GHG Pla�orm India is a civil society ini�a�ve providing an independent es�ma�on and analysis of India's Greenhouse

Gas (GHG) emissions across key sectors, namely- Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture,

Forestry & Other Land Use (AFOLU) and Waste.

The Pla�orm seeks to add value to the various ongoing GHG emission es�ma�on efforts by helping address exis�ng

data gaps and data accessibility issues, extending beyond the scope of na�onal inventories to state inventories, and by

increasing the volume of analy�cs and policy dialogue on India's GHG emissions sources, profile, and related policies.

The ini�a�ve es�mates and assesses GHG emissions and removals from the following sectors:

*Fuel combusted for Cap�ve Electricity Genera�on (Auto-Producers) has been reported under Energy sector.

Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from 2005 to 2013

Trend Analysisof GHG Emissions in

PUNJAB

Punjab at a glance (2013)

ENERGY AFOLUIPPU* WASTE

2.28%Popula�on

2.47%Net GHG Emissions

Per Capita Emissions

2.10tCO₂e

(Punjab)

1.93 tCO₂e(India)

Forest Area

4%(Of Punjab‘sTotal Area)

0.25%(Of India’s

Forest Area)

550 Persons/Sq.Km

(Punjab)

382 Persons/Sq.Km

(India)

Popula�on Density

1.53%

3.05%GDP

Area

Economy-wide Emission Estimates

Emissions of Punjab grew from 53.3 MtCO2e to 59.7 MtCO2e at an estimated CAGR1 of 1.43% from

2005 to 20132. A slight bump in the overall emissions was observed in 2010 owing to increased

emissions from the Energy sector. The Energy and AFOLU sectors were the top contributors of GHG

emissions across all the reference years. In 2013, the Energy sector had the maximum share of ~68%

followed by the AFOLU sector (~21%). The Waste (~7%) and the IPPU (~4%) sectors had a combined

share of ~11% in 2013, Notably, the percentage sectoral shares of emissions in 2013 were almost the

same when compared to 2005 as illustrated in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2: Sector-wise Contribution to Economy-wide GHG Emissions of Punjab

2005 2013

1 Compound Annual Growth Rate 2 Calendar year values have been considered for this analysis. For Global Warming Potential (GWP) calculations IPCC-ARII values have been considered

53.3 51.754.2 56.3

60.6 62.5 61.9 59.9 59.7

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 1: GHG Emission Estimates for Punjab (2005 to 2013)

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Energy

Industrial Product and Process Use Waste

Total

21%

68%

4% 7%21%

69%

4% 6%

Energy

IPPU

AFOLU

Waste

The per capita emissions trend of Punjab was fairly flat and grew at a low CAGR of 0.14% from 2.07

tCO2e in 2005 to 2.10 tCO2e in 2013. The per capita emissions of Punjab peaked at 2.28 tCO2e in 2010

and started declining thereafter. When compared to the per capita emissions of India, Punjab

recorded a slightly higher level of per capita emissions. However, this difference had decreased

substantially between 2005 and 2013 as illustrated in Figure 3 above. The per capita emissions of India

grew an observed CAGR of 4.07% from 2005 to 2013, unlike Punjab.

The Waste sector in Punjab registered the highest CAGR of 3.48% from 2005 to 2013. This was

followed by the IPPU and AFOLU sectors, which had a lower CAGR of 2.13% and 1.42% respectively

for the same period. The Energy sector in Punjab recorded the lowest growth rate of 1.19%

(compounded annually) during the reference period. When compared to India’s sectoral growth rates,

all the sectors of Punjab registered a lower growth rate as shown in Figure 4 above. The exception

was the AFOLU sector, whose GHG emissions grew at a CAGR of 1.42%, unlike the negative growth

witnessed for India’s AFOLU sector during the reference period.

6.80%

1.19%

5.94%

2.13%

-1.95%

1.42%

3.90%3.48%

-3%

-2%

-1%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

India Punjab

CA

GR

(%

)

Figure 4: Sector-wise GHG Emissions Growth Ratefrom 2005 to 2013

These growth rates have been compounded annually.

Energy IPPU AFOLU Waste

2.071.99 2.06 2.11

2.24 2.28 2.232.13 2.10

1.40 1.42 1.491.59 1.65

1.75 1.80

1.881.93

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Per

Cap

ita

Emis

sio

ns

Esti

mat

es (

tCO

2e)

Figure 3: Per Capita GHG Emissions for Punjab and India(2005 to 2013)

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Energy

Industrial Product and Process Use Waste

Punjab India

Energy Sector The Energy sector represented ~68% of total emissions in Punjab in 2013. In general, emissions from

the Energy sector arise from two main sub-sectors– Fuel Combustion and Fugitive. For Punjab,

however, almost all the emissions were from the Fuel Combustion sub-sector. The Energy Sector

emissions of Punjab grew at a CAGR of 1.19% from 36.8 MtCO2e in 2005 to 40.4 MtCO2e in 2013.

Public Electricity Generation was a major category under the Fuel Combustion sub-sector in Punjab’s

Energy emissions portfolio. Under Public Electricity Generation, almost all the emissions emanated

from the Coal-based power plants as illustrated in Figure 6 below. Notably, the share of emissions

from this category saw a significant decline at a rate of 1.34% (compounded annually) from 22.0

MtCO2e in 2005 to 19.8 MtCO2e in 2013.

36.8 35.2 37.6

39.8

44.7 45.1 43.0

40.7 40.4

-

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

Figure 5: GHG Emission Estimates for Energy Sector in Punjab(2005 to 2013)

Agriculture Commercial Industries

Residential Transport Public Electricity Generation

Total Energy Sector

21

.95

18

.63

20

.28

22

.15

24

.39

23

.25

21

.95

20

.97

19

.73

22

.01

18

.65

20

.33

22

.21

24

.45

23

.30

21

.98

21

.00

19

.77

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 6: GHG Emission Estimates from Coal-based Power Generation (2005 to 2013)

Coal (Industry) Total Public Electricity Generation

IPPU Sector The IPPU sector represented ~4% of the total GHG emissions of Punjab in 2013. Emissions from the

IPPU sector are largely driven by Chemical, Metal, Mineral Industries and Non-Energy Products from

Fuels and Solvent Use. Between 2005 and 2013, the overall IPPU emissions in Punjab grew at a CAGR

of 2.13% from 1.95 MtCO2e in 2005 to 2.31 MtCO2e in 2013 as shown in Figure 7 below. However, an

interim dip was observed in 2009 during the reference period.

Disaggregation at a sectoral level, shows that the emissions were primarily driven by the Cement

Industry (Figure 8). A decrease in production of Cement led to an interim dip in the emissions in the

year 2009 (IBM, 20093). In addition, emissions from Nitric Acid Production showed an interim peak in

2009, and no production data was reported for the year 2013.

3 IBM mineral yearbook 2010-11

1.95 2.02 2.12

1.84

0.92

2.29 2.16

2.27 2.31

-

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 7: GHG Emission Estimates for IPPU Sector in Punjab (2005 to 2013)

Chemical Industry Mineral Industry

Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use IPPU Total

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

% S

har

e in

To

tal I

PP

U E

mis

sio

ns

Figure 8: Share of GHG Emissions from IPPU Categories(2005 to 2013)

Nitric Acid Production Cement Production Others Ammonia Production

AFOLU Sector The AFOLU sector represented ~21% of the GHG emissions of Punjab in 2013. Emissions of the AFOLU

sector arise from three main sub-sectors namely Livestock, Land and Aggregate sources and Non-CO2

Emissions Sources on Land. Notably, the Land sub-sector was a net sink of GHGs till 2010 and became

a net emitter thereafter. Emissions from this sector grew at a CAGR of 1.42% from 11.33 MtCO2e in

2005 to 12.69 MtCO2e in 2013 as depicted in Figure 9 below. On the whole, emissions from the AFOLU

sector remained fairly flat throughout the reference period.

Out of the three sub-sectors, maximum emissions were observed from Aggregate Sources and Non-

CO2 Emissions Sources on Land across all the years except in 2005 when the Livestock sub-sector had

a slightly higher contribution. The share of emissions (excluding Land) from Aggregate Sources and

Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land rose from 49.8% in 2005 to 52% in 2013 while the share of the

Livestock sub-sector reduced from 50.2% in 2005 to 48% in 2013. Together, both these sub-sectors

accounted for almost all of the AFOLU sector emissions of Punjab. The slight rise in Aggregate Sources

and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land can be attributed to the increased use of fertilizers between

2005 to 2013 leading to a corresponding rise in Direct and Indirect N2O emissions from Agriculture

Soils. However, as inferred from Figure 10 below, GHG emissions from all the categories under

Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land increased slowly from 2005 to 2013, thus

leading to an overall emission rise in this sub-sector from 5.85 MtCO2e in 2005 to 6.54 MtCO2e in 2013

at a CAGR of 1.40%.

11.33 11.26 11.16 11.36 11.55 11.7712.45 12.75 12.69

-5.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 9: GHG Emission Estimates from AFOLU Sector in Punjab(2005 to 2013)

Aggregate Sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land Land Livestock Total AFOLU

5.85 5.98 6.09 6.21 6.32 6.45 6.52 6.73 6.54

-

5.00

10.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 10: GHG Emission Estimates from Aggregate Sourcesand Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land (2005 to 2013)

Rice CultivationBiomass Burning in Forest LandBiomass Burning in CroplandAgriculture SoilsAggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land Total

Waste Sector The Waste sector comprised ~7% of total emissions of Punjab in 2013. Municipal Solid Waste4 ,

Domestic Wastewater and Industrial Wastewater are the key sources of GHG emissions in the Waste

sector. The Waste sector emitted 4.28 MtCO2e in 2013, up from 3.26 MtCO2e in 2005 as shown in

Figure 10 below. GHG emissions from this sector grew at a CAGR of 3.48% from 2005 to 2013. Notably,

a significant rise in the overall Waste emissions was observed in 2011 owing to higher Domestic

wastewater emissions, which reflects changing trends in use of various treatment systems as reported

in Census of India 2011.

Domestic Wastewater from the rural and urban areas of Punjab had a share of ~49% in the total Waste emissions of the state. Emissions from this sector grew at a CAGR of 7.38% from 1.18 MtCO2e in 2005 to 2.08 MtCO2e in 2013. Nearly 55% of the Domestic Wastewater emissions emanated from the rural areas of Punjab in 2013. Discharge of untreated wastewater and use of septic tanks are key drivers of emissions in this sub-sector.

Industrial Wastewater comprised ~42% of the Waste emissions in 2013. Emissions declined at a rate of 0.17% (compounded annually) from 1.84 MtCO2e in 2005 to 1.82 MtCO2e in 2013. Deep diving into the Industrial Wastewater categories, Pulp and Paper Industries recorded the maximum emissions with a share of ~93% in the total emissions of this sub-sector as shown in Figure 12 above. This was followed by Dairy (~4%), Meat (~3%) and Fertilizers (~1%) Industries respectively.

Municipal Solid Waste Disposal had a share of ~9% in the total Waste sector emissions. Emissions from this sub-sector grew from 0.24 MtCO2e in 2005 to 0.38 MtCO2e in 2013. Changing Solid Waste composition resulted in an increase in the GHG emissions generated from every tonne of Solid Waste disposed over the years in Punjab and emissions from this category grew at a CAGR of 6.18%.

4 'Refers to emission in urban areas. Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal in rural areas are not considered, as disposal

predominantly occurs in a dispersed manner and does not generate significant CH4 emissions'

3.26 3.29 3.32 3.36 3.38 3.43 4.20 4.22 4.28

-

2.00

4.00

6.00

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Emis

sio

n E

stim

ates

(M

tCO

2e)

Figure 10: GHG Emission Estimates for Waste Sector in Punjab(2005 to 2013)

Domestic Wastewater Industrial Wastewater Munipal Solid Waste Disposal Waste Total

49%

42%

9%

Figure 11: Category-wise Share of GHG Emissions for Waste Sector (in 2013)

Domestic Wastewater

Industrial Wastewater

Munipal Solid Waste Disposal

4% 1%3%

93%

Figure 12: Share of GHG Emissions from Industrial Wastewater Categories (in 2013)

Dairy

Fertilizers

Meat

Pulp & Paper

This document has been compiled and analysed by Vasudha Founda�on. All informa�on men�oned in this document is sourced from GHG Pla�orm India. To download this document and to know more about the Pla�orm, please visit www.ghgpla�orm-india.org or write to info@ghgpla�orm-india.org

The Pla�orm comprises of the following civil society:

The GHG Pla�orm India is a civil society ini�a�ve providing an independent es�ma�on and analysis of India's Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions across key sectors, namely- Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste.

The Interna�onal Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) is the global leader in agricultural research for development in wheat and maize-based farming systems.

Shak� Sustainable Energy Founda�on works to strengthen the energy security of the country by aiding the design and implementa�on of policies that encourage energy efficiency, renewable energy and sustainable transport solu�ons.

Vasudha Founda�on, set up in 2010, is a not for profit organisa�on, working in the clean energy and climate policy space.

ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability is a leading global network of over 1,500 ci�es, towns and regions commi�ed to building a sustainable future.

WRI-India is a research organiza�on that turns big ideas into ac�on at the nexus of environment, economic opportunity and human well-being.

Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP) is a not for profit research organisa�on incorporated in 2005 u/s 25 of The Companies Act, 1956.

The is one of South Asia's leading not-for-profit policy research Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW)ins�tu�ons. It uses data, integrated analysis and strategic outreach to explain – and change – the use, reuse, and misuse of resources.

Secretariat Contact

Vasudha Founda�on, CISRS House, 14 Jangpura B,

Mathura Road, New Delhi - 110014, India

Phone No. - 011-24372680

An ini�a�ve supported by