2nd IR and “Mass Society,” Modernity, “New Imperialism,”

Great War, &Russian Revolution

Test Review

“2nd Industrial Revolution” & “Mass Society”

British inventor of the light bulbJoseph Swan

Building on the insights of Tesla, he first sent radio waves across the

Atlantic in 1901Marconi

Popularized by the American Frederick Winslow Taylor, these were principles that sought to maximize worker inefficiency

(or alienation as Marx would say)Scientific management

(Taylorism)

My invention of the light engine was a key development for the

automobile industryGottlieb Daimler

I revolutionized the automobile industry with the mass-produced

Model-THenry Ford

A combination of independent commercial enterprises that work

together to control prices and limit competition.

Cartel

Probably the most powerful working class party (German) in

late 19th century Europe (and who would be the target of many of

Bismarck’s domestic policies)SDP—Social Democratic Party

A society in which the concerns of the majority—the lower classes—

play a prominent role; characterized by extension of

voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education.Mass society

I favored evolutionary, not revolutionary, socialism and

understood expanded suffrage could peacefully help realize

socialist aimsEduard Bernstein

This movement thrived in less industrialized and less democratic countries where ordinary people

could see no hope of peaceful political change; a movement that

in the late 19th century became associated with fanaticism and

assassinationAnarchism

These groups, often allied with socialist parties, worked for better

wages, benefits, and working conditions (via collective

bargaining); typical tactics included the strike and boycott

Trade unions

List some reasons for the population explosion of late 19th

century Europe (ca. 1850-1910)

Improved sanitation (water and sewage)Vaccination programsImproved diet → better nutrition/food

hygiene

Industrialization + Population Explosion =

Urbanization/Suburbanization/Immigration

Industrialization + Urbanization =

Proletarianization (working class consciousness)

This social effect of the second Industrial Revolution was

facilitated by the emergence of cheap, modern transportation like

commuter trainsSuburbanization

In 1882, I founded first birth control clinic in Amsterdam

Dr. Aletta Jacob

List several examples of “mass leisure” in the late 19th century

Dance halls, amusement parks, professional sports, tourism (“weekend” travel), shopping at department stores

The notion that ministers of government were responsible to the

parliament and not the monarch (Germany did not have it and it cost

Bismarck his job!)Ministerial responsibility

British parliamentarian laws that extended suffrage in the

19th centuryReform Acts

Liberal PM whose sponsorship of the Reform Act of 1884 gave the vote to all men who paid regular

rents or taxesGladstone

British laws that gave authorities the right to examine prostitutes for venereal disease and the right to

send those prostitutes found to be infected to lock hospitals

Contagious Diseases Acts

French government brought to power by the Constitution of

1875; lasted until 1940French Third Republic

Famous Daytonians who made the first flight in a fixed-wing plane powered by a gasoline

engine in 1903Orville and Wilbur Wright

A new technique employed by businesses (who relied on social psychologists) to help sell the

consumer goods made possible by the development of the steel and

electrical industriesMass marketing

International Labor DayMay 1st

1890 Parliamentarian law that authorized local town councils to collect new taxes and construct cheap housing for the working

classesBritish Housing Act

One of the most notable effects of “mass education” was rising levels of this; the ability to read

Literacy

Leader of the “shrieking sisters”

Josephine Butler

Mass forms of this “culture” included newspapers,

magazines, and pulp fictionPrint

Despite the new job opportunities for women in the late 19th century,

many lower-class women were forced into this profession to

surviveProstitution

Working class organizations during the late 19th century

tended to support this “cult” as it could help address the increasing

shortage of factory jobsDomesticity

Increased competition for foreign markets and the growing

importance of domestic demand in the latter 19th century led to a reaction against free trade and

support for these kinds of measures, which were anti-laissez-

faire Protectionist

Essential to the public health of the modern European city was the

ability to bring clean water into the city and to expel _________ from

itSewage

Where the vast array of new consumer products were

brought together in a single place

Department stores

“_____ that you might preserve”—British statesman Thomas

MacaulayReform

From approximately 1850 to 1930, probably 60 million Europeans left Europe largely for economic and “minority” status issues. What is

this phenomena called?Mass emigration

Unpopular series of measures Bismarck took against the Roman Catholic Church as he distrusted their loyalty to the new German

state; has come to refer to conflict between church and state

anywhereKulturkampf

In industrial development after 1870, it began to replace iron

Steel

British founder of the Boy Scouts, a “middle class” organization tied

to sport, patriotism, discipline, adventure, self-sacrifice, and

character buildingRobert Baden-Powell

In wake of the Franco-Prussian war, group of radical republicans that

formed an independent republican government in Paris that was later crushed by the National Assembly

(and that widened the split between the middle and working classes)

Paris Commune

Unpopular program of Alexander III that among other things forced the

numerous nationalities of the Russian Empire to only teach

Russian in schoolsRussification

Period from roughly 1895 to the beginning of the Great War in 1914 that many viewed as an economic boom and an age of

increasing prosperityLa Belle Époque

The primary instrument of terror for anarchist revolutionaries

during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Assassination

Government programs that provided social welfare measures such as old-age pensions and sickness, accident,

and disability insurance; first spearheaded by Bismarck

Social security

It was facilitated by precision tool making and undergirded the

evolution of the assembly lineInterchangeable parts

Group of radical Parisian republicans who established an independent

government in Paris after the French people, by universal male suffrage, had voted the monarchists to power in the new National Assembly after

the fall of the Second EmpireParis Commune

This 1875 parliamentarian law mandated that newly

constructed buildings have running water and an internal

drainage systemPublic Health Act

This major new form of energy proved to be of great value since it could be easily converted into other forms of energy, such as

heat, light, and motion, and moved relatively effortlessly

through space over wiresElectricity

Modernity & “New

Imperialism”

According to a popular phrase the sun never sets on the…

British Empire

He wrote, “Take up the White Man’s Burden…”

Rudyard Kipling

Feminist peace advocate whose Lay Down Your Arms earned her the

Nobel Prize in 1905Bertha von Suttner

The devastating potential of the machine gun was unveiled at

this battle between the Sudanese and British in 1898

Battle of Omdurman

Nietzsche’s “litmus test” for authenticity

Eternal recurrence

His uncertainty principle was unsettling to many in that it

proposed that uncertainty was at the root of all physical laws

Heisenberg

Belgian king and notoriously brutal colonizer of the central African region of the Congo

King Leopold II

Technical term for painting outdoors so as to observe nature

directly; practiced by many Impressionists and Realists

En plein air

The name given to the transformation of Japan into a

Western-style military and industrial power

Meiji Restoration

Policy whereby the great European powers and the United States and Japan agreed not to restrict the

commerce of the other countries in its economic “sphere of influence” in

ChinaOpen door policy

The application of Darwin’s principle of organic evolution to

the social orderSocial Darwinism

For Nietzsche, the primitive drive that controls our cognitive life

Will to power

Nietzsche’s epistemological position in which there cannot be

any uninterpreted “facts” or “truths,” because everything we

encounter is seen from one perspective or another

Perspectivism

A key figure in the growth of political Zionism, his The Jewish

State argued for the creation of a Jewish state in PalestineTheodor Herzl

Leader of the British suffragette movement in the early 20th

centuryEmmeline Pankhurst

The “talking cure”Psychoanalysis

For Freud, the center of unconscious drives and ruled by

the pleasure principleId

The infant’s craving for exclusive possession of the parent of the

opposite sex (for females); opposite of the Oedipus complex

Electra complex

In classical physics, matter was thought to be composed of

indivisible and solid material bodies called _____

atoms

The notion—which partially fueled the “new” imperialism—that

Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize ignorant

peoplesWhite Man’s Burden

For Freud, a process by which unsettling experiences were blotted from conscious awareness but still

continued to influence behavior because they had become part of the

unconsciousRepression

British advocate of colonialism who championed a policy of

expansion that would link British colonies from Cairo to Cape Town

Cecil Rhodes

By 1914, besides Liberia (backed by the US government), the only free, independent African state

Ethiopia (Abyssinia)

For Freud, the royal road to the unconscious

Dreams

Technical Nietzschean name for the “masters” or the “psychologically strong” or “superior intellectuals”

that will have the courage to embrace their subjectivity and forge and live

by their own moral codeÜbermenschen

Russian composer of the Rite of Spring (1913) who sought a new

understanding of irrational forces in his music; his music is known for its

pulsating rhythms and sharp dissonances

Igor Stravinsky

Papal bull issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864 that condemned

nationalism, socialism, religious toleration, freedom of speech,

and freedom of the pressSyllabus of Errors (Syllabus

Errorum)

The most popular exponent of Social Darwinism and author of Social Statistics, which argued that societies were organisms that

evolved through time from a struggle with their environment

Herbert Spencer

Infamous episode of anti-Semitism in late nineteenth century France in

which a Jewish captain in the French general staff was convicted on

trumped up charges because he was a Jew (reminiscent of the Calas Affair

in 18th century France)Dreyfus Affair

Papal bull issued by Pope Leo XIII in 1891 that was perceived as a

compromise to modern ideas; in particular, it condemned “naked” capitalism and urged Catholics to form socialist parties and labor unions of their own to help the

laboring classesDe Rerum Novarum

Throughout much of the 19th century, Westerners adhered to

the _____ conception of the universe postulated by the

classical physics of Isaac NewtonMechanical

For Freud, the name given to the former experiences and inner

drives of which people are largely oblivious and which strongly determine human behavior

Unconscious

Artistic movement began by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque that used geometric designs as visual stimuli to re-create reality in the

viewer’s mindCubism

Developments in this field in the 1830s led many artists away from visual realism

Photography

The revival of imperialism after 1880 in which European nations established colonies throughout

much of Asia and Africa“New” Imperialism

Literary movement that in many ways was a continuation of realism, but generally was pessimistic about

Europe’s future and often portrayed characters caught in the grip of forces beyond their control; key writers include Émile Zola, Leo

Tolstoy, and Fyodor DostoyevskyNaturalism

Group founded by William Booth in 1865 that established

food centers and homeless shelters for the working-class

poorSalvation Army

Jewish nationalism

Zionism

Russian finance minister who spearhead state-sponsored

industrialism from 1892-1903Sergei Witte

Those who sought to maintain indigenous cultural traditions in the face of the new imperialism

Traditionalists

Those who thought that adoption of Western ways would enable indigenous cultures to reform their societies and eventually

challenge Western ruleModernizers

For Freud, the seat of reason and the coordinator of the inner life that was governed by the reality

principleEgo

Feminist martyr that was killed at the Epsom Derby race in 1913

Emily Davison

One of the chief volkish propagandists whose The

Foundations of the Nineteenth Century argued that Germans were

the only pure successors of the Aryans (who were portrayed as the

true and original creators of Western culture)Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Developed by the French in 1869, it linked the Mediterranean Sea

and the Red SeaSuez Canal

According to Max Planck, the name of the irregular packets of discontinuously radiated energy (as opposed to steady stream of

radiated energy)Quanta

Ultimately abortive outburst of violence in 1900-1901, led by the

Society of Harmonious Fists, which tried to push foreigners out

of ChinaBoxer Rebellion

“_____ is dead”—Friedrich Nietzsche (for him, this is not a metaphysical proposition, but rather the growing

realization that this ideology [Christianity] was no longer a live, cultural force in Western culture)

God

The Curies (Marie and Pierre) work with radium demonstrated that

atoms were not simply hard, material bodies but small worlds containing such _____ particles as electrons and protons that behaved in seemingly random and inexplicable fashion

subatomic

For Freud, the locus of the conscience; represented the

inhibitions and moral values that society in general and parents in particular imposed upon people

Superego

Theory proposed by Albert Einstein that maintains that space and time are not absolute, but relative to the observer, and both are interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time

continuumRelativity

19th century French scholar who championed the “higher

criticism”—applying critical principles to the Bible

Ernst Renan

British gradualistsFabians

A territory or region over which an outside nation exercises

political or economic influenceSphere of influence

Great War & Russian

Revolution

Collective name of German, Austrian, Bulgarian, and

Ottoman forcesCentral Powers

Pandemic during 1918 that killed over twenty million worldwide

Spanish flu

This “Red Baron” was the most well-known fighter pilot of the

Great WarManfred von Richthofen

Russian legislatureDuma

Wartime governments made active use of _____ to arouse

enthusiasm for the warpropaganda

The name Lenin gave to the small group of well-disciplined professional

revolutionaries that would accomplish the violent overthrow of

the Provisional GovernmentVanguard

Plan devised by a German general in the last decade of the 19th century

that called for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would

make a rapid invasion of northeastern France by way of

neutral BelgiumSchlieffen Plan

Issued by Nicholas II after the disastrous Bloody Sunday Revolt, it granted Russians civil liberties and agreed to create a legislative

assemblyOctober Manifesto

The “powder keg of Europe”Balkans

Allied war treaty signed with Germany

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that pulled Russia out of the Great War, though at a cost of nearly

a quarter of their landBrest-Litovsk

British officer (nickname) that incited Arab princes to revolt against Ottoman rule in the

Middle EastLawrence of Arabia (T.E.

Lawrence)

Name for Lenin’s blueprint for revolutionary action

“April Theses”

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which declared Germany and Austria were

responsible for starting the war and ordered Germany to pay

reparationsWar Guilt Clause

Small faction of Russian Social Democrats (led by Lenin) that called for a violent revolution

Bolsheviks

System established after WWI whereby a nation officially

administered a territory on behalf of the League of Nations; for instance, France administered Lebanon and

Syria, Britain administered Iraq and PalestineMandate

Bosnian city in which on June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne, the Archduke Franz

Ferdinand, was assassinatedSarajevo

The peace settlement approach championed by Woodrow Wilson that

advocated a spirit of forgiveness toward Germany and a just division

of territoryPeace of Justice

British law that not only allowed for the arresting of war dissenters as traitors, but also authorized public officials to censor newspapers and

even suspend publication; particular example of how wartime

governments responded to war oppositionDefence of the Realm Act (DORA)

Nickname of the dangerous territory between opposing

trenchesNo Man’s Land

The Red secret police that instituted revolutionary “Red

Terror”Cheka

The German offensive at Verdun and the French offensive on the _____ (both in 1916) demonstrated the

futility of trench warfareSomme

Nickname of the Bolshevik armyRed Army

Perhaps the most famous of the Russian revolutionary slogans

“Peace, land, and bread”

19th century German military theorist whose “mass” style of fighting proved obsolete in a world of

mechanized warfarevon Clausewitz

British passenger ship infamously targeted by the German policy of

unrestricted submarine warfare that not only cost 100 Americans their

lives, but was used as a rallying point for American entry into the war

Lusitania

Name of the peaceful protest staged at the tsar’s Winter Palace

in opposition to the Russo-Japanese War that resulted in

bloodshed initiated by the tsar’s troopsBloody Sunday Revolt (1905)

German author of All Quiet on the Western Front

Erich Maria Remarque

Based on a speech given by President Wilson in 1918, these broad

principles supported ideas such as free trade, open agreements,

democracy, and self-determinationFourteen Points

Included the nationalization of the banks in Russia and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from peasants, and the centralization of

state administration under Bolshevik control

War communism

The assassin of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife,

SophiaGavrilo Princip

The German assurance given to Austria-Hungary in the wake of the assassination of the Archduke that pledged “full support” to whatever retaliatory actions Austria-Hungary would take against Serbia, including

war“Blank check”

Nickname of the leaders of the chief victorious Allied powers that included

Great Britain, France, the USA, and Italy

Big Four (Lloyd George, Clemenceau, Wilson, and Orlando)

General name for those nations that fought alongside the original

Triple EntenteAllies

Russian name for councils of workers and soldiers deputies who

represented the more radical interests of the lower classes and

were largely composed of socialists of various kinds

Soviets

The harsh peace settlement approach taken by Great Britain

and France toward defeated Germany

“Peace of Vengeance”

Nickname of that terrifying moment when soldiers, usually alerted by a

whistle, were instructed to abandon their trench and attack the opposing

trenchGo “over the top”

Foreign policy goal of Bismarck in which Germany would never find

itself in a minority of two among the five great powers of Europe (GB,

France, Germany, A-H, and Russia)Three-power rule

British warship that was the envy of the world with its all “big gun”

armament, steel armor, and steam turbine power

Dreadnought

Famous mutiny of the German navy at the tail end of the war after which

Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicatedKiel

Pre-war alliance between Britain, France, and Russia

Triple Entente

The Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-

Slavic kingdomBlack Hand (Union or Death)

British naval goal in which their navy would be on par with the two biggest

combined navies in EuropeTwo-power rule

Nickname for those who were killed during the war and for those that

survived it (because of the hopelessness and despair that

followed)“Lost Generation”

Psychological disorder that was an unfortunate but common result of the

“rain of shells” by artillery such as the German “Big Bertha”

“Shell shock”

For women in post-war Western Europe, the most tangible gain was

_____, or the right to votesuffrage

The Siberian “mad monk” that increasingly exerted influence over Alexandra and Nicholas II, much to

the detriment of the public perception of the Romanov dynasty

Rasputin

Lenin’s right hand man and leader of the Red Army

Leon Trotsky

Russian policy during the civil war that included the nationalization of

banks and most industries, the forcible requisition of grain from

peasants, and the centralization of state administration under

Bolshevik ruleWar communism

Nickname of the anti-Bolshevik army that was comprised a

several factionsWhite Army

As wartime governments moved away from free-market capitalism by experimenting with policies

such as price controls, wage controls, rent controls, the rationing of food supplies and materials, the

regulation of imports and exports, and the nationalization of transportation systems and

industries, European nations had, in effect, moved toward _____ economies directed by government

agenciesplanned

The war (on the Western Front) turned into a _____ as neither the

Germans nor the French/British could dislodge the other from the trenches

they dug for shelterstalemate

Signed on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month

Armistice (Cease-fire)

The growth of nationalism in the 19th century was problematic in that not

all _____ groups had achieved the goal of nationhood (think of the minorities

in the Balkans and Austrian-Hungarian Empire, the Irish, and the

Poles)ethnic (the so-called “minorities”

or “nationalities” problem)

The glorification of armed strength and the ideals of war;

the stockpiling of weaponsMilitarism

Russian faction that wanted the Social Democrats to be a mass electoral socialist party based on a Western model and who were willing to cooperate temporarily in a parliamentary democracy while working toward the ultimate achievement of a

socialist state (in short, Russian gradualists)Mensheviks

By the Treaty of Versailles, what was to happen to the RhinelandDemilitarized

Name given to the overthrow of the Russian Provisional government by

the BolsheviksNovember (October) Revolution

Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government in the days

before the November RevolutionAlexander Kerensky

Issued by the Petrograd Soviet in March 1917, it encouraged all

Russian military forces to remove the existing officers and replace

them with committees that represent the people—led to

collapse of all military discipline and military chaosArmy Order No. 1