Potential Questions for Paper 1

Hazards:

(Remember that questions in this unit could link to Changing Places – this means you could be asked how hazards have changed places demographically, socially and economically and how it makes people feel differently about places)

Concept of a hazard/ Geographical Context

Outline the different forms of geophysical hazards.

Tsunami/ earthquake/ volcano/ landslide

Outline the different forms of atmospheric hazards.

Tropical storms/ tornadoes/ wildfires

Outline the different forms of hydrological hazards.

Floods/ Droughts

Name forms of volcanic hazards.

Tephra/ Pyroclastic flow/ lava flow/ gases/ ash cloud/ climatic change/ earthquakes/ tsunamis

Name forms of storm hazards.

Wind speed/ low pressure/ storm surges/ flooding

Name forms of earthquake hazards.

Ground rupture/ shaking/ landslides/ avalanches/ tsunamis

State common impacts of volcanoes.

Poisened water/ collapsed buildings (ash/ pyroclastic flow)/ deaths/ climatic change

State common impacts of storms.

Flooding/ drowning/ ripped up buildings/ downed trees/ air bourne debris

State common impacts of earthquakes.

Collapsed transport infrastructure/ collapsed buildings/ deaths/ injuries/ fires/ damaged water/ damaged communications

State common impacts of fires.

Destroyed habitats/ wildlife deaths/ burnt properties/ deaths

Analyse the impact of economy and culture on hazard perception.

MEDC: AdaptationLEDC: fatalistReligious: Fatalist

Define the term fatalism.

Gods will

Distinguish between fatalism and adaptation.

Gods will vs trying to do something about it

State two adaptation techniques to reduce the impact of storms.

Houses on stilts (storm, surges)Shutters on windows (wind/ debris)

State two adaptation techniques to reduce

Volcano observatories (monitoring and evactuation)Earths mounds to divert lava flows

the impact of volcanoes. State two adaptation techniques to reduce the impact of earthquakes.

Hazard proof buildingsDrill days

State two adaptation techniques to reduce the impact of fires.

Drill DaysFire ProofingTrained teams

State two mitigation techniques to reduce the impact of hazards.

Fire modelingVolcano Observatory

State two adaptation techniques to reduce the impact of hazards.

Houses on stiltsEarthquake proof designs

Define the term risk sharing.

Educating people/ insurance so cost covered

Distinguish between prediction and adaptation.

Before (so can evacuate)Dealing with impacts if no prior warning (earthquakes)

Examine the range of risk sharing techniques. (Education/ Evacuation/ Medical assistance/ Emergency Food/ Insurance/ International Aid)

Education: Before event/ work/ school/ adverts governmentEvacuation: Ideally before event rather than during/ use school buses/ school community halls/ cities around disaster zones help outMedical Assistance: Red Cross/ Field hospitals/ other countriesEmergency Food: From other areas of country or other countriesInsurance: Make sure all property is covered for appropriate hazards so can rebuild afterInternational Aid: Use other countries if unable to resolve

Evaluate whether level of development impacts human response to a hazard.

Yes (Park model/ PPP/ RRR)No (Magnitude/ frequency/ Locations/ Population)

What is meant by the term hazard incidence?

Frequency

How can you measure hazard intensity/ magnitude of volcanoes?

VEI (1 – 8)(Frequency/ Plume Height)Volcano Observatory

How can you measure intensity/ magnitude of storms?

Safir Simpson Scale (1-5)Wind Speed (75-156+)/ Damage level/ Pressure/ Storm Surge

How can you measure intensity/

Moment Magnitude Scale (1-10)Richter Scale (1-10)

magnitude of earthquakes?How can you measure intensity/ magnitude of fires?

Speed/ Temperatures

Outline the distribution of volcanoes.

Constructive (Mid Atlantic Ridge/ Iceland/ African Rift valley)Destructive (Pacific Rim/ Ring of Fire)Hot Spots (Hawaii)Thin/ narrow belts/ plate boundaries

Outline the distribution of earthquakes.

Constructive (Mid Atlantic Ridge/ Iceland/ African Rift valley)Destructive (Pacific Rim/ Ring of Fire)Conservative (California/ San Andreas Fault)Thin/ narrow belts/ plate boundaries

Outline the distribution of storms.

5-20 degrees N/S of equatorClockwise (North)Anti-clockwise (South)Hurricanes (Atlantic)Cyclones (Indian ocean)Typhoons (Pacific)

Outline the distribution of fires.

Large Forest Areas (Amazon/ Congo/ California/ Australia/ Europe)

Outline how areas of the hazard management cycle work for a range of hazards.

Earthquakes: Not predict/ evac kits/ drill days/ hazard proof housing/ heat sensors/ sniffer dogs/ Storms: Predict/ evac kits/ drill days/ hazard proof housing/ evacuation centresVolcanoes: Predict/ evac kits/ drill days

Analyse how the hazard management cycle could change a location.

Buildings: hazard proof materials and shape/ rebuild in different areasBehaviour: drill daysBusinesses: Pay for hazard insuranceLived experience: Fear

Compare two different hazards using the Park Response Model.

Haiti (does not fit the pattern as not resilient and still not back to normal/ due to poverty/ lack of government control unable to do PPP/RRR)

Kobe (does fit the pattern as country had completed PPP/RRR and responded well and returned to normal within 15 months)

Plate Tectonics

Distinguish differences between layers of the earths structure.

Inner Core: Hottest 6,000/ Densest/ Liquid Iron/ NickelOuter Core: 5,000/ Dense/ Solid Iron and NickelMantle: 3000- 900/ Peridotite/ Solid mesosphere/ Molten AsthenosphereCrust/ Lithosphere: Granite/ basalt/ solid/ lightest

layer/ 7 large platesOutline difference between oceanic and continental crusts.

Oceanic: Basalt/ Denser 3/ Thinner 6-10km/ Newer less than 200 million years oldContinental: Granite/ Lighter 2.6/ Thicker 30-70km/ older 1,500 million years (as not subducted and recycled)

What is meant by the earths internal energy source?

The heat from the core – caused by Radioactive Decay of uranium and heat left over from the earth’s formation.

Outline how the core offers the earth an energy source.

The heat from the core – caused by Radioactive Decay of uranium and heat left over from the earth’s formation.

Outline the theory of crustal evolution.

1. First noticed plates fit together like a jigsaw (South America and Africa) (Francis Bacon)

2. Then suggested by Wegner that this means all plates once fitted together (Pangea) and that it was caused by continental drift which was proved by the jigsaw and finding of matching fossils (Mesosaurus and plant species) as we as matching rock types and striations between landmasses. (Alfred Wegner)

3. Then looked into how this could happen and discussed sea floor spreading (evidence from changing polarity of the rocks) and the fact the rock types are older further from the mid atlantic ridge)

4. If sea floor spreading earth should be getting bigger – but not so subduction discussed. (Trenches were evidence of this where oceanic plates were diving under continental)

Outline the evidence for crustal evolution.

1. fit together like a jigsaw (South America and Africa)

2. jigsaw and finding of matching fossils (Mesosaurus and plant species) as we as matching rock types and striations between landmasses. (Alfred Wegner)

3. (evidence from changing polarity of the rocks) and the fact the rock types are older further from the mid atlantic ridge)

4. (Trenches were evidence of this where oceanic plates were diving under continental)

Distinguish between different types of tectonic plates and how this impacts on movement.

Destructive: Plates pushed together by sinking convection currents (where cooler) causing subduction if continental and oceanic.Collision: Plates pushed together by sinking convection currents (where cooler) causing collision and uplift of sediment between two continental plates (fold mountains formed).Constructive: Plates pulled apart by rising convection

currents (where warmer) causing an opening in the earths crust.Conservative: Plates are sliding past each other due to movement of other plates around them, causing plates to get stuck and move in dramatic releases of pressure.

Outline how plate movement occurs.

Convection Currents: Heat from the earths core causes heat cycles in the mantle that rise with heat and sink when cooling causing plates to be pushed together and pulled apart. Gravitational sliding and ridge push.

What is meant by slab pull?

Gravity causes the denser oceanic plate to sink down in a process of subduction helping to pul plates together.

What is meant by sea floor spreading?

New sea floor is created as the oceanic plate is pulled apart at a constructive plate boundary due to rising convection currents which push new magma to the surface and create new land. (Mid Atlantic ridge)

What is meant by gravitational sliding?

The pull of gravity on the oceanic plate means the plate slides downwards into subduction.

What is meant by ridge push?

At a constructive boundary an opening is formed by plates being pulled apart by rising convection currents, where the magma rises to the surface it pushes up the edges of the plates making a raised ridge (Mid Atlantic Ridge)

Outline how internal energy sources create destructive boundaries.

Destructive: Plates pushed together by sinking convection currents (where cooler) causing subduction if continental and oceanic.

Outline how internal energy sources create constructive boundaries.

Constructive: Plates pulled apart by rising convection currents (where warmer) causing an opening in the earths crust.

What seismicity can be expected at destructive plate margins?

High levels of seisimity – large scale earthquakes but will be rarer as plates push together and build up friction then violently released when one gives way. (Kobe 7 Richter Scale)

What vulcanicity can be expected at destructive plate boundaries?

High levels of vulcanicity – oceanic plate subducts and forms magma chamber/ pressure builds and this explodes through continental plate blasting out rock as high speeds with high pressure (pyroclastic flows/ lava bombs/ ash clouds) Mount Pinatubo, Philippines.Lava flows slower and thicker (viscous lava)

What are the landforms associated with destructive plate boundaries?

Fold mountains where sediments on top of the plates are forced to fold up as the plates collide.Strato/ Cone Volcanoes.Island arcs – where subduction occurs some small magma chambers create volcanoes that pierce

through the ocean floor and if they build high enough come out the ocean as small islands. (Philippines)Ocean Trenches where subduction occurs the oceanic and continental plate are being pulled down forming deep formations under the ocean (Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean)

Outline named destructive plate examples.

Philippines and Pacific subducts beneath (Ring of Fire around the edge of the Pacific plate)Japan and the Pacific Plate (Kobe)

Outline how internal energy sources create constructive boundaries.

Constructive: Plates pulled apart by rising convection currents (where warmer) causing an opening in the earths crust.

What seismicity can be expected at constructive plate margins?

Lower levels but more frequent. Less pressure builds as plates are able to freely move as they move awar from each other (Mid Atlantic ridge moving by 2-3cm a year)

What vulcanicity can be expected at constructive plate boundaries?

Lower levels as magma can freely get to the surface as an opening is being formed by the plates pulling apart. (Large lava flows of thin, runny and fast lava likely)

What are the landforms associated with constructive plate boundaries?

Ocean ridges: where the plates are pulling apart and pushed up by the rising magma.Rift Valleys: depressions in the land are formed where plates are being pulled apart (continental plates – African Rift Valley) Shield volcanoes

Outline named constructive plate examples.

Mid Atlantic Ridge – North American and Eurasian Plates pulling apart. African Rift Valley – African Plate being pulled apart.

What seismicity can be expected at conservative plate margins?

High levels and less frequent. Plates get stuck when sliding past each other causing them to build up friction.

What vulcanicity can be expected at conservative plate boundaries?

None as no opening is formed.

What are the landforms associated with conservative plate boundaries?

Visible fault lines as the plates rub past each other and push the land up.

Outline named conservative plate examples.

San Andreas fault, California

Outline the formation of a magma plume/ hotspot.

Concentrated areas of heat in the core cause plumes of movement in the mantle. When this reaches the surface it can punch through as a volcano.

Outline how magma Concentrated areas of heat in the core cause plumes of

plumes from volcanic chains.

movement in the mantle. When this reaches the surface it can punch through as a volcano. The hot spot is stationary so as the plate moves over the top different volcanoes are pierced through the surface causing a chain of volcanoes.

What is the connection between plate movement and magma plumes?

Heat from the core causes both to occur.

Outline how tectonic activity can change a location over time.

Volcanoes, earthquakes and secondary hazards can change the shape of land through landforms and destroying land. Buildings/ transport structures can be changed and destroyed/ things can be adapted to withstand tectonic activity. Populations can increase and decrease due to events.

Volcanic Hazards

Outline how the nature of vulcanicity can vary?

High – strato/ explosive/ rare eruptions with violent hazards such as pyroclastic flows/ tephra bombs. Sticky/ viscous lava flows.Low – shield volcanoes/ gentle/ effusive eruptions/ more frequent with less violent hazards such as gases and quick runny lava.

Outline how the nature of vulcanicity can vary due to types of plate margins.

Strato: DestructiveShield: Constructive

Distinguish between vulcanicity and volcanic hazards found at shield and cone volcanoes.

High – strato/ explosive/ rare eruptions with violent hazards such as pyroclastic flows/ tephra bombs. Sticky/ viscous lava flows.Low – shield volcanoes/ gentle/ effusive eruptions/ more frequent with less violent hazards such as gases and quick runny lava.

Outline the spatial distribution of volcanoes.

Constructive, destructive plate boundaries and hot spots.

Outline the spatial distribution of cone volcanoes.

Destructive plate boundaries (Pacific Rim/ Ring of Fire)

Outline the Constructive Plate Boundaries (Mid Atlantic Ridge/ Iceland/

spatial distribution of shield volcanoes.

African Rift valley)

Outline the spatial variation of volcanic impacts.

High – strato/ explosive/ rare eruptions with violent hazards such as pyroclastic flows/ tephra bombs. Sticky/ viscous lava flows.Low – shield volcanoes/ gentle/ effusive eruptions/ more frequent with less violent hazards such as gases and quick runny lava.

Outline the characteristics of one primary volcanic hazard.

Pyroclastic Flow: 200mph/ Ash and gas/ knock down anything in its path/ whole towns and areas destroyed (15 miles wide during Mount Pinatubo eruption)

Outline the characteristics of one secondary volcanic hazard.

Climatic change: ash and gas reach the stratosphere/ block out some of the sunlight/ Mount Pinatubo dropped global temps by 0.5 for 2 years.

What is meant by volcanic predictability?

Whether it is possible to work out when an eruption is going to take place.

Outline the management techniques to predict volcanic eruptions in named regions?

Monitoring land swelling (magma rising to surface) using tilt metres.Measuring ground and water temps to see if magma is rising to the surface. (Boreholes)Earthquake measurements using seismometres to show movements caused by magma upwelling.Flying planes above to monitor sulphur dioxide spikes in surrounding area.Measuring fissure cracks to see if expanding.

Outline the characteristics of the hazard nues ardentes.

Pyroclastic Flow: 200mph/ Ash and gas/ knock down anything in its path/ whole towns and areas destroyed (15 miles wide during Mount Pinatubo eruption)

Outline the characteristics of the hazard pyroclastic flow.

Pyroclastic Flow: 200mph/ Ash and gas/ knock down anything in its path/ whole towns and areas destroyed (15 miles wide during Mount Pinatubo eruption)

Outline the characteristic

Can be thick and viscous or runny and quick, can be up to 2-3 metres thick/ can cover entire towns/ less likely to cause

s of the hazard lava flow.

deaths.

Outline the characteristics of the hazard mudflows.

Melted snow and ice on top of volcanoes are likely to mix with ash causing mudflows. (Columbia nevado del ruiz 28,000 died when town was washed away)

Outline the characteristics of the hazard volcanic gases.

Sulphur Dioxide – can be released in concentrated amounts from lake beds and gas people to death.

Outline the characteristics of the hazard acid rain.

Sulphus dioxide increases in the atmosphere meaning rain can turn to acid rain/ destroy crops/ buildings and poison water supplies.

Outline the characteristics of the hazard tephra.

Blasted pieces of rock from the eruption vary in size from volcanic bombs to ash.

Examine a range of social, economic, environmental and political impacts of a named volcanic hazard and how this changed the lived experience of the place.

Analyse the success of the response and management of a named volcanic hazard and how this may have changed the place.

Outline factors that make a place more vulnerable to volcanic hazards.

Development level – lack of PPP/RRRGovernmental Strength – lack of PPP/RRRRemote Locations – no access for RRRDense Populations – many live in the shadow of volcanoes for tourism money/ fertile soils from the ash/ geothermal power/ minerals

Seismic Hazards

Outline how the nature of seismicity can vary.

Magnitude high/ lowDepth shallow/ deepFrequent/ rare

Outline how the nature of seismicity can vary due to types of plate margins.

Destructive: High MagnitudeConstructive: Low magnitudeConservative: High magnitudeCollision: High Magnitude

Outline the spatial distribution of seismic hazards.

Destructive: High Magnitude/ Ring of Fire/ Pacific Rim/ Philippines/ JapanConstructive: Low magnitude/ Mid Atlantic Ridge/ IcelandConservative: High magnitude/ San Andreas Fault/ CaliforniaCollision: High Magnitude/ Himalaya Mountains/ Nepal

Outline the different ways to measure magnitude of a seismic event.

Richter Scale: Logarithmic scale (each unit increases 30 times the strength) 10 point scaleMercalli Scale: 12 point scale/ based on damageMoment Magnitude scale: 1 – 10 measures amount of energy released

Outline the characteristics of primary seismic hazards.

Ground shaking and rupture: seismic waves are released when two plates move against each other/ the shallower the focus of the waves starting the more damage caused/ softer the ground the more amplified the waves and more damage caused

Outline the characteristics of

Tsunami: waves generated by the displacement of water during a shallow under sea earthquake/ slow and

secondary seismic hazards.

increase height as reach land

Outline the characteristics of a tsunami.

Tsunami: waves generated by the displacement of water during a shallow under sea earthquake/ slow and increase height as reach land

Outline the characteristics of liquefaction.

Soils lose their structure and become a liquid (need to have high water content) causing any structures to sink into the ground and water to come to the surface at times

Outline the characteristics of landslides.

Unstable ground can fail when shaken lose by an earthquake/ avalanches can happen in the same way/ making mountainous areas more vulnerable to secondary impacts

Examine a range of social, economic, environmental and political impacts of a named seismic hazard and how this changed the lived experience of the place.

Analyse the success of the response and management of a named seismic hazard and how this may have changed the place.Outline factors that make a place more vulnerable to seismic hazards.

Development level – lack of PPP/RRRGovernmental Strength – lack of PPP/RRRRemote Locations – no access for RRRDense Populations – many large cities are placed on dangerous plate boundaries (San Andres fault)

Outline techniques used to manage the impacts of seismic hazards.

Prediction: not very good/ can map out where previous earthquakes have happened along a fault line and work out where next might strike/ seismic gap mapping can work out when the next is likely by looking at when the plates seem to have major movementsPrevention: Have tested out expoding rocks apart to release friction and lubricating rocks so they slide past each other instead of get stuck/ not successful!Protection: hazard proof structures/ wider base to absorb shaking/ pendulum controlled by computers to counter act sway of a building/ shock absorbers/ deep foundations/ cross bracing/ earthquake drills days (Japan and California) / smart metres which turn off gas supplies to prevent fires/ Insurance so properties can be rebuilt/ trained emergency services with correct equipment (infrared cameras/ heavy lifting equipment/ helicopters/ emergency kits/ tsunami walls

Storms Hazards

Outline the causes of tropical storms.

Ocean of 27 degrees and above (high evaporation rates)Converging air (will bring multiple storm systems together)Ocean depth of 70metres or more (so enough water to evaporate quickly)Above 5 degrees latitude so the coriolis force can spin the storms together

Outline the spatial distribution of tropical storms.

Between 5 – 20 degrees latitude

When are tropical storms more likely to occur and why?

In late summer and early autumn when the sea is at its highest temperature for evaporation to occur (takes all summer for ocean to warm up)

Describe the structure of a tropical storm.

Eye (centre of low pressure that storm spins around)Eye wall (where the strongest winds rush to the centre to fill in the low pressure)Around the eye wall bands of rain and strong winds from the storms merging together

Outline the characteristics of storm hazards.

Wind speed: above 74 MPH can be classed as hurricane force windslow pressure: 920mb and belowstorm surges: due to low pressure allowing the sea to bounce up and winds driving the waves towards the coast high wave surges can hit and flood coastlinesflooding: heavy rains from the storm system can cause flash flooding and break river banks

Outline how you measure the

Saffir Simpson Scale - 1 -5

magnitude of storm hazards.Outline the characteristics of high winds.

Wind speed: above 74 MPH can be classed as hurricane force winds/ often rip off roof tiles/ down electric lines/ air borne debris dangerous to people

Outline the characteristics of storm surges.

low pressure: 920mb and belowstorm surges: due to low pressure allowing the sea to bounce up and winds driving the waves towards the coast high wave surges can hit and flood coastlines/ soil contaminated by sea water

Outline the characteristics of coastal flooding.

low pressure: 920mb and belowstorm surges: due to low pressure allowing the sea to bounce up and winds driving the waves towards the coast high wave surges can hit and flood coastlines

Outline the characteristics of river flooding.

flooding: heavy rains from the storm system can cause flash flooding and break river banks/ rainfall can exceed 500mm a day

Outline the characteristics of landslides.

heavy rains from the storm system can cause flash flooding/ this extra moisture and make sediment on slopes unstable and cause them to collapse

Outline factors that make places more vulnerable to storm hazards.

Development level – lack of PPP/RRRGovernmental Strength – lack of PPP/RRRRemote Locations – no access for RRRDense Populations – many live on the coast for their livelihood (fishing and tourism)

Outline techniques used to manage the impacts of storms.

Prediction: doplar radars can spot storm systems forming/ knowing the past tracks of storms you can predict where they are likely to hit and when enabling evacuation Protection: Houses on stilts to protect from storm surges/ shutters on winders so airborne debris cannot damage the house/ strengthen roof tiles so stop being ripped off/ keep trees pruned to reduce airborne debris/ emergency kits/ evacuation centres/ flood barriers/ storm surge walls/ education/ land use planning

Compare the range of social, economic, environmental and political impacts of two named contrasting storm hazards and how this changed the lived experience of the place.

Compare the success of the response and management of two contrasting storm hazards and how this may have changed the place.

Fires

Outline the human causes of wildfires.

Fallen powerlines/ discarded cigarettes/ matches/ camp fires/ agricultural burning out of control/ machinery

Outline the natural causes of wildfires.

Lightening strikes/ droughts/ dead dry litter (dried leaves)

Outline how vegetation type can cause wildfire conditions.

Drought resistant crops can become very dry/ providing perfect tinder material if a fire startsSome vegetation has high oil content which aids burning and acts as a fuelPyrophytic plants need wildfires to release their seeds and encourage the right conditions

Outline how climate and recent weather can cause wildfire conditions.

Drought conditions as makes vegetation tinder dry and fire easy to spread.Windy weather will fan the fire and spread it quickly.Santa Ana winds in California can create wildfire conditions as dry and warm winds.

Outline the fuel characteristics needed for wildfire conditions.

Tinder dry material.

Outline how human interference can cause more damage during wildfire conditions?

Fallen powerlines/ discarded cigarettes/ matches/ camp fires/ agricultural burning out of control/ machinery/ building and tourism activities in at risk areas/ living in the wildlife urban interface

Outline the spatial distribution of wildfires.

Large forest areas with human interference/ global/ California/ Amazon/ Congo/ Indonesia/ Borneo/ Australia

Outline techniques used to manage wildfire events.

Predication: fire Modelling to work out areas most at risk/ wind speed and direction to see where could be hit so can evacuateProtection: Hazard proof housing: remove dead leaves from gutter/ fire proof roof tiles (stone)/ roof sprinkler systems to stop fire taking hold/ fire break around

property so fire can’t jump onto the near vegetation/ stone line around housing to stop grass fires catching on to the house/ fire teams creating fire breaks/ fire jumpers go into remote areas to stop fires/ planes drop phosphorous to stop fires chemically/ warning signs and education for tourists and local

Examine a range of social, economic, environmental and political impacts of a named wildfire hazard and how this changed the lived experience of the place.

Analyse the success

of the response and management of a named wildfire hazard and how this may have changed the place.Outline factors that make a place more vulnerable to wildfire hazards.

Development level – lack of PPP/RRRGovernmental Strength – lack of PPP/RRRRemote Locations – no access for RRRSmall Populations – not many people around to help

Multi Hazard Case Study

Define the term multi hazard environment.

An area that is hit by two or more types of hazards. Often one hazard can cause another in these regions.

Name and outline the hazards that impact one named multi hazard environment.

Philippines:EarthquakesStrato VolcanoesTsunamisLaharsPyroclastic FlowTyphoonsFloodingLandslides

Outline the social, economic, environmental risks of a named multi hazard environment.

Analyse why people remain in and occupy a named multi hazard environment.

Poverty: No choice as they do not have the money to move to a safer location.Fatalism: As they do not have the choice of adaptation as their government is not wealthy enough they are left to believe what will happen will happen.Livelihood: Living by the coats means they can be subsistence farmers and catch fish to survive and sell on small amounts for money. Without the sea they would have

nothing to survive from. Family: their families live in the area and would not want to move away.

Examine how a named multi hazard environment makes people feel about the place and have an emotional attachment to place.

Experienced over 300 hazards in the last 20 years.

Fear – most are worried when the next will hit but can’t do anything about it and have a fatalist response that if it happens it is god will.

Emotional attachment: family has always survived and made money here so need to stay and do the same and look after land and property passed down to them.

Have survived so many need to continue being strong and surviving.

May have lost family already in the area due to hazards and not want to move away from where they lost them.

Resilience: their family has always just got on with it and repaired and carried on, they need to do the same.

Analyse the success of the response and management techniques used in of a named multi hazard environment and how this may have changed the place.

Local Case Study

Outline the hazardous setting of your local hazard case study.

Kobe, JapanLocated on Pacific Ring of Fire/ Destructive Plate Boundary

Outline the physical nature of your local hazard case study.

Coastal city/ built on soft sediments/ close to destructive plate boundary

Examine how the social, economic and political character of a place changed by a named local hazard case study.

Examine the community response to the risk posed by a local hazard case study.

Community response has now improved: They are now improving the seismic resistance

of existing buildings all older buildings will be retrofitted.

Making sure the firefighting teams can always have enough water to fight fires as water pipes were broken last time water can be pumped from the sea and rivers.

Awareness and education programmes help people know what to stockpile and get volunteer rescue and fire fighting teams trained up so everyone can help.

Encourage the relationships with NGOs (charities who can work alongside the government as government funds were not enough)

Examine a range of social, economic, environmental and political impacts of a named seismic hazard and how this changed the lived experience of the place.

Analyse the success of the response and management of a named seismic hazard and how this may have changed the place.

Outline factors that make a place more vulnerable to seismic hazards.

Dense population.Coastal community.Destructive boundary.Soft sediments.