trends for the energetic use of biomass prof. dr. herbert spindler germany fördergemeinschaft...
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Trends for the energetic use of biomass
Prof. Dr. Herbert Spindler
Germany
Fördergemeinschaft Ökologische Stoffverwertung e.V., Halle/Saale (FOEST)
www.FOEST-Halle.de
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Content
0. Introduction
1. Use of biomass
2. Parameters of utilization
3. Importance of gasification
4. Future Fuels
5. Outlook
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Background
Against the background of the shortage of fossil fuels, which becomes ever more visible, the climate change, and the demand for sustainable development, the possibilities and limits of an energetic use of biomass are discussed. Because of the rapid increase of energy prices the bio-energy will become competitive in a short time. The gasification of biomass is to be seen as especially profitable, because the gasification technology is considered the basis of extremely pure liquid fuels, which are able to fulfil all waste gas norms. Therefore the biomass industry is an important support for the agriculture and the forestry.
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Energetic Use of Renewable Raw Material
Classification by technical state
Primary process Primary product Utilization
combustion steam, heat electricity, heating
gasification combustion gas electricity, syntheses
fermentation biogas electricity, useable gas
liquefaction bio-alcohol, motor drive
(chemical & mechanical) bio-diesel, oils chemistry
pyrolysis gases, liquids, coke wide range
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Evaluation
Combustion processes ( λ> 1 ) are controlled best. Large plants available. Efficiency factors relatively low due to thermodynamical reasons, limits reached.
Gasification processes (thermal ,0 < λ< 1) not yet marketable even after long period of research, but high efficiency factors foreseeable (2-3 times higher compared to combustion), therefore prospectively increasing importance. Problems of gas purification largely solved. In small to average power range (up to 2 MW) fixed-bed gasifiers are advantageous, in average to high power range (>10 MW) fluid bed gasifiers are of advantage. High utilization potential.
Fermentation (methane fermentation, microbial) is only partially an energetic utilization process (biogas), which originally served disinfection. Remarkable technical state, but compared to gasification small speed of reaction, low efficiency factor, great reactor volume required, and after-care of fermented liquid manure necessary.
Liquefaction (alcoholic fermentation, extraction, compression) to bio-fuels (ethanol, RME) is facing technical and economical difficulties, but is funded by the EU. Mixing the products with conventional fuels is also tested.
Pyrolysis (λ = 0) to a mixture of gas, liquid and low-temperature coke in very differently designed procedures as „slow“, „fast” and „flash“ pyrolysis. The varying products are processed in very different ways.
Energetic Use of Renewable Raw Material
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Process and Configuration Energy
(External effects will not be taken into account)
The expenditure of energy E for a target energy ET is
E = ET + EW + EO+ Δ EC = EP + Δ EC
ET = Target energy: is the desired energy that is obtained from the energy input.
EW = Lost energy, which is used up in addition
EO = Operation energy, which has to be added for the flow of operation
EP = ET + EW, Process energy: total energy that is needed so that the process can
actually run at a given configuration.
ηs = ET/EP, specific efficiency factor, with which the conversion of process energy
into target energy takes place (plant efficiency factor).
If the process runs in stages 1 to n, then η = η1*η2... ηn < 1.
EC = Configuration Energy: cumulative energy needed to set the material frame for
the energetic process and to run this process.
ΔEC = Proportion of EC, that corresponds with the time in which ET is obtained.
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Down draft fixed-bed gasifier plant for 560 kWel
in „Civitas Nova“, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
Betreiber: Energieversorgung NiederösterreichErrichtung und Planung: IUT GmbH, HarrisleeWissenschaftliche Begleitung (RENET AUSTRIA):TU-Wien, Prof. Dr.-Ing. HofbauerWiss. Kooperationspartner: GNS GmbH,Halle/S.
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Parameters for the Economy of Gasification
Model for an electricity-based gasification of biomass
Following parameters are introduced:CE = specific energy production costs in Euro/kWh
Ce = specific electricity production costs in Euro/kWh
It is Ce = CE /ηpl , with ηpl = electrical plant efficiency factor = ηGηmot
ηG = efficiency factor of gasification
ηG = HuG vG/HuB mB = HuG a/HuB a = vG/mB = gas yield
ηmot = motor-generator efficiency factor
CP = CE/hr = specific costs of power in Euro/kW per operating hour
= BC/FP = basic costs / fuel power BC= CC + OC + MC = costs of capital+ operating costs+ costs of materialsFP = HuB mB = Heat value of fuel in MJ/kg by flow rate in kg/h
MC contain costs forfuels (natural wood, wood waste, stalk materials straw dung, sewage sludge), auxiliary materials (catalysts, absorbents, solvents, filters),waste materials (ashes, waste water, waste gas)
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Ce small conventional Ce = ca. 2 Ct/kWh (coal, nuclear electricity)
At present time gasification Ce = 10 – 20 Ct/kWh (Fichtner)
BC minimal MC small, 0 if possible mB high
FP high (at a given CC, OC, hence a given plant)
Calorific value of gas HuG so far 4...5 MJ/Nm³; aim: HuG > 10 MJ/Nm
HuB in MJ/kg (TS) = 18,5 wood , 16...17 stalk materials, 7...10 sewage sludge
ηel 0,4 so far ηel = 0,15....0,2; ηV= 0,5...0.7; ηmot = 0,25...0,3
hr(max.) = 8766 h/a (calendar year) hr (norm.)< 7500 h/a
Final aim: Ce < 5 Ct/kWh
Parameters for the Economy of Gasification
Aims:
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Parameters for the Economy of Gasification
specific electricity production costs Ce =spec. energy production costs (CE)
electr. plant efficiency factor (ηpl)
Approach:
aim: CE => small ηG ηmot = ηpl => high
CE [€/kWh] =spec. costs of power Cp [€/kW]
operating hours [h]
capital, operating, and material costs [€]
fuel power [kW] ( = HuBmB)Cp [€/kW] =
ηmot = motor-generator eff. factor
(efficient engines, high demands on quality of producer gas)
ηG = efficiency factor of
gasification
(high gas yield, high calorific value, air number λ minimal
actual costs: Ce = 0,1 to 0,2 €/kWh (Fichtner)
Final aim : Ce = 0,05 €/kWh
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Electricity Production Costs
The specific electricity production costs Ce are defined as the sum of the costs (costs
of capital + operating costs + costs of materials), which has to be expended to generate one kWh of electricity.
Way of Generation Ce in EuroCent/kWh
Renewable photo-voltaic 50 – 60
biomass 10 – 12
wind 5 – 6
water 3 – 5
Conventional nuclear energy 2 – 3
coal 2 – 3
gas 2 – 3
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Utilization of the Product Gas from Thermal Gasification
Origin: lean gas with Hu = 4 – 12 (biogas 20, natural gas 30) MJ/Nm³
Way 1: Generation of electricity from fuel gas by means of BTPS (block-type thermal power stations) or gas turbines
Cold gas efficiency up to 90% achieved, electrical plant efficiency up to 30% with engine efficiency up to 40%.
Way 2: Generation of electricity by means of fuel cells, high efficiency is to be anticipated, requires conversion of the deployment components into hydrogen within or outside of the cell, efficiency of the generation of electricity up to 60%, prospectively up to 90%
Way 3: Hydrogen economy, e.g. gas driven cars, problem: low energy density of hydrogen.
Way 4: modern FT synthesis, requires H2:CO = 2 : 1, for basic reaction CO + 2 H2 =
-CH2- + H2O , highly purified synthesis gases and modern catalysts necessary.
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Future Fuels
1. Generation:RME (bio-diesel), ethanol (alcohol additions)MtG (Methanol to Gasoline)
2. Generation:CtL (Coal to Liquid)GtL (Gas to Liquid)BtL (Biomass to Liquid)
Reanimation of the Fischer-Tropsch method to produce synthetic fuel („Synfuel“)
Steps: Production of synthesis gas (2 H2, CO)
Gas cleanup (dust removal, desulfurization) catalytic high-pressure synthesis (C20+-paraffins)
Hydroprocessing (naphtha, kerosine, diesel, benzine)
Properties of Synfuel:Very clean, high cetane number, non-polluting,but expensive
Implementation is dictated by environmental standards/regulations:Only Synfuel will be able to fulfill future EU exhaust gas regulations in terms of emission of particulates, freedom from sulphur, NOx, CO, HC content
Development trends for fuels in EUsince 2000: based on mineral oil
50 ppm S
about 2008: based on mineral oil < 10 ppm S
as of about 2010: based on natural gasSynfuel (virtually S-free)
as of about 2015: based on biomassSynfuel („Sunfuel“)
as of about 2020: Hydrogenregenerative
FÖSTBiokraftstoffe – stoffwirtschaftlicher Verbund
Ölpflanzen
Ölgewinnung
Öletechn.
Feinreinigung
Kohlehydrat-pflanzen
Rest-stoffe
BiomassenHolzStroh
Vergasung
StadtgasBiogas
Mischgas
BHKW
DüngerDüngerDampfDampfE-
energie
E-energie
Fermentation
Ablauf-aufbereitung
Ammon-sulfat
Ammon-sulfatÖle
reinst
Ölereinst ÖlesterÖlester Glyce-
rin
Glyce-rin
Ethanolreinst
Ethanolreinst
Verzuckerung
Fermentation
Destillation
Ethanoltechn.
UmesterungFein-
destillation
Rückstände
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Outlook
The importance of biomass for energetic utilisation will increase. The fuel supply in the future will result at least partly from the utilization of biomass.
Biomass will also play an important role as raw material in chemistry. We have already got concepts for bio-refineries.
Promising is the connection of biomass with the use of coal
The use of biomass will become economical with increasing costs for oil
But is remains doubtful whether the main part of the future energy supply will be made up of renewable energy. Therefore, the most important line of future energy supply will be the saving of energy.
Already W. Ostwald has postulated the „Energetic imperative“: Do not waste energy, but use it“ (1912)
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Many thanks
for your attention