Reducing the environmental and economic impact of energy consumption by low-power Integrated Circuit Design

Yudo SeputroNim 11917210Universitas Islam Indonesia

Sumber Oleh Peiyi Zhao, Ph.D.Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and PhysicsChapman University

Apr. 01, 2008 2

Tinjauan

Sirkuit Terpadu Konsumsi Daya hijau Computing Memahami tingkat Komputer Mana daya pergi? Bagaimana kita bisa mengurangi daya?

Apr. 01, 2008 3

Sirkuit Terpadu

Transistor pertama dibangun pada tahun 1947. ?

Sirkuit terpadu pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1959. ?Pasar didorong oleh militer,

komputer, komunikasi, dan kebutuhan konsumen. ?

Peralatan pernah digunakan oleh militer sekarang tersedia pada sejumlah produk konsumen

Apr. 01, 2008 4

Sirkuit Terpadu Bekerja mana-mana

Engine Control

Climate Control

Dashboard Display

Chassis Electronics

Lighting

Door Modules

Fuel Injection Entertainment

Safety Control

Apr. 01, 2008 5

Sirkuit Terpadu Pasar

Enam miliar unit mikrokontroler yang dikirimkan pada tahun 2004, diprediksi akan meningkat 10% setiap tahun dari 2004-2009 (instate riset pasar Inc)?

Semikonduktor pendapatan tahunan tahun 2004 diperkirakan sebesar US $ 211.400.000.000.

Apr. 01, 2008 6

Power Consumption

Konsumsi Desktop telah mencapai 100 watt?

Jumlah Personal Komputer (400 juta) penggunaan energi pada tahun 2000 = 26 pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir?

Listrik merupakan kendala untuk meningkatkan kinerja sistem?

Konsumsi daya yang menyebabkan masalah serius karena panas yang berlebihan

.

Water Cooled Computer(www.water-cooling.com)

Apr. 01, 2008 7

Power Consumption of Processor

1

10

100

1000

1980 1990 2000 2010

Pow

er

Densi

ty (

W/cm

2)

Hot Plate

Nuclear Reactor

386 486Pentium

Pentium Pro

Pentium 2

Pentium 3

Pentium 4

Apr. 01, 2008 8

Power Consumption

Seiring dengan peningkatan kecepatan sirkuit, konsumsi daya tumbuh?

Merancang sirkuit daya rendah telah menjadi isu yang paling penting?

Aplikasi mobile menuntut baterai yang tahan lama?

Konsumsi daya rendah terdaftar sebagai tantangan terbesar kedua untuk industri

Apr. 01, 2008 9

The Current Situation

Penyediaan energi ini bisa dibilang bisnis yang paling penting, geo-politik, dan sosial masalah waktu kita?

Pemanasan global mempengaruhi kebijakan dan hukum yang memerlukan penggunaan energi dan emisi rumah kaca yang akan diukur dan dikendalikan?

Biaya energi dan peningkatan kebutuhan daya TI menyajikan biaya yang signifikan, pasokan, dan tantangan untuk menangani pusat data

•“Intelligent Energy” Dr. Bernard S. Meyerson, IBM Fellow, VP Strategic Alliances and CTO, IBM Systems & Technology Group, on ASE – Great Energy Efficiency Day, February 14, 2007 - Washington, DC

Apr. 01, 2008 10

Power Consumption & Data Centers

Pusat Data Satu ruangan tunggal

dalam Datacenter berisi 100 Racks?

1 Rack = 5 sampai 20 kW?

Kontribusi terhadap Krisis 2000/2001 Energi California?

Internet

Racks

Client

•"Cerdas Energi" Dr Bernard S. Meyerson, IBM Fellow, Aliansi Strategis VP dan CTO, IBM Systems & Technology Group, pada ASE - Energi Efisiensi Hari Besar 14 Februari 2007 - Washington, DC

Where are the web pages you browse?

Data Center

Apr. 01, 2008 11

200 M tons of CO2= CO2 produced by 40 million cars

Apr. 01, 2008 12

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory.

Apr. 01, 2008 13

Cooling the Data Center

Current coolants: CFCs and HCFCs = Ozone Depletion

The other alternative coolant: HFC = increase in green house emission 1300 times (http://www.cs.virginia.edu/kim/courses/cs771/lectures/CS771-22.ppt)

Moving Datacenters to exotic locations(Microsoft -> Cold Siberia, Sun -> underground)

Siberia

Underground Japan

Flickr.com

umw.edu

Apr. 01, 2008 14

Apr. 01, 2008 15

Energy Usage of Data Centers 2006: $ 15 Miliar untuk penggunaan energi

Dampak Pengurangan 10% dari Konsumsi Daya dari Pusat Data

$ 15b x 10% = $ 1,5 miliar pada tabungan?200 x 10% = 20 juta ton CO2?

4 juta mobil? (Jumlah mobil yang harus diambil darijalan untuk mengurangi jumlah yang sama emisi CO2.)

http://www.westportnow.com

Apr. 01, 2008 16

Reducing Power Consumption

Pusat Data = energi tagihan besar menghasilkan CO2 + + hijau + rumah emisi polusi udara ...?

Hukum Moore: kepadatan transistor dua kali lipat setiap 18 bulan. ?

"Kami harus mengurangi penggunaan daya. Computing adalah bagian dari solusi, bagian dari masalah "-?"

Computing Berkelanjutan, "David Douglas, VP, Tanggung Jawab Ekologi, Sun Microsystems

Source: University of Delaware

Apr. 01, 2008 17

Green Computing

Untuk mencapai komputasi berkelanjutan, kita perlu memikirkan kembali dari perspektif "Green Computing". ?Green Computing:?

Memaksimalkan efisiensi energiMengurangi penggunaan bahan berbahaya seperti timbal

Memaksimalkan daur ulang dari kedua produk mati dan dari limbah pabrik.

"Green Computing" mengingat efisiensi energi pada skala nanometer - sirkuit desain konsumsi daya rendah terintegrasi pada 180nm dan di bawah.?

Apr. 01, 2008 18

A Perfect “Green Computing” Example

A super low-power “processor”: 800x faster 1000x more memory 3000x less power

Apr. 01, 2008 19

A super low power “Processor”

Modern Processor made by hundreds of PH.D. researchers (The MOS transistor was built from Silicon, the pre-dominant

atom in rock and sand, after processed in a high

temperature.)

Human Brain( containing 100 billion neurons, each linked to

as many as 10,000 other neurons.)

Speed 2.0 GHz Equivalent to 1,700 GHz processor

Memory (Source: Oracle Corporation:

http://library.thinkquest.org/C001501/the_saga/compare.htm,

computer vs. brain)

100 GB 100,000 GB

Power(Source: UC Berkeley, EE241

class)

45 mW/cm3 15 mW/cm3

Apr. 01, 2008 20

What can we do about power?

Understand all levels of the computer

Understand where power is dissipated

Think about ways to reduce power usage at all levels

Apr. 01, 2008 21

The 6 Levels of a Computer

Integrated Circuit

Digital Logic

Instruction Set Architecture

Operating System

Assembly Language

High Level Programming55

44

33

22

11

00

Hardware

Software

Apr. 01, 2008 22

The Need for Both Sides

“The performance of software systems is dramatically affected by how well software designers understand the basic hardware technologies at work in a system. Similarly, hardware designers must understand the far-reaching effects their design decisions have on software applications.”

- John Hennessy, President of Stanford University

& David Patterson, UC Berkeley, President of ACM

“[Students] should know the device, layout, circuit, architecture, algorithm, and system-6 levels.”

- Dr. Mehdi Hatamian, V.P, Broadcom, Nov.2006

Apr. 01, 2008 23

The Chapman Approach

Integrated Circuit

Digital Logic

Instruction Set Architecture

Operating System

Assembly Language

High Level Programming 55

44

33

22

11

00

CPSC 230/231, 350, 353, 354, 402, 408

CPSC 250

CPSC 380

CPSC 252

CPSC 330

CPSC 465

Apr. 01, 2008 24

Where does power go?

Power Breakdown of an Itanium 2 Processor

Apr. 01, 2008 25

Processor Clock

Power consumption is proportional to clock frequency. Clock frequency: how often the clock changes every second; of course,

every change of the clock consumes power.

Analogous to how many times the motor spins per second in your car.

Traditionally only one edge of the clock is used to process information, and the other edge is ignored.

- F igu re show s the C lock signa l- R ising edge is u sed w h ile fa lling c lock edge(do t line) is no t u sed fo r da tain fo rm a tion p rocessing

Apr. 01, 2008 26

Using Double Edge Clocking Menggunakan double edge clocking, frekuensi clock dapat dikurangi

menjadi setengahnya. "Power cabang jam Rendah berbagi Double-Ujung Flip-Flop," P. Zhao,

Jason McNeely, Pradeep Golconda, agdy A. Bayoumi, Kuang WD, dan Robert Barcenas,? Transaksi? IEEE pada Integrasi Skala Sangat Besar (VLSI) Sistem, Vol.15, No.3, hal 338-345, Maret 2007.

F a lling clock edge(do t line) is no t u sed fo r da tain fo rm a tion p rocessing

B o th rising a nd fa lling clock edges a re u sed fo r da tain fo rm a tion p rocessing , the clock frequ ency is redu ced to ha lf(clock period is dou lbed )

Conventional Single edge Design:

ProposedDesign:

Apr. 01, 2008 27

Potential Savings

Clock Power Usage Power SavingsSavings from Double Edge

Usage by using half of the frequency

33% 0.5 15%x =

Annual Energy Cost of Data

Centers

Annual SavingsSavings$15b 15% $2.25bx =

Apr. 01, 2008 28

Peer Reviewed Journal Publications, Patent for Low Power Consumption

Peer Reviewed Journal Publications (all as first author) P. Zhao, T. Darwish, M. Bayoumi, “High Performance and Low Power

Conditional Discharge Flip-Flop,” in Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, Vol 12., No. 5, pp. 477-484, May 2004.

P. Zhao, Jason McNeely, Pradeep Golconda, Magdy A. Bayoumi, Kuang W.D, and Robert Barcenas, “Low Power Clock Branch Sharing Double-Edge Triggered Flip-Flop,” IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems,Vol.15, No.3, pp. 338-345, March 2007.

Journal Paper under Revision:P. Zhao, Jason McNeely, G. P. Kumar, Nan Wang, M. Bayoumi, and Robert Barcenas, “Low Power Clocked-pseudo-NMOS Flip-flops for Level Conversion in Dual Supply Systems,” submitted to IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems under 1st revision.

Patent Single transistor clocked flip flop, by P.Zhao, T.Darwish, M.Bayoumi

Apr. 01, 2008 29

Student Research Assistance

Chapman mahasiswa sarjana Robert Barcenas adalah terlibat dalam penelitian dan merupakan salah satu co-penulis makalah jurnal?

Dua siswa sebelumnya yang bekerja dengan saya di proyek saya dipekerjakan oleh Intel

Apr. 01, 2008 30

Low Power Research Recognition

Our research results are comparable to the results from other more well-funded research groups:

Our designs outperformed those of Intel and UC Davis

Our designs have attracted industry attention from Toshiba

Competing with:

Academy Industry

First journal paper (May 2004)

Cited 6 times in Web of Science, Cited 11 times in Google Scholar [accessed Mar.,2008] Citations: three are from peer reviewed journals( IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VLSI SYSTEMS,, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)) and one is from industry (published on the IEEE Transactions).

University of California, Davis, Intel

Second journal paper (Mar. 2007) University of California, Davis, Intel

Third journal paper under 1st revision University of California, Berkeley, Toshiba

31

Terima Kasih

Sumber Oleh Peiyi Zhao, Ph.D.Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and PhysicsChapman University