'iningfOl thes~ N ~Ie.afi~i"I(iafi p ilots, T he m e:::l_lli!!ii91Q~ th is , :I ir~IQifil~:Gfids it O lificiooe the 4 7 7lti~F!'1ba.rt!m.enlGFOI;Ip i;' !n~i[h.elrs . ~ l f t JOOI I ] ifi)fequa1 r 1 g :M swithi~t fle A !'R i !YfJ,i~IForce:;i..,!'I~

w.eil .asm il~Fflp!)n3.m partlclpalnoni I J tl["uta"'~gee!neti~ule( Tu s . Gm : l 1 2 iI Jlr U \ !'! e rs lly } a n dS~PQiE ive Amefica nra . in~ne'~ru~g ' Ie ' i' orfull.A:frEEin-AJTIericanlp s.n ic ip a tto n illill~ m ililQ ry.

:S~nlfl(iafi.po i ' .m sco.ncemingl'ltielhistory(I~: '~he TusJl ;-egeeAI . r1 ' li \!E ln ,8 [, e ~

1,The stn ,ggg lei l f AIricam1Ame rica llS fo r g re l3 ~e r II 'Q le eil'ii1No n h . A .m ie 1 r h ::: a nm ilita r yQiJ fIfIi~B SpSJlS'~h.-eeeventee-nth,,g f@h re l! l:n lh, n ln ete e:mh, aM IWen1 iiE !~h! f . iE !mur i e s ,OpportuTlllles .~Ii'AJriean"Arnell'lcii!.llp a nicip aoon in tihellS. mililary were BlIIWYSvery l imitaand ooo~!"OWrsir:!Il ,()u ot~s. Q -Xctu slon , a ndraele l dlscri rninatioow ere based00 the provaillflg~u l ~ ! .OC I eIn tlheUnited :States, pa r~ i c t [ ! l a r1y'0 0 ~hlpar~ of iIll1IllU,S, rn I~al)l;,'tha~ Anic.an f t_me~icansdidM~ p oss ess th e irmtflllGdJaalc.ap~, ap t itude , andski l l s tob iB SOOE~f1Jl1 lighters. PDli'I:kaIlPresslJ]reexerted by 'titlebt~ciI i :i'I urll~~ Inihi ! i lU i h i : l f l l IU " - :L

Thee~ i i n d l , J a h~ , z jl il a sc lTI lo .t !l '~~lii'lg 'i'ae.IIJI.tf!s.Il'figlrreeria r n c~Sl;:hf1iO~1iiS~n.Jcttlt,;, a o o a C llm i1 1 1 1w l lh Id elll' f I !P ' lngc t ll !'id i lio l !il e :r .'e a r rm l lo o _ Ti .. rs ! :" lJ 3 g ; E ! 9n sm u t e \s(Ti1 is . 'keg .eeU!l.ivE~~) ~ t r o : n9in1:E irast inIPUlyldinga l ' J~ooau l l ca l ' ~ r ain g kif Al 'r il ;: l; I11-Al!DI3~ic i3Jf loull \5 wa sa l so an Impo r l . 3 f 11 tfacoor-Tu~gee's s1l!.11darYi:S:lindfaooil), tlad ooslgl1d andCOf'Ietl1,!lct.e~Molon ifial!llas a t :si18 ! 'oritS mllLmryp l lo l ' ~ r nin g ~ro9r.arTillallildlnarne.ti it jot '~nQ seheel's e eco nd p re si-d e Ilit,fltil;!>er~Rus9a. Mfi.1Dn~S !1 id Q flffi rro m 1 F l( l; !O Cc i . .. l' it3n l ii lo t 1J~in i ll iigplflt!!jrdti'i haCiSOffnf! orthllibest tes~: ! l lOI:Kl ,es .when Ql;IIiIl'dJ~red~o i IJ I Il ii Ie ts t u a e f l t c s' r r amnpr(~rnms, !3 i .1 : i fo s s l f i leo souta ' l!a!;lSit

4 - l n ~941 th e Army Air Corps.( A tm : .. 'Ali i 'F'OFWS)rlWaJtlcda C0!'l1lr8J;)1'10 'Tus~gee En s 1 i 1 J l 1 t a(TuSkJ~,g;g;e,Unh. ! 'QmI11 '1tooper,are a ~~imS!ryffight 5CooDI at Mo.16FlFie ld_ CQnse --qUe . ' I 1~ I ) I , Tu eke s3 e - e 'h !ii~ itl , J ie (T U 6M i J 8e !i IJ l1 i'M 1 1 '1 Swasooe 0 1' ~ 'Ve"y ' F ew 'Ameri '~n i r\S1iI .u ti0i 'l8 . -aoo1 0 0onlyJ ! ; ; f l i c a :n -Ar :ne r i c !3 l l !1 ii r1 $ _ 1 i iu 1 i c 1 n -to O W n .d 8 i.i'e h :~ , a n dc o o t r,gl fa.~li ti~ fQr r ni li !8 J )" I li ;gh t i n:MJlu~ ioF l.

'5 -MltitOllHe iG l. , :115 0l;M 'il a s th e P rim a ry F ~ ngFIlld'(!ilJilnrporil '1'Ii '! .J! 'FI!;ier2, w~ s . ~h'e dr\1y jlIfil'lli1l[f~ ' ti lghl. Imlnlng

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fEI_.eiliJyor .A' jr iCM -~mefica_11pi!il.1''C!3I_l!!!diMteSn IheU,S,J i o rmy.Ai'rCorps tjhm~' Air Forces) during W' tilild lWa r II , T h us, thefa (; i!ily ta ,ymbo !i~ s th e enl!l'il~ 'of J J ;. fri can-Aff ie rican pUntsiinliJ '!tieA_lI 'I!T'f!j.A.irCorps~A rmyAi l Fo! l'r eS )Slna titl e s ingula rr c l l e 'Q fTuskegee ~n s 1 i i JU l e(TIJ.gee M.l!l!i,",ersi'i~i);n p r o v, l i i -i ing eco~oomic' i iI lnd edUlcaool!l!!3IJrescerces 10 make tha~e!'irtlryp ~b!e. ,el!''!oughl on a segr~8 JteiJ ba8 i!3~

,. T he lfl!l~k>ege$Ai~m ~n ~~ ~n . elir.st AlI l iC l ; ln -p , I ' 1 ! I :E! I l " i iCElni5Itildiere,1 0 ''~u~e sM I~ comp.!e te '~he ir tr,a Jn i'ogBfi identeri IfTIeArmy A ir C iJ IP S ~ A r1 1I" IVA 1 r F orc ~} .AIm0sJ: ~ , 0 0 0 .;lIJI~to rs w er~PFOOI l J iOOOa 'S A im s rle riG 'f1 F8 J .A'fFiOOtl-,AmeFi~r'iImilw~ry lP i! g,i:; ;.lin ,Mi;lit'il;lt1,more 'than ~0,(100~ilitary andoo- i! ii an Alf J" ic s:n-AJneri can melli i andw om en se rvedas. n~lilitiFi~if'UCIGrS,( !U lc ~ rs . o o m b a rd lw ,s , if ia \l 'lg a tfii 's , Ir .a d iot-aGl'lnj.itia Ji5 , IF i'lMhan iC s , a ir 'b r,a ~ii~cOri.'IKIlJsts,par:l3d;ute rig1gera,e lectri~1 and coml il !.mica1 i( iI ll5 l ! ilpEcia !i 's ts . ! '1 'I etii c!3I Jp-l"Q-~es--e iD!! l !81s ,IaOiJialory assi~l.anIS,cceks, musicians, s tJ lJ i) ly,~1j1@ ,.fl:ghtlngndtFaf iSpOJla1imil lp;G~nn~j_

7. , ;O; [1fi iotlg 'h mi l it a ry~e-fldeffi, blin~d Ibyr a cl et concep tsQ I'' t'dlile :superloritya o o MrkaJ'l#J;meoolll'lIR 1I ' t ( lr i i: !fI~y.W!~H!lh~:aJFiI to liiSe, 100ru:sl{~ooA i i' ll 1 l 'l a i 'l i nOOIl 1\! ljM , I h.E rairmali 'il8v8lillllaJl!f saw ooosideraDle itc.iion in Noolh A1riCI;IJ~l!1ir; l liE r. rr,tIpe, ~pta!"Qe ~romAlmy A ir H:iI"reS, ~nits came~t-i)wly,bu.:'.llf!lr9 00 rn g:e ou s. a oo. In m an y e ase s, lhilllFOlcpe- li 'ormarrcs earrri9>dI hem IrYCre;.aser:loo lM . 'ba r tClpp.t!If~Ul'iiitieBand l i ' e~p8e1_

8, 'ihQ ' S (jCC~Q :s. 1 0 1h~ Ttlsk~GelA l rm e F l ipKl!te d totneAmeF i e o l r i i lpub4h:: that ,Air tleanlJ i J f n e r i c a r r s .'wlilrallgi!ols i l l~h8 oppDrAun[ty,couldl b~E!' effiacti!oll;!' milil@1 )!'11~i;lers: ;l ind ! ii l~ Tlmi! ;; !1i" ii1; !fJ; re ;dIa e 'the Yroty fur de:s.eg;r,egaoonof tfle m ilim ry, Ibe gjn rrln gl w Ith r'r sldool H a FiY!5 ' li lu i l lQ W I 'sE:


8/16

N'T ,'-,' , ' S ':::, - , '. ,- 'I S ~ -'T'" "J'i"IJ"'" F ' " -, ',-, I:ll IONA l '",IG N IF .f" :A N l:E ';1 1 ,1I ] J\BILI t I AND EA SIB ILI1Y

A n ,pn;l:;li ml!,l~t meal : ; I i ! l crite''1i:;li' fr l '!atia~E31~i\Jflin~~e-.eultability ~nd le;;r!eibi!UI-:ae: ; I i p'J 'ef ,equisite ifc.r inclusionIIIthe N~ional Pal'l l; SysAern. The ,ib l!OINjng d i~cl JsS iOfl sum-liii;l!~!;1 '!he lil!ildlnge'f(jll' 1hev.;!~e cmEll'ia..

N'atiotull ,signiftcaoce'To quafrfy for c:onmal 'l3l tioo a'8 .!;!,p~n1i!;Il ~gtdi!jQ1!li tg; ~he'Naoonal Pari!;, 8)'i;i!eman : ;! in a! ;!,ml,J~lmeet iI;!~chgl ' ' [QUI"cFil .'er ia . h~frta~iDn::il1SiSliiFican~i;i. ,An:;f!Fe!;!,iI1Iy~t beanootcStarnd 1 '181e9;8if'ripleOl' 8 i 'lylpeI)f lI',e~l"nce,1!J~!;Ie,leit:J:i8p~iif!MIwlUi3S.lD:r iFiteIl 'pt 'leie!lion.l;I'lovi'!l;ie:SU~ii! 'r!atie'~pcllftUii1li~iea'forpi,Jtllj'~lI,I~eandil;!lTij~ef1~, .aliii;l re1aill'lin1.\ag,ril~M ,8.1rue,..i3~~ i;lin!l;i~Iati,""ely UI!iI!iipotii!:ed!18[i;afflple.oi I;I!w e of I1I;!:;iOUIQe'. MliI.:onFie'ldlaM ~ n e 'history,o . f ltE Tu:5!BgaB Airmen meet e~ gf tIlese' !iNi~e.'ria.

S l l I i l t t a b i l i t y 'Aniuooe~.l;tngi~ g F '!;iuil;:abi!ilymust M ' based 00 how 'irel)' llhe h~U!f IJr 1$ ,P f iE i $ ! ; i n1 l ; i d !ai Nhl;ltl;lf1H~!d 'Ci lf inpoares ,wi t i hlootoover-e.tIby EI:(iiSiil!ilglall"eae o.f!he'~.iQnfl! 1P - 8 _ r k5ysrern.To [Ie Oilli1sili$n;lOi el,J~~e


9/16

A'CtiODS Common tQ Each Alternativet. UiElr" Afidaf'Sifl i' ll ~S~Ii 'G9'tWOliIld ~ used asa p ede s-

trf..3ir'illvalkw@ yW vlslte rsand s e rv ioo' v eht0 l e acce s sto ~1 i ii9 l 'I iS . ! to r i ct !u : i ld iFL{icornplex,

1 ., F li 's to rE en trance'g la ' te~IQ I ~ lfE In .a tiilrta t,edt o . i l .Smigirni iJ appear:ance.

~'" E:.l: iatirlg aimpof'ta ecsss ffO ati wm lidl beremoved Ib~'~h . eG ily oriiJi.sitleg~ an d aJ FliilflNf0ad built Iby n .e 'ctty 1 l ) ! 1cii,~'pro,patLy.

4. S! ; ; ree~i ! ! lg lQ fithe fnl!.llrii;;ip,al i3iirpolit' frD'.iii ' lthe hiS.torlcc om p '!e !'x ' W lO u ' ld ibe p;r i I ;Wi:J i ; leg~ l r u rDughp l~ f1 lin g ,0 11~JeQSand ,ojJi!eT'!oIege-i'atil;)'J1-Allema1i1l9a C 81M I) FlJ i t t ) i io ia 'greater p.r,gj_e'ctil;m~' ID leb-'lMtI IhL\sWf"ie landsoapeJsetLing.

5. A moooFrlE!flt~:otMc Tusk~ee' Airmen woold 00pro-~ide;d i: n saci'! al~8fooll"'-IlIb!Jtin ditlerent ~oca~ions, :lMMri1i,gur,a1jJt!f'\S.T h e ii d e s ig F il iL ll t he F J i" l'D n tll!n m ( s) ~ u '!d Ji'n clllllj.a sta tu ary 1 0oOOllme fl'lo ra te th e a lrrmenas !i!J@ r 1 3 upas 'I,',..ell as ' ! . he ;Impu nan l: rolesplayed by il'Klh!id~

~aJBa u o f:h a 'S B e f fija rn hm(t Dav l l s ,J r. , YCh le f Ande rs rn l,~ri:ifIary pil.iU~i f ; \s . t r ! . tC ro~~_ IM o~ o o F l:c ld .mil ; [ i . he r s .

6, ~ n th e hisW~li~,ciJ'mp'le"~,' !o \E: I ! f ) ' ingiegJ iE iE i sD fp r r e : = i e r v a lIon ' tIn~atmen~'if hi:sW ric re~~~~ lI'iQ l,lk ll D e IjJr&v ided l. A .o1ibns wiJ'u ld r. ;! l~ !; l'fr.Q'IiI'Iri'i~r1iiFl9~klOIlj l~in1S;; ;o~ ' fo rmer I \1s t{ iJ icoo i rd i l i !g iS(11m 'the ! ; J r l) 'l ,l rK i 11 3:Bt.abililZa,~i1f0n(if QOOI..jJte~ere'h~bili~aji:gr'il>o j '~5tins l'iii::;twic;~llI . lOlures . H li~l :Orfuta~iw i!Y, lP 'II t ihw ~a,ant i paveda r e a s woold be pre~elVed- '~~e 'E!~lTIi i l : i" ib9l ' ! . !D:LiI . r : l

,aJaO iJe; I l c e2 I~e - da t toa oh bu Idlln gs n e W' p~d~ i l l i lforma~ioo onUilIGuse each slructIJII" ' i ; ! ' .

" . 'o th e r ~ ii-e ~rela~d ttl '~I\a TIi i : : ; tOl i : t . 'D r'1f ' Ie;1 i ' ! J s k egQCA ' ir rn e t l. il 'lC l i, 1 ,g in gGhana !l.!' :3 10 0lL isk8g~a ; A i'm) !'A irField, WOl!!!dbe i rn~l;!rpre1BdI.In AI~er l' \a l i~ A i i l IOOS.t h[s OW0 (4 !d I;J.!;!I ! l ! ; In ;LII ; !0 by iii E !l:SI .1taO 'rJ iJ a b a m a' throll . !!gh' n ' l it teM iagreE'metl~a 'wi'lm'tha OLlff~Fl .t pFO~Jf ty, ow. n e r E ! .ThE ~a~ion :; riiP.3Ii\~ ,S>3l"1liceWo o i!1 a s s um e'~Ilr ole in M .e !'1 I" !S i biv -e ~ ,C,a l i i id l[]t

,8.. 'iL i:s it~OO lJ I~ rs tlTy e ern pussite'S and b u i& t !i "9 ! ;1 r'to ~: i i1I~~g .e l ' ; l i .A .in n en 'w o u ~ b e in le rp re te dby N~S

'9 . ~0If AiibematlvQ s ~ .. Ca n d D ) ,MiJ-tof1iFiek!WlOu ' !d Ib le e O f 'F l9 ailJnl~{flit\;} N.aJlonalf a d ; ; System.T l lTi e 'N Iu n i t e f L 'iiis io o o o[rj AI~I }f n:aUveD wou ld ~ c! t! deiiIl' i L . r : I o o o~~,i\im1l!3f'1Na t lC i I l a J lGente r. ~ n e a -chcase,l N a t iMa iPart SQF\ I \I I) !3 '~[~~lona n d l!D E I J!\a g e m e'liDu J ci tie [ ba se d a ti1h1](l:(lsalfillgjlTil_glee Ilfls~in.!telNatiO:F1al Ifi~rorkSite.

i J ) .C 'O s ~ s' f JD roon:sNIJcij!:1I1ii,j)f ~~Ii~ie~ , l ; l1r '8 ':5tiowi"l~~ f e - : a ca t t e r n a t i ; v e 'o o ~ d 0 '11I ' I JPS9~elililEl~ 10tittltal,g~ 'OMits(~nclLldill9net oonstrl .m;; tiClil li , . !; IQlv~l!i iOeplSir it li ll iig .8lmUalion5'!...!pervi~l~n, f ; I1 i I ! ; IQl;Illiftiinge:riciea)..I t iS,_ial l i i l lp atedi lF iatif ! partnerW!ip,ar!1!,rigsgrnt wc 1MSMRJfiffof tJese' OOS~S '!.!II11boe'de'&1Qt1~" ~n atkli1i:iUn'I .\ i) ~Pi3;other reder,a l,51ate'. IQc!il1 '!ilge:ri~ieaana ~fivate organi~:etiG'[jsmay prO'i.iidepogntil)tll;i,o f tileBe ~ a ts . in.nes9cases, the' ~ual ~'QI @ n!; l~ tOOri ,forwriOll5 raonfUmay be le ss Hl'an'the e~le:;i ~581'i11Bd in IhiS iJ'8,pO

- EJI;IU;~:r~ C1 1E:o._.biri.zi.::~'bnn~-~ ~~'~~ 1'illrH::1i!Li_;11-.:ill~- . ~~Cd ~_IIIl!; tbI.IDII~ CJ ~,,,,,,,.t.!pl)lji;;~"~

M)l}TIJ1"lFlE.LI) I TU S If.MH :: ~: sm : : :w ;RES{ l t rR ( lES I ' I 't !D Y

H I! J_j)ffijj] ~ M ip -M.:u.. E;.:ruC'!:Iii1jh_P..-IJ"","",,,~I..;;jJoiIul(&:.l

,'-1]1-;;1

9

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10/16

ALT i B I t N A f J I V t :A~OMME IORATJlONIINFOIWATI.'ON::MOI1Q:N'IEtD

w~tor ElIIpifiijen"Cif'I! Enha l ! i l o e - dliiiig'h'~ [?!;.t a~~; ; ~1: :;Ii u :n it O f~eNlaiiQlm!'ll P'arl\; ,S~!;itI;!1iIiI"

I! P,'a$'$'iW;!'~ll' il iI ienilOt"~jiOril : r ii~rt ir ig,I)f :sit$ :;Ii!;: reml!ii!'ln~II$ii~~E!',.

i LiUle ir;iib8~jJit'8j8i~iDtiof 'TL!S_~98e ,Ail 'Vlf le-J 'il ii I ia! l)f)t

,~i tCrpJ:\flfu\'~EliijJlnasis,

.. F oc~ I I J f i Ibasi:edartaiinf(!IiiFfl8.i1i01llI):n M ltJlon R e~ a i;;' lJa ini li ilgl s jb8_

H i~~(W.r.icB tl~Idin.g: l:o:mp]c.~

. . Slaibi liz$, ji : (J1i l.gJ'~ i~ tin g liiI i~ !l) ri~tlyt:ld]ri8!1;l.

. . Mi ;l lr k 'F.g~~ir i1$ , o~ ' fOFI ii fIE ! 'ri'i!;l.t(J.io'1;illi\Jc~y:r,~.

:ritlerp~il'e Rldlmti~ I1'0D]S.. :S ~II 'irifQ f~~iQ ri~ieri~a~ 8 ~l1 ,!IotI,J1 .e -~r vie i'Q r!J arkilil9 l.

.. :Se-If.-!}Ui'!l;IiIll9libn(lCliiil,JiIEI1~rl(I way..ei(Je' exhitJi1~L

.. Writ!eri pliblf~!iOri$; {I;i.vf(ilablea t calYl;!l MI!II;l~rifLlTI!III;l~ge'EI1~ t i l \ J t e


11/16

Aa~RNAll ~ B-COl\DlEMORA.TIONlINmRPImTATlO .:S .i-G '. A IRM E"& MOTON fIELD

'. si.fir' ~. enee P as.sl ...!} ODmme< .mor : a i l j 'Qn

I'F l'J} malcerpretaCionr

biterpretbi''EllllpiMis.. FOOu:iI ,em trai'rlifi1g1lPn;II::9SE'forilis~~(jI A J r m e nat

M0~Qifj Field.

Histo;r]c DuUdlil],g~om,(I~~

'" 1 F t !hab 111ta~io n c r~HS ln$Ia r ; U : ~a n . ir leli:!rr l :r i l lThv ! i ' lr .'" 5Mbl z allon {( hi~tt:)ric t!u IC In S S .(6).

'" "Gho st" fr,amewo rkm r e ia es0 .1 ' l i) 'J 'f fi E lr I "I IS 1 CH 1 J !: :b!.fJldln{ls.(4! l ' ,

~[jf.!L:' reb"veFad l'ide:!k ' Fou] !! ,[1 0H la ng ar # '1 ,_~Qr C(l1Iii~cl and BJeiiibit


12/16

ALTER lT lV lHC-Tu S : K EG J E EAIlME

Vi8iW(f'Iq)erl.all;c

...~;!)i 'li'taI in~e rl 9r E t aaiQ iii

A .c1 iV Ei ,_Diive:r.ael i i fIe


13/16

,8 :1 lU I ents am dIte aO h e rsa .s si : 3 I 'wi1 : hSPE !c:iedin ter-IPf~II 'i I -eand l ivingh~ry Pf{ig rams a span oj 'eur rt eulurn acr~I !{ j~ jes ,

' ln te ra eu en ibe tw e en vis!m rsanll:! s~lJl!jen~'S,wou!d! been Integra l p ert ~:Ih o e ,eMperrellKlefo r oo lh ,

.' .s ee Me ll1 n atNe 'II) fo r : ado l ;! i~hD f lia ! de t . :oa i [ s ,

'V1!iii toq'fJ 'oi' i~ing {NPS. lfl llsfliegeeUlilive-r,ei~~.ri...a.1~a n d lPr.!.!bI'it:' ful l i id '$.) .

H l i tS~ \ 1 I r j_ 0 l ii ld i n@ci;lImple;;:;(f'/Ja1it1lil!::!lP,a rk S e JY ic e)

hriion o :f&:dregee Ai rmenSto!ll;ry-Fo~dThrough~I.ooolThlFi,e:ldlRlesDl! I :Nl ie . l j i ,Fadl.ities ,~mdP r o g r a :m s

60 7Gpercent, 6",,!:,!Qr,e~Oily g F lfllls~ge~l

61acres rTU!5~geei!jl!lii,",e"!;ii~).~lwruag~1lI1"ntI Ojper;atiOln

H lsm rie bujlding com plex (N IPS )

D e ;p a r1mefl~; l Jo_ fAvia'iIDn,~ieflce (Jook'!i!geeUr t r r em iM

C~!it o f' E'til:iU1yCllJnsuudiJDn

ro~1 ~3.6'71.1,3~

\i\"

\

I~

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14/16

ALTERNATIVE,0- USKEG,EEAIRM EN ~"ATI}ONAleH TE':A HISTO,RlCA!, C J O I N T l NU "M

111 I . :C . [ iC ' .'\rc Emp lasjs,

T he ooilltlrwliillgilegacy (if If\!]TU sk eg :e e M rm e n w o u~be 'j;irasE!lltedi li il t l iE l ~Oi 'l tEO Ot' Afi'I~ai"i-.Am erleaFi parllcip8Jtl!Jfiill'~~ U-S, Irnir i tP.ny'wf i lmbJD.3d ,slalifiElli'itsof I f 'a ! i lOrypreserrte.d '~h;r,oog'h e;;(hibi~!;I,~n d prwgll"~rF1s..a~Motoo !Fiald::

II ! F' .as- t .p fl] $G . rn t a n d !fut!JJ8' o ~ m i :litl5 NY '8iiti~1i\;;in,(:1_1']1:1~ja inhi igL

iii J!;1!lican-Anier'iCa11~~n,J!).;llak it gl i 'E laJoo~parni~patl!:lin11 1iIllrIeU.S.mjli~8!ryS i ndnMi!fEiei'g!l'ifica_lIl~reles in ~Ferl(l-11'19'their OOtilfl1lJ'.

:8 11 f8 b8@ ic:role a ir'iOO~~8 IFi~lm~ ( iFiO'WThsk~~G1'IJn ~rW ty.) ilil tihe' tr~n[n81, 00 '

~nalTi.Js~9i8B Aij rf iiE ln . .

II! ;S gn t f lwanc e'Gf OOCC~5'e'3 o~ the Tuekes3ee' A irm en ilnDeac&JF l gto d9S jg re ga ~lon o~'the 1Jj.;S.mili tary 5'hort.ty~~'e'Wg~ldIWar n.,

Im pect5lof Ti.!~9~e .Air1fiEl1iiI~IiDjJI~hmelilb5 Ms ub s eq uA : !l 'i lI 't IC iYi li lr ig h t e ,:a ~n -ce a, of t'he19&1$.~rtd~9IWS"

I!ult~!p'[,'eti,veFacimi,~ IThi!!Jts

T~egee ~~ NafianaJ Ce.rrISi',a , liJ J i S JMh amJiI~arym u se um ~ ilt o n5 ' i t e 't a - epa l ! ' abe~1"(I1!III iih~1iOriCQOI1iIpI8~~jjlllt WI~nsFi ~l ib !}:g'1 aeres ctJl'i'BITItI~' owned i!;J~l !iurak:eg.eeUi'lilita~i1y,wilt1~paoQ;' lbr. :

TI !, Ji ;ikes~sAirman 1M8fit'lDJ iaL

lMa;o'le:-;hibit $ J ; l a o ewith peri:o[jmilitary ,i3.j~.:dt ,j:JJirieqlJ!pment.

lM i* a u l1~1JaJl p r e se l!llta J IO I li 1 ( p ;D S S iD I ~ 'a n !IM JA :X ).

i!!I :S f lm I uli3 Jo r fi'( !D fifI ,- ln l:e fia ctly s .. " hc rn~oo" 1 "1Qp 'IIC i9 I8I) fili!qu~l!Dt;!Imt1,I$~dIb)'T!,J~jj;~~slAirmen.

1'us~eg~eUnive~~ ~~nmponemOplJ!O!l"tul!i!i~, te oe ~ta bU ~ ~C.f.J~~_~ .Ai'lreOl'Art($r$Qfil~parrm e.f! t of. ,i!j li ii~ri!m Soiw,Jcewfmin. th e T~ :9~ 'AirmetJ'Na . l t o o a JC(!i'iii'.er..F'recolleg:ea n d ccdleg:e levelwliiie!!.llliJ.fink1C!!.1isirtgl( In f 'i la th :I~"I. math , :sc iBoo! l~nd aere-naulic~ illl;!b'uCiiQli11 ~ pr~1P~re;$"bl,l!jlJ;lnt~to meat I J : :h ;Oj i r.Gnga:=i~iJirs~~~, :n ~J:le'1 i5 i oon tu !!)' inth e 't!ll.Jjiliollgl' 'I~1l.Jskegs;eA l rm 0 F 1 . F a@ lIit i s 'i'i\[!u ldl~m'ilde:

I i ; ,hlghlty OUIiTilpOOMa t ! , I ' ; i 8 !1 i \ onAra : ln ing,center provio-'ing pil!)t ~~iliiling.and o o !OO a ~ l o n~n~If~rt manag:e- 'melilt,(:InJ;;iS(:Il'e~,y,lifI.etedr'Ology:.8! i~iIr.:!J~rlt.,coo~rol.m.a f . r I ~ e ' J l a n c eand, e - i1 i r !e['t>ecl!iin il;:!;l~M1~iB .'ltiesfO rpooph~IlnliIIrI!Ji11skegee U in ive r s i t yre gfJ ; ; iiii.

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