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National 5 Biology – Multicellular Organisms – Need For Transport

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Transport Systems in Plants

Xylem, phloem, lignin, companion cell, sieve plates, transpiration,

photometer, stomata, turgid, flaccid

Learning Outcomes

You will be able to:

Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular organism

Explain why plants require a transport system for water

State the name for the movement of water through a plant

State the structures involved in the transport of water in plants

Describe the structure and function of xylem

Describe the function of guard cells

Name environmental factors which increase the rate of transpiration in

plants

Explain why plants require a transport system for sugar

State the structure involved in the transport of sugar in plants

Surface Area to Volume Ratio

A unicellular organism has a large surface area in relation to its volume;

a multicellular organism has a smaller surface area in relation to its

volume.

Unicellular organisms gain raw materials for chemical reactions through

diffusion. They have a large surface area to volume ratio and the raw

materials diffuse quickly to all areas of a cell.

Multicellular organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio.

Diffusion cannot occur fast enough to supply the raw materials to the

whole cell. Therefore they have transport systems to carry the raw

materials to their sites of diffusion.

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Learning Activity 1

1. Name two essential materials which cells require.

2. Name two two exampless of waste productss produced by cells.

3. Name the processes responsible for transporting these substances into

and out of cells.

4. Insert and complete the ‘Surface Area: Volume’ worksheet.

5. Explain why a large animal requires a transport system to deliver essential

materials to cells.

Transport Systems in a Plant

Unlike animals, plants do not have a circulatory system where a heart

pumps blood to organs in blood vessels. Plants have two different types

of 'transport' tissue.,.

Instead, plants have a transport system of with two types of vessels,

Xylem xylem which transports water and solutes mineral salts from the

roots to the leaves and phloem which transports food sugars (food) from

the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Transport of Water - Xylem

Plants require water for photosynthesis. Water and soil minerals are absorbed

through root hair cells and transported up the plant to the leaves in xylem.

Xylem vessels carry water and dissolved minerals up from

the roots and are found throughout the plant in the root,

stem and leaves. They are non-living vessels composed of

xylem cells stacked end to end to form hollow tubes. The

end walls of the xylem cells disintegrate to leave hollow

tubes while the side walls become strengthened with rings or

spirals of lignin.

The lignin provides support and allows the vessels to withstand pressure

changes as the water moves up through the plant.

lignin

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You can demonstrate the movement of

water and the location of xylem vessels by

dipping the stem of a stick of celery stick

into a coloured solution such as Eosin or

food colouring. When eating celery the

xylem is the annoying stringy bit!

Transport of Sugar (food) - Phloem

Sugar is produced in the leaves during photosynthesis. It must be transported

all around the plant in phloem vessels to provide energy for growth and repair.

Unlike xylem cells, phloem cells must be alive for them to transport sugar.

Phloem vessels carry glucose up and

down the plant. They are living vessels

composed of phloem cells stacked end to

end to form cellular sieve tubes. The end

walls of the phloem cells are perforated

to form sieve plates. Companion cells

support the phloem vessels.

phloem cell

sieve plate

companion

cell


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Learning Activity 1

1. Insert and complete the ‘Transport System in Plants’ worksheet into

your workbook.

2. Collect the experiment card ‘Transport of Water’ follow the instructions

on the card to observe the movement of water through xylem in celery.

Transpiration

Water is used for photosynthesis in the leaves of a plant. Water evaporates

out of the leaf in a process called transpiration.

Transpiration is the loss of water from parts of the plant above the ground

due to evaporation. This process is the equivalent to sweating in animals; hence

it helps to cool down the plant. Transpiration takes place primarily through the

stomata (pore on the underside of leaves). The rate of transpiration is

affected by many factors such as: temperature, wind-intensity, humidity, and

light-intensity. The rate of transpiration is measured using an instrument

called a potometer


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Learning Activity 1

1. Insert and complete ‘Transpiration’ diagram and paste into your workbook.

2. Arrange the following parts to show the direction taken by water molecules:

Xylem

Root hair

Cortex

Soil

Leaves

3. Insert and complete ‘Transpiration Experiments’ diagram and paste into your

workbook.

Leaf Structure

Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis within a plant. They contain

different types of cells to allow them to photosynthesise efficiently.


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Stomata

The actions of the stomata are closely related to the hydration of the plant.

The stomata pores are regulated by surrounding guard cells which regulate the

rate of transpiration. When guard cells become turgid they cause stomata to

open allowing water to evaporate. When the plant has become dehydrated (or

when the plant is not photosynthesizing such as at night) guard cells loose water

and become flaccid causing stomata to close. The rate of transpiration can be

directly related to whether the stomata are open or closed.

Learning Activity 2

1. Collect and label the diagram ‘Leaf Structure’ and paste into your workbook.

2. Copy and complete the table below, use class resources to help you complete

the table.

Guard cells turgid

(swollen)

Guard cells flaccid

(shrunken)


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Part Function

Upper Epidermis

Mesophyll layer

Lower epidermis

Stoma

Guard cells

Moist air space

3. Copy and label the diagram of the open and closed stomata.

4. Describe the structure of a guard cell.

5. State what happens to stomata:

during the day

during the night.

6. Explain these changes in terms of turgor of the guard cells.

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The Heart

Heart, atrium, ventricle, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein,

aorta, atrio-ventricular valve, semi-lunar valve, artery, capillary, vein

Learning Outcomes


Describe the structure of the heart to include the names of the chambers,

the blood vessels entering and leaving the heart

Describe the position and the function of valves in the heart

Describe the pathway of blood through the heart, lungs and body

Describe the structure and function of arteries, veins and capillaries

Explain how the structure of a capillary network is related to its function

The Circulatory System

The circulatory system is made up of the heart (a muscular pump) and the blood

vessels (a system of tubes) which carry blood to all parts of the body.

Nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hormones are all transported in the

blood.

The Heart

The heart is a muscular pump that is divided into four chambers. The two upper

chambers are the right atrium and the left atrium. The two lower chambers are

the right ventricle and the left ventricle. The wall of the left ventricle is thick

because it pumps blood all-round the body whereas the wall of the right

ventricle is less thick as it only pumps blood to the lungs. The right and left



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Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Y Atrio ventricular valve Atrio ventricular valve

Semi-lunar valves

atrio-ventricular valves separate the upper and lower chambers of the heart.

The presence of valves ensures that blood flows in one direction only.

Circulation of Blood through the Heart

Deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body is brought to the right atrium by

two main veins called the vena cava. This blood passes into the right ventricle

and is then carried away from the heart by the pulmonary artery, which divides

into two branches, taking blood to the right and left lung. The blood becomes

oxygenated (picks up oxygen) in the lungs and returns to the heart through the

pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium. The blood flows from the left

atrium into the left ventricle and then leaves the heart through the aorta the

largest artery in the body. The pulmonary artery and the aorta have valves

called semi-lunar valves. When the ventricles contract the valves open allowing

blood to flow into these blood vessels. The valves will then close and prevent

blood flowing back into the heart.


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Heart Valves

There are four valves associated with the

heart. The valves that separate the atria

from the ventricles are called AV valves

(atrio-ventricular valves). Then there are the

valves that separate the ventricles from the

arteries leaving the heart which are known as

SL valves (semi-lunar valves).

Learning Activity 1

1. Insert Insert the ‘Heart Diagram’ and label. the chambers of the heart

1.2. How many chambers does a heart have?

2.3. Write down the names of :

the smaller (top) chambers

the larger (bottom) chambers

3.4. Draw circles aroundLabel the heart valvesvalves on your Heart Diagram

and state their function, and make a key for this.

4.5. State where blood is pumped to from the:

left ventricle

right ventricle.

5.6. Explain why the muscle wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the

right ventricle wall.

On your Heart Diagram,

shade the chambers and vessels which deal with deoxygenated

blood returning from the body and going to the lungs in blue.

On your Heart Diagram, shade the chambers and vessels which

deal with oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and going

to the body in red.

include a key

add arrows to show the path that blood takes through the heart.

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The Hearts own Blood Supply

Heart muscle cells need their own

direct blood supply in order to

function. If they were to draw oxygen

from the blood that passes through

their chambers, the right side of the

heart would die. The coronary

arteries supply the heart muscle cells

with food and oxygen, so they can

make energy by the process of

respiration. Carbon dioxide and other

waste are removed from the muscle

cells by the coronary veins.

The coronary arteries are found on

the outside of the heart and so can be

relatively easily replaced in bi-pass

surgery.

Learning Activity 2

1. Insert and complete the ‘Coronary Artery’ diagram by labelling the coronary

artery.

1.2.______________________________________________________________________ W

hat would happen to the heart if this artery became blocked?

2.3. _____________________________________________________________________ 1

2. ___________________________________________________________ Enter theInsert and complete “Circulation Diagram” from your pack into your notes and label the following blood vessels:

pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein

Coronary Artery

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aorta

vena cava

3.4. 13. Copy & complete the table below:

Blood Vessel Collects Blood

From

Takes Blood

To

Level of CO2 Level of O2

Pulmonary

Artery

Pulmonary

Vein

Heart

Aorta

Vena Cava

Lungs

Heart

Higher

Lungs

Lower High

Low

Pulmonary

Vein

Aorta

Vena Cava

Blood Vessels

Blood is carried by blood vessels to all cells in the body. The three main types

of blood vessels are the arteries, veins and capillaries.


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Arteries

Arteries have thick muscular walls to withstand the high pressure of blood

coming from the heart. Each time the heart beats, the contraction of the walls

of the ventricle forces blood along the arteries at high pressure. This can be

felt as a pulse in an artery. Arteries carry oxygenated blood with the exception

of the pulmonary artery.

Veins

Veins also have muscular walls but the walls are thinner than that of the

arteries since the blood flowing through veins is at a lower pressure than that

of arteries. The central cavity (lumen) is wider than that of an artery. This

helps to reduce resistance to the flow of blood along a vein. Veins have valves to

prevent blood flowing back along the vessel (backflow). Veins usually carry

deoxygenated blood with the exception of the pulmonary vein.

Capillaries

Capillaries are tiny blood vessels whose walls are only one cell thick. They are

referred to as exchange vessels since all exchanges of materials between blood

and living tissues takes place through their thin walls e.g. oxygen diffusing from

the blood into the tissues, carbon dioxide diffusing from the tissue cells into

the blood.


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Learning Activity 3

1. Insert and complete the ‘blood vessels’ diagram into your workbook.

2. Copy & complete the flow chart by entering the names of the types of

vessels:

Transport of Substances in the Blood

Blood, red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet, haemoglobin, plasma,

biconcave, oxyhaemoglobin

Learning Outcomes


State what is carried in the blood

Explain the function of haemoglobin

Explain the need for iron in the diet and health problems when there is a

lack of iron

from heart to heart



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Blood

Blood consists of straw coloured watery liquid called plasma, red blood cells and

white blood cells.

Plasma transports blood cells and dissolved materials such as glucose, amino

acids, the waste material, urea, and some carbon dioxide around the body.

Red blood cells are specialised to carry oxygen. They are very small and

flexible, allowing them to squeeze through the smallest blood capillaries. They

are also very numerous (5.5 million per mm3 of blood). They have a biconcave

disc shape to increase the surface area for oxygen uptake and no nucleus which

allows them to be packed full of the red, oxygen-carrying pigment, haemoglobin.

White blood cells play a role in defence of the organism against infection.

1.

Haemoglobin

Haemoglobin is a respiratory pigment which readily combines (associates) with

oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin when the oxygen concentration of surrounding

cells is high e.g. in the capillaries of the alveoli. Haemoglobin can rapidly release

(dissociate) oxygen from oxyhaemoglobin when the oxygen concentration of

surrounding cells is low e.g. in capillaries next to respiring cells.

This reversible reaction can be summarised in the form of a chemical equation.

(in lungs)

Haemoglobin + Oxygen Oxyhaemoglobin

What to do


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(in tissues)

Copy & complete the diagram below, which shows the

different parts of blood:


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2. Read “Composition of blood” in SG Biology:

BLUE BOOK page 160

Learning Activity 1

1. Insert the ‘Red Blood Cell’ diagram into your notes.

2. Complete the following table to describe the function of each of the

following structures of red blood cells.

Structure Function

Biconcave disc

Small and flexible

Extremely numerous

Contains no nucleus

Cytoplasm contains

haemoglobin

3. Insert and complete the ‘Haemoglobin Note’ into your workbook.


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Explain the need for IRON in the diet and health problems that

can occur when there is a lack of iron.

Challenge Task

The Respiratory System

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, diaphragm, cilia,

cartilage, mucus

Learning Outcomes


Describe the structure and function of the lungs

Explain the function of the rings of cartilage in the trachea

Describe the function of cilia and mucus in the trachea

Describe gas exchange within the alveoli

Explain how the structure of the lungs is related to their function



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The Respiratory System

Gas exchange takes place in the lungs. The lungs are sponge-like because they

consist of millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli (singular: alveolus). When air is

breathed in, it passes down the trachea or windpipe, into the right and left

bronchus, which further branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles and then

into the alveoli. The bottom of the lung cavity is separated from the rest of the

body by a muscle called the diaphragm. The lungs are protected at the front

and rear by ribs.

Learning Activity 1

1. Collect and complete the ‘Lung Diagram’ by labelling your diagram with the

following:

diaphragm bronchus bronchiole trachea rib

lung intercostal muscle heart nose

Structure of Air Passages

The trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are all

lined with rings of cartilage, which perform

a similar function to lignin in xylem. They

strengthen the air passages and ensure

that they stay open in situations where

external pressure increases such as deep

sea diving or when an owl’s neck is twisted.


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When we breathe in, we inhale air

containing dirt, dust and micro-

organisms and our lungs have a

system to deal with these

unwanted contaminants. The walls

of the respiratory tubes are lined

with two types of cells. Goblet

cells produce sticky mucus and

the epithelial cells have hair like

structures called cilia on their

surface. The mucus traps any

particle that lands on it and the

cilia beat upwards in a wave like

motion (think Mexican wave) and

push the mucus up the airways

until it reaches the mouth and is

swallowed.

Alveoli

The alveoli are the swellings at the end of the respiratory tubes and are the

site of gas exchange.


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They are so numerous that they

provide a very large surface

area for gas exchange. The total

internal surface area of the lungs

is approximately 90m2 (The size

of a tennis court). The lining of

each alveolus is very thin allowing

easy diffusion of oxygen into the

blood. The walls of the alveoli are

moist to allow oxygen to dissolve

before diffusion. A network of

blood capillaries surrounds the

alveoli allowing an exchange of

gases to take place.

Blood arriving in the lungs is deoxygenated i.e. contains a low concentration of

oxygen. The air breathed into the alveolus contains a high level of oxygen, so

oxygen diffuses from a high concentration in the alveolus to a low concentration

in the blood and the blood becomes oxygenated. Deoxygenated blood contains

higher levels of carbon dioxide than the air in the alveolus, so carbon dioxide

diffuses from a higher concentration in the blood to a lower concentration in

the alveolus. The carbon dioxide is then breathed out of the lungs (exhaled).

Learning Activity 2

1. State the advantage of having large numbers of alveoli in the lungs.

2. Describe the structure of an alveolus (pl. alveoli), with reference to the:

- Lining

- surrounding blood vessels

- distance from the surrounding blood vessels.


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3. Describe the composition, in terms of O2 and CO2 concentrations, of:

- oxygenated blood

- deoxygenated blood.

4. Describe the process of gas exchange in the lungs, with reference to the:

- type of blood arriving

- blood vessel which supplies the blood

- exact location of gas exchange

- film of moisture

- direction in which the O2 is transported

- process involved in the transport of O2

- direction in which the CO2 is transported

- blood vessel which carries the oxygenated blood away.

5. Copy and complete the table below showing the 4 main features which make

lungs efficient gas exchange surfaces.

2.6. Insert and complete the ‘Gas Exchange’ diagram into your notes.

The Digestive System

Feature of lungs Function

large surface area

alveolar lining has moist film

allows rapid diffusion of oxygen

allows rapid transport of oxygen to body cells


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Digestive system, alimentary canal, peristalsis, small intestine, villi,

lacteal

Learning Outcomes


State the function of the digestive system

Name the parts of the digestive system and give their function

Describe the process of peristalsis

Explain how the structure of the small intestine is related to its function

State where glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed

within the villi

The Digestive System

The digestive system is

responsible for the breakdown

of large insoluble food molecules

into smaller soluble molecules

which can be absorbed into the

bloodstream. The alimentary

canal is the name for the tube

that runs from the mouth to the

anus. As insoluble molecules of

food pass along this muscular

tube they are broken down to a

soluble state by digestive

enzymes. The salivary glands,

liver and pancreas, which are

connected by ducts to the alimentary canal,

are described as associated organs.

Peristalsis



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From the moment food is swallowed, it gets pushed along this tube by a series

of sequential muscular contractions known as peristalsis. Part of the gut wall is

composed of circular muscle. When this contracts behind a portion of food, the

central hole of the tube becomes narrower and the food is pushed along. At the

same time the circular muscle in front of the food becomes relaxed allowing the

central hole to enlarge and let the food slip along easily.

The final stages of digestion and the absorption of nutrients take place in the

small intestine, and it is perfectly designed to perform this function.

Learning Activity 1

1. Collect and complete the ‘Human Digestive System’ diagram.

2. Describe how food moves down the oesophagus, with reference to the:

- state of the muscle behind the food

- state of the muscle in front of the food

- direction of movement.

3. Insert and complete the ‘Peristalsis’ diagram into your notes.

Small Intestine

When the partially digested food enters the small intestine from the stomach,

it is mixed with another enzymes which complete the process of digestion. Fats

are broken down The pancreas produces lipase which promotes the breakdown

of fats into fatty acids & glycerol., carbohydrates are broken down to the

simple sugar, glucose, and proteins are completely broken down to amino acids.

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25 | P a g e

These small molecules are absorbed

into the bloodstream through the

specially adapted lining of the small

intestine.

Villi

There are three common themes

for any surface where there is the

exchange of materials:

1. Large surface area (for diffusion)

2. Walls are only one cell thick (short diffusion distance)

3. There is a good blood supply (to remove the diffusing substance and thus

maintaining the concentration gradient.

The presence of millions of finger like projections called villi in the small

intestine fulfils all of these criteria.

If villi are finger like projections, then a structure called the lacteal could

represent the bone of the finger. The lacteal is where the products of fat


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digestion are absorbed from the small intestine. The products of protein and

carbohydrate digestion both get absorbed into the capillary of the villus.

4. ___________________________________________________________ L

earning Activity 2

5.1. _____________________________________________________________________ S

tate the main function of the small intestine.

1.2.______________________________________________________________________ G

ive 3 reasons whyState how the small intestine is structurally suited to

absorb the products of digestion.

2.3. _____________________________________________________________________ N

ame the structure found in the small intestine which is responsible for the

absorption of the products of digestion.

4. Copy and complete the table below

Food Group Product(s) of Digestion Part of Villus that absorbs it

5. Insert and complete the ‘Structure Of Aof a Villus’ diagram into your

notes.

The Effects of Lifestyle Choices

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Learning Outcomes


Explain how poor diet and lack of exercise can affect transport and

exchange systems thus causing disease.

Explain how smoking and drinking excess alcohol can affect transport and

exchange systems, and how this can lead to disease

Health and well-being are affected by the lifestyle choices, heredity and

the environment.

Choose a condition from the list and find out:

1. What part of the body is affected by the condition?

2. What causes the condition?

3. What are the symptoms of the condition?

4. What are the lifestyle choices that affect the condition?

1.5. How can this condition be treated?

Based on the research you have done state your opinion on

whether or not this condition should be treated for free under the NHS with

supporting argument.

Present your information as a brief report to the rest of the

class.


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Conditions

Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema, Pneumonia, Lung cancer, Coronary

Heart Disease, Stroke, Constipation, Stomach ulcers, Diarrhoea,

IBS, Crohn’s Disease, Coeliac Disease, Cirrhosis of the liver, Type

2 Diabetes, Obesity.7. What is the function of white blood

cells?

8. Draw a diagram of a white blood cell.

9. Stick the “Haemoglobin Note” from your pack into your

notes.

10. Read “Function of haemoglobin” in SG Biology:

BLUE BOOK page 161 and Figure 17.22

YELLOW BOOK page 139 and Figure 17.17


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1. Read the Haemoglobin Note and use the information to

complete the equation at the bottom of it.

2. You may now be given an opportunity to look at prepared and

stained blood slides.

Criteria:

Show that you have learned something for each of the 4 point.

1.State your opinion with supporting argument and be prepared to take questions.s.

2.Use a style suitable for your audience.

3.Prove that the information you present is reliable by making a list of References to

include with your presentation. This must include the name and author of all the

books you use and the names of all the websites you use with the dates you access

them.

Use the format given by your teacher.


Right: -0.51 cm


14 pt



spacing: 1.5 lines, Bulleted + Level:

1 + Aligned at: 0 cm + Indent at: 0

cm

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