Transportation Engineering-Challenges and Opportunities

Prof. G. Ergün 1

Prof. Gökmen Ergün

Boğaziçi University

Civil ENgineering Department

Changing needs in Engineering

� “Germany Alarmed at Lack of Engineers,” (Isabelle de Pommereau, The Christian Science Monitor, August 10, 2006)� the country needs 18,000 engineers it does not

have!

� “Rethink Higher Education for a Changing

Prof. G. Ergün 2

� “Rethink Higher Education for a Changing World” (Jeffrey Selingo, The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 12, 2006). � Students need to have skills and attitudes that

give flexibility, such as how to learn, passion, curiosity, intuition, and the ability to synthesize, explain, adapt, collaborate, and leverage.

� The successful people will be those who can discover how one person can do the job of 20

Changing needs in Engineering

� “China and India Lure Corporate Research Centers,” (Megha Rajagopalan, The Wall Street Journal, July 13, 2006)� 31% of R&D employees world-wide will work in

one of those two countries by the end of 2007.

� “U.S. Roads Are Being Built With Other

Prof. G. Ergün 3

� “U.S. Roads Are Being Built With Other People’s Money,” (Aileen Cho and Debra Rubin, ENR, August 21/28, 2006)� Australian and Spanish companies have helped

finance a $635 million toll road in San Diego and invested in leases for the Chicago Skyway and the Indiana Toll Road. The $6-billion Trans-Texas Corridor also has major Spanish investment.

Challenges in Todays Transportation

� Will concentrate on the following two important areas:

� Increasing Levels of Congestion

� Sustainability Problems in Transportation

Prof. G. Ergün 4

� Sustainability Problems in Transportation

Increasing Traffic Congestion

Prof. G. Ergün 5

Cost of Congestion in USA (2001)

� 3,546 billion hours of delay = 404.794 years

� 5.7 billion gallons of extra fuel

� 52 hours/person delay

� Peak-hour trips take 40% longer than off-peak hours

Prof. G. Ergün 6

hours

� Annual cost 69.5 billion $

Congestion Problem (USA)

� Urban Congestion Costs more than $130 Billion in Lost Productivity

� Over $100 Billion in Accident Costs

� Every Year 40,000 Fatalities in Traffic

Prof. G. Ergün 7

� Every Year 40,000 Fatalities in Traffic Accidents

� Environmental Pollution due to Traffic Congestion

� Impractical to Build New Roads

In-Vehicle Travel Times for Peak-Hour Trips Have Grown

Substantially in Large Cities

Prof. G. Ergün 8

Delay Per Capita

� In Đstanbul 73.9 hours/person

Prof. G. Ergün 9

Đstanbul Traffic Congestion

City Congested Road Km. :

(Demand Vol/ Capacity (V/C))

Free Flow

< 0.80

Congested

0.81- 1.00

Very Congested

Prof. G. Ergün 10

< 0.80 0.81- 1.00 Congested

>1.01

Đstanbul 72,8 7,8 19,6

Manhattan N.Y.

80,0 10,3 9,7

Suffolk N.Y.

92,0 5,1 2,9

Annual Cost of Traffic Congestion in Đstanbul

Delay Item Cost

Delay (Vehicle x hr) 144.713.430

Delay (Person x hour) 1.034.701.022

Per Capita Delay (hour/person) 73,9

Prof. G. Ergün 11

Excess fuel consumption (lt) 441.217.731

Fuel cost ($) 833.901.512

Delay Cost ($) 2.286.689.258

Total Cost ($) 3.120.590.771

Total Cost (YTL) 4.206.556.359

Average of Congestion cost in 75 USA cities ($)* 926.666.666

Causes of Congestion

Prof. G. Ergün 12

Traffic Congestion

Prof. G. Ergün 13

Traffic incidents

Prof. G. Ergün 14

Ways of Dealing with Congestion

� Adding more capacity for highway, transit and railroads;

� Operating existing capacity more efficiently; and

Prof. G. Ergün 15

efficiently; and

� Encouraging travelers to use the system in less congestion-producing ways

Results of Adding more capacityık

lık

De

rec

es

i Mevcut Durum

Trafik Şerit Đlavesi

Prof. G. Ergün 16

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Yıllar

Sık

ışık

lık

De

rec

es

i

Trafik Şerit Đlavesi

Toplu taşım/HOV şerit

Đyileştirmeleri

Projenin

Tamamlanması

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Yıllar

Toplu taşım/HOV şerit

Đyileştirmeleri

Projenin

Tamamlanması

Park-and-ride (York /UK)

Prof. G. Ergün 17

Prof. G. Ergün 18

Benefits of Arterial Coordination (Adnan Kahveci Boulevard/ Đst.

Delay Fuel Total

Annual

Prof. G. Ergün 19

Annual Benefit

($)1.759.713 3.587.220 5.346.933

Before Optimization (Unverdi Intersection/Istanbul)

Prof. G. Ergün 20

After Optimization

Prof. G. Ergün 21

Otomobil Sahipliliği (oto/1000 kişi)

500

600

700

800

900

1990

Prof. G. Ergün 22

0

100

200

300

400

500

Türkiye Đstanbul AB-15 (*) USA

199020002005

Automobile Dependency

Prof. G. Ergün 23

THE SOLUTION

� Mobility management (also called Transportation Demand Management or TDM)

� strategies that result in more efficient use of

Prof. G. Ergün 24

strategies that result in more efficient use of transportation resources, as opposed to increasing transportation system supply by expanding roads, parking facilities, air-ports and other motor vehicle facilities.

� Should be the first alternative to consider

Mobility Management

� emphasizes the movement of people and goods, (not just motor vehicles)

� gives priority to public transit, ridesharing and non-motorized modes, particularly under congested urban conditions

Prof. G. Ergün 25

congested urban conditions� is an increasingly common response to

transport problems. � particularly appropriate in developing country

cities, because of its low costs and multiple benefits.

Examples of Mobility Manegement Strategies

� Improve Transport Options� Alternative Work Schedules� Bicycle Improvements � Carsharing� Flextime

Prof. G. Ergün 26

Flextime� Guaranteed Ride Home � Individual Actions for Efficient Transport� Park & Ride� Pedestrian Improvements� Shuttle Services � Small Wheeled Transport, ATC

Incentives to Reduce Driving

� Walking And Cycling Encouragement

� Commuter Financial Incentives

� Congestion Pricing

� Distance-Based Pricing

Prof. G. Ergün 27

Distance-Based Pricing

� Fuel Taxes

� HOV (High Occupant Vehicle) Priority

� Parking Pricing

� Pay-As-You-Drive Vehicle Insurance

� Road Pricing

Parking and Land Use Management

� Bicycle Parking

� Car-Free Districts and Pedestrianized Streets

� Clustered Land Use

� Location Efficient Development

Prof. G. Ergün 28

� Location Efficient Development

� New Urbanism

� Parking Management

� Smart Growth Planning and Policy Reforms

� Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

Programs and Policy Reforms

� Access Management � Carfree Planning� Commute Trip Reduction Programs� Market Reforms� Freight Transport Management

Prof. G. Ergün 29

� Freight Transport Management� Institutional Reforms� Least Cost Planning� School Transport Management� Special Event Management � TDM Marketing

Sustainable Transportation:An important Challenge

Some headlines from European Fed. For Transport & Environment (www.t-e.nu) :� Environmental NGOs to Barroso: 'Don't Ditch Energy

Efficiency'� Stockholm votes ‘yes’ to congestion charging� Anger as environment committee sets back emissions

improvements for cars

Prof. G. Ergün 30

improvements for cars� Nine former Environment Ministers call for a stricter

climate policy for cars� Environmental NGOs Urge Commission to Start Work on

Sustainable Biofuels� A Price Worth Paying: A guide to the new EU rules for

road tolls for lorries� EU Leaders Urged to Adopt New Sustainable

Development Strategy

Implications on Education

� Civil Engineers have to learn operational management� Courses on System optimization, simulation, and

managerial skills in general

� Traffic simulation and optimization in particular

Prof. G. Ergün 31

� Traffic simulation and optimization in particular

� Advanced technologies are needed for systems operation, i.e. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)� Courses in Electrical Eng. & control should be

introduced into CE curriculum in general

� An undergraduate ITS course (could be elective)

TTRAFFICRAFFIC SSIMULATIONIMULATION

Collingwood Circle, NJCollingwood Circle, NJ

DDATAATA CCOLLECTIONOLLECTION

RITS Lab Portable RITS Lab Portable

Traffic Surveillance UnitTraffic Surveillance Unit

ITS

DEPLOYMENT OF SMART SENSORSDEPLOYMENT OF SMART SENSORS

Prof. G. Ergün 32

Camden, NJCamden, NJ

South Jersey Portable South Jersey Portable

Sensor Processor & Sensor Processor &

Communication UnitCommunication Unit

Sensor