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Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies from Musim Mas Group - By Dr Gan Lian Tiong, Musim Mas Group Head of Sustainability

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Page 1: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings

- Case Studies from Musim Mas Group -

By Dr Gan Lian Tiong, Musim Mas Group Head of Sustainability

Page 2: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Over the past few decades the oil palm has been one of the most rapidly expanding tropical crops in the world. It has become the driver of land use change leading to degradation of habitats for biodiversity and ecological services (Koh & Wilcove 2008).

Oil palm is reported to be responsible for 16% of total GHG emissions from land use change and peat oxidation in Indonesia (Agus et al. 2013). 

Expansion of oil palm is expected to continue to feed increasing world population: an additional 12 million hectares will be needed by 2050 (Corley, 2009). 

Introduction

Page 3: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

It  is  an  imminent  RSPO  requirement  that  new  plantation  developments  must  estimate  land  use  change,  identify  major  potential  sources  of emissions and develop a land use plan to minimize net GHG emissions.

The  revised P&C 2013  requires new plantation developments  to conduct  land use change (C 7.3.2) and estimate the carbon stock of the proposed development area (C. 7.8.1).

Major potential sources of emissions that may result directly from the development   be identified and estimated (C. 7.8.1). 

A plan to minimize net GHG emissions by avoidance of land areas with high carbon stocks and /or by sequestration options must be developed (C 7.8.2). 

Page 4: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

RSPO Carbon Assessment Procedure for New Plantings

• Provides a practical methodology to growers.

• For estimating the carbon stock changes (above and below ground) and GHG emissions in new oil palm development.

• Developing plans to minimise loss of carbon stocks and GHG emissions with land conversion.

.

Page 5: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Two case studies are reported in this presentation.

Case study 1 is a new oil palm plantation located in West Kalimantan. This was reported in NPP on 7 January, 2011. 

The land use change analysis is based on a 2010 Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite image for the before commencement of planting data and after oil palms have been planted from 2012 – 2014 using 8 TTM+ satellite imagery 2014. 

Case study 2 is located in Central Kalimantan involving new oil palm planting, reported in NPP on 13 December, 2012.

The  land use  change  analysis  is determined  by mapping  the  planned  oil  palm expansion areas from 2013 ‐2015 on the 7 ETM+ satellite imagery 2012.

Page 6: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

The impact of land use change on carbon stock and GHG emissions is examined using the following methods:

Land cover analysis is based on Lansat satellite imageries.

Land use change analysis is based on change in land cover arising from the new oil palm planting. 

Carbon stock values are calculated using default values of the RSPO PalmGHGcalculator.

GHG emissions are calculated using the RSPO PalmGHG calculator (v 1.2. and v 2).

Remote sensing is used to determine land cover and land use change in new oil palm development.

Page 7: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Land Use Change Analysis

Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions

Lansat Satellite Imagery

Land Cover Analysis

Carbon Stock Analysis

GHG Emissions Analysis

Page 8: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Lansat Satellite Imagery

Land Cover Analysis

Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions

Page 9: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

100.009,000.00Total

2.19197.31Open land

29.952,695.65Shrub land

61.815,562.89Mixed rubber cultivation

6.05544.14Degraded secondary forest

%HaLand Cover

Land cover estimated from 7 ETM+ Landsat satellite

Landsat 7 ETM+ Satellite 2010

An example of land cover analysis using satellite image – Case study 1

Page 10: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Verification was carried out as follow: • Overlaying HCV map on Landsat image.• Overlaying Landsat images and participatory survey map.• Overlaying the Landsat images and HCV maps over the participatory survey map.

1009,000.001009,000.00Total

3241.642197.31Open land

504,509.87302,695.65Shrub land

474,248.49625,562.89Mixed rubber cultivation

006544.14Degraded secondary forest

%Ha%Ha

From Survey DataFrom Landsat DataLand Cover

Verification of land cover based on the data from participative survey by the Public Relation Team

Page 11: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

1009,000.00Total

3241.64Open land

443,965.73Shrub land

474,248.49Mixed rubber cultivation

6544.14Degraded secondary forest

%HaLand Cover

Reconciled Land Use Classification in 2010

Page 12: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Land Use Change Analysis

Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions

Page 13: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Land use planning

Case study 1 Case study 2

Page 14: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

2,635.02(29.2%)

4,920.18(54.7%)

1,043.04(11.6%)

401.76(4.5%)

9,000.00(100%)

Total

23.34192.7825.520241.64Open land

1,961.591,993.5710.5703,965.73Shrub land

564.062,677.491,006.9504,248.49Mixed rubber cultivation

86.0356.350401.76544.14Degraded secondary forest

Planted area(Oil palm)

Shrub land

Mixed rubber 

cultivation

Degraded secondary forest

Changes in 2014Total 

Area (ha)2010

Land Cover

275 ha of peat land and 402 ha of degraded secondary forest were left unplanted and set-aside.

Land Use Change Analysis – Case Study 1

Page 15: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

1%51%6%37%5%Percentage

123.928229.23920.436,049.39739.88100%

16,062.85Total

02,470.710015%2,470.71Planted area (oil palm)

123.92258.940002%382.86Open land

0546.48920.43009%1,466.91Cultivated land

04,953.1006,049.39068%11,002.49Shrub land

0000739.885%739.88Degraded secondary forest

Open land

Planted area 

(oil palm)

Cultivated land

Shrub landDegraded secondary forest

Land use change from oil palm planting 2013 ‐2015 (Ha)

%Area in 

2012 (Ha) Land Cover

Land Use Change Analysis – Case Study 2

7,637.35 ha of peat land and 740 ha of degraded secondary forest are left unplanted and set-aside

Page 16: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions

Carbon Stock Analysis

Page 17: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

54.1963.41C Stock/Ha

487,732.56570,710.259,000.009,000.00Total

131,751.000.00502,635.020.00Planted area (Palm Oil)

0.000.000.000.00241.64Open land

226,328.28182,423.58464,920.183,965.73Shrub land

78,228.00318,636.75751,043.044,248.49Mixed rubber cultivation

51,425.2869,649.92128401.76544.14Degraded secondary forest

2014201020142010

Total Carbon Stock(Ton C)

Carbon Stock/ ha

(Ton ha‐1 )*

Total Area (ha)Land Cover

Above and Below Ground Carbon Stock (Ton C) – Case Study 1

*Source : RSPO Carbon Assessment Tool for New Oil Palm Planting, June 2014.

Page 18: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

53.1351.94C Stock/Ha

853,470.33834,372.9316,062.8516,062.85Total

411,461.50123,535.50508,229.232,470.71Planted area (oil palm)

0.000.000123.92382.86Open land

69,032.25110,018.2575920.431,466.91Cultivated land

278,271.94506,114.54466,049.3911,002.49Shrub land

94,704.6494,704.64128739.88739.88Degraded secondary forest

2015201220152012

Total Carbon StockCarbon Stock/ ha (Ton C/ Ha)*

Total Area (Ha)Land Cover

Above and Below Ground Carbon Stock (Ton C) – Case Study 2

*Source : RSPO Carbon Assessment Tool for New Oil Palm Planting, June 2014.

Page 19: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Approach to Estimation of GHG Emissions

GHG Emissions Analysis

Page 20: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

‐5.92‐13,582.25Total**

‐‐Sequestration in Conservation Area6

‐15.84‐36,342.90Crop Sequestration5

Sinks

‐‐Peat Oxidation4

0.41944.04Fuel Consumption3

0.33 762.64 Fertilizer (mineral) manufacture & transport2

9.1821,053.92Land Conversion1

tCO2e/hatCO2e

EmissionsEmissions Sources

Plantation/Field Emissions and Sinks

No

Sources of GHG emissions from new oil palm planting – Case Study 1 (PalmGHG v 1.21)

Page 21: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

‐14.51‐83,642.42Total**

‐‐Sequestration in Conservation Area6

‐22.49 ‐129,535.14 Crop Sequestration5

Sinks

‐‐Peat Oxidation4

0.03  153.64  Fuel Consumption3

1.10  6,310.82Fertilizer (mineral) manufacture & transport2

6.85 39,428.26 Land Conversion1

tCO2e/hatCO2e

EmissionsEmissions Sources

Plantation/Field Emissions and Sinks

No

Sources of GHG emissions from new oil palm planting – Case Study 2 (PalmGHG v 1.21)

Page 22: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

‐1.88‐0.53‐13.26‐74,358.16TOTAL

0.000.000.0178.00Mill Fuel Consumption9

0.000.000.000.00POME (Methane capture)8

Mill Operation Emission

0.000.000.03153.64Fuel consumption7

0.170.051.257,206.26N2O from fertilizer (mineral) application6

0.140.041.106,310.82Fertiliser (mineral) manufacture transport5

Estate Operation Emission

0.000.000.000.00Peat oxidation4

0.000.000.000.00Sequestration in conservation areas3

‐3.13‐0.90‐22.49‐129,535.14Crop Sequestration2

0.940.276.8539,428.26Land Conversion1

Land Use Emission

tCO2e/tCPOtCO2e/t FFBtCO2e/hatCO2eDescriptionNo

Sources of GHG emissions from new oil palm planting – Case Study 2 (PalmGHG v 2)

Page 23: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Discussion and Conclusions

The  case  studies  have  indicated  that  land  cover  change  has  a  significant impact  on  the  carbon  stock  values  and  GHG  emissions  in  new  oil  palm plantings. 

Forest  areas  and  peatland are  associated  with  high  emission  factors. Avoidance  of  these  from  planting will  significantly  help  reduce  the  GHG emissions in the new oil palm planting. 

Land cover change from those with a higher carbon stock value (e.g. mixed rubber areas) to those with a lower carbon stock value (e.g. shrub land) will results in lower carbon stocks in the after planting period.

Page 24: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Remote sensing methods provide a quick, practical and a relatively low cost way  to  determine  land  use  and  analyze  land  use  change.  The  method provides a good indication of outcomes.

The PalmGHG Calculator is designed to estimate GHG emissions from oil palm cultivation and field operations. 

It is also designed to estimate GHG emissions from new oil palm plantings.

It enables identification of the potential sources of emissions that may result directly from the development. 

Page 25: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies

Reducing GHG emissions  from  land use  change will help mitigate  climate change and contribute significantly to national emission reduction targets. 

Accounting for potential emissions from new oil palm plantation expansion is  essential  in  arriving  at  a planting plan which would minimize net GHG emissions.

Page 26: Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG ... Dr Gan Lian Tiong.pdf · Impact of Land Use Change on Carbon Stock and GHG Emissions in New Oil Palm Plantings - Case Studies