SLSC@ NURUHU
DL@CAL NURUHU 
NC]LHTALHLR
B. Funun ]c}teac...................................................................................... 24 
O}al`h Fununu`u` Ie`eh Slz} we hescc / Zrog. Dr. A. Lncg Lsd` ^}.<5!2:Q ........ 24
O}al`h Nl`u``âaeherc &Douu( Éectherc we Tlrcfà ]esrc# / Zrog. Dr. Lfaed Lniø`dø{ }.2<!42Q .......................................................................................................... =4
L`lsl}lh Lédl` Gltcf)c` Tenchât Nl`u``âae}c / Srd. Doé. Dr. O}al` Nlné ^}.4=! 5=Q ...................................................................................................................................... 92
}hâa Fununu`u` O}al`h Dewhetc)`de Tltbcnc; er)cse Alfneaeherc we er)cse ]cmchherc / Zrog. Dr. Lfaed Lniø`dø{ ^}.54!76Q .............................................................. 3=
×r`enherhe O}al`h)dl Me{l Slrihlal} / Doé. Dr. Lbduhl{c{ Bls`dr ^}.73!62Q .... <2:
O}al`hhlrdl [c`l ]uéu we Me{l} / Srd. Doé. Dr. }alch Lmlr ^}.6=!3:Q ................... <43
O}al`h Fununu`dl Zlrl Me{lhlr / Doé. Dr. Au}tlgl Lwm ^}.3<!<:7Q ...................... <74
M. L}nerà Tenchât ................................................................................... <33 
O}al`h Dewetc)`c` L}nerà Slz} / Zrog. Dr. Lbdøhnldcr ×{ml` ^}.<:9!<2<Q .............. <33
Beshcnte` alrltorhul O}al`h De`c{mchcc / Zrog. Dr. drc} Bo}tl` ^}.<22!<26Q ....... 224
O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` Nuruhuu we Se`céercherc` N÷ne`c / Dr. Crc`l Se. Zetro}sl` ^}.<23! <=5Q .................................................................................................................................. 2=7
O}al`h Blrut Øretca Aerne{c; Blrutfâ`e! Âacre / Dr. [lger I÷he` ^}.<=7!<44Q ..... 246
O}al`h azlrltorhuu) dlnc Blrutfâ`eher we Blrut alhlt / Srd. Doé. Dr. brlfca ]e{ic` ^}.<45!<5:Q .......................................................................................................... 277
O}al`h Orduhlr`` le we nalhc; C. Lfaed Dewrc rl` ]egerherc ×r`ec / Srd. Doé. Dr. ×aer bchcr ^}.<5<!<56Q ............................................................................................ 296
 
2:
O}al`h A}r)`dl Serhc we L}nerà U`}urhlr we Se`céercher / Zrog. Dr. Kl`e Fltflyls ^}.<92!<93Q ....................................................................................................................... =<7
EHHSED@M B×HØA(NHÂ]N D×@EADE O]AL@HC TOZHUAU 
Nhl}cn D÷`ea O}al`h Tozhuau`l Ie`eh Bcr Bln / Zrog. Dr. Blfleddc` Sedcshd{ ^}.<6=!2<5Q ....................................................................................................................... ==:
L. O}al`h Tozhuau`dl Achhet ]c}teac we Foi÷rø ......................................... =3= 
O}al`h azlrltorhuu) dl Achhet ]c}teac / Zrog. Dr. hber Ortlsh ^}.2<7!22:Q .......... =3=
O}al`hhlrdl Foi÷rø / Zrog. Dr. [csl Nl{m ^}.22<!2=2Q ........................................... 4::
O}al`h azlrltorhuu)`dl Erae`cher / Zrog. Dr. @eklt I÷sø`é ^}.2==!25:Q ............. 42<
O}al`h azlrltorhuu) dl Slfudcher / Zrog. Dr. ]lbrc ]øriewch ^}.25<!27:Q ............ 47<
}hâaà Iehe`en we O}al`h Achhether Fununu / Zrog. Dr. Wcoreh Zl`lcte ^}.27<!279Q .. 49<
B. O}al`h Tozhua Slz}`dl` Ne}cther ....................................................... 43: 
Ewhcsl Éehebc ]eslflt`âae}c C`dl O}al`h Tozhua Flslt / Zrog. Dr. Robert Dl`nogg ^}.276!23<Q ........................................................................................................ 43:
O}al`h Tozhua}lh Slz} we ]cwch Tozhua / Doé. Dr. Lfaet Mcfl` ! Doé. Dr. hsl} Dol` ^}.232!=<4Q........................................................................................................... 5=2
Bcr Lche we Fc{aet Aøe}}e}e}c Ohlrln O}al`h)dl Flrea / Zrog. Dr. Lfaed Lniø`dø{ ^}.=<5!=49Q ....................................................................................................................... 592
Tonlt ×r`ec`de VWCC. Sø{sh` hn Slr}`dl O}al`h ]o}slh Slz}`dlnc Bufrl` / Dr. Lhc Léneh ^}.=46!=56Q ...................................................................................................... 7=4
VWCC. Sø{sh O}al`h Tozhuau`dl ]o}slh hcncher / Dr. Iøhiþ` Øéeh Lsbet ^}.=53!=74Q ......................................................................................................................................... 75=
O}al`h Lche Fununu`dl Nld` / Zrog. Dr. Iøh Lnshal{ ^}.=75!=94Q ........................ 774
O}al`h)dl Éon Ewhchcn / Doé. Dr. ]lcd ×{tørn ^}.=95!=64Q .......................................... 767
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de @lnàbø)h!Erâghn Nuruau / Doé. Dr. Aurlt ]lrmn ^}.=65!=3=Q 9:5
Blthhlr` I÷{øshe Tørnher / Srd. Doé. Dr. Flacset ]e{er ^}.=34!=36Q ....................... 929
O}al`h Bo}`l} / Doé. Dr. @e`ld Aoll`c` ^}.=33!4:5Q ............................................. 9=5
Tlrcfà D÷`eaher éerc}c`de Nørt Tlrcfc`c` Iehccac Ø{erc`e Bl{ Te}zcther / Doé. Dr. brlfca Shal{éehcn }.4:7!4<2Q .................................................................................... 946
VWC. Sø{shdl ]urcse Tørnae`herc / Srd. Doé. Dr. E`wer Élnlr ^}.4<=!42<Q ................ 972
 
M. O}al`h Fâsrlt we Wlng ]c}teac ............................................................. 939 
O}al`h D÷`eac`de Wlnghlr / Doé. Dr. @l{cg ×{tørn ^}.4==!447Q ............................... 939
O}al`h Fununu`dl Wlnghlr( Fønøaherc we Éectherc / Zrog. Dr. Lfaed Lniø`dø{ ^}.449!47:Q ....................................................................................................................... 625
Tørn Tozhuau`dl Wlng Lche hcnc}c / Zrog. Dr. Fl}l` Søn}eh ^}.47<!473Q ................. 65<
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de Flreaes` Wlnghlr / Dr. Au}tlgl Iøher ^}.49:!462Q .................. 679
alretfl`eher / Doé. Dr. Las ]c`ier ^}.46=!43:Q ......................................................... 632
Nhl}cn D÷`ea O}al`h Nøhhcseherc`de Zer}o`eh ]c}teac / Srd. Doé. Dr. ]lhcf Zls ^}.43<!5:3Q ....................................................................................................................... 3:3
Edcr`e CC. Blse{d Dârøcgl} / Zrog. Dr. Bedc @. ef}uwlrohu ^}.5<:!5<=Q ............. 342
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de ]o}slh Iøwe`hcn ]c}teac / Srd. Doé. Dr. Aurlt e` ^}.5<4!529Q ......................................................................................................................................... 35<
D. O}al`h)dl efcrmchcn we Éewre L`hls.................................................... 393 
efcr Acalrhlr / Zrog. Dr. Me`ic{ Orfo`hu ^}.526!5=3Q ............................................... 393
Getcf)te` Iø`øaø{e }tl`buh Ne`t Aenâ``` Ohuuau / Zrog. Dr. ]ldettc` ×nte` ! Ls`ur Ml` ^}.54:!579Q .................................................................................................. <::4
O}al`h azlrltorhuu)`dlnc Derwc Nlrdehcn Meacsetherc we Tlrcnlthlr he Tr`owl / Dr. Nrl}}cacrl Aoutlgowl ^}.576!596Q ........................................................................ <:57
O}al`h Dewrc`de Au}uh)u` dlrà Slz} / Srd. Doé. Dr. Lfaet Iø`dø{ ^}.593!566Q ....................................................................................................................................... <:99
O}al`h Tørnherc`de Éewre Bchc`mc / Srd. Doé. Dr. Su`u} Almct ^}.563!539Q ............ <:37
O}al`h Tozhuau`dl Éewre L`hls / Srd. Doé. Dr. brlfca ×{deacr ^}.536!7<:Q <<<4
O}al`h)dl Éewresc Ncrhetae ]uéu we ]lhb Me{l} / Doé. Dr. Getfc Iedcnhc ^}.7<<!7<5Q ....................................................................................................................................... <<4:
E. O}al`h Tozhuau`dl Iø`dehcn Flslttl` Éc{icher.......................................<<5: 
O}al`h D÷`eac`de Lth ]zorhlr / Zrog. Dr. Gerruf Dc`éer ! Doé. Dr. Ln` Sllr  ^}.7<7!724Q ..................................................................................................................... <<5:
Tørn Nøhtørø`de Lth Fedeg Onéuhuu Ohlrln Nlbln Osu`u we O}al`hhlrdlnc I÷rø`øaø / Zrog. Dr. brlfca Shdrl` ^}.725!7=4Q .................................................... <<9:
Tørn Nøhtør Tlrcfc`de Nlfwe we Nlfwefl`e / Srd. Doé. Dr. A. Me`ic{ Shd{ ^}.7=5! 7=3Q ................................................................................................................................ <<63
 
22
O}al`hhlrdl Nørn Nuhhl`a / Srd. Doé. Dr. [enc Tenc` ^}.744!743Q ........................ <2:9
EHH]EN[@M B×HØA(NHÂ]N D×@EADE O]AL@HC ENO@OA] 
Nhl}cn D÷`eade O}al`h Eno`oac}c / Zrog. Dr. Lfaet Tlblnohu ^}.75=!734Q ...... <2<6
L. Tozrln we Tlra ................................................................................ <=:< 
O}al`h Dcrhcn ]c}teac / Doé. Dr. Au}tlgl Oghl{ }.735!9:6Q ..................................... <=:<
]l`mlnbesc Fl}hlr`` ×ieherc &<46:!<54:# / Zrog. Dr. Aetc` Nu`t ^}.9:3!9<=Q ....... <=27
O}al`h ntc}lt Hcterltørø`de Buhu`l` we Iø`øaø{de Fâhâ Sllsl` Bcr Nlwrla; Re`éber / Srd. Doé. Dr. Mlfct Tehmc ^}.9<4!9<9Q .......................................................... <==4
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de Aesdl`l Iehe` Nthnhlr / Doé. Dr. Orfl` Nhé ^}.9<6!9=:Q .... <=4:
B. Tcmlret we ]l`lsc ............................................................................... <=59 
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de Tcmlret we Øretcae Dlcr Deerhe`dcrchebchcr Bcr Nls`ln; "Terene Degterherc" we Edcr`e Terene Degterherc Ø{erc`e Bcr De`eae / Srd. Doé. Dr. Lhzls Bc{bcrhcn ^}.9=<!9=5Q ...................................................................................................... <=59
O}al`hhlrdl Tcmlret L`hls we Tcmlret Tenchlt`dl Se`c Bcr Slzhl`al; Flsrcse Tømmlr / e``ur e`eh ^}.9=7!94=Q ............................................................................. <=74
Eghln we Bodl` Woswodlhlr`` Lfcd`âaeherc Ø{erc`e Bcr `meheae; O}al`h azlrltorhuu)`u` Nu{esblt Fududu`dlnc Frc}tcsl` Wl}}lh Øhneherc / Doé. Dr. ]ì`dor Zlzz ^}.944!95=Q .............................................................................................. <=6:
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de Nørn Tcmlretc / Srd. Doé. Dr. [enc Tenc` ^}.954!97=Q ................ <4::
Getcfte` ]o`rl }tl`buh)dl Tcmlret Slzhlr`` Iehccac / Iøhbern Bchemcn ^}.974!99:Q ....................................................................................................................................... <4<2
Nhl}cn D÷`ea L`ldohu ]l`lscc Ø{erc`e Bcr Deerhe`dcrae &<5::!<7:5# / Øact Noé ^}.99<!96:Q ..................................................................................................................... <422
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de ]lbu` ]l`lscc / Doé. Dr. ]lcd ×{tørn ^}.96<!93:Q ................... <444
Nhl}cn D÷`eade O}al`h)dl Alde`mchcn / Au}tlgl Lhtu`bls ^}.93<!6:<Q ................ <474
M. Zlrl we Alhcse Zohctcnl} ...................................................................... <465 
Ie`eh Flthlrshl O}al`h Zlrl Tlrcfc / Zrog. Dr. Au}tlgl ×{tørn ^}.6:2!622Q .......... <465
O}al`h ]cnneherc / Zrog. Dr. ewnc @e{cfc Lsnut ^}.62=!642Q .................................... <526
O}al`h D÷`eac Gcslt Zohctcnl} we Gcslthlr` Tlfhchc / Zrog. Dr. Au}tlgl ×{tørn ^}.64=! 643Q ................................................................................................................................ <572
 
O}al`hhlrdl @lrf ]c}teac / Teaeh ×{tørn ^}.67<!69<Q............................................. <534
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de Ectca Fc{aetherc`c` Gc`l`}al` / Dr. Tlf}c` ×{ml` ^}.692!699Q ....................................................................................................................................... <7<7
O}al`h Weric ]c}teac we Bcr Weric Tlf}ch S÷`teac Ohlrln htc{la / Srd. Doé. Dr. L. Ae}ud Nøéønnlhls ! Dr. Lhc Éehcnnlsl ^}.696!632...................................................... <727
O}al`h Fl{c`eherc / Srd. Doé. Dr. Lr{u To{dual` Ter{c ^}.63=!3:=Q ...................... <75<
D. Uhla we Flberheae......................................................................... <79= 
Tl`{calt Dewrc`e Nldlr O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` Uhla Tenchât we Soh ]c}teac`e Ie`eh Bcr Bln / Srd. Doé. Dr. A. Fødlc e`tørn ^}.3:4!3<2Q ............................................. <79=
 
B. Funun ]c}teac
O}al`h Fununu`u` Ie`eh Slz} we hescc / Zrog. Dr. A. Lncg Lsd` ^}.<5 ! 2:Q
Alralrl `cwer}cte}c Funun Glnøhte}c / Tørncse  
O}al`h Dewhetc)`c et`cn( dc`c we nøhtøreh glrnhhnhlr blna`dl` e` {e`ic`( lal ls` {lal`dl dl
zrobheahc ohl` bcr morlgsldl lht l}r ll` bcr }øre lslntl tutl` glnt÷rherc` bl`dl bu dewhetc` }lfcz
ohduu fununc slz we bu`u chetc bcécac ohduu`u }÷sheaen sl`h ohal{ }l`ra te bu alnlhede
bu fununc slz we chesc bcécac ehe lh`lmlntr  
O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` l`}h ohduu `ontl oturau bcr fununc slz we chesc acrl} ø{erc`e
nuruhau ohal}sd Bu }ebezhe bu dewhetc nurl`hlr Roal fununu`dl ohduu icbc }grdl` bcr fununc
slz nuraln {oru`dl nlhalahlrdr O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` bøsøn ÷héøde fununc we nøhtøreh acrl}`
dewrlhd L`ldohu ]ehéunhu( Bøsøn ]ehéunhu we Lbbl}c Dewhetherc e}l} ctcblrcshe }hla fununu`l we
}o`u`mu}u flrcé ohaln ø{ere behcrhc ÷héøde de e}nc Tørn!Aooh fununu`l dlsl`l` bcr funun dø{e`c`e
}lfcztcher O}al`hhlr` slzt bcr tlrlgtl` bu fununc dø{e`c n}ae` d÷`eac` cftcsléhlr `dl
se`cde` soruahlaln dcer tlrlgtl` dl bu funun dø{e`c`c etnc` bcr tlr{dl flsltl ieécraentcr O}al`h
ao{lscc`c u{u` }øre bcr lrldl tutl` l}h glnt÷rø` bu etnc`hcn ohduu }÷she`ebchcr  
O}al`h fununu`u`  e}l} teaehc`c }hla fununu`u` ohuturduu c`nlr edcheae{ Bu relhcte
O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` éldl wesl dlfl ÷`me nuruhau buhu`l` dcer }hla dewhetherc céc` de
ieéerhcdcr L`mln fer dewhetc` }hla fununu usiuhlal}`dl ieren ae{fez lsrh`l ieren}e }o}slh(
}csl}c we nøhtøreh glrnhhnhlrl blh ohlrln bcr tlna deccnhcnherc` ohduu dl bcr wlnldr Bu glrnhhnhlr
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de i÷{heaheaen aøanø`dør Lsrml bu`l }hla fununu`u` lsr`th ohlrln
dø{e`heaedcc wesl dø{e`he`ae}c`c dewhet blnl`hlr`l flwlhe ettcc lhl`hlrdl O}al`h zldclfhlr  
tlrlg`dl` d÷`eac` cftcsléhlr we l`hls `dl funun nurlhhlr`` no`duu ohiu}u dl enhe`aehcdcr
Bøtø` bu`hlr bcrhcnte deerhe`dcrchdcc`de lht l}rhn O}al`h usiuhlal}`` `l}h ne`dc`e ÷{iø bcr 
fununc slz ortlsl nosduu nohlsml l`hlhr O flhde O}al`h fununu   de`c`me fltrl }hla
fununu`u` teorcn e}l}hlrshl( bu fununu` lht l}rhn usiuhlal}`dl lhd enchher we O}al`h
fønøadlrhlr`` ne`dcherc`e tl``l` lhl`hlrdl nosduu funun nurlhhlr we nl`u`hlr iehaehcdcr  
O}al`h fununu`u ohuturl` cnc u`}urdl` }hla fununu`l "er) "( "lfnla! er)csse"( O}al`h 
fønøadlrhlr  tlrlg`dl` no`l` funun nurlhhlr`l dl "÷rg "( "nl`u`"( "nlwl`!c ÷rgcsse" icbc c}caher 
werchactcr Geral`( berlt( fønøa( nl`u``lae( }csl}et`lae( ldlhet`lae tlr{`dlnc O}al`h funun
behieherc`de O}al`h fununu`u` bu cnchc slz} "er" we nl`u`" enhc`de }ørenhc bcrhcnte l`hatr ]÷{
iehcac 399 &<573# tlrcfhc Ercbo{  hcwl}  nl`u`u`dl ld ieée` hcwl`` "er)!c ercg  we nl`u`!c aø`àge
rclset" ohu`lrln weriche`dcrchae}c`de`(< 352 &<545# tlrcfhc ]erca hcwl} nl`u`u`dl "aunte{l!s er) we
 
25
nca}e`c` aødlfehe etaeae}c`de`(2 33< &<56=# tlrcfhc Se`c h   hcwl} nl`u`u`dl S÷røn tlcge}cshe chichc
ohlrln "fchlg! er" we auisr !c n`u`" ohl` cherc` sl}lnhl`al}`dl` blf}edchaentedcr= Ne{l Achl`  
we I÷h  nldhlr`l sl{hl` bcr fønøade &<553# bcr lrl{c temlwø{ø dlwl}`` "er) we nl`u` che
gl}hedchae}c"(4 <547 tlrcfhc bcr geral`dl "aunte{l!s er) we nl`u` ø{ere" fønae blhl`l` dlwl``
tenrlr i÷røhae}c }rl}`dl "er)!c nlwàae we nl`u`! nldàae auilscr" c slzhalal}
earedchaentedcr5 Tewncc Lbdurrlfal` Zll Nl`u``lae}c)`de we{crcl{lahlr` setncherc`de`
blf}edchcrne` "meaà nl{s!s er)csse`c` we ÷rgcsse`c` c}tca we cmr}"`` {cnredchac ohal}( }lcr 
we{c`herc` bcr sere icderne` dcwl` nuruz "dlwl dc`hesøz deg !c ae{hca céc` er !c ercg we nl`u` ø{ere
busruhdu" werae}c`de` }÷{ edchae}c7 bu bcrhcnte {cnredchcc ÷r`enherc`de` }ldeme bcr nlédr De`ebchcr 
nc feae` bøtø` behieherde bu bcrhcntehcc i÷{heaheaen aøanø`dør we fer cnc fununc slz`` zlrlhehhcn
we bøtø`høø`ø i÷}terae}c blna`dl` dcnnlt éencmcdcr  
rgc fununu` bcr l`dl ohutuu`u }÷sheaen aøanø` dechdcr Bchlnc} bu fununu ohuturl`
nurlhhlr O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` nuruhuu`dl` ctcblre` cftcslé ohdunél tener tener no`l` nl`u`
fønøaherc`de` ohuautur Bu enchde no`l` nurlhhlr behhc bcr senø`l dl ohuu`ml ohuua bcécac`c`
nhl}cn }hla fununu`dl` glrnh ohuu i÷{ ÷`ø`e lh`lrln lsr bcr c}cac werchac( ÷rg wesl ÷rgà funun  
de`actcr Bchc`dcc ø{ere }hla fununu  }hla fununéuhlr`` u}uh!c gnf nctlzhlr`dl e}l}hlr behcrtche`
sorua aetodhlr éeréewe}c`de we bltl Nur)l`! Nerca we Fldc}!c ercgher ohaln ø{ere edchhe!c er)csse
de`che` }hla fununu nls`lnhlr`l dlsl`lrln ohuturdunhlr bcr fununtur Bu s÷`øshe }hla fununu
bcr cétcflt  fununudur rgc funun  c}e zldclf crlde we geral`hlrshl ohul` bcr nurlhhlr bøtø`ødør
Ohual}`dl d÷`eac` fununéuhlr`` ÷`eahc rohherc ohalnhl bcrhcnte bu nurlhhlrl nl`u` iømø`ø were`
u`}ur O}al`h zldclfhlr tlrlg`dl` sørørhøe no`uhau ohal}dr Bu s÷`øshe ÷rgc funun bcr nl`u`
fununudur E}l}e` ÷rgc funun de`ae}c de bu sø{de`dcr rgø` bcr l`hla dl s÷`etcadcr9 rgc funun
s÷`etcade` nls`lnhl`l` funun l`hla`l iehaentedcr  
Tlrcfc nls`lnhlrdl ÷rgc funun cglde}c`e chn ohlrln Gltcf d÷`eac tlrcféc}c Tur}u` Bes)c` e}erc`de
rl}thl`alntldr Tur}u` Bes ÷rgc fununu u }÷{herhe tl`talntldr; "Sl`c bu tedbcr oh aertebe ohal{}l
behnc aømerred tlwr! lnh ø{ere rc{la! lhea!c {fcr céc` ae}ehl tlwr ! Me`ic{ Fl` icbc ohur}l }ebebc`e
c{lge ederher }csl}et!c }uht`à we sl}l! zdcfà derher nc ÷rgøaø{me o`l ÷rg derher"6 Burldl dcnnltc
éene` `ontl Gltcf d÷`eac icbc ohdunél erne` bcr d÷`eade O}al`h fununu`u` b÷she cnchc bcr ohuua
tlr{`` nlbuh edchac we serheac buhu`al}dr L}h`dl b÷she cnchc bcr slz }ldeme O}al`hhlr l fl}
dl dechdcr VCW sø{shl lct ohduu l`hlhl` bcr hfl`h geral` }uéhuhlr` "ber wemf!c erclt we sl}l"
me{lhl`drhalhlr`dl` }÷{ etaentedcr Ne{l Bldlt Aerml`cse Aedre}e}c)`de 956 &<=59# tlrcfhc bcr 
nctlbede "Dàw` hc)h!nlds)!er)csse we)h!seriumcsse ^er)à we seriumà &÷rgc# dlwlhlrhl chichc alfneaeQ
cglde}c b÷she cnchc bcr slz`` hfl`hhlr   d÷`eac`de de wlr ohduu`u i÷}teraentedcr3 VWC l}rdl
O}al`h cdlre}c`denc A}r)dl sllsl` bcr flfla O}al`hhlrdl er)à we ÷rgà ohaln ø{ere cnc fununu
}c}teac`c` wlrh`dl` blf}etaentedcr<: 
Bu ieréec te}zctte` }o`rl ø{erc`de duruhal} ierene` `ontl glrnh enchherde ohul` bu cnc
funun }c}teac`c` bcrbcrcshe `l}h usua i÷}terdcc wesl i÷}tercz i÷}teraedccdcr O}al`hhlr` e}l}
 
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blnl``l setnc tl`d lhl`hlr` ÷rgc funun nurlhhlrshl dohduruhduu i÷{ ÷`ø`e lh`d`dl O}al`h
fununu`u` }hla fununu  etrlg`dl enchhe`dcc`c }÷sheaen sl`h ohal{ Bu }ebezhe ÷rgc funun
nurlhhlr`` no`uhu llal}`dl zldclftl` `cl`msl( nldl}ner de` alflhhc nldhlrl( we{crcl{ladl`
esføhc}hlal wlr`mlsl nldlr éon llalh bcr no`troh aenl`c{al}`` er !c!÷rgc funun usuau`l ÷{e`
i÷}terdcc`c }÷sheaen aøanø`dør O}al` Il{c )`c` chn zl{lr weric}c`c noslrne` bu`u` ercltl usuz
osald`l ÷{e` i÷}terae}c( l`mln alf{urhu ohald `ontl}`dl cn`l edchdcnte` }o`rl rl{ ohal}
dcnnlt éencmcdcr<< Ls` ÷{e`c` dlfl }o`rlnc l}r fønøadlrhlr tlrlg`dl` dl i÷}terchdcc`c }÷sheaen
sl`h ohal{ Toznlz ]lrls  Lrcwc)`de aewmut éon }lsdlnc getwl  zldclfhlr` fununc wesl cdlrc
tl}lrrughlr`dl getwl c}teaen( bcr dcer cgldeshe o tl}lrrugu` }hla fununu`l usiu`huu`dl` eac`
ohaln hø{uau`u fc}}ettcnherc`c i÷}teraentedcr
O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` nuruhul we n}l {lal`dl bcr mcfl` dewhetc ohal}`dl chn d÷`ea
fønøadlrhlr`` we dewhet ldlahlr`` dc`c feseml`hlr``( il{l   døø`me}c`c` os`ld roh dcnnlte
lh`d`dl blnl tørhø bcr iehcaesc de benheaeaen ierencr Zluh Yctten)c` cddcl ettcc icbc<2 O}al`h
Beshcc)`c` n}l }ørede bcr mcfl` dewhetc flhc`e iehae}c`de il{l døø`me}c`c` we dc`c aotcgherc`
seil`e rohø os`ld }÷she`ae}e bche bu`u` e` ÷`eahc glnt÷rherde` bcrc ohduu dl tlrtal}{dr
O}al`hhlr` e` l{`dl` nuruhu d÷`eac zldclf   we dewhet ldlahlr`` bcr tlrlgtl` }hla dc`c`c
slsal døø`me}cshe ml`hlr` tefhcnese ltz O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` bcr cazlrltorh un flhc`e ietcrcrne` ÷te
tlrlgtl` bu dc`c` fununu`l fcé lhdr etaeaeherc døø`øheae{  
te sl`dl` ÷rgc fununu ohuuau`dl roh lhl` nurua we lf}hlr dl b÷she bcr lfe`ic }lhlslmln
bcr slz we nlrlnter lr{etaentedcr Fer esde` ÷`me ÷rgc fununu` ohuuau`dl` bcrc`mc deremede
}oruahu ohl` `cl`mhlr o`lht`m l}rl sl`c O}al`h fununu`u` bøsøn ÷héøde ohuuau`u tlalahld
d÷`eae nldlr aøderrc}herde` sl`c }hla fununu   lhcaherc`de` }eéchacherdcr<= Sc`e bu fununu`
ohuuau`dl ÷`eahc roh os`lsl` dcw` ! føasu`u` `cl`m`` d`dl cnc ÷`eahc øse}c de &Ruaehc we
 L`ldohu nl{l}nerc# erc fununu` tea}chmchercdcr
Bu`hlr` ÷rgc fununu` dcwl`dl ohuua llal}`l bøtø`øshe }escrmc ohdunhlr` døø`aen
aøanø` dechdcr Bu hc}tese O}al`h Dewhetc)`denc }lsi`h we etnc`hcc tlrthal{ ohl` esføhc}hla  
we O}al`h fununu`u` usiuhl`al}`dl dorudl` roh }lfcbc ohl` nldhlr  dl enhe`dcc`de l}h`dl ÷rgc
fununu` fl{rhn we usiuhlal llal}`dl roh lhl`hlr` tlala`l sln``` er)c funun tea}chmcherc
&efh!c er)# ohduu i÷røhør Bøtø` bu`hlrdl` }o`rl O}al`h fununu`u` er)c we ÷rgc fununu` usuahu
usiuhlal}`dl slnlhl` }ewcse lrtm ohalalntldr Tlbcltshl bu durua ÷{ehhcnhe me{l fununu  
lhl``dl }hla fununu`l lsnr bl{ ÷r`en we usiuhlalhlr` wlr ohduu ieréec`c de ortldl`
nlhdral{ 
Bu enchde cnchc bcr slz lr{ede` we ne`dc céc`de behcrhc bcr usua we lfe`ic tea}ch ede` O}al`h
fununu ie`c O}al`h morlgsl}`` fer tlrlg`dl c}tcnrlrh bcr bcécade usiuhl`atr Bcr dcer 
 
29
morlgsl}`dl lldl behcrtemecac{ c}tcb`lhlr d`dl behhc bcr sen`e}lnhn lr{etactcr Bcr me{l
dlwl}`dl wesl fln}{ gcchherhe chichc bcr cftchlgtl Nlfcre)de fl`ic fønøa werchcsor}l Behirld)dl dl ls`
fønøa werchactcr Ls` durua bcr lrl{c cftchlg wesl wlnghlrhl chichc bcr l`hlal{hn céc` de ieéerhcdcr
Bldlt)tlnc alfneae nlsthlrshl( Er{urua wesl ]ogsl)dlncher lrl}`dl bu lédl` ÷`eahc glrnhlr 
sontur
er)c funun lhl``dl bu bcrhcn L`ldohu we Ruaehc)de e}l} ctcblrcshe }ldeme Fl`egc ae{febc`c`
cétcflthlr`` usiuhl`al} che }lhl`atr L}h`dl O}al`h Dewhetc)`de` ÷`me Bøsøn ]ehéunhu we
 L`ldohu ]ehéunhu Dewhetc)`de de Fl`egc ae{febc usiuhlalsl e}l} ohautu Alfneaehere ltl`l`
nldhlr bu ae{fez ae`}uzhlr lrl}`dl` }eéchcsordu O}al`hhlr  dl bu iehe`ec dewla ettcracherdcr
 L`ldohu we Ruaehc)de ÷{eh c{c`he dcer ae{fez i÷røherc`c` c}tc}`le` usiuhl`al} bcr tlrlgl Fl`egc
ae{febc usiuhl`atr Ortl Dou we Nu{es Lgrcnl)dl c}e orl }lnc`herc` ae{fez termcfherc`e }lsi
i÷}terchac  tlrlghlr` ae{fezherc`e i÷re d÷rt ]ø``c ae{febc` usiuhl`al}`l canl` tl``atr
 L`mln o`lht`m l}r` ortlhlr`dl` ctcblre` bu no`udl dlfl nlt bcr tutua tln`ha( c}tc}`lc
usiuhlalhlr dewrede` énlrhlrln L`ldohu we Ruaehc)de }ldeme Fl`egc ae{febc i÷røherc
usiuhl`lrln dcer ae{fezherde` slrlrhl`al sl}lnhl`atr Ebu}}uud Ege`dc Alru{lt)tl ser lhl` bcr 
getwl}`dl lgcc  i÷røø`ø` usihl`al}`` zldclf tlrlg`dl` sl}lnhl`d` lénél besl`
etaentedcr<4 B÷sheme behcrtche` b÷hieherde }ldeme Fl`egc ae{febc`c` usiuhl`al} }hla fununu`u`
re}ae` nl`u`hltrhald we dohls}shl re}ac nl`u` aetc`herc`c` buhu`ald bcr d÷`eade
fununu` usiuhl`al} dl bcrhcn we sen`e}lnh c}ter c}teae{ berlberc`de ietcractcr  
Bu no`udl alfneaeherde bchic nls`l ohlrln e}l}e` aedre}eherde de der} nctlb ohlrln
onutuhl` gnf nctlzhlr`` nuhhl`ha ohal} bu bcrhcn we c}tcnrlr dlfl dl nuwwethe`dcractcr O}al`h
alfneaeherc`de nuhhl`hl` cnc ÷`eahc gnf nctlb`dl` burldl lsrml blf}etaen ierencr Bu`hlrdl`
bcrc`mc}c Gltcf d÷`eac lhcaherc`de` Aohhl Fø}rew Gerlaør{ b Lhc)`c` Dørerø)h !Fønna gc erfc Iurerc)h!
 Lfna  c}cahc nctlbshl brlfca Flhebc)`c` Aøhten)h!Ebfur gc)h!Gørþ)c)h!Fl`egcsse c}cahc e}ercdcr Aohhl
Fø}rlw  e}erc Gltcf d÷`eac`de` Nl`u`c d÷`eac`e nldlr( Flhebc)`c` e}erc c}e Nl`u`c)de` O}al`h
Dewhetc)`c` }o` d÷`eaherc`e nldlr alfneaeherde }ørenhc ne`dcherc`e blwuruhl` bcr eh nctlb ohautur
Nldhlr  }hla fununu lhl``l icre` fununc cftchlghlr burldl ser lhl` fønøaher `dl é÷{aøherdcr
Bu s÷`hercshe bu cnc nctlz ldetl slr re}ac bcrer nl`u` aemaul} ÷{ehhcc`e børø`aø we }hla !
O}al`h fununu`u` dø{e`hc we sen`e}ln usiuhl`al}`dl ÷`eahc roh os`latr Tlbcltshl bu cnc
nls`ll we dcer gnf nctlzhlr`l O}al`h d÷`eac`c` ÷`deiehe` fununéuhlr( ÷{ehhcnhe
esføhc}hlahlr`` ne`dcherc`e }oruhl` }ølhhere werdcnherc mewlzhlrdl` ohul` getwl   aemaulhlr dl
enhe`aehcdcr
rgc funun lhl``dlnc c}tcnrlrh usiuhlaldl c}e nl`u``laeherc` ÷`eahc rohø ohautur rgc funun
nurlhhlr éou nere gerdc nl`u` fønøaherc  enhc`de ortlsl éna}l dl bu`hlr( behhc bcr senu`l
uhlt`dl ieren re}ac ieren}e ÷{eh derheaehere no`u ohautur {eh derheaeherde `etcme ctcblrcshe
geral`( fønøa( fltt! føalsu` crlde!c }e`csse icbc re}ac funun behieherc`e dlsl`d`dl` bu`hlr`
lf}hlr tlrlg`dl` tedwc` edchac ohal} bcr alf{ur tench etaeaentedcr Tewncc Lbdurrlfal` Zll  
 
26
Ae{lac`!c Degter!c Dcwl`( Fe{lrge` Fø}esc` Ege`dc)`c` Tehfc}ø)h!Besl` Gc Nlw`c`!c Lh!c O}al`) bu
tørø` dcnnlte deer ÷r`enherc`de`dcr Bl{e` usiuhl`d eslhete( bl{l` céerdcc no`uhlrl wesl
flnn`dl nl`u` fønøaherc no`l` iruzhlrl i÷re bcr lrlsl ietcrche` nl`u``l aeher ÷rgc funun  dø{e`hc
usiuhl`al}`dl we O}al`h Dewhetc)`de fununu` c}tcnrlr`` we bcrhcc` }lhl`al}`dl ÷`eahc bcr roh
ø}the`acherdcr L`mln er)c fununtl ae{fezhere i÷re bcr glrnhhn ohduu icbc ÷rgc fununtl dl
usiuhl`d eslhete i÷re glrnh dø{e`heaeher buhu`lbchaentesdc [lal` céc`de bu glrnhhnhlr` ortldl`
nlhdrhal}`l we ie`eh nl`u``laeherc` fl{rhl`al}`l s÷`ehcn bcr }escrc` c{he`dcc we b÷sheme
fununtl bcrhcn l`hls`` dlfl nuwwethe flsltl ieécrchdcc }÷she`ebchcr 
Nl`u``laeherc` e` ÷`eahc go`n}cso`u O}al`h tebl}`l usiuhl`lmln fønøaherc` behcric` we
bchc`csor ohal}` }lhlaln we bu sohhl funun usiuhlal}`dl nesgchcc ÷`heaen we funun dø{e`c`e
iøwe` dusiu}u`u }lhlalntr Ncac nl`u``laeherc` aunlddcae}c`de nl`u``lae `erc`de e}l}
ilse`c` sørørhønte ohl` nl`u` fønøaherc`c` behcric` we bchc`csor ohal}` }lhlaln ohduu lénél
behcrtchaentedcr CC ]ehca d÷`eac`e lct Bcil }l`ml nl`u``lae}c`de "Ber aumeb!c geral`! føalsu` 
fer wchlsette ohl` nl`u` alhua ohaln céc` degterc` {lfr`dl sl{haln hl{a we aøfca ohal`"
de`ae}c<5 dcnnlt éencmcdcr Ne{l 3:9/<5:2 tlrcfhc Bur}l ftc}lb Nl`u``lae}c)`de de nl`u``lae`c`
fl{rhl` ierenée}c ohlrln "meac mø{csslt`l we nøhhcslt`l wlng ohuz l}hl aøbfea we `l !al)hua
eacr noalsz dlncnl gewt etaescz sl{uz tlg}ch ede}c{ nc i÷`derdcc`c{ degter nl`u``lae ohuz wlnt !c
flmette l`l aørlmllt nlbch ohuz `ewl` `on}l` ohalsl desø ear" ohu`duu behcrtchaentedcr<7 Be`{er 
cgldeher Ae`tee }l`ml ldlhet`lae}c`de de wlrdr<9 
Bu`u teac` céc` }ldeme nl`u``lae  `ercshe setc`chaeac( nl`u``lae `ø}flhlr` fer tlrlgl
slshal}`l ÷{e` i÷}terchactcr VWC l}rl lct bcr ldlhet`laede` Nl`u`c d÷`eac `de tl`{ca edche`
nl`u``lae`c` fer efcrdenc alfneaehere i÷`derchdcc l`hlhalntldr<6 Lsrml Al`c}l   h
Nøtøzfl`e}c)`de buhu`l` bcr nl`u``lae`c` aunlddcae}c`de( nl`u``lae`c`( fønøaherc`de`
flberdlr ohaln c}tese` nldhlr` tlhebc ø{erc`e L`ldohu)`u` auftehcg wchlsetherc`e i÷`derchdcc
behcrtchaentedcr<3 Nldhlr` ne`dcherc`e i÷`derche` nl`u``laeherc }cmch degterc `e nlsdedcz
ierentcc`de orldl` slrlrhl`lrln nuhhl`dnhlr l`hlhalntldr2: Nldhlr` ehhe rc`de buhu`l`
nl`u``lae aetc`herc`c( {lal` {lal` aerne{e i÷`dereren }o` deccnhcnhere i÷re `cl`mhlrl tl}fcf
ettcraeherc de sørørhøntenc nl`u` fønøaherc`c` en}cn}c{ bchc`ae}c`e s÷`ehcn écgt   tlrlgh bcr ilsretc`
aewmudcsetc`e clret etaentedcr 
Be`{er bcr ilsret nl`u``laeherc` flhnl dusuruhal}`dl dl aølfede edchaentedcr Slwu{
]uhtl` ]ehca tlrlg`dl` Al`c}l)dl buhu`l` ef{lde ]øhesal`)l i÷`derche` }csl}et`la ede ae{nur 
nl`u``lae`c` aø`ldcher wl}tl}shl flhnl dusuruhal} earedchaentedcr2< Bcr blnl nl`u``laede
be`{er bcr tlhez Bldlt  flhn`l s÷`ehcn ohlrln c}te`aentedcr22 Ldlhet`laeherde de be`{er 
fønøahere rl}thl`alntldr2= Bu  tcz usiuhlalhlrl hfl`hhlrdl we Aeahunhlrdl rl}thl`a ohal}24
dl lsrml dcnnlt éencmcdcr E}l}e` }hla funun tlrcfc`de nl`u``lae iehe`ec dlfl {cslde Tørn/Aooh
funun acrl}`` dewla `ctehcc`dedcr Flhntl` c}tese`her de behcrhc bcr ømret nlrh`dl alfneaede`
 
23
Dcnnlt éencmc ohl` ontl nl`u``laeherc` ieren c}dlr`dl ieren}e flhnl dusuruhal}`dl( o`hlr`
nl`u``lae fønøaherc`e rclsetc`c }lhlal fedegc`c` sl` }rl wesl o`dl` dlfl éon( nlau
i÷rewhcherc`c` flhnl nesgc aulaehe slzal}` ÷`heae lalm`` i÷{etchac ohal}dr Dlfl lén bcr 
cgldeshe nl`u``laeher dlfl éon efh!c ÷rg  de`che` nlau i÷rewhcherc`c` nesgc me{lhlr werae}c`c( dchedcc
icbc weric nosuz tlf}ch etae}c`c we cdlrc bcr setncsc nuhhl`sor i÷rø`tø}ø lht`dl nl`u`l lsnr
dlwrl`hlr` ÷`heaen céc` énlrhatr Bu durua nl`u``lae aetc`herc`de` de l`hlhalntldr
Gltcf d÷`eac`e lct Nl`u``lae!c Nctlbet!c Wchlsette; "Fu}u}l` auflhcg!c degter we auilscr!c nl`u`!
aunlrrer relsldl` lh`l` eawlhc` wegret!c {uhaø`de` we ne}ret!c tl{lhhuau`dl` we e}flb! talr che
relsl ortl}`dl ohl` aufl}lalt` wøgur ! cnlsetc`de` we fcalset!c wchlset céc` chhere tenhcg !c lwlr{ 
ohu`duntl acndlr! fl`eherc`e we ewnlg ! aø}hcac` lfwlhc`e we al}lrcg !c aulsse`eherc`de
autl}lrrgc`c` cftcalahlr`l we tl}crherc`e wunug we cttchla ohaln aøfca we hl{a ohduu emchde` fer 
wchlsete bc` eac` we bcr nltcb i÷`dercz( mø{c we nøhhc( `lncr we ntacr degter edøz degterde` flrcm bcr 
`e}`e noalaln ear eshesøz" de`aentedcr27
Bcr blnl ÷r`en 324/<5<6 tlrcfhc Nlrlal` eslhetc nl`u`udur; "Wchlset!c Nlrlal` nc aealhcn!c
ae{nure`c` aøhflnlt`dl` we au{lglt`dl`dr Lfwlh ! relsl} aufteh ohduu emchde` o`l dlfc
øae`l i÷`derøz talr` we ewnlg` we eahlnc` sl{uz degter etaen ear eshedccade` }o`rl }ea !c
ercgcae ÷she c}tcal ohu`du nc wchlset!c ae{burede er !c `ebewcse we nl`u`!c O}al`cse auflhcg 
bcdlthlr ohuz l`dl ohl` relslsl e`wl telddcher we {uhøaher wlnc ohur cac Oh mcfette`"29 Nl`u`c
d÷`eac`de fl{rhl`a ohal} hl{a iehe` Nl`u` !c O}al` u }÷{herhe blhlalntldr; "Aerfual`
we algurl` ltla we dedea !`ewwerlhhlfø telhl aernldeføal! `l{lr nhahlr we i÷raøher nca
{lhcaher al{huahlrl {øha nhlz fldde` temlwø{ edøz relsl`` flhc aønedder ohuz we oh }ebebte`
Nl`u`!c O}al` wl{ etacher Sc`e be` dlfc busurdua nc"26 
Ilsrcaø}hcaherc` ae}nu` ohduu b÷hieher céc` énlrhl` nl`u``laeherde de nl`u``lae  
}dlr`dlnc l`l fedegc` nlau i÷rewhcherc`c` nesgc we fununl lsnr dlwrl`hlr` ÷`heae lr{u}u
ohduu wuriuhl`alntldr 322/<5<7 tlrcfhc ]eae`dcre  Eghlnhlr nl`u``lae}c`de
"Bu`dl` lndea ]eae`dcre }l`ml`dl` nl{l! ]eae`dcrewe }lcr relsl} }ødde!c aldehet!
blfal iehøz ø{ercac{e wl{ ohu`l` nl`u` !c nldcae auflhcg }l`mln besherc we woswodlhlr lrzl we
budls we othun }lhuz ewwehde` lhu`l iehactcr desu mebr ø nlfr che all {csldetc` lhuz we bu`hlrdl`
ilsr }l`mlnbesc  ldlahlr we }ublhlr we n`e{her we zcreacnørher dlfc e`wl ! flsg we telddc we
e}`lg! cgtcrl we te{wcrher nhuz l`hlru` dlfc ne}ret!c ae{lhca we wegret!c aeflscgherc`de` flhcac{ ilset
aønedder ohautur desø gewnl)h!fld we)h!ld cnlsether we tl{lhhuahlr eshesøz we be`ca dlfc l)wla !
aldehet!lfl`e we essla! `}get!c zldclfl`eade ncae}`ese auflhcg!c er)c autlfflr we auilscr !c
nl`u`! aunlrrer {uha we flsg ohduu`l r{ls! ercgca ohald emchde`"23 
Nl`u``laherc` nesgchcc ÷`heae fedegc`e s÷`ehcn ohlrln énlrhd we bu`dl e}l} ctcblrcshe
auwlggln dl ohduu urldl` dl behhcdcr nc b÷hieherc`denc efh !c ÷rgø` ieren weric tozhlaldl ieren
 
=:
Neglho`sl nl`u``lae}c`de ÷she blhlalntldr; "@cl`! føalsu` sl{hl nc( Neglho`sl me{cre}c  flhn
derilf! aulhhlal ldla i÷`derøz uaalhdl` we ilsrcde` e`wl! cnlset lr{ edøz nl`u``lae tlhez
ettønherc emchde` bu føna!c føalsu`u werdca we busurdua nc"=: 
Nl`u``laeherde we ldlhet`laeherde nlau i÷rewhcherc`c` nl`u` fønøaherc`e lsnr usiuhlalsl
s÷`ehaeaeherc no`u}u ohdunél }nhnhl che`aentedcr 349/<54: tlrcfhc Alhltsl   hcwl} nl`u`u`dl
bu`dl` }o`rl "efh!c ÷rg  ohl`hlr bu nl`u`dl` temlwø{ esheaeseher" de`aentedcr Sc`e ls` nl`u`dl
}uéhuhlrdl` lh`lmln zlrl me{lhlr no`u}u`dl nl`u`l aørlmllt edchcz burldl behcrtche`de` gl{hl
lh`alal}`dl` blf}edchaentedcr=< Be`{er bcr fønøa Bo{!Uhu} nl`u``lae}c`de de wlrdr Sc`e
396/<59: tlrcfhc Flhez hcwl} nl`u``lae}c`de che`e` }uéhlr no`u}u`dl "Nl`u` !c O}al`c"se
aørlmllt edchae}c( }csl}et me{l}`l aø}tefln ohl`hlrdl` bu me{lsl aunlbch zlrl me{l} &bedeh!c
}csl}et# lh`alal} earedchaentedcr=2 CC Blse{cd  d÷`eac`e lct ie`eh nl`u``laede &Nctlb !
Nlwl`c`!c rgcse!c O}al`c#( }ldeme nlau i÷rewhcherc`c` nl`u``laese usalhlr earedchaeaente( bu
earc dc`heaese`herc aerne{e bchdcraese` nld hlr dlfc tefdct edchaentedcr; "Ac` bl)d bu {cnr ohu`l`
nlwl`c` aumebc`me laeh edeher( bu nl`u`dl` temlwø{ esheaeseher Ede`her c nu{lt! wchlset ae`
edeher Aea`u ohalsl`hlr Derilf! aulhhlsl lr{ edeher We chhl wchlset nldhlr aulteb ohurhlr"==
Bcr nl`u``lae `ø}fl}`` flcse}c`de nl`u``laeherc` fedegc`c` flhn cdlremcherc` {uhaø`de`
nurtlraln ohduu`u` behcrtchae}c=4 nl`u``laeherc` énlrhal}`` e}l} fedegc`c` nl`u` flncacsetc`c
}lhlaln ohduu`u ortlsl nosalntldr 
Nl`u``lae aø`deremlt`` weric( lrl{c we ÷rgc me{lhlrl( bcr blnl cgldeshe efh!c ÷rgø`
tlndcrherc`e ie`c canl` tl`slbchemen ohl` lhl`hlrl tlf}c} edchac ohal} dl bu slria{
nuwwethe`dcraentedcr ÷she nc O}al`h Dewhetc)`de ÷rgc me{lhlr` dlfl éon zlrl me{l}   enhc`de
lh`al} we bu me{lhlr` }ubl( besherbesc icbc nlau i÷rewhcherc`c` iehcrherc møahe}c`de` lddedchae}c
bu`hlr` acntlr`` nl`u``laeherhe behcrhe`ae}c c wesl behcrhesemen nrcterherc` ohuturuhal} {lruretc`c
iø`deae ietcractcr B÷sheme nlau i÷rewhcherc`c` l`mln nl`u``laede sl{h ohl` mercaesc
lhlbchaeherc }lhl`aln c}te`actcr Bcr tlrlgtl` nl`u``laeherhe me{l acntlrhlr behcrtchcrne` ÷bør 
tlrlgtl` me{lhl`draldl authlnl flnca nlrlr``( nl`u``laeherdenc cgldeshe   "nld alrcgetc"`c`
lrl`al} ldlhetc` teac`c`de ÷`eahc bcr u`}ur ohlrln i÷røhaøtør CC Blse{cd   d÷`eac Tu`l tu{hl}
sl}ln`lae}c de ÷she de`aentedcr; "Fer nca sl}lal auflheget edøzohur}l nuhua buhl dutuz
nld aemhc}c`e ietøre Nld dlfc ber !aumeb!c er !c ercg  tegtc eshese Eer earcae auflhcg c ettønherc
erhe {lfcr ohur}l nld alrcgetcshe sl}la aumebc`me nuhua flnhlr`dl` iehe Laal nld nlrcgetc
ohaldl` ncae}`ese nuhua sl}ln etaen mlc{ dechdcr"=5 Ln}c bcr usiuhlal flhn` bøtø`øshe nlau
i÷rewhcherc`c` tlndcrc`e we c`}lg`l brlnhal} l`hla`l iehcrdc  
Nld`` bchic we c{`c`c` lrl`al} }ldeme me{l dlwlhlr`l fl} dechdcr Feae` feae` bøtø`
fununc we cdlrc tl}lrrughlrdl nld`` bchic we o`ls`` lrl`al} O}al`h Dewhetc)`de serheac we
tctc{hcnhe tlncz edche` bcr usiuhlaldr
 
=<
lach tlrlg`dl` eh no`uhuz }lthal}(=9 CC Blse{cd d÷`eac`e lct nl`u``laede `lrf hlr` no`uhal}(=6
ne`dcherc`e bcr i÷rew werche`herc` o irewc serc`e ietcraeherc(=3 élr zl{lrhl chichc nurlhhlr éc`ese`herc
aufte}cbc` d÷ae}c(4: flrlé weric}c tozhlsl`l flrlémhlr` }÷{ no`u}u wericsc tozhlalhlr4< fl}h
÷r`en nlbchc`de` behcrttccac{ bøtø` bu cdlrc( alhc we fununc tl}lrrughlr l`mln nld`` c{c` we o`lsshl
&nld  alrcgetcshe# slzhlbchcr Bcr l`hladl O}al`h s÷`etcac   nlds bøtø` nlau}lh tl}lrrughlr`
aerne{c`e serhetcrac we o`u` de`etcac`e brlna ohalntldr nc ldch bcr s÷`etcac` ieréenheae}c
lé}`dl` bu`u` ÷`eac c`nlr edcheae{  
@etcme ctcblrcshe O}al`h Dewhetc  }ldeme d÷`eac`c` lrthlr `dl bcr funun }c}teac
iehctcraenhe nlhala bu`hlr` flsltl ieécrchae}c céc` we etnc` bcr bcécade usiuhl`al} céc` ehc`de`
iehe`c slzatr Lht sø{ }e`e bosu`ml ie`c we zrobheahc bcr morlgsldl lslntl nlhal}`` }rr
aufteaehe` burldl sltalntldr 
< aer Høtgc Blrnl`( VW we VW  L}rhlrdl O}al`h azlrltorhuu)`dl [crlc Eno`oac`c`
Fununc we Alhc E}l}hlr; Nl`u`hlr( }tl`buh <34=( } =42
2 Blrnl`( =:3
= Blrnl`( 64
4 Blblnl`hn O}al`h Lrcwc &BOL#( Aøfcaae Degterherc &AD#( m =( } 2<3 
5 BOL( Lhc Eacrc( Nl`u`hlr( <59
7 "O}al`h Nl`u``laeherc" &Tewncà Lbdurrlfal` Zll Nl`u``lae}c#( Achhc Tetebbuhlr 
Aemaul} &ATA#( m C( }s =( } 436!5:=( 5:6
9 Bn eh!Aø`mcd( "l!r!g" ad
6 Tur}u` Bes( Tlrcf!c Ebu)h!Getf( fl{ Aertoh Tuhua( }tl`buh <399( } <2
3 Urceh Fesd( "E}nc O}al`h Fununu`dl Nl`u` we erclt"( ter ]ehlflttc` Erohu( LGD( m
VVWC( } } 7=3
<:  Ls` nls`ln( } 7=4 
<<  Lnzll{de Tlrcfc( Lhc Bes `erc( }tl`buh <==2( } <3!2:
<2 Zluh Yctten( O}al`h azlrltorhuu)`u` Douu( Tørnéese éewcre` Glfrcse Lrn( }tl`buh 
<349( } 42 w d
<= Gltcf)c` Tenchlt Nl`u``lae}c)`de lénél "We `cl`mhn   dlfch we }lf` aøderrc}herc`c`
sohudur" fønaø ietcrchactcr> bn Lfaet Lniø`dø{( O}al`h Nl`u``laeherc( }tl`buh <33:( m C( } =2<
 
<7  Lniø`dø{( CC( <3< 
<9  Lniø`dø{( CCC( <62!<6=
<6 Ewlch!c Rebcuhlfcr <::4 &4!<4 Lrlhn <535# tlrcfhc bu ldlhet`lae  céc` Bn Me`ic{ Uhuéls(
VWCC L}rdl ]lrufl`)dl Encslhn( }tl`buh <34<( } <7= w d
<3 Tu`mer I÷née( "O}al`h Nl`u``laeherc we Bcr Nl`u``lae ]uretc Flnn`dl"( TLD( m W
&<33:#( } 2<9!2<6
2: 3<7/<5<: tlrcfhc Ze`mcn Nl`u``lae}c)`denc "We }e` nc nld}`( bu nl`u``lae }uretc`
}cmchhltl nlsd ede}c` [lsc ohalsuz dlcal aumebcshe laeh ohu` l" nlsd nl`u``laeherc` ercse
nlsdedchdcc`c i÷}teraentedcr> bn Lniø`dø{( CC( <=2 Ne{l be`{er bcr fønøa   céc` bn ls` nls`ln( }
25=
2< E`wer [csl Nlrlh( "Slwu{ ]uhtl` ]ehca)c` Ohu ef{lde ]øhesal`)l Al`c}l ]l`ml`
dlre Etae}c éc` I÷`derdcc ]csl}et`lae"( Behhete` }s 2<!2< &<342#( } =6> Flhch `lhmn(
"Ldlhet`laeher"( Behieher Tørn Tlrcf Behieherc Deric}c( m CC( }s = !4( } <:4 w d
22 Flhch `lhmn( "]uhecal` tfe Hlyicwer l`d Ottoal` Hly"( Lrmfcwua Ottoal`cmua( m C
&<373#( } <=5
2= `lhmn( "Ldlhet`laeher"( } <<<( <<9
24 `lhmn( "]uhecal` tfe Hlyicwer l`d Ottoal` Hly"( } <=5!<=7
25 `lhmn( "Ldlhet`laeher"( <:6( <=2
27  Lniø`dø{( C( =76 
29  Lniø`dø{( CCC( =:6 
26  Lniø`dø{( CW( 237 
23  Lniø`dø{( CCC( 456 
=:  Lniø`dø{( CC( 422 
 
==
==  Lniø`dø{( CC( 5=( ad 36
=4 Urceh Fesd( "E}nc O}al`h Fununu`dl Nl`u` we erclt"( termøae; ]ehlflttc` Erohu(
 LGD( m VVWC( } 7=5 
=5  Lniø`dø{( CC( 534 
=7  Lniø`dø{( C( 5=3 
=9  Lniø`dø{( C( 7<5 
=6  Lniø`dø{( CC( 94 
=3  Lniø`dø{( CC( 95 
4:  Lniø`dø{( CC( 263 
4<  Lniø`dø{( CC( =46 
 
=4
O}al`h Nl`u``âaeherc &Douu( Éectherc we Tlrcfà ]esrc# / Zrog. Dr. Lfaed Lniø`dø{ ^}.2<!42Q
Roterdla }ha `cwer}cte}c Rent÷rø / Fohhl`dl 
C Nl`u``laeherc` Tlrcgc we Douu 
O}al`h nl`u``laeherc`c` lhl``( }hla Fununu)`dl øhø)h!eare tl``l sl}lal setnc}c tench
eder O}al`h Fununu)`dl øhø)h!ear tlrlg`dl` tedwc` edche` fununà dø{e`heaeherc cglde etaen ø{ere
deccn nlwrlahlr nuhhl`hatr Bu`hlr lrl}`dl "÷rg"( "nl`u`"( "sl}l "( "sl}ln"( "nl`u``ae"(
"}cs}et" we "nlw`c`!c }cs}et" nehcaeherc`c {cnredebchcrc{ Bu`hlr` fez}c de ls` al`ls cglde
etaentedcr ÷she nc> 
"Nl`u`" nehcae}c( }÷{hønte fer esc` acns}`l de`cr nc( o`u`hl nsl}   ohu`ur ouhu
Nlw`c`)dcr Su`l`ml wesl ]ørsl`cme ohduu behcrtche` bu nehcae( }hà l`hla`l blnhlrln nøhhc ncde(
`c{a we u}þh al`lhlr` cgde céc` de nuhhl`hatr Dlfl }o`rl dl bcr funun we geh}ege tercac ohlrln(
dewhetée tl`{ca ohu`l` u}þh we ncdehere de`actcr Bu al`ldl nl`u`( er)à wesl ilsr! er)à ohlbchcr
 L`mln }ha dewhetc  }÷{ no`u}u ohu`ml we ÷rgà fununu` }`rhlr céc`de nlh`dnél( ld`l nlw`c` !c
÷rgcse de`}e de er)à sl`c er)à fønøahere lsnr ohalsl` nl`u` }÷{ no`u}udur< Bu éect u}þh we
ncdeherc cftcwl ede` nl`u` nctlb`l dl nl`u``ae   de`chcr O}al`h fununu`dl nl`u`u` tlrcgc(
sunlrdl }`rhlr` éc{dccac{ ÷rgà funun   doruhtu}u`dl slzhatr ÷she nc> "Nlw`c` nl`u`u`
éouhudur Nl`u` c}e( }`rhlr` noru`al}( l}nerc` teéfc{c( re)s`` cdremcherc` we fncaherc`
{uhøaherc`de` aufgl{l}( funun we chca ldlahlr`` i÷{etcheren er)à ae}eheherc` ne`dcherc`e tegwc {c
we n}lml aaese we dewhete lct fc{aet we al}hlflthlr tl`{ca ede` fønøahere de`cr"2 [cnredche`
al`ldl we ÷rgà fununu` }`rhlr céerc}c`de( cdlrà alhà( me{là we be`{erc funun lhl`hlr`dl( auftehcg 
{lal` we {eac`herde( øhø)h!earc` eacr we geral`hlrshl( {lal`` esføhc}hahlr`` getwhlr`l
dlsl`hlrln wl{)edche` nl`u` fønøaherc( ls`e` wesl ÷{et flhc`de bcr nl`u` nctb`dl derhe`ae}c
flhc`de bu`l dl "Nl`u``ae" de`aentedcr=
Dcer nehcaeher de  ls` al`ls cglde etaentedcr Bu éect nl`u``aeherc`( bcrc`mc deremede
nls`l` ÷rg !det ncdeherc tench ettcc céc`( ÷{ehhcnhe O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` chn d÷`eaherc`de nl`u`
serc`e ÷rg tl)bcrc nuhhl`hatr Sc`e chn d÷`eaherde nuhhl`hl` sl}ln   nehcae}c de( nl`u` nlz}la`l
dlfchdcr Tur}u` Be( ÷rgø "Sl`c bu tedbcr oh aertebe ohal{}l( behnc aømerred tlwr! lnh ø{ere `c{a!
hea!c {fcr céc` ae}eh tlwr ! Me`ic{ Fl`  icbc ohur}l( }ebebc`e c{ge ederher( "}cs}et !c }uht`à " we
"sl}l! zdclfà" derher nc ÷rgøaø{me o`l ÷rg derher" enhc`de lénhlatr nc( nl`u`l de`n
døaentedcr4 rgà funun de`ae}c de bu l`hlsl dlsl`alntldr ]cs}et   nehcae}c c}e( }÷{hønte(
re)s`` uaþru`u tedbcr we tl`{ca sl`c cdlre deaentcr }ha fununéuhlr`` tlrcg ettcc }cs}et wesl
}cs}et!c er)àse c}e( tlalae` nl`u` we nl`u``ae`c` nlrhdr ÷she nc; ]cs}et!c er)àse( erà)lt`
ie`eh e}l}hlr`l lsnr ohalaln lrtshl( }ha achhetc we dewhetc`c` frcmde we dfchde( fer éect }csl}à 
 
=5
Nl`u` we nl`u``ae iehe`ec O}al`hhlrl fl} dechdcr L`mln er)à fønøahere usiu` ohlrln(
÷rgà fununu` bøtø` lhl`hlr`dl øhø)h!eare tl``l` setncherc tlalae` nuhhl`l` we ie`c élztl
nl`u``aeher   ortlsl nosl` chn }ha dewhetc( O}al`h Dewhetc)dcr }hacset)te` ÷`menc Tørnher de de
nl`u``ae iehe`ec aewmuttur `eahe cglde edehca nc( O}al`h Nl`u``aeherc( dlfl ÷`menc Tørn
cdlre nl`u`hlr`dl` slrlrhl`atr( l`mln er)àhcn }ø{iemc`de` authlnl ieécrchactcr No`usu bcrl{
dlfl lélha; 
<# }hacset)te` ÷`menc Tørnhere we ÷{ehhcnhe Ftls Tørnherc`e lct bcr Nl`u``ae )de`
blf}edchaentedcr Bu nl`u``ae`c` orckc`lhc ehcac{de aewmut dechdcr L`mln }ha tlrcfécherc `c`
`lnhc`e i÷re dewhet cdlre}c`e( dewhether fununu`l we me{l fununu`l lct ÷`eahc fønøaherc cftcw
etaentedcr Nl`u``ae) c` <= blb`dl sl{hd`l i÷re( e}nc dewcrherde Dou Tørnc}tl` )dl Hu{c c}cahc
bcr nld` Fn`  ohur> aeahenetc csc cdlre edebchaen céc` nl`u` wl{) ierencr c` !Iø{c` c}cahc bcr 
flnàac` ilsretcshe nl`u` fønøaherc  derhe`cr Nl`u``ae`c` cglde}cshe "]o`rldl` oh nl`u`hlr 
du}tþr)uh!laeh ohub `cme bc` shdr cmr ohu`ur" Glnlt burldl ÷`eahe behcrtehca nc( }÷{ no`u}u nl`u`u`
fønøaherc "Me`ic{)c` Sl}l}"`dl` glrnhdr we de er)à fønøahere lsnr ohald`dl` ÷rg !det ncde}c 
ohlrln c`tcnlh ede` bl{ fønøa   we aøe}}e}eherc` d`dl( O}al`h nl`u``aeherc`e etnc}c }÷{
no`u}u dechdcr er)à fønøaher e lsnr ohalsl` e}nc nl`u`hlr` ÷rgà fununl lh`lbchemec c}e( er)à bcr 
e}l}dr7 Bu nl`u``ae aet`c`c` Slwu{ ]uhtl` ]ehca Dewrc)`de Tørnéese éewrchdcc`c de nlsdedehca  
2# Bl{ aø}tercnherc` we ae}ehese wng   ohalsl` bl{ Aø}høal` sl{lrhlr` O}al`h
nl`u``aeherc`c` teaeh nls`l ohlrln i÷}terdcnherc Aooh fununu   ø{erc`de de durlha Aooh
fununu`u` teaehc( <229)de ÷he` Me`i c{ Fl`)` Bøsøn Sl}l( Sl}l`ae!c Bø{ørn( S}l!c Nldàa!c
Me`ic{ F` slfut Slr`ae  c}cahc nl`u`dur hn Aø}høal` Aooh dewhetc  ohl` hf`hhlr` nurumu}u
lltls Fl`)l cmr} tern edche` bu nl`u`u`( O}al`h nl`u``aeherc`e dorudl` etnchc ohduu cddcl
edcheae{ [crl nl`u`u` fønøaherc aesdl`dldr L`mln teaehc e}nc Tørn detherc`e we dewhet
iehe`ec`e dlsl`l` Aooh dewhet l`hls ( sl}l we nl`u` {cf`csetc( ehbettenc er)à }`rhlr 
éeréewe}c`de Aø}høal` Tørn  dewhetherc`de aøe}}cr ohautur nc}c lrl}`dl ÷`eahc alfcset glrn
wlrdr hf`h Dewhetc)`c` ltlhlr`l lct bl{ dewhet we funun aøe}}e}eherc`c }haàhetcrdcc bcr wnldr
Flttl }haàhetcrche` bu e}nc ncdehere ÷rgà funun   nlrh`dl ohaln ø{ere slr we efh!c ÷rgø
nlrhlaln ø{ere de slrm de`dcc`c bchcsoru{ Bc{ca ø{erc`de durduuau{ `ontl slri de`e` funun
ncdeherc`c ( ÷rgà funun }`r céc`de nlha ohal}dr9 
=# Bu lrldl Tcaur)u` Tø{ønt`dl` dl blf}etaen cmlbeder Tø{ønt ! Tcaurà de de`che` bu
nl`u` aemaul}( e}nc Tørn t÷re we detherc`e( rl` we Fc`t t÷reherc`c` de nlr al}shl ortlsl énl` we
}hla)l lénél lsnr ohalaln lrtshl Aooh fununu`dl` dl etnche`e` bcr nl`u` aemaul}dr
Bu`u` dl O}al`h Nl`u``aeherc`e dorudl` etnchc ohduu }÷she`eae{6 Burldl u fu}u}u`
behcrtchae}c`de de slrlr i÷røsoru{; Blbør Dewhetc wesl Fc`dc}tl` Aoohhlr  dcse bchc`e` Aø}høal`
Tørn dewhetc`c` iøéhø }uhtl` Aufscddc` Ewre`i{cb Âheaicr C &<756!<9:9# {lal``dl( cnc ÷`eahc nod
tl`{ca ohu`autur; Bcrc`mc}c( tlalae` gnf  nctlzhlr`dl` derhe`e` we er)à fønøaherc tedwc` ede`
 
=7
blb`l be`{ese` Âsà`!c Enberà   slfut Lfna! Âheaicrà   c}cahc nl`u` aemaul}dr Bu nl`u`(
tlalae` er)à fønøahere usiu` ohduu icbc( O}al`h Nl`u``aeherc`e dorudl` etnc}c }÷{no`u}u
dechdcr3 
4# Dcer tlrlgdl` O}al`h Nl`u``aeherc`c`( tlalae` }ø``à   ohl` øhø)h!ear  tlrlg`dl`
fl{rhl`l` e}nc Aø}høal` dewhethere lct bl{ nl`u` fønøaherc`c ls`e` cntcb} wesl o`dl`
etnche`ae}c de ilrcz nlrhl`alalhdr [crl cntcbl} edche` nl`u`hlr( sl flrm( ÷ør  wesl mc{se
wericherc`c` tlf}chc( `c}betc we acndlrhlr` chiche`dcraente sl dl ÷rgà bl{ wericherc tl`{ca etaentedcr
Dece` }ldeme bl{ `c}zet( acntr we ÷rgà wericherdenc c}caherdcr herde tlg}chtshl blf}edemecac{
icbc Dcslrbencr  Eshetc)`c` chn nl`u`hlr Lnnosu`hu Fønøadlr U{u` Fl}l`)` Nl`u`hlr`dl` cntcb}
edchactcr nc( bu`hlr Dou L`ldohu( L{erbesml`( Crln! Lrlb we Crln! Lmea)de dlfl ÷`me tltbcn edche`
nl`u`hlrdr Dou L`ldohu)dl 322/<5<7)dl` 355/<546 sh`l nldlr tltbcn edchaese dewla edchactcr
O}al`h Nl`u` nosumu}u( Crln) getfedc`me ]lgewà nl`u`hlr` chil ettcc flhde( U{u` Fl}l`
nl`u`hlr` sørørhønte` nlhdralatr Alrl  we éewre}c`de tltbcn edche` [øhnldcrouhhlr`l lct
 Lhøddewhe we Bo{on Nl`u``aeherc  de( O}al`h Nl`u``aeherc`de ser lhl` tl){cre lct me{à 
fønøahere be`{edcc céc` ls`e` cbn edche` nl`u`hlr lrl}`dldr  
Dcer tlrlgdl` ]urcse we A}r)dl i÷røhe` Aeahþnhøhere we ÷{ehhcnhe de ]uhtl` Nlstbls)l lct bl{
÷rgà wericherc tl`{ca ede` nl`u` fønøaherc`c` te)}crherc`c( Ldl`l ( Tlr}u} we ]c} Nl`u``aeherc`de
i÷raen aøanø`dør<: 
5# Bl{ lrltralmhlr` rla`l Nu{es Lgrcnl b÷hie}c`de we ÷{ehhcnhe Gl} we Me{scr)de i÷røhe`
÷rgà funun we nl`u``aeher  de( }ha)` }`rhlr` éc{dcc ÷rgà fununu` nlz}la`l icraentedcr Gl}
Berberàherc`de fer nlbche`c` we flttl fer flwlhc`c` c}}erg de`che` fu}u}à bcr nl`u`u ohduu dorudur
 L`mln bu( Ahcnà ae{febc`c nlbuh ede` Gl} flhn``( laeh!c ef!c Aedc`e zre`}cbc`de` chfa lhlrln
iehctcrdcnherc we Gl} laehc dcse bchc`e` aerþ dlcredenc ÷rgà fununhlr`dl` blnl bcr es dechdcr O
b÷hiede setce` }ha funun tlrcfécherc`c` te}zctherc`e i÷re( "Gl} laehc1eh !laehø)h!G}à "( Aedc`e
laehc`c` bcr u{l`t}dr L`mln Aedc`e laehc ( Aedc`e lflhc}c`c` }ø``etc tea}ch ede` ÷rg detherc`e
dlsl`rne`( Gl}  laehc( o b÷hie`c` ÷rg detherc`e c}tc`d etaentedcr Bl{ funun tlrcfécherc `c`
lrltralhlr( Gl} laehc`c` n÷ne`c`c` Aedc`e  we E`døhø} laehc`e dlsl`d` i÷}teraentedcr Ahcnà 
ae{febc Nu{es Lgrcnl)dl slsh`ml( burldlnc fununéuhlr dl Aedc`e laehc  zre`}cbc`c be`ca}eacher we
bu e}l}dl` flrenethe( getw  we nl{ }ø{iemc`de` ieée` serhc ÷rg detherc fununu` nls`l ohlrln
nlbuh etacherdcr Ahcnà fununéuhlr  dl( Gl} laehc`c`( bu b÷hie`c` {lruret( al}hlflt( aae cftcsléhlr
we ÷rg detherc`e dlsl`l` ÷rgà bcr funun ohduu`u e}erherc`de behcrtacherdcr<<  
@etcme ohlrln( }ha)` chn dewcrherc`de` berc øhø)h !eare tl``l` sl}lal setnc}c( F{ Zesilaber 
we D÷rt Flhcge Dewrc)`de }ø``et( cmal we nsl}  sohushl dorudl` nuhhl`ha( Eaewàher   {lal``dl
aøétefcdherc` ilsretherc bu`l cftcslé i÷}teraeactcr Lbbl}cher Dewrc)`de( ala Ebu Su}ug )u` Nctlbø)h!
Flrlm)> Awerdà   we Gerr)`` Eh! Lfnaø)}!]uht`cse)}c ÷rgc fununu` bohuu`u dohdurautur
]ehéunhuhlr  Dewrc)`de @c{aøhaøhn)ø` ]cs}et`ae)}c we ]uhtl` Aehcnlf)` fl{rhltt "Ae}ch !c
 
=9
er)chetcraese élhahlr> Tcaur)u` Tø{ønt) c}e( cdlre fununu   lhl``dl ÷rgà fununu` e` iø{eh
ac}hc`c tench etactcr Ieréen udur nc( }ha)` øhø)h!eare tl`d sl}lal setnc}c`c e` iø{eh nuhhl`l`
we fcébcr lhl` cfah etaese` chn aø}høal` dewhet( O}al`h Dewhetc)dcr O}al`h Dewhetc ehbette nc fea
e}nc Tørn ÷rg !detherc`de` fea ]ehéunhu dewhet iehe`ec`de` we fea de au}r ohl` Fl}l` Zldclf
we Nlstbls nl`u`hlr`dl` c}tcgde etactcr L`mln O}al`h Nl`u``aeherc`c` l}h nls`l
nctlba{` bl`dl {cnrettccac{ ÷rgà fununu` nls`lnhlrdr we bu`u` l}h c{lf` er)à tlfhchher 
n}a`dl dl i÷raen aøanø`dør O}al`h nl`u` nosumuhlr( F{ aer)c` rl` getfc`de` }o`rl slzt
icbc( getfettcnherc aeahenetherdenc( er)l aufhcg ohalsl` ÷rg detherhe flhn` lhn ohduu ÷rgà weric  
enchherc`e u{u` aøddet rcsetnr nlhahlr> l`mln hø{ua f}h ohdunél we serhc lflhc`c` aørmllt
ø{erc`e slwl slwl o`hlr tl)dch we }hf etaen }þretcshe( bøtø` aeahenet céc` uauaà we aøteren bcr 
`c{al doru søn}ehae can`` buhauhlrdr<2  
< Nl`u``laeherc` Fl{rhl` 
O}al`h Dewhetc)`denc ÷rgà fununu` aeswe}c ohl` nl`u``aeherc` fl{rhl`( tertcbc`de aøe}}cr 
ohl` alnlahlr we bu alnlahlr` blhlsmh che re}acsetc fu}u}u`dl éon ilrcz gcncrher wlrdr Bu
gcncrherde` bl{hlr`l i÷re( nl`u``aeher  bcr sl}lal gllhcsetc wesl bcr nl`u`hltral flrenetc`c`
}o`umu dechdcr Behnc tener tener }dr ohl` zldclf crde we geral`hlr`` bcr lrlsl iehae}c }o`umu
aesdl`l iehactcr Lsrml bcr éou`u` re}aà fcébcr }gt we }ehfcsetc ohalsl` nca}eher tlrlg`dl` }rg 
chaà bcr aerln we teme}}ø}he tozhl`l` aemaulhlr ohduu bche cherc }ørøhaøtør<= Bu tør cddclhlr> l`l
nl`u` `edcr? Bu`l dlsl`hlrln énlrhl` `c{la`ae( tl)hcat`ae we sl{h eacr `e deaentcr? Lsrml
"Dø}tur" slfut "Nl`u`hlr" ldshl sls`hl`l` fununà dø{e`heaeherc` nls`l `edcr? Fer funun
foml}`` wesl fununéu`u` iø`øaø{de bche( lsr bcr aede`c nl`u`   `erc( aede`c nl`u`u` ilsr !
re}aà ohal} a deaentcr? Bu we be`{erc u{lsz icde` }oruhlr` mewlzhlr`` bchc`aedcc`c
i÷}teraentedcr Bc{ burldl( bøtø` O}al`h Nl`u``aeherc`c` iø`øaø{denc enhcshe bcr aemhc}te`
ént` cddcl etaesemec{ L`mln bltl` u`u behcrtaen c}tcsoru{ nc( }lshlr behhc ohl` uauaà 
nl`u``aeherc` tlala( bcrl{ }o`rl {cnredemecac{ nl`u`à zro}edørde` ieéactcr ]lshlr 5::)ø
ieée` fu}u}à nl`u``aeherc` fez}c we cnc }ltrhn dl oh}l( bøtø` crde we gera`hlr( eer ÷rgà fununu
chiche`dcrcsor}l we }ldeme cmrà bcr eacr dech}e( sl}lal gllhcsetc wesl nl`u`hltral flrenetc  
dcsebchemecac{ bcr laehcsede` }o`rl nl`u` wesl geral` ld` lhatr 
]÷{ no`u}u nl`u` wesl geral`hlr`( }o`rldl` bl{ fununéuhlr tlrlg`dl` ls`e` wesl
dectcrcheren nl`u` aemaulhlr  fhc`e ietcrchaeherc o`hlr` re}aà }glthlr` ortldl` nlhdral{ [crl
ls` es buiø` de slzhalntldr Sl`c Fl{erge` Fø}esc` Ege`dc Tehfà}ø)h!Bes`) nlheae lhd dcse(
burldlnc nl`u` fønøaherc`c` w{) ohlrlndl nlbuh edchaedcc icbc( bu nl`u` fønøaherc`c` bcr sl}lal  
gllhcsetc slfut modcgcmltco` }o`umu aesdl`l iehaedcnherc`c` dehchc ohlrln nlbuh edcheae{ [crl cherdenc
c{lfhlr we bu nøhhcsttlnc bchicher Fl{erge`)c` Nlw`c`   nctlb che chaà bcr tlr{dl aunse}e edchcr}e(
Fe{lrge`)c`( iø`øaø{denc fununéuhlr` slzt icbc( dlfl ÷`me tedwc` edche` nl`u`( `c{a we
geral`hlr( ls`e` slfut tehfc}  }þretcshe nctlb`l lhd` i÷}terementcr [lte` ne`dc}c de nctlb``
nls`l ohlrln( "nl`u``aeherde` we tewrcfherde` we degtcr !c ltcn we medcd we lfna! føasþ`dl`
 
=6
Bu tlr{ bcr fu}u}à nl`u` aemaul}`dl dl no`u( "Bc`e` lh{hcn ae}ch !c er)àsede nøtøb!c
gnfcse tetebbu ohu`duu icbc uaþr ! ÷rgsede dlfc merlcd!c nlw`c`!c }uht`cse tetebbu) aøhte{eadcr"
" aae!c `}l e`gl) we ewh we `c{a! heae ehsln we lfr ohaln ø{ere "wl{" eshedcnherc dt we
nlw`c`!c au`àge)de geral`! e mea) we tertcb esheacherdcr" møahehercshe ÷{ethe`aentedcr<5 Sl`c
bøtø` nl`u`hlr( buiø` sl}lal  gllhcsetc slfut nl`u`hltral flrenetc  ohlrln cglde ettccac{ "wl{)1
nl`u` nosal" laehcse}c`e tbc) ohduu icbc( Gtcf)c` tencht nl`u`u   wesl Tewncà nl`u`u icbc
aemaulhlr dl geral` ø{erc`e tertcz ohu`uz tl}dcn ohu`auhlrdr cadc nl`u` nosal deaen ohl` wl{)
laehcse}c c` l}h slzhd` n}lml i÷rehca; 
O}al`h Dewhetc)`de øhø)h!ear )c` wl{cgeherc`c( tl}dcn alnla zldclf( lr{ alnla }ldrl{la we
"þr Aemhc}c" de Dcwl`! Føasu` ohl` øéhø bcr oril` sørøtør Dcw`! Føalsþ`)u` tlbch øse}c ohl`
`cl`m  &}o`rlhlr rec}ø)h nøttb# nl`u` tl}lrhlr` fl{rhlalnhl wl{cgehcdcr @cl`m`` nl`u`
tl}lrhlr` l}h fl{rhlsz tl}dcn ettcrdcc`e lct ÷`me u nl`u` fønøaherc`c {cnredehca; 
"Nl`u`! @cl`m> turls! ercg  fc{aetcshe aeaurdur We ne`dc f`eherc`de nl`u`l aøte)lhhn
lfna sl{hr Aøaessc{c tl}fcf eshedcnte` }o`rl ne`dø}c turlhlr` éener We degter tl}fcf ohu`aln
h{a ieh}e( ne`døse fctbe` wrcd ohl` gera`  aþmcbc`me( degterf`ede` ietørdøb ne`dc nlheacshe
tl}fcf eder Tl}fcf geral` wrcd ohdundl( nl`u` budur nc( ewweh oh gera` ! eràgc` tur}` bc{{t
we{cr!c l){la fl{retherc éener Bl)defþ geral` ne`døse iehdcnde {lfr`` bcr n÷e}c`e "degterc iehe"
desþ nlheacshe cret edøb degter eac`c`e i÷`dercr Oh }llt degter !f`e ne}edr degterc we oh gera`!
ercgc bche i÷tørør Ze} ber aþmeb!c gera`! føasþ` alflhhc`c buhuz tlfrcr we tl}fcf eshedcnde`
}o`rl geral`! ercgc ne`dc fg{eder We Dcwl` tlrlg`dl` werche` cnset lfna` Rec} Ege`dc  "re}àd"
ettcnde` }o`rl ne}edr mea) edøb ne`døse ietørør( turhlr` éener We Nlw`c` !c O}al`cse we
Aerl}ca!c ]uht`cse( `cl`mhlrdl` }uh ohu`l iehacdcr ]bndl bu`hlrl "aøgtà !c nl`u`" thn
ohu`audur"<7 
[cnredche` bu nl`u` fønøaherc  éeréewe}c`de( bcrer tl`e aølffl} ac}h wereren(
nl`u``aeherc` `l}h fl{rhl`d` i÷rehca Bchc`dcc icbc( nl`u``aeher   uauaà we fu}u}à ohaln
ø{ere cnc l`l irubl lsrhalntldr Fl{rhl`hlr ctcblrcshe de bu cnc iruz lrl}`dl bl{ mø{)à glrnhlr 
wlrdr 
 L Uauac Nl`u``laeherc` Fl{rhl` 
Uauac nl`u``aeher( Gtcf)c` tencht we Nl`u`! O}al`à  ohaln ø{ere cnc> CC Bse{àd( Slwu{(
Nl`u`à   we bcr i÷røe i÷re CCC Lfaed)c` bcrer uauaà nl`u``ae}c wlrdr Bu`hlr we be`{erherc(
{lal`` `cl`m} tlrlg`dl` zldclf` geral` ø{ere fl{rhl`r Dcwl` ! Føasu`)dl aøthll edchcr
]ldrl{la dl bc{{lt aø{nere we tl}fcfhere nlthr Zldclfl lr{ edchcr Tl}dcn edchc`me bøtø` re)ss
blhlr flhe iehcr {ehhcnhe Nlw`c`!c rgcse!c O}al`à  ldshl l`hl` nl`u``aeher( er)à getw we nl{ 
}ø{iemc`de` de ieécrchcrher [cnredche` fu}u}l ac}h tench etaen ø{ere( Gtcf)c` tencht we Nl`u`à)`c`
Nlw`c`!c rgcse!c O}al`à)}c`de` u cgdeherc `lnhetaen c}tcsoru{;  
 
=3
"Bu ewrn! Nlwcd!c ]uhtl`à we }lfcge!c nlw`c`!c Fn`à)`c` mach ohl` Auflaaed bc`
Au}tlgl eh!al)rþg bc Hes}!{de et!Tewncà Auflaaed F` b`ø)}!]uht` Aurld F`)` {lal`!
ercgherc`de }bnl` emdd! c{ahlr {lal``dl ohl` nlw`c`!c al{bþtl degter ohu`alsub( en}cn
ohl` serherc` dlfc ne`dcherc re)s!c au`àr !c wehset!te)}crherc che tenach busurub( Dcwl`! Føasþ`)dl
ebedø)h!bd al)aþhø`bcf ohaln céø` bcr Nl`u``ae  tlfrcr ohu`aln h{a iehaec`( bu lbd!c flnàr 
geral`! mehchherc ø{ere `l{a u c` edøb( ferne} aø}tegàd ohaln céø` }thf u cbrette` gerlt
ohu`ub( hc}`! Zdclf! ierdþ`!wlnlr)dl` `lnhche sl{hub we øé bb ø{ere nh`d"<9 aetc`de
l`hlthd enchde uheasl sl{drhl` we bl`l dl "Bu nl`u``ae( ltla we dedea nl`u`udur we
be`ca dlfc nl`u`uadur Ewhd! ncraa `e}he` bl)de `e}hc` bu`u`hl ach ohlhlr" dcse fltt !
føasþ`  døøhe` bcr nl`u`( ehbettenc bcr nl`u`hltral e}ercdcr we re}aà bcr føwcset tlalndldr
dlrà nl`u`  ohduu`u u`utalslha we øhø)h!earc` dorudl` }`rh sl}lal  setnc}c`e icrdcc`c
fltrhlslha 
nc`mc ac}hcac{( Noml @cl`m  tlrlg`dl` nlheae lh`d aufteaeh ohl` Nl`u`à)`c` chn
d÷`eaherc`e lct Nlw`c`!c rgcse!c O}al`à aunlddcae}cdcr;
"Nl`u``ae!c O}al`à ]ebeb!c tlfrcr!c ac}h( wmcbø)h!cttcb) we)h!catc}h!E`ge{efuhhfu Te)h Eh!
Aehcnø)h!Aøte)h!fønac ohdur nc(
Aerfþa` we algþr` ltla we dedea!@ewwerlhhfu te)h aernldefua `l{lr nhahlr we
i÷raøher nca( {hcaher al{hþahlrl {uha nhub fldde` temwø{ edøb re)s`` fhc aønedder ohub we
oh }ebebde` Nl`u`! O}a`à  wl{) etacher cac Sc`e be` dlfc busurdua nc( beherbecher we }l`mln
becher we éercblhlr  we }ublhlr we }czlfcher bu Nl`u`! O}al`à  ø{ere re)sdl` funþn we rø}þa 
tlheb edeher [csde {uha ederher c}e( ctb! ehàacae aø}tlfln ohurhlr ÷she bcheher( c)tcald nhlhlr"<6 
[cnredche` bu ac}hherde`( bøtø` uauaà nl`u``aeherc`( re}aà zro}edørherde` ieétcc`c( e`
ugln bcr tl}fcfc`c` dlfc mcddà goralhctehere tbc tutuhduu`u aøfede edc soru{ L`mln re}ae` nlbuh
edche` nl`u`hlr`( ehbettenc fu}u}à we ilsr ! re}aà `ø}flhlr( iø`øaø{de ohduu icbc(
buhu`lbchementcr<3
B Fu}u}c Nl`u``laeherc` Fl{rhl`  
Fu}u}à nl`u``aeherc` fl{rhl``dl bl{ glrnhhnhlr wlrdr {ehhcnhe( bu tlr{ nl`u`hlr`
éou`huu`u tench ede` }l`mln nl`u``aeherc`c` l}h we e}l}( Nl`u` ! O}al`c  de`che` uauaà 
nl`u`hlrdr hichc b÷hie`c` tlfrcrc`c slzl` degter eaà`herc  we wchset ntcbherc( tlfrcr cheac`c bctcrdcnte`
}o`rl( augl}}lh degter c` bl`l o }l`mlndlnc fu}u}à ÷rg !det ncdeherc`c we er)à we ÷rgc wericherc`
`c}bet we acndlrhlr` dl `l{lrl lhlrln( Nl`u` ! O}al`à)sc o b÷hiese ldlzte ederher ou
nl`u``aeherc` bl`dl {cnredche` "ber aþmeb!c Nl`u`! O}al`à" wesl be`{erc cgldeher 
i÷}teraentedcr nc( fu}u}à nl`u`hlr( se`c wl{)edche` nl`u`hlr dechdcrher> behnc Nl`u` ! O}al`à )`c` o
serherc` }o}slh we cntc}ldà lrthlr`l c`tcbln ettcrchac enchhercdcrher Bu tlr{dl fl{rhl`l` }l`mln
nl`u``aeherc( augl}}lh degterc` bl`l nlsdedchcr Bl){hlr ÷`eac`e bc`e` aerne{de we
 
4:
zldclf tl}dcn eder we tl}dcn edche`here turs `cl`m   éener B÷sheme degterherc` auftew} we
nl`u``ae ne}c`heac ohur Lrtn bøtø` re)ss blhlr2: 
Sunlrdl {cnredche` e}l}hlrl ÷r`en tench etae}c céc` bcr fu}u}à nl`u``ae`c` &degter#
aunlddcae}c`c {cnredehca; Er{urua we Zl}c` Hcwl})` tlfrcr ede` degter eac`c Acr{l bc` Auflaaed
che wchset nltcbc Au}tlgl( ]uhtl` ]øhesal` Fl`)` geral` ø{erc`e( "Geraà`!c ]uhtl`à" we "Nlw`c`!c
Nldàa!c O}a`à" e}l} lh`lrln( wchsetc` cherc iehe`herc`e de dl`lrln Aø}høal`hlr` al}hlflthlr`(
zldclf fl}hlr`( }czlfc lfwhc`c( aeahenetde` lh`lmln bm we flrm lfwhc`c tl`{àa ede` nl`u`u
we wchsete lct aug l}}lh degterc fl{rhldnhlr` we }o`rl dl Zldclfl lr{ ettcnherc`c behcrtaentedcrher
Flttl nl`u``ae`c` blhl`im no`usu dlfl dl lsd`hltalntldr; 
"Tlg}àh!c cmr!c er)àse!c aøte)ache &er)à fønøahere usiu` ÷rgà funun   deaentcr# we nlw`c`!c
rø}þa!c O}a`cse ohdur nc> aunlddea ear !c føasþ` ø{ere Blsburd we Er{urua ]l`mlnhlr nctbet
ohu`dundl n÷f`e degter de aunlssed ohub Fl}l` Zldclf Nl`u`u desþ cmr ohu`l` nlw`c` !c
aøte)achese nlbch!c re)s we tlwcg !c tømmr  we lfhà !c aeahcn!c alfrþ}l aøteflaach ohalsub Rua
Nl`u`u &Nl`u`! O}al`à # ohal}` rcm etdønherc zse!c }ercr!c l)hlsl lr{ohu`dundl me`b!
fu}rew`à`c` {hh!c ldhet  we }se!c aerflaet!blfhlr {ufþr buhub wchset!c ae{bþre flhn`l dlfc
Rua Nl`u``ae}c &O}al`h Nl`u``ae}c# earohu`ub ber aþmeb!c ear!c hc degter !c medcde
nlsdohu`ub oh {lal`dl` berø Rua Nl`u`u &O}al`h Nl`u`u# cmr ohu`ub fhcs Er{urua we Zl}c`
]l`mlnhlr aømeddede` nctbet ohu`dundl lfh !c Er{urua ear!c hc!c }bn aþmebc`me cmr ohu`l`
Nl`u``aesc aurld ettønherc we Zl}c` }l`ml dlfc }erfld)de ohalnhl en}er re)s} zerne`de ohub
mea) ohub al)aþr ohaln céø` Rua Nl`u`u &O}al`h Nl`u`u# h{a cdøø bch !gc)ch nctbet ohu`l`
degter!c medcd che ltebe!c øhssl lr{ohu`dundl bu`hlrl dlfc Rua Nl`u`u &O}al`h Nl`u`u# geral`  
ohu`al` ear !c føasþ` ø{ere degter !c medcde nlsdohu`ub lhet!tlg}àh tlfrcr ohu`du"2< 
M Geral`( Berlt we Be`{erherc`c` Fl{rhl` 
Bcr de n}l geral`( bert wesl sl}ln`ae enhc`de bl){ nl`u`!fønøaherc wlrdr nc( bu`hlr` dl
fl{rhl` sunlrdlncherde` glrnh dechdcr Gera`( bert( wesl sl}ln`ae( @cl`m tlrlg`dl`
fl{rhl`r> Dcwl`! Føasþ`)dl aø{nere we aøthll ohu`ur ]ldrl{laml Zldclf)l lr{edchcz tl}dcn
ohu`duntl` }o`rl sc`e `cl`m  tlrlg`dl` turl  éenchcr we ne}c`hecr Bu`hlr` deccn {lal` we
{eac`herde tedwà`c`c` fu}u}à slfut re}aà nccherme slzhal}( }÷{no`u}u dø{e`heaeherc` re}aà we
blhlsm nl`u` fønaø ohal wl}ghlr` c{he etae{22  
2 Nl`u``laeherc` Getwl we Nl{l ]ø{iemc`de` Ieécrchcc 
 Lsr`thlr` "Nl`u``a`eherc` er)à tlfhchherc" n}a`dl i÷remecac{ icbc( O}al`h nl`u`
nosumu}u`u` wl{)ettcc nl`u` fønøaherc`de` tlalae` er)à fønøa   ohl`hlr we cétcfldà fønøaher c`
termcfc tlr{`dl tedwà` edche`her( }ha fununéuhlr`` ilsretc }o`umu ortlsl énatr   L`mln øhø)h!
ear c` }`rh sl}lal setnc}c`e tegwà{ edche` "`c{la! aeahenet we fg{ we fcr}et!c rl)csset we }cs}ete
aøte)lhhn uaþr" sl`c cdlrà we l}nerà ncdeher( dewhet ae})eheherc`de temrøbehc sl`c "fønna ! }esg we
 
4<
lé}`dl` ieécrchdcc`c( nl`u``aeherc tetncn ede`her c`nr edeae{her Bchc`dcc icbc( O}al`h
Dewhetc)`de esføhc}ha  tlrlg`dl` slfud fnca we aøgtøherde` bcrc tlrlg `dl` tl}dcn ohu`ala fcé
bcr nl`u`( gera` we crde sontur L`mln zldclf cm{ethc hca c}e bu durua aø}te}`dr2= cadc bu
flhc bcrl{ dlfl lélha; 
l! O}al`h Nl`u``aeherc`c` tedwc`c en}ercset ctcblrcshe Gltcf( CC Bse{cd ( C ]ehca we Nl`u`à  
Dewrc)`e rl}thlr Bu d÷`eaherdenc Nl`u``aeherc` tedwc`c`de bltl Ebø}}uud( b` !c Neah we
be`{erc esføhc}hahlr` rohø ohduu c`nr edcheae{ We bu chca ldlahlr`` werdcnherc nlrlrhlrhl
zldclf` eacr we crdeherc`c` nl`u`à bcr nudret nl{l`d dl( bcr éon nl`u``aede lénél
i÷røhaentedcr ou nl`u``aeherc` bl`dl ser lhl` "Bes` ! tlg}à !c nlw`c`!c er)csse!c aøte)ache
we nlwcd!c rø}þa! ÷rgse!c aøte)rcge nc( aeb`à !c degtcr !c O}al`cse we aefc{!c lfna!
]uht`csedcr" enhc`denc cgldeher de bu`u te)scd etaentedcr Ln}c cddclhlr de}tenhese` mcddc bcr dehch  
sontur24
b! Nl`u``aeherc` esføhc}ha` tl}dcnc`de` ieéaedcc`c nlbuh et}en bche( sunlrdlnc lrt
ieréenheactcr [crl nl`u``aeherc` aø}wedde}c`c sl{l`( tl}fcf ede` we aø{nere}c`c slzl` chn
d÷`eadenc `cl`mhlr ( degter eac`herc we wchset ntczherc( er)à fønøaherc éon csc bche` dc` hcahercdcrher
Budc` Eshetc)`c` tlfrcrc`c Ebø}}uud> Nlrlal` Eshetc)`c` tlfrcrc`c b`!c Nealh  Lfaed bc` ]øhesal`>
Dcslrbencr  eshetc`c` chn tlfrcrc`c drc}!c Bcthc}à   we Âacd nld}> A}r Nl`u``ae}c)`c` tlfrcrc`c b`!c
Nealh we Flal( Flheb we Fa}  hcwhlr`` tlfrcrherc`c c}e Flheb nld}`` slzt` ac}h ohlrln
{cnreder}en( ae}ehe dlfl csc l`hlhr nl`lltc`desc{25 Bu`dl` dl ÷te Gtcf( CC Bse{cd( C ]ehca we
Nl`u`à Dewrc)`c` bøtø` `cl`mhlr( en}ercset ctcblrcshe nld  slfut aøgtc ae`e)hcdcr Ae}ehl( Gtcf Dewrc
`cl`mhlr`dl` Aohhl ]crmeddc` ]ea`cse aøderrc}herc`de` cne` cha!c c`ldlnc alfretc`de` dohls
`cl`m  ohautur> Aohhl Blfeddc`  sc`e ]ea`cse aøderrc}herc`de`dcr> @cl`m Aefaed Zll c}e
Aohhl Mehheddc`)c` ohu ohuz hca we g{h bcr lf}csettcr27 CC Bse{cd dewrc `cl`mhlr ohl` Nl}a
Zll( fea we{cr we fea de hca> Lfaed Zll( Aohhl Ge`lr)`c` éomuu> Tmc{de Ml)ger ehebc (
Aefaed Zll Aedre}e}c)`c` aøderrc}c> Lfaed ehebc( ]c`l` e hebc( }l Zll we Dlwud Zll dl(
ne`dc {lal`hlr`` aefur chca we dewhet ldlahlr`dl`drhlr29 Slwu{ Dewrc `cl`mhlr`dl`
Tmc{de Ml)ger ehebc( }o`rldl` L`ldohu Nl{l}nerc ohau> Foml ohu Aefaed Zll c}e( u{u` }øre
Edcr`e cgte Aedre}e)de aøderrc}hcn we }o`rl we{crhcn slzatr26 Nl`u`à Dewrc `cl`mhlr`dl` Noml
@cl`m  ø`wl`shl bchc`e` Mehh{de  Au}tlgl Zll( Flsdlr Ege`dc( Aefaed Bes( Aer{cgo`hu
Rlal{l`{de( Aefaed ehebc  Lbdurrlfal` Zll( @lcaà ehebc( Derwc Aefaed ehebc( Boslh
Aefaed Zll we Aefaed ehebc de l}rhlr`dl ÷`eahc chca we gcncr ldlahlr lrl}`dldrhlr Bu lrldl
396)de `cl`m ohl` Gercdu` Lfaed Be( 36<)de `cl`m ohl` Fla{l Zll( 363)dl `cl`m ohl`
Onéu{de  Aefaed Zll che <::5)te bu i÷rewe ietcrche` ohu Onéu{de Aefaed f Ege`dc(
ieréente` bøsøn chca we nl`u` ldladrhlr23 We `cfset Gtcf Nl`u``ae}c )`de ser lhl` "We
`cl`mhn( dfch we }lf` aøderrc}herc c` sohudur" fønaø }o`umu`dl VWC sø{sh` chn éesrec`e nldlr(
bøtø` cl`mhlr( chacsede` tlsc` edchacherdcr=: 
 
42
bchc`aentedcr Aø}te)ae`herc` fcthcnherc dohls}shl werdcc bcr getwdl Ebø}}uud   "@ aerþ ohl`
`e}`ese ear!c }uhtl`à ohal{" dcseren no`usu tlw{cf etactcr=< Lsl}ogsl   Ewng`l lct dønn`hlr`
ncrlmhlr( dønn`hlrl serhetcrdcnherc het we edewthlr` blf`e ederen we wlng` dl {e`ic` ohduu`u
cherc }øreren( ne`dcherc`de` lh`l` ncrl bedehherc`c` søn}ehtchaeae}c`c we emrcac}ch tlhez edchaeae}c`c
c}teacher( zldclfdl` dl geral`  ietcracherdcr L`mln O}al`h Dewhetc)`c` l`h fununéu}u
Ebø}}uud)u` bu`hlrl mewlb u ohautur; 
"Ear!c ]uht`à che `aerþ) ohl` `e}`e aerþ) ohal{ Flrla ohl` `e}`e fehh ohaln sondur
Emrcac}chde` nu}þru `e acndr c}e( bà !nu}þr tl{ac` ohu`al} ierencr Ear !c ]uhtl` }ldeme ilsr! }lfcf
wlnghlrdl &sl`c acrà lrl{c tørø wlng lrl{cde# au)teberdcr" =2
d! ]o` ohlrln( O}al`h fununu`dl nld( aøgtø( aøderrc} icbc er)à fununu` tea}chmcherc`e efh!c
er)> fununà nlrlrhlr usiuhlsl` cdlremchere c}e( efh !c ÷rg   de`dcc`c i÷raøtøn Burldl behcrtaen
c}tedccac{ `ontl udur; O}al`h cdremcherc( dcer Aø}høal` dewhetherde wlr ohduu cddcl edche` nl{là 
dulhc{ac` ohalal} céc` nlds( nl{à flslttl ten setnchc nlbuh etacher> fea er)à fønøaher we fea de
÷rgà funun dedccac{ nl`u`hlrhl slrihlal  we nlrlr werae setnc}c`c nldsl tl`ahlrdr Efh!c ÷rgø` 
i÷rewc tltbcntcr sl`c nl{là nlrlrhlr cmrdr nc( bu`l }cs}et   de de`chaentedcr Bu no`usu u nl`u`
fønaø tlw{cf we te)scd etaentedcr;
"Nlw`c`!c!c`)c{a sà`c( Dcw`! er)!c `ebewà we alfneae!c aufneae!c Au}tlgewcse)de cmrs!
lfna! er)àse ede` fønna! {ewch!cftcra dlfc al)hþa we aegfþa edc`aen efeaa we eh{ea(
behnc ear!c aøteflttcadcr [cr fønna! er)!c autlfflr( aømerred uaþr ! er)csse c}tca)`l aø`fl}r 
dechherdcr> behnc meaà)l` uaþr ! er)csse we sc`!c ÷rgcssede nlt)! `c{) we gl}h! fu}þaet céø` aew{þ)
we aeaþrhlrdr"== 
O flhde nldhlr` i÷rewc( er)à we ÷rgà funun   lhl``dl slri  i÷rewc`c ø}the`aen( efh!c ÷rgø`
wl{cge}c c}e bu`hlr cmr esheaentcr 
Burldl u`u dl nlsdedehca nc( bl{ nl`u``ae   `ø}flhlr`dl( ÷{ehhcnhe VWC we VWCC
sø{shhlrdl( nl`u` fønøaherc`c fcseherc`e døøhe` bl{ `othlrhl( bu fønøaherc` sl`h we er)c ercge
lsnr ohduu nlsdedchac we sørørhønte` nlhdrhd {cnredchactcr   @cl`mhlr   tlrlg`dl` døøhe` bu
`othlr( }`rh sl}lal setnc}c nuhhl`hrne`( er)à e}l}hlrl aufhcg fønøaher de wl{edchdcc`c( l`mln
glrn`l wlrh`ml }o`rldl` chil edchdcc`c i÷}teraentedcr Fu}u}l` ÷rgà tenhcgde bu durua éonél
i÷røhaentedcr=4  
CC Nl`u``lae ectherc 
rgà fununu` aeswe}c ohl` nl`u``aeherc` "nl`u` nctlb" al`l}`dl tedwà` edchac enchherc`c`
auftehcg tlr{ we tczherde ohduu sunlrdlnc bchicherde` l`hlhalntldr Bc{( burldl }÷{ no`u}u
nl`u``aeherc` éectherc ø{erc`de n}lml duraln c}tcsoru{;  
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O}al`h nl`u``aeherc`c` teaehc we ÷rgà fununu` l`lsl}l} ohl` uauaà nl`u``aeherc de øé
iurubl lsrlbchcrc{; 
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O}al`h fununu`dl Nl`u`( Nl`u`! Aø`àg ( Nl`u`! Zldclfà( Rua Nl`u``ae}c we Nlw`c`!c
rgse!c O}al`à  tbcrherc che l`hl`( fu}u}c nl`u``aeherc` éou`huu`l nls`lnhn ede`( me{l( talr 
`c{a( }czlfc( re)s( alhà wericher  we be`{erc fu}u}hlrl lct fønøaher cftcwl ede` uauaà 
nl`u``aeherdcr Bl{ cddclhlr` ter}c`e( éencrdec Gtcf Dewrc)`de ltha ohl` bu nl`u``aeher (
Nl`u`à  {lal``dl neahc`e uhla we éon l{ bl){ tl)dàhherhe Tl`{calt  }o`rl}`l nldlr sørørhønte
nlhatr Bu`hlr n}lml tl`talntl slrlr wlrdr; 
 L< Gltcf)c` Nl`u ! O}al`à}c 
"Nl`u`! Zldclfà" dcse bchc`e` we 63= tlrcfhc `ø}fl} ehcac{de ohl` bu nl`u``ae  d÷rt gl}h we
76 alddede` cbrettcr Wcsl`l Nøtøzf`e!c Nrlhà}c Sl{al @o; LG 555( }f 35)te buhu`l` ten `ø}fl}
wlrdr Aefaed Ârcg   tlrlg`dl` TODEA)c` <=23 tlrcfhc chwe}c`de sls`hl`l` we Gtcf)e c}`d edche`
nl`u``ae c}e( Nl`u`à)se lcttcr Gtcf Nl`u``ae}c)`c` C gl}h( {c`l  we cggete nlr che`e` dcer 
}uéhlr` me{lhlr`> CC gl}h( d÷wøae( }÷wøae we nlthe lct me{lhlr> CCC gl}h( cénc  céae( fr}{hn we
bøftl`l lct me{lhlr( CW gl}h c}e( re)sdl` lh`l` wericher( iøarøn wericherc we talr `c{a`l lct bl{
fønøaherc cftcwl etaentedcr Deccn serherde sls`hl`a ohl` bu nl`u``ae( CC Bse{cd  tlrlg`dl`
ie`chetcheren nlbuh edchactcr=5 
 L2 Bse{cd)c Nlw`c`!c rgcse!c O}al`à}c 
3:9/<5:< tlrcfhc we Au}tlgl bc` Rlal{l` tlrlg`dl` c}tc`}f edche` bu nl`u` aemaul}(
Behdcmel`u tlrlg`dl` sl`h ohlrln Gtcf)e c}`d edchactcr Nl`u`à)se lct uauaà nl`u``ae`c` bcr 
`ø}fl}`dl ser lhl` "aerfþa` we algþr` ltla we dedea !`ewerlhhfu aernldefua!`l{lr 
nhahlr we i÷raøher nca( {hcaher al{huahlrl {uha nhub fldde` temwø{ edøb re)s`` flhc
aønedder ohub we oh }ebezde` Nl`u` ! O}al`à   wl{) etacher cac"=7 cgldede` l`hlhlml ø{ere(
fea Slwu{ we fea de CC Bse{cd  uauaà nl`u` wl{)etacherdcr No`sl  Nosu`ohu Sl{alhlr 
lrl}`dl buhu`l` Nl`u``ae øé blbdr; Bcrc`mc blb( d÷rt gl}h flhc`de mc`setherc` me{lhlr`> cnc`mc
blb( lht gl}h flhc`de }czlfc we re)s aø`}ebetherc`c> øéø`mø blb c}e lht gl}h flhc`de negere( eghnhlr  
we sørønher   icbc re)ssl lct lfwhc tl`{ca etaentedcr Slwu{)u` nl`u`u`l i÷re n}ldr we }ldeme
gln}cache}c sls`hl`atr=9 Tczcn bcr O}al`h Nl`u`u ohl` bu nl`u``ae( dewrc`denc fu}u}à 
nl`u`hlr` l`lsl}l} duruau`dldr O d÷`eade fl{rhl`l` Fødwe`dcir Nl`u``ae}c we
 L`ldohu( Nlrlal` we Rua Eshetc`e lct Nl`u``aeher  c`mehe`cr}e ae}ehe dlfl csc l`hlhr  
 L= Slwu{ ]uhtl` ]ehca)c` Nl`u``ae}c 
]o` {lal`hlrdl wlrh negedche` Nl`u``ae !c ]uhtl` ]ehca( Nl`u``ae!c O}al`à  dcse
 
44
 Lrcwherc`denc `ø}flhlr`dl` tl`da{ bu nl`u``ae`c` éon }lsdl gl}hhlrdl` we <73 alddede`
aesdl`l iehdcc`c i÷røsoru{ hn øé gl}hdl me{là fønøaherc( }o`rlnc   gl}hhlrdl c}e( resldl` lh`l`
re}cahe( ÷ør ( re}a!c l`a( re}a!c othln( re}a!c nhln( s÷røn( re}a!c iewwre( re}a!c lrþ}`e( re}a!c
duf`( talrhlr( rø}þat! er)àse we cftc}b fønøaherc`c tl`{ca etaentedcr Dcnnltcac{c éene` fu}u}(
bu nl`u``ae`c` éon l{ deccnhcnherhe CC Bse{cd  Nl`u``ae}c)`c` ie`chetchac enhc ohal} we gl}h
tertcbc lé}`dl` dl Nl`u`à)se lct chn d÷`ea nl`u`hlrl be`{eae}cdcr Ehcac{de d÷rt `ø}fl}
buhu`alntldr; He`c`irld lrn E`}tctø}ø( B <662> L 25:> Lr`lwuthun Dewhet Lrcwc ( Behieher 
Nohhen}cso`u( @o; N<=( Behie <29( }f 27!39> Tcrl` Achhc Nøtz lrn Sl{alhlr @o; <54 i 25/< !94=6
Nctlba{` icrc n}a`` te)hcgc`c tlalahldntl` }o`rl Achhà Nøtøzfl`e AGL @o; 4646)de de bcr 
Slwu{ Nl`u``ae}c)`c` buhu`duu`u te}zct ettcn 
 L4 Nl`u`à)se Lct Âsà`!c Nlwcd!c Mcf`b`à  we Nlw`à`!c rgcse!c O}al`à  
Nl`u`à ]uhtl` ]øhesal` Dewrc)`e lct O}al`h Nl`u`u( 47 sh céerc}c`de n}ae` ie`chetcheren bcr 
nlé nere nlheae lh`atr Ehcac{denc sl{alhlr` øé tlr{ tertcbc buhu`alntldr; Bcrc`mc}c> e` }o` 323
tlrcfc`c tlsl` we 2: gl}hdl` aesdl`l iehe` chn `ø}fldr on orckc`lh fønøaher cftcw ede` bu
nl`u``ae( me{à fønøaherhe blhlalntl we Slwu{ D÷`eac)`denc`e be`{er tlr{dl cftc}b fønøaherc  
che }o`l eraentedcr=3 nc`mc}c( øé blb we éon }lsdl gl}hhlr flhc`de tl`{ca ohu`l`( blm we cftc}b
fønøaherc che }o`l ere` bcr blnl tertcb nl`u``aedcr Mehh{de   Au}tlgl ehebc)`c` chn tertcz ettcc
`ø}fl ohlbchcr Surt d`dl we céc`de bl{ `ø}flhlr wlrdr4: éø`mø}ø we e` ÷`eahc}c de( Noml
@cl`m)`` aufteaehe` Nl`u`à)`c` }o` shhlr`dl o`u` geral` che tl`{ca we tertcb ettcc "Nlw`c` !c
rgcse!c O}al`à"dcr nc( Nl`u`à)se lct nl`u` `ø}flhlr``( %3:) bu`u` c}tc`}fdr we zldclfhlr  dl
ne`dcherc céc` fu}u}à `ø}fl tl`{ca etacherdcr Zldclf` ear !c hc}c che bcr aømehhed flhc`de tl`{ca
edche` bu nl`u``ae øé blbdr; C Blb( mc`st nlrh`dlnc møra ø mc`set me{lhlr` tl`{ca ede`
d÷rt gl}h> CC Blb( }czlfc( }fcb!c talr( bm( bestøhalh( aø}ehhea( slsl we rl)csset rø}þau`u tl`{ca
ede` sedc gl}h> CCC Blb c}e( rl)cssethcn( negere( l{eb( s÷r&osla