Triumph of IndustryTriumph of Industry1850 - 19001850 - 1900

Technology and Industrial Growth

By Mrs. Brown

Bellringer 1:

Make a list of inventions of the period.

Which one was most important to American society?

Give reasons for your choice.

Learning Targets…

I Can…

1.Analyze the factors that led to the industrialization of the United States in the late 1800s.

2.Explain how new inventions and innovations changed Americans’ lives.

3.Describe the impact of industrialization in the late 1800s.

Section Focus Question: How did industrialization and new technology

affect the economy and society?

Witness History (CD2 #30)Celebrating the Nation’s Centennial

“Song of the Exposition” by Walt Whitman

1. Why was the Centennial Exhibition so popular?

2. Why might it represent a turning point for the United States?

Changes in Daily Life

1. Daily life in 1865 Indoor electric lighting or

refrigeration did not exist. Ice blocks were sawed out

of ponds, packed in sawdust and stored in icehouses.

Mail took 10 days to three weeks to reach from east coast to Midwest to the west. News from Europe to the frontier took months.

Natural Resources Fuel Growth

Coal mines along the eastern seaboard provided fuel to power steam locomotives and factories.

Forests provided lumber for construction. Navigable river ways transported goods

First Oil Well

1859 Edwin Drake drilled the world’s first oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania.

Before Drake’s invention, oil, was mainly obtained from boiling down whale blubber.

http://www.cbsd.org/pennsylvaniapeople/level1_biographies/images/Drake'%201.jpg

Capitalism Encourages Entrepreneurs

1868 Horatio Alger published the novel, Ragged Dick, or Street Life in New York.

It was the rags to riches story of a poor boy who achieved fame and wealth through hard work.

This idea depended on the system of capitalism.

Heroes of the system were entrepreners.

2. Daily life in 1900

The patent and trademark office issued 36,000 patents between 1790 and 1860.

Between 1860 and 1890 500,000 patents were issued for inventions such as the typewriter, sewing machine and phonograph.

http://inventors.about.com/bledison.htm

Phonograph

Thomas Edison Edison did not invent

the light bulb but improved on a 50-year-old idea.

1876 Edison, supported by industrialist like J.P. Morgan established a research library at Menlo Park, New Jersey

Thomas Edison

Edison had only a few months of formal education would receive more than 1000 patents for new inventions

http://www.nndb.com/people/333/000022267/

Thomas Edison

• European investors and American business leaders began to invest heavily in new inventions.

• By 1900 Americans’ standard of living was among the highest in the world as was the nation’s industrial productivity.

Railroads Improve Transportation

1. The Transcontinental Railroad

• The transcontinental railroad was the key event in the great improvement of the rail business after the Civil War. (Extending coast to coast)

• Government involvement was vital.

• The federal government awarded huge loans and land grants to two private companies.

http://www.utahcrossroads.org/F1097_09.htm

• The Central Pacific Railroad began moving eastward out of Sacramento.

• The Union Pacific Railroad began work toward the west in Omaha.

• Most of the workers were immigrants: Irish or Chinese

• After seven years, On May 10, 1869, the final golden spike was hammer in Promontory Point, Utah.

Near Promontory Point

http://www.utahcrossroads.org/F1097_16.htm

2. Rail Problems and Solutions  By 1870 railroads could carry

goods and passengers from coast to coast.

  Steel rails replaced iron rails, and track gauges and signals became standard.

  In 1869 George Westinghouse developed more effective air brakes.

  In 1887 Granville Woods patented a telegraph system for communicating with moving trains.

Meatpacker, Gustavus Swift developed refrigerated cars for transporting food.

http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/scientists/woods.html

Granville Woods

3. Rail Roads and Time Zones  In the 1800s most towns set their clocks

independently according to solar time.• In 1884, 27 countries divided the globe into 24

time zones – one for each hour of the day.• The railroad adopted this system.   By the end of the century, some 190,000 miles of

rails linked businesses and their customers.   Shipping costs dropped enormously.    In 1865 shipping a barrel of flour from Chicago

to New York cost $3.45. In 1895 it cost 68 cents.

Advances in Communication

1. The Telegraph• Samuel F.B. Morse

perfected and took out a patent on the telegraph.

• Morse devised a code of short and long electrical impulses to represent the letters of the alphabet.

• He sent his first message in 1844.

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltelegraph.htm

Self-Portrait

2. The Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell of Scotland patented the “talking telegraph” on March 7, 1876. He had just turned 29.

That same year President Rutherford B. Hayes had a telephone installed at the White House.

http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/14836/mcms.html

The Telephone

By 1900, there were more than 100,000 miles of telegraph wire linked across America.

1896 Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph.

Future inventors would develop the radio based on this innovation.

Electric Power1. Edison, A master

of invention• Born in 1847, Edison grew

up tinkering with electricity.• Edison’s favorite

invention, the phonograph, recorded sounds on metal foil wrapped around a rotating cylinder.

• His goal was to develop affordable, in home lighting to replace oil lamps and gaslights.

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhm.html

2. Westinghouse and alternating current

  1n 1885 George Westinghouse began to experiment with alternating current, which could be produced and transmitted more cheaply and efficiently.

  Westinghouse also used a device called a transformer to boost power levels at a station so that electricity could be sent over long distances.

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwestinghouse.htm

  Westinghouse’s system made home use of electricity practical.

  By the early 1890’s, investors had used Edison’s and Westinghouse’s ideas and inventions to create two companies, general electric and Westinghouse electric.

http://www.georgewestinghouse.com/1stlight.html

1st Light – Lighting Main Street

  

3. Electricity’s Impact on Daily Life

Electricity made the refrigerator possible, transformed the world of work and created new jobs.

The electric sewing machine, first made in 1889, led to the rapid growth of the clothing industry.

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsewing_machine.htm

Turning Point: The Bessemer Process

• In 1856 in England, Henry Bessemer received the first patent for the Bessemer process.

• Steel had long been produced by melting iron, adding carbon, and removing impurities.

• The Bessemer process made it much easier and cheaper to remove the impurities.

• Steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron.

• The Bessemer process made possible the mass production of steel.

• By 1890, the US was outproducing British steel manufacturers.

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteel.htm

http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/index1.htm

Witness History:

CD 2 #29 The March of American Progress – The

Brooklyn Eagle How do you think the completion of this

bridge changed the lives of the people living around it?

The Brooklyn Bridge• The only way to travel

between Brooklyn and Manhattan was by ferry across the east river.

• John A. Roebling, a German immigrant designed a suspension bridge with thick steel cables suspended from high towers to hold up the main span.

http://www.germanheritage.com/biographies/mtoz/roebling.html

Brooklyn Bridge• Disasters plagued this

massive project. Roebling died, his son then in charge was disabled with “the bends”. Explosions, fires, and dishonest dealings by a greedy steel-cable contractor also occurred.

http://www.wirednewyork.com/bridges/brooklyn_bridge/images/brooklyn_manhattan_bridge_26may02.jpg

2. A Symbol of American Success The Brooklyn bridge was completed and opened

on May 24, 1883. Its inventive genius and hard work stood plainly

visible for all the world to see.

Witness History: CD 2 #29

The March of American Progress

The Brooklyn Eagle How do you think the completion of this bridge

changed the lives of the people living around it?

The Impact of Industrialization Linked World Markets

– US exports of grain, steel, and textiles dominated international markets

Changed American Society– Industry altered how Americans lived and

worked Concern about the Environment

– 1872 Yellowstone National Park was created in response to concerns

Textbook Resources:

Read Major Inventions of the 1800s on page 102

Read and study Focus on Geography on page 105. Answer the two Geography and History questions in the green box.

Exit Slip:

1. Why did industry continue to expand after the civil war? P101

2. Why would a patent encourage the work of inventors? P102

3. How did the Bessemer process affect transportation? P103

4. How did industrialization change the population of U.S. cities and rural areas? p106

5. How did industrialization affect people’s relationship with their environment? p106