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Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings
- Case Studies from Musim Mas Group -
By Dr Gan Lian Tiong, Musim Mas Group Head of Sustainability
Over the past few decades the oil palm has been one of the most rapidly expanding tropical crops in the world. It has become the driver of land use change leading to degradation of habitats for biodiversity and ecological services (Koh & Wilcove 2008).
Oil palm is reported to be responsible for 16% of total GHG emissions from land use change and peat oxidation in Indonesia (Agus et al. 2013).
Expansion of oil palm is expected to continue to feed increasing world population: an additional 12 million hectares will be needed by 2050 (Corley, 2009).
Introduction
It is an imminent RSPO requirement that new plantation developments must estimate land use change, identify major potential sources of emissions and develop a land use plan to minimize net GHG emissions.
The revised P&C 2013 requires new plantation developments to conduct land use change (C 7.3.2) and estimate the carbon stock of the proposed development area (C. 7.8.1).
Major potential sources of emissions that may result directly from the development be identified and estimated (C. 7.8.1).
A plan to minimize net GHG emissions by avoidance of land areas with high carbon stocks and /or by sequestration options must be developed (C 7.8.2).
RSPO Carbon Assessment Procedure for New Plantings
• Provides a practical methodology to growers.
• For estimating the carbon stock changes (above and below ground) and GHG emissions in new oil palm development.
• Developing plans to minimise loss of carbon stocks and GHG emissions with land conversion.
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Two case studies are reported in this presentation.
Case study 1 is a new oil palm plantation located in West Kalimantan. This was reported in NPP on 7 January, 2011.
The land use change analysis is based on a 2010 Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite image for the before commencement of planting data and after oil palms have been planted from 2012 – 2014 using 8 TTM+ satellite imagery 2014.
Case study 2 is located in Central Kalimantan involving new oil palm planting, reported in NPP on 13 December, 2012.
The land use change analysis is determined by mapping the planned oil palm expansion areas from 2013 ‐2015 on the 7 ETM+ satellite imagery 2012.
The impact of land use change on carbon stock and GHG emissions is examined using the following methods:
Land cover analysis is based on Lansat satellite imageries.
Land use change analysis is based on change in land cover arising from the new oil palm planting.
Carbon stock values are calculated using default values of the RSPO PalmGHGcalculator.
GHG emissions are calculated using the RSPO PalmGHG calculator (v 1.2. and v 2).
Remote sensing is used to determine land cover and land use change in new oil palm development.
Land Use Change Analysis
Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions
Lansat Satellite Imagery
Land Cover Analysis
Carbon Stock Analysis
GHG Emissions Analysis
Lansat Satellite Imagery
Land Cover Analysis
Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions
100.009,000.00Total
2.19197.31Open land
29.952,695.65Shrub land
61.815,562.89Mixed rubber cultivation
6.05544.14Degraded secondary forest
%HaLand Cover
Land cover estimated from 7 ETM+ Landsat satellite
Landsat 7 ETM+ Satellite 2010
An example of land cover analysis using satellite image – Case study 1
Verification was carried out as follow: • Overlaying HCV map on Landsat image.• Overlaying Landsat images and participatory survey map.• Overlaying the Landsat images and HCV maps over the participatory survey map.
1009,000.001009,000.00Total
3241.642197.31Open land
504,509.87302,695.65Shrub land
474,248.49625,562.89Mixed rubber cultivation
006544.14Degraded secondary forest
%Ha%Ha
From Survey DataFrom Landsat DataLand Cover
Verification of land cover based on the data from participative survey by the Public Relation Team
1009,000.00Total
3241.64Open land
443,965.73Shrub land
474,248.49Mixed rubber cultivation
6544.14Degraded secondary forest
%HaLand Cover
Reconciled Land Use Classification in 2010
Land Use Change Analysis
Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions
Land use planning
Case study 1 Case study 2
2,635.02(29.2%)
4,920.18(54.7%)
1,043.04(11.6%)
401.76(4.5%)
9,000.00(100%)
Total
23.34192.7825.520241.64Open land
1,961.591,993.5710.5703,965.73Shrub land
564.062,677.491,006.9504,248.49Mixed rubber cultivation
86.0356.350401.76544.14Degraded secondary forest
Planted area(Oil palm)
Shrub land
Mixed rubber
cultivation
Degraded secondary forest
Changes in 2014Total
Area (ha)2010
Land Cover
275 ha of peat land and 402 ha of degraded secondary forest were left unplanted and set-aside.
Land Use Change Analysis – Case Study 1
1%51%6%37%5%Percentage
123.928229.23920.436,049.39739.88100%
16,062.85Total
02,470.710015%2,470.71Planted area (oil palm)
123.92258.940002%382.86Open land
0546.48920.43009%1,466.91Cultivated land
04,953.1006,049.39068%11,002.49Shrub land
0000739.885%739.88Degraded secondary forest
Open land
Planted area
(oil palm)
Cultivated land
Shrub landDegraded secondary forest
Land use change from oil palm planting 2013 ‐2015 (Ha)
%Area in
2012 (Ha) Land Cover
Land Use Change Analysis – Case Study 2
7,637.35 ha of peat land and 740 ha of degraded secondary forest are left unplanted and set-aside
Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions
Carbon Stock Analysis
54.1963.41C Stock/Ha
487,732.56570,710.259,000.009,000.00Total
131,751.000.00502,635.020.00Planted area (Palm Oil)
0.000.000.000.00241.64Open land
226,328.28182,423.58464,920.183,965.73Shrub land
78,228.00318,636.75751,043.044,248.49Mixed rubber cultivation
51,425.2869,649.92128401.76544.14Degraded secondary forest
2014201020142010
Total Carbon Stock(Ton C)
Carbon Stock/ ha
(Ton ha‐1 )*
Total Area (ha)Land Cover
Above and Below Ground Carbon Stock (Ton C) – Case Study 1
*Source : RSPO Carbon Assessment Tool for New Oil Palm Planting, June 2014.
53.1351.94C Stock/Ha
853,470.33834,372.9316,062.8516,062.85Total
411,461.50123,535.50508,229.232,470.71Planted area (oil palm)
0.000.000123.92382.86Open land
69,032.25110,018.2575920.431,466.91Cultivated land
278,271.94506,114.54466,049.3911,002.49Shrub land
94,704.6494,704.64128739.88739.88Degraded secondary forest
2015201220152012
Total Carbon StockCarbon Stock/ ha (Ton C/ Ha)*
Total Area (Ha)Land Cover
Above and Below Ground Carbon Stock (Ton C) – Case Study 2
*Source : RSPO Carbon Assessment Tool for New Oil Palm Planting, June 2014.
Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions
GHG Emissions Analysis
‐5.92‐13,582.25Total**
‐‐Sequestration in Conservation Area6
‐15.84‐36,342.90Crop Sequestration5
Sinks
‐‐Peat Oxidation4
0.41944.04Fuel Consumption3
0.33 762.64 Fertilizer (mineral) manufacture & transport2
9.1821,053.92Land Conversion1
tCO2e/hatCO2e
EmissionsEmissions Sources
Plantation/Field Emissions and Sinks
No
Sources of GHG emissions from new oil palm planting – Case Study 1 (PalmGHG v 1.21)
‐14.51‐83,642.42Total**
‐‐Sequestration in Conservation Area6
‐22.49 ‐129,535.14 Crop Sequestration5
Sinks
‐‐Peat Oxidation4
0.03 153.64 Fuel Consumption3
1.10 6,310.82Fertilizer (mineral) manufacture & transport2
6.85 39,428.26 Land Conversion1
tCO2e/hatCO2e
EmissionsEmissions Sources
Plantation/Field Emissions and Sinks
No
Sources of GHG emissions from new oil palm planting – Case Study 2 (PalmGHG v 1.21)
‐1.88‐0.53‐13.26‐74,358.16TOTAL
0.000.000.0178.00Mill Fuel Consumption9
0.000.000.000.00POME (Methane capture)8
Mill Operation Emission
0.000.000.03153.64Fuel consumption7
0.170.051.257,206.26N2O from fertilizer (mineral) application6
0.140.041.106,310.82Fertiliser (mineral) manufacture transport5
Estate Operation Emission
0.000.000.000.00Peat oxidation4
0.000.000.000.00Sequestration in conservation areas3
‐3.13‐0.90‐22.49‐129,535.14Crop Sequestration2
0.940.276.8539,428.26Land Conversion1
Land Use Emission
tCO2e/tCPOtCO2e/t FFBtCO2e/hatCO2eDescriptionNo
Sources of GHG emissions from new oil palm planting – Case Study 2 (PalmGHG v 2)
Discussion and Conclusions
The case studies have indicated that land cover change has a significant impact on the carbon stock values and GHG emissions in new oil palm plantings.
Forest areas and peatland are associated with high emission factors. Avoidance of these from planting will significantly help reduce the GHG emissions in the new oil palm planting.
Land cover change from those with a higher carbon stock value (e.g. mixed rubber areas) to those with a lower carbon stock value (e.g. shrub land) will results in lower carbon stocks in the after planting period.
Remote sensing methods provide a quick, practical and a relatively low cost way to determine land use and analyze land use change. The method provides a good indication of outcomes.
The PalmGHG Calculator is designed to estimate GHG emissions from oil palm cultivation and field operations.
It is also designed to estimate GHG emissions from new oil palm plantings.
It enables identification of the potential sources of emissions that may result directly from the development.
Reducing GHG emissions from land use change will help mitigate climate change and contribute significantly to national emission reduction targets.
Accounting for potential emissions from new oil palm plantation expansion is essential in arriving at a planting plan which would minimize net GHG emissions.