turbine tang ap

7/23/2019 Turbine Tang AP

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Tong hp va bien soan : Nguyen Van Sn PHAN II: TURBINE TANG AP_______________________________________________________________________

101 http://www.biosys.com.vn

CHNG IV

TURBINE TNG P CC KHI NIM CBN

tn dng ngun nng lng kh thi nhm tng hiu cng sut v hiusut ca ng c, turbine kh xc a vo sdng, u tin ng cbn kv sau c sdng cho cng chai k; c bit loi ng chai kcngsut ln. Mc tng hiu sut ng c khi tng p bng turbine kh x ph thucnhiu vo ch ti ca ng c. i vi ng c lai chn vt, ti ng c caong ngha vi vng quay ng c tng l iu kin thun li cho turbine kh xtng hiu qu lm vic; l do nm ch, khng nhng cng sut turbine lai phthuc vo cng n vca dng kh xv lu lng dng kh xa, m vi turbine,khi khai thc khu vc nh mc sto iu kin pht huy cao nht hiu sut cachng (hnh 4.1).

Hnh 4.1 :thquan hlu lng v p sut, hiu sut ca hthng tng

p turbine kh x.


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Ni chung cc turbine tng p u thuc loi turbine xung kch c phnkch nhv chng c chia ra hai loi chnh da trn cstn dng nng lngkh xtng c. l turbine sdng xung p sut l chnh (cn gi l turbine

bin p vi c trng p sut trc turbine thay i) v turbine ng p ( vi ctrng p sut khng i trc turbine).

C hai loi trn u c th c ch to theo kiu cho dng kh x voturbine theo hng tm (hnh 4.2) hoc dc trc (hnh 4.3). Btr dng kh xvoturbine hng tm cho thng c tc quay nm trong khong 25000- 250.000vng/pht, ng knh bnh cng tc t35-220 mm, cng sut t15-750 kW. Btr dng kh x vo turbine theo hng dc trc vi tc quay t vi ngnvng/pht ti hng chc ngn vng/ pht, ng knh bnh cng tc t220-1000mm, cng sut turbine t150-100000 kW.

Hnh 4.2: Turbine hng tm

Hnh 4.3 Turbine hng trc.

1-Li vo ca kh x

2-Li ra ca kh x

3-Li vo ca khng kh

4-Bung y ca kh nn

5-Trc rto

6-Bbm du bi trn7-Du bi trn

8-Bnh rto turbine

9-Bnh cnh my nn


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Sau y chng ta so snh hai hthng sdng nng lng thng dng nhtl hthng xung lc v hthng ng p dn ti tn ca hai loi turbine xung lcv turbine ng p.

4.1 So snh hai loi turbine xung lc v ng p

Theo mt thng k gn ng ca hai loi hthng ta sthy nhng im sosnh ni bt ca chng nhsau:

Hnh 4.4 S tn dng nhit kh thi cho (a) h thng Turbine ng p (b)Xung lc

Tuy biu hnh 4.4 cha i din cho tt ccc loi turbine song qua tacng thy khnng tn dng nhit ca turbine xung ln nhng hiu sut turbinexung li thp hn loi ng p. Mt trong cc l do l p sut thay di trc turbinenn dng chy vo ming phun ca turbine khng n nh, gy nhiu tn tht; trongkhi turbine ng p ti ca vo p sut khng thay i, dng kh c phn bu trn khp cc vnh ming phun, do vy hiu sut cao hn. Mt c im naca turbine xung cn lu lin quan ti p sut thay i trc turbine l chnh cc

xung p sut ny gy nn s tng cng rung ng cnh turbine, c bit khi sxylanh l bi sca 4.

Turbine xung c c tnh p ng nhanh khi tng tc v khi ng trong khih thng dng turbine ng p li cn h tr ca bm phkhi khi ng v khihot ng nhti ca ng c.

Turbine ng p to nhiu tr lc cho kh thot t xylanh nhng li c uim btr gn, linh hot, khng yu cu kht khe vvtr t turbine; trong kh, turbine xung tuy to tr lc thot kh thp nhng yu cu cc xylanh n lin


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tip khng c btr chung ng ng thi trnh nh hng ca cc pha trongthi kxln nhau gia cc turbine, ngoi ra vtr turbine phi btr gn ca thotkh khi xylanh, ng xyu cu cng ngn cng tt iu ny bt tin cho btr.

Turbine xung thng chgii hn p dng trong khong p sut tng p thp.L do sgii hn ca turbine xung l vic sdng nng lng xung ca dng khxgn nh rt km vi p sut tng p ca turbine kh xcao hn 2,2 bar. Khongp dng ca turbine ng p rng hn, p sut tng p cao cng c li cho vic sdng nhit ca turbine ng p.

Mt xu hng vi tng p ln l sdng turbine ng p. Tstng p caonht hthng ng p dng cho tng p ng cdiesel tu thy hin nay l 5,5.Khi chuyn ttng p xung sang tng p ng p cho php tng hiu sut turbinemy nn ln 8% ( theo sthng tin t hng B&W. Sdng turbine ng p khngcn phi tng gc msm sppap x, lm gim cng gin nnhturbine xung vnhvy tng thi gian gin nca mi cht. Chnh nh tng thi gian qu trnhgin ntrong xylanh cng nhtng mt t p sut cc i ca chu trnh m p sutchthca chu trnh tng ln 11% v nhhon thin qu trnh ho trn cng nhqa trnh chy m sut tiu hao nhin liu c ch gim 7,5 %).

CU HI THO LUN

01.GII THCH SLM VIC MT N NH CA TURBINE MY NNTNG P. TRONG KHI THC NG C, HIN TNG NYTHNG XY RA NHTHNO? BIN PHP KHC PHC.

Hnh 4.5:phn bp sut trc turbine xung lc v ng p.


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Theo c tnh ca TB-MN ta thy slm vic mt n nh ca TB-MN tng pxy ra khi n hot ng trongvng mt n nh (vng gii hn)

Hnh 4.6: c tnh phi hpgia TBMN tng p v ng clai chn vt.

im cng tc (im A) l giaoim gia ng c tnh thyng ca ng c ( ng 1) vng cong quan hp sut-Lulng ca TB-MN (ng 1n =const) khi ng c - TBMN lmvic bnh thng.

Khi c thay i bt thng vpha turbine hoc my nn(thng l chai) slm cho imcng tc chuyn dch vpha vnglm vic khng n nh (vnggii hn). Khi lm vic ti vng

ny th hin tng lm vic ca TB-MN khng n nh.Trong khai thc hin tng ny xy ra biu hin cc hin tng :-Nu phn turbine th gy ting rt rt kh chu v rung ng mnh.-Nu my nn ta thy ting " hm hp " phn p ra ngoi li lc do s

chnh p gia bu gp kh tng p v kh quyn km theo vng quay TB-MN daong mnh.Nguyn nhn hin tng trn:-Chkhai thc khng hp l, khai thc gn vng mt n nh.-iu kin khai thc kh khn (sng to gi ln) trong khi chtay ga khng

hp l.-Khnng p ng ca ng ckhi c tc ng ca biu tc khng hp l

hoc km.-Khi vng quay my gim, lng cp nhin liu tng cao.-Khi ng np bn, bu lm mt kh tng p bn, phn p ng xtng

-Khi vtu bn, mmen cn tu ln.-Bn thn turbine bbn bi cn mui tng c.Tm li tt ccc nguyn nhn gy nn thay i slm vic ca turbine nh

bn cnh hng, cnh ng, thay i hng dng kh gy rung ng cnh, gimlu lng kh qua turbine hoc tng phn p pha my nn nhtng sc cn hoctr lc sau my nn, gim vng quay t ngt ng c, bn cnh my nn hoc thm ch s lm vic ca ng c k c s lm vic ng u gia ccxylanh hoc trng thi hot ng, chhot ng khng tt ca n u c thlm im cng tc chuyn dch vpha vng lm vic khng n nh. Hin tng


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Hnh 4.7: Quan hc tnh ca my nn TBtng p , c tnh kh ng ca h thng traoi kh khi ng c lm vic theo c tnhngoi ( 2 ) c tnh chn vt (1) v c tnh ti(3)

" ho" ca turbine my nn l mt trong cc biu hin ca lm vic khng n nhTB-MN tng p.

gii quyt vn tm thi hin tng " ho ":-C thgim ti cho my bt rung, "ho "-Xbt kh tng p ra ngoi qua nt xbu gp kh tng p.

-Kim tra nhit kh xgia cc xylanh xem c xylanh no c nhit khxvt qu quy nh. Hiu chnh cn bng ti gia cc xylanh nu cn thit.

gii quyt tn gc c thcn phi:-Vsinh sch ton btmy nn ti ng gp kh tng p, ng kh x, bu

gim m, turbine tng p-Hon chnh trong iu kin c thnng cao khnng p ng ca ng c.-Co h, sn ln tu nu cn thit.

2. TH NO L C TNH KH NG CA TURBINE TNG P. GII

THCH SLM VIC MT N NH CA HTHNG NY.c tnh kh ng ca h thng tng p bng turbine kh x thc cht l ctnh ca hthng trao i kh m my nn ly tm lm vic khi ng ciesellm vic theo c tnh ngoi, c tnh phti v c tnh chn vt.

c tnh lm vic camy nn bao gm tp hpcc ng cong biu dincc quan h

1)0 0

( )K KP G

f

P G

=

2)0

( )KKG

N fG

=

3 )0

( )KTKG

fG

=

khi vng quay turbinekhng i. Trong ngc tnh quan h gia psut v lng tiu haokhng kh (1) l quan trng

nht.Biu din cc c tnh

trn thnhhnh 4.7ng c tnh quan h

gia p sut v lng tiuhao khng kh ca my nnkhi vng quay turbine khng i l ng n ( i qua im A ).


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ng c tnh quan hgia p sut v lng tiu hao khng kh ca my nnc trng cho sc cn thy ng ca hthng trao i kh khi ng clm victheo c tnh chn vt l ng m s1

ng c tnh quan hgia p sut v lng tiu hao khng kh ca my nnc trng cho sc cn thy ng ca hthng trao i kh khi ng clm vic

theo c tnh ngoi l ng m s2ng c tnh quan hgia p sut v lng tiu hao khng kh ca my nn

c trng cho sc cn thy ng ca hthng trao i kh khi ng clm victheo c tnh ti l ng m s3.

Nhtrn thc tnh ta thy khi phti tng (sc cn ca tu tng), vngquay ng cgim xung m lng cp nhin liu cp vo ng cvn khng itc l ng clm vic theo c tnh ngoi th im lm vic sli dn vphatri im A tc l chuyn gn vkhu vc lm vic khng n nh. ng 2 th4.7.

ng clm vic theo c tnh chn vt ( ng 1 ) th ng c tnh c

dc khc vi c tnh ngoi nn khi vng quay gim, sut tiu hao khng kh vp sut tng p u gim v t c khnng xy ra vn im lm vic ri vokhu vc mt n nh. Tuy nhin khi c hin tng " nhy bc " vp sut tnh dogim vng quay t ngt ng thi lu lng kh qua ng cgim nhanh dn ticng sut turbine gim c thlm im cng tc dch chuyn vo khu vc mt nnh.

ng clm vic theo c tnh ti ( ng 3) l c tnh biu din mi quan hgia cc thng svo cng sut Ne khi vng quay thay i vi dc cao hn cng chn vt th khnng lm vic khng n nh gn nhrt t xy ra.

ng cdiesel lm vic theo c tnh chn vt khi lai chn vt trc tip nhng

im lm vic ca ng cli l giao im cca c tnh ngoi, c tnh chnvt v c tnh iu chnh ca biu tc ( nu ng clp biu tc nhiu ch ). Do ta thy khi ng c c lp biu tc th khi sc cn tu tng ln,ng cc ths hot ng theo c tnh ngoi; lc ny khng nhng bn thnng cdbqu ng sut c, ng sut nhit, phti nhit cao, qu ti mmenxon m TB TA cng c thri vo khu vc hot ng khng n nh.

Khi ng clm vic c biu tc nhiu ch, sc cn tng km sng giln ( khnng chn vt chm su xung nc v ni ln mt nc theo chu k) cthlm cho c tnh thy ng 3"nhy bc" kt qucng c thlm hthngTBTA ri vo hot ng khng n nh.

ng c c, TBTA cv khng c vsinh cng lm tng khnng trn


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CHNG V

GII THIU CC LOI TURBINE TNG P

5.1 HTHNG TURBINE HNG ABB

Hthng turbine ABB cschnh ti Thy squa BBC (Brown Boveri), cmi lin quan cht vi bc i tin phong ca spht trin turbine tng p tinhnh bi Alfred Buchi v cc p dng trong ngnh my tu thy ca turbine tngp. Alfred Buchi ng dng tng p 1905 nhng thc s tng p mi tr nnmnh mtsau i chin thgii ln I (trong nhng ngy u tin, turbine tng pp dng cho hng khng), t turbine tng p thc sdng cho tu thy. Nm1925 con tu u tinPreussendandHansestadt Danzigc sdng turbine tng pkh xvi ng c4 k, hng MAN, 10 xilanh tng cng sut t1250 kW (np

kh tnhin) ln 1840 kW khi sdng turbine tng p ca BBC.Nm 1944 BBC cho ra i turbine seri VTR0 v t sn sng

cung cp turbine tng p lp t cho cc ng cc khong cng sut 370 kW ti12700 kW. Cho ti lc cng chp dng turbine tng p cho ng c4 k. thay thbm qut gi tng p ng c2 k, lc ny ngi ta phi ng dng turbinetng p xung lc. Nm 1952 hthng tng p ny ng dng thnh cng trn tuan mchDorthe Maesksdng ng c2 khng B&W nng cng sut ng cln 5520 kW nhturbine VTR 630.

Vic sdng turbine tng p loi VTR trn ng cdiesel 4 kv 2 ktngln rt nhanh tnhng nm 1950, mt lot seri ( hnh 5.1) ktha v pht huythit kkiu loi ny trn cmt hiu sut v ts tng p. Hiu sut 74,7 % ginh c bi turbine VTR 714E nm 1989 (tng phn vi hiu sut 50-55% cacc turbine tng p ca nhng nm 1950); v model VTR 304P t c tspsut 5:1 vo 1991. Bn cnh ci thin c tnh turbine tng p cc nghin cu phttrin ca hng tng cng khnng to iu kin phc v cho vic t nhinliu mc thp ca ng cv slm vic ti chti nng nvn m bo tincy v bo dng cc t.

Cc seri hin nay ca hthng turbine tng p ABB nhsau:


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Hnh 5.1: Hiu sut ton bca cc thhturbine tng p ABB dng VTR.

- Seri VTR: c thit k hot ng vi cc ng c to nn cng sutkhong 700 kW ti 18500 kW ng vi mi turbine tng p.

- Seri VTC: c bit c a chung ti ni vic lin hp thnh khi yucu, phc vcc ng ccung cp cng sut 100 kW ti 3200 kW mi turbine.

- Seri RR: chyu p dng cho cc ng ccao tc v trung tc c cngsut nm trong khong 500 kW v 1800 kW ng vi mi turbine.

- Seri TPS: Thhmi thuc dng turbine tng p nh, chi tit xem phnsau.

- Seri TPL: Thhmi dng turbine tng p ln, chi tit xem trong phncui.

- Turbine ng lc NTC : Sdng nng lng kh x ln trch tnggp tng hiu sut ca ng c.

Turbine seri VTR..4

Cc turbine seri VTR4 c lp t dng turbine hng trc v mynn hng knh. Kt hp nhng chiu cao cnh turbine khc nhau vi mt slncc cnh hng khc bit (vng phun) cng nhbrng ca my nn khc nhauv sthay i tng ng ca cc rnh khuych tn to iu kin ph hp ti ugia cc ng cv cc c tnh hot ng ca turbine tng p.

Cc bn ngoi to ra lc nhhn v cho php dng hthng tbi trn, chng ma st. Cc bc trt sng bi trn ngoi (bi trn cang c) hin din tin li cho vic thay i ca turbine tng p ln. Mi smtcn bng ca trc r to gy bi cn bn hoc vt lu c hp thbi bl xo


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gim chn lp trong , cc lc nhhn quan hvi ngoi l u thtrong ngcnh ny. Cc ngoi cng tin li cho vic phc vv c thctho m khng cn tho bnh cnh cnh my nn, v trc r to c thc tho mkhng phi tho cc phn ng dn kh.

Hthng turbine ABB khuyn co ngi sdng dng cc chng mast tbi trn nhm gim ma st tng cao hiu sut cgii v cc u thkhc khikhi ng ng cv trong khi maniu ng. Cc li ch tng thm l khnngko di tui thdu bi trn ca loi ny. Bphn phn ly du trong hthngdu bi trn kn ca chng ma st tbi trn tch mi cht bn ra v m

bo bi trn lin tc bng du sch thm ch ckhi nghing. Du turbine c sdng c hiu qutch cc trong vic phc vlu di. C cc hthng phin lc duv kt dtrthng trc trong trng hp bi trn khn cp phi tin hnh.

ng dn vo, ra v vmy nn ca turbine tng p VTR c lm tchring theo chiu thng ng v c gn li vi nhau bng bulng. Ba phn v

turbine v gi c thquay i chvi nhau 15 300

cho ngi thit kngctdo gn turbine tng p vo ng c. Hin c nhiu phng n khc nhau vphn vdn kh vo turbine thc hin nhiu la chn ph hp vi nhiu ngdn kh vo v cc cch btr khc nhau. Do to ra sphi hp ca turbine tngp vi cc hthng np kh, loi ng c( chV hay mt hng thng ng) v sxilanh khc nhau mt cc mm do.

Cc vphn vkhng lm mt hin nay l mt thay i i vi vlm mtca turbine tng p sri VTR..4 dnh cho cc p dng nhit tn dng cao (hnh5.2). Tt ccc ng dn kh hon ton khng lm mt v khng tip xc vi nclm mt bt kim no, to khnng cao nht c th ca vic khai thc tip

theo lng nhit hin c (v d, bto hi cho mc ch sn xut in nng hocdch vcho tu).

tin cy ca ring turbine c to iu kin tng ln bng cc btr bu turbine cn c lm mt bng mt lng nc nh, gip nhit du

bi trn gim i. Vic lm mt ng thi ca vch ca vngoi ng kh ra tocho n khnng ginhit ca ton bbmt trong gii hn c quy nh bicc hip hi ng kim nhm trnh hohon v bo vkhi cc tip xc nguy himgy tai nn.


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Hnh 5.2 Turbine tng p VTR ca ABB loi lm mt v khng lm mt.

Khng kh cn nn c ht vo hoc thng qua cc nhnh ht hoc thngqua cc bgim m phin lc. Phn tch hp ca tng bgim m l phin lc c tcdng ngn cc thnh phn bn khi theo dng kh vo v chng nhim bn mynn. Phin lc c thc lm sch trong khi turbine tng p ang hot ng m


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khng phi tho bgim m. Ting n ca my nn c gim theo yu cu cacc quy nh quc tbi cc tm dng c bit, bmt lm bng d.

Nhm p ng yu cu ca cc nh thit kng cdiesel hai kthp tc,hthng turbine tng p ca ABB gii thiu seri turbine tng p VTR..4D c ts tng p sut l 4:1. C ba model (VTR454D, VTR 564D v VTR 714D) baotrm khong cng sut ng ct5000 kW ti 70000 kW. Turbine tng p VTR..4 v VTR..4E (hnh 5.3 v 5.4) hin gic thp ng mc hiu qudnh chong c tc thp. Hiu sut cao hn ng kca seri VTR..4E cho php nnglng kh xdtha c khai thc trong turbine kh ng lc c kt ni ckhvi trc khuu ng choc my pht in ( xem trong phn h thng tng hpturbine di y). Nhng khng c seri turbine no c khnng p ng yu cuy ca ng cthp tc hot ng p sut trung bnh hu ch ti 20 bar titon ti v hiu sut turbine t 67% v cao hn. VTR.. khng vn ti c hiusut yu cu v my nn hp kim nhm ca VTR..4E gii hn tsp sut to ra.Turbine tng p VTR..P, pht trin cho ng c4 k( xem phn di ), cngkhng thhin c gii php, mc du n cho mt sci thin hiu sut ti tsp sut cao hn so vi VTR..4,

Hnh 5.3 : (a) Hiu sut turbine tng p l hm sca tsp sut mynn dnh cho turbine tng p ABB ngy nay ( c ngha thc ti vi p dng

ng chai kthp tc).(b) Hiu sut turbine tng p l hm sca t sp sut dnh cho VTR

454D theo ng c tnh hot ng ca ng chai kc trng.


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Hnh 5.4: (a) Khong p dng ca turbine tng p VTR. 4E v (b) c tnhca model VTR 564 E

Cc mc ch pht trin ca seri VTR4D c xc nh nh: tsp sutca my nn l 4 trong khi ci thin c hiu sut; tin cy t cao nht d tngti ckh; gic cc thnh phn quan trng nht ca thit kVTR c v kch

thc bn ngoi ca n v tng cng sthun tin cho khnng thay thln nhaumt cch ton b.

Mt turbine tng p kt hp tsp sut ca VTR..4/4P v hiu sut cao caVTR..4E c t vn . Tim nng nhit ng hc ca cc my nn v turbinedn ti chin lc pht trin mt seri mi ho trn cc thnh phn chng tvttri v ph hp vi kch thc lp t ca VTR..4E. My nn p sut cao caturbine tng p VTR..4P c chn la v cc l do nhit ng hc v kinh t,cc nh thit ktrch dn mt svn ca n:

-Hiu sut cao i vi ton bkhong lu lng thtch thng dng.

-D tr ln hn dnh cho kh nng tng tip na v p sut c ch trungbnh v dtrti.

-Sdng nhm lm vt liu ch to bnh cnh my nn thay cho titaniumqu t tin, tsp sut y ti l 4.2 c bo m.

Hai my nn c ng knh khc nhau hin c m bo cung cp khonglu lng thtch thng dng ti hiu sut cao theo yu cu t trong vturbinetng p bao ngoi tng t.


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Turbine ca turbine tng p VTR..4E c chn cho seri VTR..4D v n chou thhiu sut cao quanh im 3.5 trn turbine VTR..2/4P. iu ny l do c stn dng nng lng ng hc tt hn ti li ra ca bnh cnh turbine, to ra do bkhuych tn ra c thit lp ti u trong skt hp vi vhp kh xmrngmi. Cng ngh chng ma st mi nht c p dng thm c li cho seri

VTR..4D, c bit pha turbine. tin cy ckhi c ci thin c m bo dophn vthp c gia cng ton bc xl bmt, cp du ti u cho bi trn tthn, nhhn ti u cho trt t hn v din tch dn hng ca vln hn.

Ging nh turbine tng p ABB, VTR..4D uc thit km bo rngtrong hon cnh t nht chy ca bnh cnh hoc turbine- tt c cc phn cnnguyn trong v. Vt liu vc thay i tloi gang xm sang loi gang do vturbine c bao kn trong lp v. Cc thnghim chy ntrn my nn v turbine

bo m cc khnng c c.

Hthng turbine ABB seri VTR..4P chra cc yu cu ca cc nh chto

my tm kim gii php tng cng sut cc kiu ng ctrung tc. Cc ng cnyc thhot ng vi p sut chthtrung bnh ti 24-25 bar, yu cu tstng pca my nn turbine tng p l 3.8-4.0 v hiu sut chung vt qu 60%. Ap sutc ch trung bnh ti 28 bar mt sng c4 kyu cu tstng p ca my nnquanh khong 4.2-4.5 trong khi ginguyn hoc thm ch tng cao hn gi trhiusut chung ca turbine. Seri VTR..4P cho tstng p ti 5:1 thc hin do hthngturbine tng p mt tng c sa thch v n gin hn nhiu so vi kiu hai tng

phc tp.

Cc tnh ton u vit vlu ng, cc phn tch ng sut, phng php thCAD/CAM v thnghim phng th nghim cui cng to nn bnh cnh my nn

mt khi c cc cnh chnh v cnh phcong vpha sau y qua bkhuych tndng kh ng hc. Bnh cnh bng hp kim nhm sph hp nht cc yu cu mtitanium khng thc c i vi cc p dng cc cao. a turbine lm bng hpkim niken mc cao, c nh dng mi sdng cho lp cc chn cnh v cc dygim chn.

Chng trnh VTR..4P c gii quyt thomn cc yu cu ca ng cckhong cng sut t1000 kW ti 10000 kW. Cc thit bc c tnh tt c thitkc khnng lp t thay thcho medel VTR..4 nhm to iu kin thun licho vic lp t li cng nhdng cho ng cmi. Turbine tng p c thuqua mt bch trc tip ln ng dn kh xv dn kh hin ti ci thin c tnh

ng ctheo cch tng p sut vo. Cc seri ti u p sut c kt hp vi seriti u hiu sut VTR..4E l mt im ni bt ca hthng turbine tng p ABB.

Turbine seri TPS.

Cng nghch to ng cdiesel vng quay cao v vng quay trung bnhhin i yu cu turbine tng p phi cu trc thp hn vi tstng p tng caoti hiu sut chung ln. H thng tng p turbine hng ABB a ra th trng


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vo gia nhng nm 1990 seri TPS, c thit kdng cho ng c 4 k ccng sut t500 kW ti 3200 kW ng vi mt turbine (hnh 5.5)

Hnh 5.5 Hthng turbine tng p ABB loi TPS dnh cho ng ctc

cao v tc trung bnh.

m bo khong tsp sut ton byu cu bi cc ng cnhvy,turbine tng p TPS..D/S xut hin vi hai tng my nn nn hon ton khcnhau. Mt tng c thit kcho tsp sut ti 4.2 (TPS..D) v loi kia dnh chotsp sut ti 4.7 (TPS..E). Nhcc thit kn chic ti u vckh kt hpvi bnh cnh my nn khng khoan l, tsp sut c th tng ln t 4.5 chokhong p dng rng, dng vt liu my nn l hp kim nhm. Chai loi my nnu c c tnh ch to bnh cnh hp kim nhm lin khi n c cnh phvcnh hng cong ngc li pha sau to hiu sut cao v c tnh my nn rng.

Hiu sut cc i t c cao hn 84%.Kinh nghim vi turbine tng p loi RR c tn dng bi cc nh thit

ktrong vic ch to seri TPS. nh dng cui c lm theo kiu modul v chomc cao vlinh hot cao vi vvic lp rp vn vt gim thiu. Slng chitit gim bt nhiu so lvi 1oi RR, mt thit kn gin cho chnh n. nh dngtheo modul to iu kin cho vic gn kt hoc lp t cc phn phddng, nhl hthng htrphun chng hn. c bit ch trong khi thit kv ci tin


16/43



to thun li cho bo dng v lp rp turbine tng p ln ng cmt cch ngin.

Gii hn cho pht trin turbine tng p k c tin cy hot ng tinhit tng ti 7500C v t tui thdi lu khi dng nhin liu nng v trongiu kin chu cc ti. Yu cu dnh cho khong thtch ln cn phi p ng bngs lng cc nhcc chi tit. Tim nng vkh ng lc hc ln c thomn

bi turbine tng p RR..1 cng thhin stin cy cc kv hiu sut cao nht.C khnng hin thc ho hot ng ti tsp sut cao hn so vi hin ti nhturbine c vng phun c ci tin thomn mc tiu dnh cho turbine tng pTPS. V cun mi v vnh phun c thit k s dng cc phng php tnhngc cho php bo m cc tn tht c duy tr rt nhv cnh turbine khng

bkch thch qu mnh. Cc gi tro nhit ng hc cho thy hiu sut turbine cathit kmi cao nh l cc turbine trc, cc kch thch dao ng cnh thm chcn gim nhhn.

Trc y, phn bng sut i vi bnh cnh turbine c ti u bngphng php thv sai: xc nh vhnh hc v tnh ton thnh phn gy nn ngsut, hnh hc ca bnh cnh c thay i cho ti khi ng sut t mc chp nhnc. Sdng cc cng ccomputer htrmi nht ti u ho cu trc, ngsut c gim khong 30% so vi cc phin bn trc.

turbine tng p phi cung cp mt khnng ti tt vcpha lctnh v ng hc, n nh tt v tn tht ckh c gim thiu ca mt thit khiu qu to iu kin thun li cho bo dng hin i. turbine tng pTPS c bi trn trc tip ththng bi trn cho ng c.

Tng t s p sut ca turbine tng p ngha l tng ti tc ng ln chn. Bnh cnh turbine c vai tsau c chn cao chu lc y tmy nn timc ti a c th. Cc tnh ton mrng v cc gii php o nhit c thchin trn chn, trong chai tnh trng hot ng n nh v c chmy nnkhng n nh t ti u ho kch thc v gim thp nht ti mc c thtntht m khng lm nh hng ti khnng chu ti ca .

Yu tthit kchnh i vi cc trn hng knh l c tnh n nhca chng. Khi xem xt kha cnh ny, hthng turbine tng p ca ABB c lu ,trt nhiu vu gim chn mng du nn l la chn tt nht. Nhng nhvy c tn tht cao hn c mng lt quay tdo. Loi sau xt vmt kha cnhkhc, c c tnh n nh khng . Do thit kmi vi cc nhiu vuc hm thy lc khng cho quay c pht trin thnh loi hn hp ring cahai loi.


17/43



Bng cch cung cp du nhn tip tuyn c kh nng gim tc quaykhong 20 % so vi loi ng trt quay. Nh thit kpht biu, gii php ny m

bo n nh hiu qu tt nhvi loi trt nhiu vu thot mng du bnn; v tn tht cgii c thc gim hn 20%.

Pht trin ca seri TPS..-F33, c gii thiu nm 2001, tp trung vo tng

t s p sut ( ln 4.7 vi bnh cnh my nn ch to t hp kim nhm) v lulng, trong khi vn duy tr hiu sut, tin cy, tui th cao v bo dng ddng (hnh 5.6)

Seri mi bao gm bn loi c kch c khc nhau, vi kch thc c bntng tnhtrong khong TPS..D/E v tng cng s thhin ca s tng cngsut. Khnng lp thay thcho nhau cho gii php tt nng cp cc ng c.Hnh hc vi phun turbine khc nhau v hthng tun hon khng kh khc nhau (thit b tun hon lu ng trong li vo my nn h trphcho khong d lmvic n nh v do m rng c c tnh my nn ) l cc la chn ty .Dng lu ng c thc hin bi chnh p sut gia dng di v dng trn trong

vmy nn.Stng p sut c ch trung bnh ca ng ctrong nhng nm gn y t

mt yu cu cp thit tng v mt cng sut ca r ro turbine tng p. Thnghim nuc thc hin bo m thm trong trng hp xu nht ( v d, chytrong hthng kh x) y turbine hoc my nn c thbchy tt ccc chitit vn cn nguyn trong vturbine v khng gy nguy him cho con ngi. Thitkvturbine, kccc vng chng chy nngoi v trong, tm kim c gii

php ngn chn ti u.

Hnh 5.6: Mt ct turbine tng p ca ABB TPS37-


18/43



Turbine tng p seri TPL.

Turbine thhhon ton mi ca hthng turbine tng p ABB seri TPL c ra i nm 1996 thomn yu cu ca cc ng ctrung tc v thp tc

cng sut ln nht, nh tht k t ra nhng mc tiu pht trin sau:-Tsp sut my nn cao tng cng sut ng c.

-Hiu sut turbine tng p cao gim tiu thnhin liu v gim nhit kh xxung thp hn.

-tin cy, tui thcao v giai on gia cc ln tho bo dng c gindi.

-Bo dng ddng thm ch i vi my hot ng di iu kin khcnghit ( nhl ng csdng nhin liu nng cht lng thp).

Thit kkhng lm mt cho php gim slng cc thnh phn so vi seriVTR, tham gia vo vic gin thi gian gia cc ln tho bo dng ton b(xem hnh 5.7 a,b,c).

Hnh 5.7.a Mt ct trch ca turbine tng p ABB TPL65.


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Hnh 5.7.b Mt ct ngang turbine tng p ABB TPL65.

Hnh 5.7.c Khi nim thit kmodul ca ABB turbine tng p TPL: 1-Bgim m lc, 2- Vxon c dn kh, 3- Khi r to, 4 Vli kh vo, 5 Vng phun, 6Vli kh ra.

nh dng kiu modul cho seri TPL c tnh cht linh hot p ng yu cuca cc ng chai kv bn k. ng chai kvi cng sut tu 5000 kW ti25000kW trn mt turbine sdng phng n TPL-B, c gii thiu vo 1999trong khi model ban u TPL-A p ng yu cu cho ng c bn k cung cpcng sut 1250 kW ti 18000 kW trn mi turbine.


20/43



Mc du skhc nhau vnhit ng lc hc v thit k, cc seri TPL-A vTPL-B c cng chung c tnh : v dnhphn TPL modul cbn v hp gia cng ton bb. Turbine AII TPL bao gm b li gia cng br to.Cc phn vpha my nn v pha turbine c ni li vi nhau bng cc mt bch,v tt cvu khng c lm mt. C th tho ton bturbine tng p, kc

vnh phun khi pha my nn, chcha li cc ng kh xcc vtr khng ngchm ti.

Cc turbine tng p AII TPL c cng nghtng tdng trt ctuyn la m bo tui thlu di. Cc hng knh, loi khng quay, ctrong bgim chn mng du nn c tc dng tng n nh ca r to trongkhi gim cc lc ng hc v tng cng khnng ti trn cc hng knh. chn chnh c a chu ti tdo nm gia trc quay v vtnh. ny chiai gradient tc theo khe hhng trc cc tn tht v ri ro mi mn cgim i; nh cng ngh ny, chn cng c cho mt sai lch rt nh vnghing ca r to.

V cc ng chai kc hthng bi trn c lai nhiu bi bm in hnl tlai, vic cung cp du scphi c thc hin m bo l turbine tng phot ng an ton thm ch ngay ckhi mt in ton tu. Turbine tng p TPL cthc trang bthm mt kt du sclin thng gn vi phn trn ca v.V hthng ny da trn cstrng lc nn n hot ng khng cn bt kshtrphno.

S ci thin vnhit ng lc hc tseri TPL trch ra tgia nh turbinedc trc mi ( TV10) va uc pht trin c bit cho h thng turbine tng pdnh cho ng chai k. Nm kiu cnh turbine v trn 20 kiu vnh phun c th

c dnh ring cho model TPL, cc d tr la chn ny cho php c tnh caturbine tng p p ng yu cu p dng trong mt khong rng.

Hai tng my nn hng knh mi c pht trin cho dng hTPL. Mynn TPL-B c bnh cnh nhm hp kim loi n hnh dng thit kbnh cnh ccc cnh tch ri v cnh cong ngc li sau cho hiu sut cao v c tnh rng camy nn. Hiu sut cao nht vt cao hn 87 % t c. Cc ng knh mynn c lm rng hn lm tng tip theo lu lng th tch, do vy to iukin ph hp ti u ca turbine tng p vi p dng ng c.

Model TPL 91B, tip theo ca cc model TPL 73, 77, 80 v 85B, c giithiu l turbine tng p ln nht thgii, t lu lng thtch 50 m3/s v tspsut l 4.5. Cng pht trin vi ABB v IHI c giy php chng nhn ca Nht bn,model ny khi u vic tng cng sut ng chai khn bt kmt loi nohin thi trn thtrng.

ABB c khoch tng vhnh hc ca turbine tng p cc loi khc nhaunhiu hn cho cc thit k ca n, khi h thng th nghim thnh cng vimodel TPL 65 trc khi c sdng.


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5.2 TURBINE TNG P NAPIER.

Turbine tng p Napier gc ca Anh, hin nay l mt thnh phn ca nhmSiemens, cho ra cc seri 7 v seri 8 ca turbine tng p Napier dnh cho cc pdng trn cc ng cdiesel hai v bn kcao nht ti 11000 kW trn mt turbine.Turbine tng p seri 7 ph hp vi cc ng clp mt turbine tng p cng sut t1500 kW ti 6500 kW. Model 297 v 357 c pht trin tcc thh trc ca cng ty t tstng p l 5:1, hiu sut chung vt qu 70%.

Spht trin ca seri 8 c kch thch bi nhu cu cung cp turbine tngp c cng sut ra ti 11 000 kW. Seri turbine hng trc ( hnh 5.8) dn uqua cc mden NA298 v NA358 vi hiu sut vt qu 70% v tstng p 5.5gip gim thp hn sut tiu hao nhin liu v ti trng nhit. Cc chi tit ctng cng ca bn trong khi cc thit kkhng lm mt tham gia vo vic gimtrng lng ton b. Cc bn trong c sdng ln u tin turbine Napierc kch thc ny, cc ccu thy ng lc hc bo m c tnh ng hc r to

n nh v c bit lu bn. Vic btr mi to iu kin cho vic sdngdng kh xvo turbine tng p theo hng knh v dc trc mrng cc lachn lp t cho nh chto my.

Hnh 5.8 Mt ct ngang ca turbine tng p Napier cho ng ctrung tc.

Hai thit kbnh cng tc my nn ring bit cho khnng cung cp ccc tnh khc nhau i vi hiu sut ti u trong cc p dng khc nhau. Cc ctnh khc bao gm mt bch x(loi byu cu i vi cc phn trung chuyn) vmt bch gi kt ni cng vo v ra ca du nhn. Ci tin i tin phong khcca Napier-cu trc li rt ra c mang li li ch vkhnng phc vca seri 7


22/43



v nhng nh dng ny cho php ngi vn hnh tho v sa rto v theomt quy trnh n gin khng nh hng ti cc kt ni x. Cc vng quan trngnht nhvnh phun cng c php tip cn ti.

My nn titanium to ra tim nng ng hc v cc c tnh c kh tngcng c ln khoch thay thcc thnh phn nhm nhng cc tinh tthitk chcho php p ng yu cu khi gn vi nhm.

Cc yu cu ng cnhhn c p ng bi cc turbine tng p hngknh lm mt bng kh Napier 047, 057 v 067 trong 7 xri ph hp vi cc ngccng sut 500 kW ti 1700 kW v t tsp sut cao nht l 5. Ap dng ctrng bao hm cng cWartsila 20 v cc ng clai my pht in ng knhxi lanh 200 mm Circa. Model 047 c c im pha trong v khng lm mt.Ging nhcc turbine tng p khc trong seri, cc c thit ksdng du

bi trn ca hthng du nhn ng cv t tui thrt cao thm ch ngay ckhidng du nhn b nhim bn. Model 047 c cc chi tit kt hp cu thnh

turbine tng p t hn 50% so vi schi tit ca thhtrc ca n, Napier CO45.Kt qu tvic dng scc chi tit t i v bo dng n gin, khng yu cudng cchuyn dng hoc khe ht a ti tit kim chi ph. Vic gn gicc

phn vli vi nhau sdng cc kp n gin.

Turbine tng p hng trc mi hn l model Napier 457 v 557 sdngcho ng cc cng sut 4000 kW ti 10000 kW c c im trt thy lc

btr pha ngoi c tui thcao c cung cp du bi trn trc tip ththngng cchnh v c vlm mt bng nc.

Hiu sut cao ti mi tsp sut c thy tcc seri s5- v 7- thng quacc thit kkh ng lc turbine v my nn tin tin. Tng my nn c c im

bnh cnh hp kim nhm lin khi c chto trn my cng c5 trc (hnh 5-9).


23/43



Hnh 5-9 M hnh 3D CAD ca bnh cnh my nn turbin tng p 457 thhin cnh nghing vpha sau c nghing phcu trc lin khi.

Cc cnh c dng ngvpha sau v nghing vpha sau mt cch cbit bo m c tnh cao v thit kbkhuych tn hnh cung c cong khcnhau (DCA) cho php phc hi cc i p sut nhcu hnh ton bny. Cc ng

phun c ch to m bo hiu sut cao c cc cnh dng profin dng cho ccturbine loi tng p hng trc ln v nh.

Turbine tng p Napier sdng thit kHF m bo tui thlu di,thm tr khi ngay ckhi lm vic vi du ng cc cht lng km nht: mt c tui thhn 20000 h l bnh thng.

Cc tham sc tnh seri turbine tng p Napier

Seri 7- Seri 8-

Khnng ca tsp sut

Hiu sut @ : 5:1Tsp sut ti im thit k

Hiu sut ti im thit k

Hiu sut @ 2,5:1

5:1

65%4:1

70%

65%

5,5:1

70%4,5:1

75%

70%


24/43



5.3 TURBINE TNG P MAN B&W

Hng ng cMAN B&W ca c cung cp mt lng ln turbine tng pdng cho ng c4 kv 2 k, hin bao gm cc seri NR/R, NR/S, NA/S/T9 vseri th h mi TCR v TCA. Thm vo , seri turbine ng lc PT/PTG hinang hin din dnh cho cc h thng lin hp ng lc. Cc seri NA/S v NR/Sc gii thiu ktip trn thtrng. Vo nhng nm 1990, cc c im cc vkhng lm mt ca cc turbine tng p v bc trt ca chng t pha trongtheo c tha nhn bi nhiu nh my chto turbine tng p khc.

Seri turbine tng p hng knh seri NR/S c thit kcho php iu khinan ton tsp sut kh tng p ti 4,5; mrng khong p dng y ; khnngs dng nhin liu nng khng hn ch; v cc yu cu bo dng c gimxung. Su model-NR12/S, NR14/S, NR17/S, NR24/S, NR29/S va 2NR34/S toln mt chng trnh bao phcseri turbine tng p hng trc nhnht c chto NA/S. Cc seri hon ton khng dng nc lm mt (hnh 5-10) l spht trin

tip theo ca turbine tng p NR/R, c cc c tnh bnh cnh my nn v turbinec sa i li. Hthng bc trt t bn trong ca MAN B&W c sdng, lc chiu trc hin gic hp thu bi chn ring. Nm model trongcc seri turbine tng p hng knh p dng cho cc ng c c cng sut nmtrong khong 400 kW ti 4400 kW ng vi mi turbine.

1-R to vi trc 2-Bnh cnh my nn

3-V 4-Ong lt

5- Vli kh vo 6-Vnh phun

7-Bkhuych tn li ra 8- Vmy nn


25/43



9-Bkhuych tn 10- Bgim n, lc.

Hnh 5-10 Turbine tng p hng knh MAN B&W NR/S.

Cc mc tiu pht trin i vi seri turbine tng p hng trc NA/S vNA/T9 ca MAN B&W c lit k trong danh mc c tnh sau:

-Cc ng c 4 k vng quay trung bnh: t s nn vt qua 4; hiu sutturbine vt qu 60%.

-Cc ng c2 kthp tc: tsnn vt qu 3,6; hiu sut turbine tng pt t nht 64% (khng trang bhthng turbine ng lc c lin quan); hiu sutturbine t nht l 69 % ( c hthng turbine ng lc ).

-Tsp sut ti 4,5 i vi NA/S v 4 i vi NA/T9.

MAN B&W tin hnh cc nghin cu l thuyt v thc nghim trn cc

thnh phn chnh ring bit ca turbine tng p: my nn, turbine v . Bn cnhhiu sut cao hn yu cu turbine, cc mc tiu bao hm cvic t c snnh dao ng i vi cc cnh v c tnh lm vic m ti nhit thp ca .

Bnh cnh my nn hng knh lin khi c cc cnh un ngc li sau mtcc lin tc c la chn m bo tstng p sut v lu lng tng ln, vn nh dao ng c ci thin. Bnh cnh mang 10 cnh chnh v 10 cnh cchia i. Vic sdng cc cnh c chia i cho php tng hiu sut tsnncao hn 3,5; v duy tr mt dtran ton chng li slm vic khng n nhca turbine nhng khong ti bphn. Cc lp phbo vkhc nhau nhlp phKepla v Alumite c nghin cu dng bo v bnh cnh my nn chng li s

tc ng n mn lm hao ht bn mi di tc ng ca ng sut un ngc.Hiu sut cng t cao hn vi phn trm do pht trin bnh cnh turbine

mi v bi ti u bkhuych ng kh ra. Cc cnh turbine c cho kh nnggim gi thnh kh ln so vi loi rn, trong khi vn duy tr c tnh vt liu v

bn mi di tc ng ng sut un ngc. Slp t trt trong hthng to iu kin cho vic nng cao chng dao ng ca cnh v shot ngcc m ti tsnn cao ti 4,5.

Turbine tng p loi S c c tnh vturbine v khng lm mt nc, cho php blp vhai lp vch nng v bni ng nc trc kia. Tuy nhin,cc vc lm mt nc c duy tr cho turbine tng p NA/T9. Cc thnghim vi turbine tng p NA57/T9 dng cho my MAN B&W 6L60MC thp tccho bit t c hiu sut 67,5% ti 100 % ti; tsp sut kh tng p trongkhong 3,6. Hiu sut cc i 69 % o c ti ti ng cl 70%.

Cc seri NA/S a ra cc model NA29, NA34, NA40 v NA48 v seriNA/T9 a ra cc model NA57 v NA70, cng vi khong cng sut ng cbaotrm t1650 kW ti 24500 kW. Hiu sut ca model NA34/S dng cho ng c


26/43



MAN B&W 6L40/50 trung tc t c 63% ti ton ti (4320 kW) tng ng tsp sut l 4.

Turbine tng p seri TCA

Vo 1999/2000 MAN B&W quyt nh pht trin mt thhturbine tng

p hon ton mi thay th seri NA, cui cng xut xng seri TCA(TurbineCharge Axial) c bnh cnh my nn hng knh v cnh turbine hngtrc. Cc nh thit k thc hin cc mc tiu: lu lng ring tng; hiu sutcao; nhim ting n thp; ddng bo dng; ddng lp t ng c; tin cycao vi tui thdi lu.

Seri TCA trthnh sn phm qua model TCA77, hnh 5-11 vi cc kchthc phn thn bxung tTCA33 ti TCA99 c lp khoch theo trnh tthigian v p ng cc yu cu ca cc ng c4 kv 2 kcng sut ln nht ( xem

bng). Hu ht u c trong ba phin bn:

-Phin bn 2 k- tsp sut ti 4,2, cbn dng cho ng c2 k

-Phin bn 4 k- tsp sut ti 4,7, dng ccho ng c2 kv 4 k.

-Phin bn p sut cao-tsp sut ti 5,2, dnh cho ng c4 kvi psut hu ch bnh qun cao.

Hnh 5-11: Biu hiu sut turbine tng p mu u tin ca MAN B&WTCA77 (gch gch) so vi hiu sut cc i ca thit k mi nht thuc dngNA57.

Cc seri turbine TCA MAN B&W / cng sut ng ctrn mt turbinetng p tnh bng kW.

ng c2 ktiu thkh ring8,5 kg/ kWh

ng c4 ktiu thkh ring6,5 kg/ kWh

TCA33

TCA44

TCA55

TCA66

4400-8200

6200-11600

2800-4300

4100-6200

5800-10800

8200-15200


27/43



TCA77

TCA88

TCA99

8800-16400

12400-23300

18700-31300

11500-21500

16300-30300

Thit kkiu cu thnh modul cho php turbine tng p p ng cc khongp dng rng nht c th. Khng kh c ht vo hoc qua blc, gim m dnkh vo, vhp vo thng gc 900hoc dng ng gp vo; kh xi vo turbinehoc dn qua vhng knh hoc theo ng trong vhng trc. Thit kc cim vcbn ring r ni ting seri NA. Phn thn vc xon ca my nnhin tn ti hoc l mt hoc l hai phn y i din, vloe rng hai phn dnhc u thtrong vic gn mt turbine tng p cho ng cchV bn k, trongkhi phng n vloe rng mt ng y ph hp cho cc ng cbtr xi lanhthng hng thng ng hai khoc bn k.

Cbnh cnh ca my nn ln turbine c thc iu chnh theo yu cu

ng c

bng ch

n kho

ng

cao v d

ng cnh. Cc rnh khuy

ch tn v cc

ng

phun btr c bc rt mn trong tit din lu thng kh qua cho php turbinetng p c chnh tinh vi ng c. Khnng vnh phun c iu chnh trong khihot ng l mt la chn thm sn c cho khnng thay i cc ln.

C mt scc nhcc kt ni ngoi. pha ng cv chnh h thngthit bchc cc kt ni bsung- vpha kt ni kh v khng kh l mt ngdu vo v ng du thot ra, cng vi kt ni thdnh cho khoang du. Khngc cc kt ni nc lm mt hoc kho kh, ng du trn ph hoc trn du bnngoi cung cp nhiu qu mc yu cu. Mt tin ch hot ng khn cp c bitc kt ni vi turbine tng p cho php n hot ng tip tc trong trng hp

khn. Tt ccc thnh phn vnng hyu cu trang bvgim n v nhit mivi lp vkim loi dng l, lm gim rt nhiu nguy cngi trong bung mytip xc vi bmt qu nng.

gii hn tn tht , ng knh trc quay c gim i trong khi rtch ti ng hc rto mc du gim i, n vn c khnng tng n nhrto so vi seri tng p NA. Bphn quay c lp trong vtrn cc bctrt hng knh. V thit kbc trt ni nn lm gim mnh mc ct trong cckhe h, so vi loi bc trt cnh, chai tn tht v mn cgim i.

chn c trang bvi guc ni t la hot ng theo cch tng tnh cch cc bc trt ni hng knh thc hin. chn c nh vngoi hng knh pha my nn, to iu kin thun li cho vic tho rmkhng cn phi tho v bphn quay. Thc schn chu ng sut hn hng knh ( do chu lc chiu trc ca turbine v my nn) lm iu ny cmt ngha ln trong vic to iu kin ddng cho vic bo dng.

c cung cp du bi rn vng b tr trong v. Du cung cphoc tpha phi hoc tpha tri ca turbine tng p, phn phi du nhn ti tt


28/43



c cc im ca , v vic cung cp do kt du trc nht s c cng qua ccrnh vng ny.

Khng c vc lm mt bng nc. Nhit vo tmy nn v turbinec tiu tn vo du nhn vung ln t trc ca bphn quay. V vy sng mdu to nn c thnhxung vch ca phn vbn trong c kch thc tng iln, do vy cui cng nhit cn tiu tn c hp thi. Vc lthng khca chnh n, bo m l khng kh r rdo my nn y vo trong khoang qua bkn trc ca b phn quay s khng lm tng p sut trong khoang cc te du ng cm c tiu tn i ngay.

Tt ccc thnh phn dn khng kh c ti u ho ph hp vi dng dngkh v gim ng sut khi s dng cc phn tch 3D CFD v FEM. Kt qu lturbine c cc cnh bn rng c btr lp vo rto ca turbine qua cc chn kiunhnh thng. c tnh ca cc cnh nhvy l tsbn ngang so vi chiu cao sln, iu ny to ra cnh lin khi, rt vng v kh mn. Cc cnh turbine c thc

cc gc nghing v chiu di khc nhau. Vi shtrca cc cng cthit ktintin, hin c khnng bi nhng dy lin kt lm nhim vgim dao ng do khxto nn, thm ch ccc p dng ng c4 k. iu ny cn to iu kintng cao hiu sut hn bn cnh vic ci thin profine ca cnh.

Nhseri NA, trc turbine c hn kiu ma st vo vi a r to. a r to(trong trng hp turbine tng p TCA77 a ny hp th lc qun tnh trn micch bng trng lng mt xe ti hoc xe gong) c chto tthp rn hp kim.Cc vnh phun, vi thit kprofine cnh mi v bkhuych tn li ra turbine tngp va kht cng tham gia vo vic nng cao hiu sut.

Bnh cnh my nn hot ng tc vng khng ph hp khng vt qu500 m/s, to ra lc ly tm va phi. c thchu c tc ng ca lc ly tmny, bnh cnh c chto thp kim nhm bn cao. i vi cc p dng nicc thnh phn tip xc vi cht n mn, bnh cnh my nn c thc phmtlp chng n mn c bit.

Thit kmi ca vxon c my nn v cc thit kvnh phun mi thamgia vo vic to nn turbine tng p ph hp ti u v c hiu sut cao, trong khivn m bo hthng c ci tin gn c my nn mi cho php tho chng racng ddng. Bnh cnh my nn b thay i hnh dng do lc ly tm mnh tcng ln n; iu ny c khuynh hng gy gin ntheo hng ng knh, lmgim kch thc theo hng trc v lm cc lrng ra. Thit kmi m bo tnh tm tt bnh cnh trn chai pha kh vo cng nhvng lm kn. Bu lngsut b gim kch thc theo hng trc v h thng gng cho php dng cxit m men nhto ra c lc xit bu lng sut theo yu cu. nh tm tt lmcho n c kh nng tho v thay thbnh cnh my nn m khng yu cu cn

bng li hthng quay.

nhim ting n turbine tng p xy ra trc ht bnh cnh my nn.Do mi bin php nhm vo gim ting n tp trung ti vng ngui. Ting n


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c to ra bi slin hp ca thay i p sut li vo bnh cnh my nn v stng tc gia bnh cnh v bkhuych tn. nhim ting n pha vo c gimseri TCA nhti u cc ccu thy ng ca bnh cnh my nn, a ra mt sthomn chp nhn c gia hiu sut my nn cao v nhim ting n. Thmvo , bphn lc gim m c thit k c cc thnh phn tm cong b tr

hng knh, lm gim nhim ting n mt mc ln m vn duy tr mc tn thtp sut thp.

gim n trong bgp kh tng p ng c, slng cnh trong bphnkhuych tn c lm ph hp vi scnh my nn; thm na, bxon cmy nn cn c trang blp vgim ting n. Tt ccc gii php ny lm gimng thi mc nhim ting n xung thp hn nhiu so vi seri NA v thomnmc tiu duy tr n di 105 dB(A) theo 1 mm khong cch theo yu cu bihip hi phn cp v phn loi ca ngnh i bin.

Khi dng hhng turbine tng p c thl tnht gy cnh my nn hoc

mt vi cnh turbine- cc bc phi tin hnh l m bo khng c mnh vno cththot ra khi vturbine tng p v gy thng vong. Tt ccc gii php chngnsdng turbine tng p seri TCA da trn tng l lc ny sinh khng thhp thbi cc thnh phn rn chc c. Phng sch thay thl dng cc thnh

phn mm chuyn nng lng ng hc ti bi cc thnh phn gy ri ring bitthnh dng nhit ma st, do vy m trnh lm hcc thnh vdo qu ti cc b.

Vxon c my nn, vv vhng kh ra khi turbine, c gn livi nhau bi 24 bu lng sut chc chn. Phn vxon c my nn l mt chi tit rtchc, trong khi phn lng trc tip quanh bnh cnh my nn c lm bi chtmm do gn bi cc bu lng lin kt di. Khi bnh cnh my nn bncc cnh

my nn dn ti phn lng vo. Phn cn li ca may trnn kt gia phnlng v v. Phn lng c ko vpha blc gim m tiu thphn ln nnglng ng hc ca cc phn mnh vn. Cc mnh vn c nm ti gia bxonc v v; nng lng ng hc ca cc mnh vn btrit tiu hon ton.

pha turbine, im hhng c kim sot c nhm vo phn ni giacnh turbine v r to. Do bo vsnphn turbine dhn pha my nn, trng hp tnht, do mt vi cnh turbine c thgy khi, v d, mt trong ccmnh v ca sp pp x gy nn. Cc thnh phn bao quanh bnh cnh turbienc thit kc khnng hp thnng lng ng hc ca vi cnh turbine bv.

Turbine tng p seru TCR

Pht trin thm Seri TCA, mt chng trnh mi ca turbine TCR loihng knh c cung cp theo 6 kch ctmodel TCR12 ti modelTCR22- png cng sut ng ct390 kW ti 5000 kW vi tsnn ti 5,2. Thit khonton mi c c im turbine c cc cnh, vnh phun v vphn kh ra ti u CDF; mt vnh phun c thiu khin c hin l phn la chn thm. Bnhcnh my nn, vnh khuych tn v vxon c cng c ti u CDF tng


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hiu sut c dng tun hon ni bmrng thm dtrgii hn mch ng. Cc bc trt c tnh cao c ti u ho gim thiu cc tn tht ckh.


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5.4 TURBINE TNG P MITSUBISHI

Cc thhthnh cng nht ca Turbine tng p MET c gii thiu t621965 bi Mitsubishi c c tnh vdn kh vo ra khng lm mt bng nc (hnh9-12). Yu cu cao hn vtsp sut v hiu sut cao hn c gii thiu ca ccnh thit kNht vi spht trin cc seri MET-SD, mt cch mng ca chngtrnh MET-SC. Cc c tnh chnh ca cc seri trc c gili nhng ccmodel mi khai thc bnh cnh my nn hiu sut cao hn khi phi hp 11 cnhlin v 11 cnh xi btr xen k.

Hnh 9-12 Turbine tng p loi MET-SD Mitsubishi


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Turbine tng p MET-SD c hiu sut bng MET-SC khong tc thpnhvng tc cao khi tsp sut vt qu 3,5 th hiu sut cao hn 4-5 %.Cc lp t ng ng kh, khng kh v du nhn khng i khi b tr lp t.

Nm model trong cc loi MET-SD p ng ring cho yu cu tng p c khongcng sut t1800 kW ti 18000 kW ti tstng p 3,5. Lu lng khng kh tmodel nhnht ( MET33SD) n model ln nht (MET83SD) ti tsp sut thay i t3,5 ti 37,5 m3/s.

Rto ca turbine tng p MET c bi trong dng bc trt tuithcao bi trn dng du hthng cho my chnh. Vdn kh xvo ln l mtcu trc gm hai phn bao gm v trong c th tch ri c lp vi b phunturbine vngoi cnh cha trc r to gn vi bnh cnh turbine. Vbn trong cthlun sn sng cho vic tho bulng v rt ra khi vngoi cng vi bphun, dovy cho php hbnh cnh turbine v bphun kim tra hoc bo dng. Nu

cn thit, bnh cnh v rto tubine c thc tho khi vngoi.Mitsubishi nhm ti ts tng p l 4 v vt qu vi cc seri cui MET-

SE/SEII, l nhng ci c cng cc c tnh chnh vi thhMET trc :

-Hon ton khng lm mt (khng n mn axit sunfuric vturbine)

-Btr bn trong (ddng cho tho lp)

-trt (tui thcao).

Thm vo , cng nhcc model trc , cu trc vch trong, ngoi cc p dng dnh cho vdn kh vo to iu kin ddng cho bo dng kimtra pha turbine; v mt kt du nhn c ct p c kt ni vmt cu trc bitrn hiu qurto turbine tng p sau khi dng khn cp ng c. Turbine tng pMET-SE cng dng cc cnh loi bngang rng ci thin c tnh vng tsp sut cao.

Su model chng trnh MET-SE/SEII th hin cc loi t 33SE ti90SE- cung cp lu lng kh thay i t3,1 ti 53 m3/s ti tsp sut 3,6, thomn cng sut ng ctrong khong 1300 kW to871i 24000 kW vi mi turbine(hnh 5-13). Hiu sut turbine tng c tng cng bi bnh cnh my nn c ctnh cnh profine 3D cc i c tnh ng hc kh, v cnh turbine khng yucu c dy gim chn.


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Hnh 5-13 Khong lu lng ca turbine tng p Mitsubishi seri MET-SEv MET-SEII.

c gii thiu vo 2001 tng cng cng sut my tu congtainer ln,thit kMET90SE c khong lu lng cao hn model c lu lng cao nht trc l 83SE khong 30% nhng ch to hn khong 10%. Lu lng ln hn domodel MET90SE tng kch thc c c bi vic tng tltruc rto v ci thin

bnh cnh my nn mi v cc cc turbine mi. Sgia tng ca lu lng ca ccbnh cnh v a nh vy khng lm gim tin cy v c tnh l thch thc

chnh i vi cc nh thit kturbine tng p Mitsubishi.Vt liu bnh cnh my nn khc i nh l titanium v thp c- cnghin cu dng thay cho nhm truyn thng sdng dng trong cc turbine tngp MET. Tsp sut ti 4 vi bnh cnh nhm kh t c do hthng lm mtkhng kh bnh cnh v cnh my nn c thit k li. Bng cch gim nghing sau ca cnh t35 0xung 250, tsp sut c thtng m khng cn tngtc vng ca bnh cnh.

Mitshubishi p dng thnh cng bnh cnh my nn thp khng g loic c a chung hn chi tit lm bng nhm hp kim cho turbine tng p MET-SH ca Hng. Nhu cu tng cao ca thtrng vvic nng cao tsp sut my

nn ln mc cao hn khuyn khch squan tm ti tnh cht tng thch gia bn v tnh cht kh ng hc ca thit kbnh cnh. Misubishi t ra vic giiquyt cc vn tc vng bnh cnh cao hn, nhit cnh ca my nn caoln, ti trng b mt cnh tng tng ng v vn ti u ho cc c tnh khng hc ca lu ng dng kh cao hn vo bnh cnh my nn.

Cc hn chtrong vic gii quyt cc vn ny thc hin vi bnh cnhhp kim nhm, mt kim loi Mitsubishi vn thng dng cho turbine tng p METdo bn ring cao v tnh cht gia cng tt ca n. Tuy nhin khi cho bnh cnh


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hp kim nhm hot ng ti nhit trn nhit xl (190-200 0C), se dovgim bn vt liu xut hin v phi c trnh mi nguy him ny. Ty theonhit khng kh vo, cnh my nn c tht mc nhit ny khi hot ng titsp sut quanh 3,7.

Mt hp kim nhm c tnh rn cng thhin bin dng tng cao ti nhit quanh 1600C v cao hn, yu cu phi cn nhc khi thit ktrnh ng sut vtqu ti cc vng cnh my nn chu nhit cao.

Bnh cnh thp khng r loi c dnh cho seri turbine tng p SH cho bn nhit tng cao v cho n khnng tng tsp sut ln ti 4 v cao hn khngcn gim tc vng ca bnh cnh. bn vt liu c ci thin cho php cnhmy nn c dy gim i hn so vi loi lm bng hp kim nhm, d tc vngtng v t s p sut cao hn. c tnh ny cho php tng scnh trong khi vnm bo tit din hng lu thng cn thit, do ci thin c c tnh kh nghc ca bnh cnh. Bnh cnh thp khng gca turbine tng p MET42SH, mt

model chto u tin trong seri MET-SH c c im 15 cnh lin hon ton vcc cnh xi xen k.

Bnh cnh c c khi lng ring ln hn yu cu ch trng c bitt tin nh ca r to. Trc r to ca turbine tng p seri SH ln hn ng knh trcca seri SD c pha my nn t pha ngoi chn tng khong cchgia hai . Cc thnghim cho thy l mc du trng bnh cng tc bng thpkhng gln hn, tc gii hn cp 3 i vi rto chcao hn tc cc i cho

php vo khong 50% , m bo an ton rto.

Hiu sut tng ca turbine tng p l khong 68% c ghi nhn l caturbine tng p phin bn MET42SH c cnh my nn ln gc ln vpha sau vtsp sut l 4,3 dng cho ng cdiesel lai my pht.


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5.5 TURBINE TNG P KBB

Cng ty con ca nhm Ogepar, KBB chuyn v turbine tng p ca c(Ch u ca Kompressorebau Bannewitz) cung cp cc turbine tng p hngknh v hng trc dng cho ng chai kv bn kvi khong cng sut 300kW ti 8000 kW. Cc thit kc c tnh l cu trc lin hp mt khi, cc

bc trt btr bn trong, c chai loi vhp c lm mt v khng lm mtnc.

Seri tng p HPR c 4 models ( HPR3000, 4000, 5000, 6000) loi turbinehng knh dng cho ng ckhong cng sut t500 kW ti 3000 kW vi tstng p max l 5 v hiu sut chung trong khong t 63 ti 68%. Seri 6 modelturbine hng knh R dng cho ng ccng sut t300 kW ti 2800 kW vi tstng p 4 hoc 4,5 v hiu sut chung t62 ti 66 %.

Hthng htrdphng HPR v seri R dnh cho tng tc rotor np phamy nn bng cch phun khng kh nn vo vng ca bnh cnh trong mt khong

thi gian gii hn. Hthng nhvy khc phc phn no nhc im ca turbinetng p mt cp khong ti nh, ci thin rt r tnh nng khi ng ca ngc.

Turbine tng p hng trc seri M c 4 model ( M40, 50, 60, 70) dng chocc ng c c cng sut t 900 kW ti 8000 kW vi t s tng p sut l 4 vkhong hiu sut chung nm t65 ti 70 % (hnh 1-14)

Hnh 1-14 Turbine tng p hng trc seri M ca KBB

Chai seri turbine tng p hng knh v hng trc cng chung cc ctnh nhl: cc l loi bc trt btr bn trong, bi trn dng du nhn h


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thng ng c, c thi gian sdng ti 20000 h, vturbine khng lm mt; vc cc vly khng kh vo, bphn l-gim n khc nhau to iu kin thun licho lp t trn ng c. Mt d phng i vi seri R-3 l loi turbine tng phng knh c c tnh: khong lm vic mrng m men ti tc thp; tng tcc ci thin, khi t, tiu thnhin liu t hn.


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5.6 TURBINE TNG P TURBOMECA ( Hispano-Suiza)

Thnh vin nhm SNECMA : Hispano-Suiza ca Php lin kt vi hngHng khng Allied Signal ca M vo 1990 pht trin seri NGT ( NewGeneration Turbochager) dng cho cc ng c trung v cao tc cng sut 1000kW ti 9000 kW. Vo nm 2002, SNECMA chuyn hot ng turbine tng p camnh sang thnh vin nhm khc, Turbomeca.

Dng h NGT bao trm bn thnh vin che ph ln nhau: HS4800, HS5800/HS 5800, HS 5900 v HS 6800. Cc gii php sau y c c tnh dnh choHS 4800 v 5800: hiu sut ng entropi my nn t 86% cc vng sdng,hiu sut chung 73-75% trn ng c; tsp sut lin tc t 4,5 ( my nn lm

bng nhm) v 5 ( my nn bng titanium) (hnh 5-15).

Cu trc lin khi v trng lng nhdo sdng thng v chnbn trong v sdng nguyn tc khuych tn ( hng knh + hng trc ) chia iti li ra ca bnh cnh my nn. Phn my nn c c trng l sdng bnh cnh

hp kim rn c c bn cao c cc cnh nghing un ngc (loi n), vhpkim nhc c, v hn 20 hp phn ca cc ming ct v bphn khuych lngc. Dphng tun hon trong ca my nn (CIR) ti u ho hiu sut ti ti nhv tng cng dtrgii hn mch ng ln trn 20%.

Phn turbine c c im : hp kim nikel chrom c dng lm vnh phun;hp kim c gia cng li ti nh my c chu ng qu nhit cao (mt thit bchng dao ng lp cho hthng turbine tng p kiu xung lc); 28 hp phn cacc ming ct v din tch vnh phun; x khuych tn ti u tham gia vo vicginh hiu sut tng cao. Tng thch hon ton vi hot ng dng du nhcn nh cho thit k.

Thit km bo vic bo dng ddng do hon ton loi bvic lm mtbng nc, v nh dng ti u ca dng nhit bn trong lm n gin ho vic lpt ng ni cng nhbo dng. Cc chi tit hon ton c thdng lp ln cngc sdng; ton bcc phn r to c cn bng ring bit v c thc thayvtr theo nhyu cu m khng cn tho tt ra v cn bng li ton b. Phin lcgim m; my nn titanium, htrphun khi tng ti tc thi; bcm bin tc lp khng cn tho r; ccu gip lm sch v ra turbine, my nn trong khi hotng l nhng dtrty chn.


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Hnh 5-15c tnh dnh cho turbine tng p HS5800 Turbomeca.

5.7 LP MI LI TURBINE TNG P

Li ch ca vic lp mi li turbine tng p c khuyn khch tphacc nh ch to khi cho rng cc model thhmi c hiu sut chung cao hnnhiu thhtrc c thl mt vn rt ng u ttrong nhng nm gny. Lp mi li cc turbine tng p c hiu sut cao mi cho cc ng cchn


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c thc xem xt mt cch kinh t theo mt hoc nhiu lun im theo nhABB trnh by sau:

-ng cc nhit kh xcao; p sut khoang qut khng thtng cti mc bnh thng; khng cn c thhot ng chton ti na.

-Nhu cu cn gim chi ph nhin liu hoc nhim kh x.-Nhu cu cn tng an ton hot ng ca ng ccho mt giai on hot

ng ko di.

-c tnh ng c yu cu ti u i vi hot ng chm hoc dng hotng mi khc.

-Tui thkhng thomn ca cc chi tit chnh ca turbine tng p lmvic do n mn hoc xi mn; kh c phtng ca thhturbine tng p chn mt snh my v c th rt t; cn t hng thay thturbine tng p th thi giancung cp qu lu.

Hnh 5-16 Li ch ca vic lp mi li turbine tng p i vi nhit khxv sut tiu hao nhin liu theo ABB : ng hiu sut thp (ng gch gch)thhin cho turbine tng p VTR.1 cn ng hiu sut cao hn (ng lin) ngvi turbine tng p VTR..4. khi thay thcho VTR..1

Cc c tnh li ch tvic lp mi li (hnh 5-16) cho thy nhit kh xgim i nhiu hn ( gim khong 50-800C) v sut tiu hao nhin liu gim hn (3-


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5%). Vturbine tng p khng lm mt ca turbine tng p mi cng bo m tuithcao hn i vi cc chi tit chu smn do n mn, xi mn. Hn thna cc bi cu v bi a chng mn thng dng cho turbine tng p loi VTR..4 caHng cho c tnh khi ng tt hn, c tnh ti nhc ci thin v tng tcnhanh. Tng cng tin cy cng c ha hn bi turbine tng p hin i.


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5.8 HTHNG HN HP TURBINE

Hiu sut cao ca mt sturbine tng p ln lm tng qu mc gi trpsut cn thit yu cu bi ng c, cho php mt skh xc trch ra cho turbineng lc. Mt shthng hn hp turbine nhvy c a vo ng dng chyu cc ng chng MAN B&W v Sulzer chm tc, c bit c ch trong knguyn gi nhin liu tng cao.

Turbine kh ng lc c btr hoc l cung cp thm nng lng y trctip cho chn vt qua ccu ly hp hoc dnh lai my pht qua ccu ly hp c

bit power take out / power take in ( PTO/PTI). H thng tng hiu sut caSulzer -dng h thng turbine ABB ha hn tit kim 5,5 g/kWh, tng hiusut ng cln 54% m khng lm nh hng ti vic sdng nng lng kh xcho cc mc ch tn dng thng thng (hnh 5-17).

Bn cnh tit kim nhin liu ln trong sut di cng sut ng c, hthngtng hiu sut trn c thgip gim cng sut ng cchnh cn cung cp c cng

mt mc tiu thnhin liu c ch. Khi so snh vi ng cc gim cng sut,hthng cho php bhn i mt xilanh ng c(ty thuc loi ng cv cngsut/ vng quay ca n), cho mt li ch l chi ph ban u nhhn v bung mygn hn.

Hthng tng hiu sut c m tc sdng nhmt hthng On/Offc thdng khi ti ng ct40-50 % ti nh mc trln, khng lm nh hngg ti tin cy ng c. Nng lng kh xc tn dng mt cch n gin tlvi kh xc thot ra khi ng gp xti turbine ng lc ABB lp song songvi turbine tng p cho ng c. Turbine ng lc hnh thnh mt modul khicng vi b truyn ng bnh rng c khp ckh vi c cu lin kt PTO

ng cthp tc hng Sulzer RTA. Nng lng kh xtn dng khi c truyntrc tip ti trc khuu ng c, cho php ng chot ng ti thp hn khi cngsut lai trc chn vt vn khng i nhng t mc tiu thnhin liu t hn. Hthng tng hiu sut stng ngt khi ti gim qu hoc khi maniu ng tu.


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Hnh 5-17 Phc tho v c tnh ca h thng tng hiu sut ng cSulzer.

Cc li ch tng tcng c thng bo bi hthng turbine hn hp/ cpcng sut (TCS/PTI) MAN B&W btr trn ng cMC thp tc c ng knh

xilanh t600-900 mm (hnh 5-18). Hthng khng p dng cho cc my nhhnv kch thc ca chng v hiu sut thp hn ca cc turbine tng p dng cho ccmy . Turbine ng lc MAN B&W v ABB c s dng, tng ng, viturbine tng p MAN B&W v ABB phc vcho ng c. Ti ti trn 50% so vicng sut ti u, turbine ng lc c kt ni vo trc khuu qua hthng ly hpthulc v khp khp ni mm.

Lng kh x thc s dng cho TCS ph thuc vo hiu sut ca turbinetng p v sph hp ca turbine tng p i vi trng hp ring. Cng sut TCS


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Tong hp va bien soan : Nguyen Van Sn PHAN II: TURBINE TANG AP_______________________________________________________________________gim ti ti thp hn do lng kh gim nhhn: ti gi tr50% ti ti u th cngsut TCS/PTI chcn li l 25%, vic ng gp tit kim nhin liu trong trnghp ny rt nh. Cng sut TCS cc i thng bng khong 4,2% cng sut ti uca ng cv cng ty thuc turbine tng p c la chn.

Hnh 5-18 B tr h thngTCS/PTI MAN B&W ng cchnh

v thit blai turbine ng lc i vitrc khuu.

turbine tang ap

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