Triple Forces of Modernity (1750-present):Industrialism, Nationalism & Imperialism

Industrialization

• nature of production: what was produced, as well as where and how

• Goods manufactured in the factory

• productivity & technical efficiency grew

• systematic application of scientific & practical knowledge to manufacturing

• large groups of business enterprises located within a limited area

• growth of cities

Industrial Revolution

• movement of people to cities

• availability of a greater variety of material goods

• new ways of doing business

Industrial Revolution

• production shifted from home to factories

• population relocated from the countryside to the towns and cities

• amount of goods and services produced expanded

• proportion of capital invested per worker grew

• new groups of investors, businesspeople, and managers took financial risks and reaped great rewards

Industrial Revolution: Benefits

• increased prosperity

• greater quantity/quality of stuff

• improved health

• minimum wage

• 40-hour work week

• improved health/safety conditions in the workplace

Changes in manufacturing methods

• production by hand → complex machines• work in the home to work in the factory• new sources of power: steam, electricity, petroleum, atomic energy,

solar energy• application of science to industry• artificial/synthetic products: plastic, nylon• newer, faster, efficient means of transportation & communication• automation: machines equipped with electronic brains capable of

running other machines• use of computers to store and retrieve data and perform clerical and

mathematical tasks• scientific & mechanized agriculture

Results of Industrial Revolution• division of labor• standardization• assembly line process [mass production]• higher standard of living• emergence of modern capitalism: private ownership, free enterprise, profit motive,

competition, market economy• rise of corporation: ability to raise capital e.g. stock, limited liability, perpetual life• age of big business• government regulation of industry• global economic interdependence• increased world population [agriculture & medicine]• growth of cities• improved status of women [economic independence]• more comfortable homes• leisure time• impetus to education [skilled workers & mass media]

Nationalism:Sense of identity

Nationalism

• improvement in communications

• spread of education

• introduction of national constitutions

• struggle for political rights

• growth of trade and industry

Nationalism:French Revolution

loyalty to the king was replaced by loyalty to the patrie (“fatherland’)

Spirit of nationalism

Unification of Germany Unification of Italy

Nationalism

Imperialism

I would annex the planets if I could.

Cecil Rhodes

rival colonial systems

“Scramble for Africa”

Financial investment & markets = new profits

Nationalism (land=greatness)

“White man’s burden”

Global military politics(large fleets need ports)

British dreadnought German fleet

Calamity!