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Turkey Urbanization Review Rise of the Anatolian Tigers
1
Building Competitive Cities in Turkey
Somik V. Lall, Lead Economist, World Bank Ankara -- April 29, 2015
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Building Competitive Cities
• Fundamentals
• What can other countries learn from Turkey?
• What are the key second generation issues for enhancing competitiveness?
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Building Competitive Cities
• Fundamentals
• Managing Density • Benefits: productivity, livability • Costs: land scarcity, commuting, congestion
• Competitiveness: Maximizing benefits while managing costs of density
• Mechanisms
• Markets: Critical for allocating Labor and Capital across cities; Land within cities • Policies: Correct market failures; provision of infrastructure
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Building Competitive Cities
• Fundamentals
• What can other countries learn from Turkey?
• What are the key second generation issues for enhancing competitiveness?
![Page 6: Turkey Urbanization Review - TEPAV · Turkey Urbanization Review . Rise of the Anatolian Tigers. 1 Building Competitive Cities in Turkey . Somik V. Lall, Lead Economist, World Bank](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022020303/5b5f15bc7f8b9a310a8dc718/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Turkey has harnessed gains from urbanization
• Links between urbanization and economic development has been consistent with global patterns
020
4060
8010
0U
rban
izat
ion
rate
, %4 6 8 10 12
Log GDP per capita, 2005 constant $
All countries, 2013 Lin. est. all countriesTurkey, 1960-2013
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High productivity in the services sector USD$1000/worker (2012)
4/30/2015 7
32 29 3152 51
32
74 77 7710621
22
4985 84
117
23
3725
36
29
37
29
18
23
16
28
Salvador Rio De Janeiro
Shanghai Beijing Mumbai
12 9
Delhi
5
Istanbul - Metro
Izmir - Metro
Ankara - Metro
São Paulo
Financial & business services Transport & ICT services Industry
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Turkey’s cities have levered economies of scale..
• Density: – Turkey’s largest cities
have performed above the global average
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Turkey’s cities have levered economies of agglomeration..
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Turkey’s cities have levered economies of agglomeration.. Higher value industries in urban cores
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Turkey’s cities have levered economies of agglomeration.. Multiple job centers in large cities
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12
Population growth of border cities and metropolises (2000-2010)
Urbanization Review Team
Growth of secondary cities – enabling economies specialization
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Spatial distribution of firms through 2006
Urbanization Review Team – TOBB data
Development of an economic system of cities
Spatial distribution of new firms through 2007-2012
New business follow their peers – Path dependence / stickiness
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Turkey’s cities have levered economies of specialization..
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How did Turkey do it?
• Facilitate market forces – Economic liberalization in the 1980s – Pull of cities for rural migrants
• Coordination
– Metropolitan Municipality Regime
• Early investment in infrastructure – Household and municipality investment in housing and neighborhood
infrastructure – Regional transport
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Early investment in regional connectivity
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Metropolitan Municipality Law • The Metropolitan Municipality Law in 1984 created the legal framework to manage
cities, linking the administrative area with the city’s economic footprint • By contrast, metropolitan cities like Manila and Cairo suffer from severe coordination
problems across multiple administrative jurisdictions
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Building Competitive Cities
• Fundamentals
• What other countries can learn from Turkey?
• What are the key second generation issues for enhancing competitiveness?
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Enhancing Productivity through structural change
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Enhancing the quality of human capital
0,00%
2,00%
4,00%
6,00%
8,00%
10,00%
12,00%
14,00%
16,00%
18,00%
0,00%
2,00%
4,00%
6,00%
8,00%
10,00%
12,00%
14,00%
Illiteracy rate Percentage of the population with beyond high school education
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Managing Congestion
• Istanbul has been ranked as the most congested city of the World (TomTom Traffic Index)
• On average, journey times in Istanbul are 57% longer than when traffic in the city is flowing freely
• Trips are 84% longer during morning rush hour • Ankara and Izmir are not far behind, occupying the 34 and 37
places out of 146 countries
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22
Thank you! Teşekkür ederim