transporation law case digests

8/17/2019 Transporation Law Case Digests

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MCGZD, MNHZGS, MNHG, MZWBM_, HMLWHMHD, HGNOLM, IMZDKDIJSMZ, WZWJOD, UOLLMIM_DZ(UMWIMHMHM)

=

G[XZMDZHONMZ_ HOLOBGNCG (;)

Ndcui vs. Lmbunm Xmymjms Jus Cd. (BZ L-:3233, 3= Dctdjgr =?5?)

Emcts0

Kgrionod L. Ndcui, m pmssgnbgr on Lmbunm Xmymjms Jus Cd.‟s Jus =:6, wkock wms tkgn imaonbm trop wotkon tkg jmrrod de Hotm, Iunocopmloty de Jmy, Lmbunm, wms onùrgh ms m cdnsgqugncg de tkggxpldsodn de eorgcrmcagrs, cdntmongh on m jdx, ldmhgh on smoh jus mnh hgclmrgh td ots cdnhuctdr mscdntmononb cldtkgs mnh ioscgllmngdus otgis jy m cd-pmssgnbgr.

Ndcui eolgh m cmsg mbmonst Lmbunm Xmymjms Jus edr hmimbgs. Xkg CEO de Jmtmnbms (Covol Cmsg;38)sgntgncgh Lmbunm Xmymjms td pmy Ndcui tkg sui de V=,37=.66 edr mctuml hmimbgs mnhV766.66 ms mttdrngy‟s eggs, wotk lgbml ontgrgst erdi tkg eolonb de tkg cdiplmont plus cdsts. LmbunmXmymjms mppgmlgh.Xkg Suprgig Cdurt rgvgrsgh tkg mppgmlgh ùhbignt de tkg troml cdurt, mnhhosiossgh tkg cmsg, wotkdut cdsts.

Ossug0Rkgtkgr dr ndt Lmbunm Xmymjms Jus Cd gxgrtgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg.

Kglh0 _gs. Lmbunm Xmymjms Jus Cd. Gxgrtgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg mnh imy ndt jg kglh lomjlgedr tkg hmimbgs jdrng jy tkg gxpldsodn de eorgcrmcagrs. Mrtoclg =233 de tkg Covol Cdhg prdvohgstkmt “Cdiidn cmrrogrs, erdi tkg nmturg de tkgor jusongss mnh edr rgmsdns de pujloc pdlocy, mrg

jdunh td djsgrvg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg vobolmncg dvgr tkg bddhs mnh edr tkg smegty de tkg pmssgnbgrs trmnspdrtgh jy tkgi, mccdrhonb td mll tkg corcuistmncgs de gmck cmsg. M cdiidncmrrogr os jdunh td cmrry tkg pmssgnbgrs smegly ms emr ms kuimn cmrg mnh edrgsobkt cmn prdvohg,usonb tkg utidst holobgncg de vgry cmutodus pgrsdns,wotk m hug rgbmrh edr mll tkg corcuistmncgs.Kdwgvgr Cmrrogrs mrg ndt imnhmtgh td rgquorg dpgnonb de jmbbmbg. Jgedrg tkg jdx cdntmononb tkgeorgcrmcagrs wgrg mlldwgh td jg ldmhgh on tkg jus jy tkg cdnhuctdr,onquory wms imhg wotk tkg

pmssgnbgr cmrryonb tkg smig ms td wkmt wms on ot, soncg ots “dpgnonb wms edlhgh mnh togh wotkmjmcm.’

Mccdrhonb td tkg ùhbg de tkg ldwgr cdurt, “oe prdpgr mnh roboh onspgctodn wgrg djsgrvgh jy tkghgegnhmnt, tkg cdntgnts de tkg jdx cdulh kmvg jggn hoscdvgrgh mnh tkg mccohgnt mvdohgh. Zgeusml

jy tkg pmssgnbgr td kmvg tkg pmcambg dpgngh wms nd gxcusg jgcmusg, ms stmtgh jy HospmtckgrCdrnostm, gipldyggs skdulh cmll tkg pdlocg oe tkgrg wgrg pmcambgs cdntmononb mrtoclgs mbmonstcdipmny rgbulmtodns.’ Gvgn ot tkmt imy jg trug, tkg lmw hdgs ndt rgquorg ms iuck. Mrtoclg =233 osndt ms unjgnhonb, edr ot rgmsdnmjly qumloeogs tkg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg rgquorgh de cdiidncmrrogrs edr tkg smegty de tkg pmssgnbgrs trmnspdrtgh jy tkgi td jg“mccdrhonb td mll tkgcorcuistmn cgs de gmck cmsg.’ Rkolg ot os trug tkg pmssgnbgrs de Lmbunm Xmymjms‟ jus skdulh ndt jgimhg td sueegr edr sdigtkonb dvgr wkock tkgy kmh nd cdntrdl, emorngss hgimnhs tkmt on igmsuronbm cdiidn cmrrogr‟s huty tdwmrhs ots pmssgnbgrs, mlldwmncg iust jg bovgn td tkg rglomncg tkmtskdulh jg rgpdsgh dn tkg sgnsg de rgspdnsojoloty de mll tkg pmssgnbgrs on rgbmrh td tkgor cdiidn

smegty. Ot os td jg prgsuigh tkmt m pmssgnbgr woll ndt tmag wotk koi mnytkonb hmnbgrdus td tkg lovgsmnh loijs de kos cd-pmssgnbgrs, ndt td spgma de kos dwn. Kg cmnndt jg suj`gctgh td mny unusumlsgmrck, wkgn kg prdtgsts tkg onndcudusngss de kos jmbbmbg mnh ndtkonb mppgmrs td onhocmtg tkgcdntrmry, ms on tkg cmsg mt jmr. On dtkgr wdrhs, onquory imy jg vgrjmlly imhg ms td tkg nmturg de m

pmssgnbgr‟s jmbbmbg wkgn suck os ndt dutwmrhly pgrcgptojlg, jut jgydnh tkos, cdnstotutodnml jdunhmrogs mrg mlrgmhy on hmnbgr de jgonb trmnsbrgssgh.


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Igcgnms v. CM, =;6 SCZM ;3 (=?;?)

Emcts0

Dn Mprol ::, =?;6, twd vgssgls, “Xmcldjmn Coty’ mnh “Hdn @umn’ cd llohgh mt tkg Xmljms Strmotwotkon tkg voconoty de Ionhdrd. I/U Hdn @umn smna mnh kunhrghs de pmssgnbgrs hogh. Midnbtkgi wgrg pgtotodngrs‟ pmrgnts, wkdsg jdhogs wgrg ngvgr rgcdvgrgh. Vgtotodngrs eolgh m cdiplmontsggaonb hmimbgs mbmonst Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn. Xkg troml cdurt mwmrhgh V866,666, jut tkg Cdurt deMppgmls rghucgh tkg mwmrh td V=66,666.

Ossug0

Rkgtkgr tkg rghuctodn de tkg mwmrh wms prdpgrly rulgh updn jy tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls

Kglh0

On mn mctodn jmsgh updn m jrgmck de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg, tkg cmrrogr unhgr dur covol lmw oslomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de pmssgnbgrs mrosonb erdi tkg ngblobgncg dr woleul mct de tkg cmrrogr's

gipldyggs mltkdubk suck gipldyggs imy kmvg mctgh jgydnh tkg scdpg de tkgor mutkdroty dr gvgnon vodlmtodn de tkg onstructodns de tkg cmrrogr, wkock lomjoloty imy oncluhg lomjoloty edr idrmlhmimbgs. Ot edlldws tkmt pgtotodngrs wdulh jg gntotlgh td idrml hmimbgs sd ldnb ms tkg cdllosodnwotk tkg "Xmcldjmn Coty" mnh tkg sonaonb de tkg "Hdn @umn" wgrg cmusgh dr mttgnhgh jyngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de provmtg rgspdnhgnts.

Rkgtkgr pgtotodngrs mrg gntotlgh td gxgiplmry hmimbgs ms clmoigh iust hgpgnh updn wkgtkgr drndt provmtg rgspdnhgnts mctgh rgcalgssly, tkmt os, wotk brdss ngblobgncg. Rg jglogvg tkmt tkg

jgkmvodur de tkg cmptmon de tkg "Hdn @umn" on tkos onstmncg ‘ plmyonb imk`dnb "jgedrg mnh up tdtkg toig de cdllosodn" ‘ cdnstotutgs jgkmvodur tkmt os soiply unmccgptmjlg dn tkg pmrt de tkgimstgr de m vgssgl td wkdsg kmnhs tkg lovgs mnh wglemrg de mt lgmst sgvgn kunhrgh eoety (276)

pmssgnbgrs kmh jggn gntrustgh. Xkgrg os mlsd gvohgncg tkmt tkg "Hdn @umn" wms cmrryonb idrg

pmssgnbgrs tkmn skg kmh jggn cgrtoeogh ms mlldwgh td cmrry. Rg cdncluhg tkmt Cmpt. Smntostgjmnmnh Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn mrg prdpgrly kglh lomjlg edr brdss ngblobgncg. Rg eonh nd ngcgssoty edr

pmssonb updn tkg hgbrgg de ngblobgncg dr culpmjoloty prdpgrly mttrojutmjlg td VNDC mnh VNDCSkopponb dr tkg imstgr de tkg "Xmcldjmn Coty," soncg tkgy wgrg ngvgr oiplgmhgh kgrg.

Gxgiplmry hmimbgs mrg hgsobngh jy dur covol lmw td pgriot tkg cdurts td rgskmpg jgkmvodur tkmt ossdcomlly hglgtgrodus on ots cdnsgqugncg jy crgmtonb ngbmtovg oncgntovgs dr hgtgrrgnts mbmonst suck

jgkmvodur. On rgquoronb cdiplomncg wotk tkg stmnhmrh de gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg, m stmnhmrh wkockos on emct tkmt de tkg kobkgst pdssojlg hgbrgg de holobgncg, erdi cdiidn cmrrogrs mnh on crgmtonb m

prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg mbmonst tkgi, tkg lmw sggas td cdipgl tkgi td cdntrdl tkgor gipldyggs,td tmig tkgor rgcalgss onstoncts mnh td edrcg tkgi td tmag mhgqumtg cmrg de kuimn jgonbs mnh tkgor

prdpgrty. Jdtk tkg hgimnhs de sujstmntoml `ustocg mnh tkg oipgrodus rgquorgignts de pujloc pdlocy

cdipgl us td tkg cdnclusodn tkmt tkg troml cdurt's oiplocot mwmrh de idrml mnh gxgiplmry hmimbgswms grrdngdusly hglgtgh mnh iust jg rgstdrgh mnh mubigntgh mnh jrdubkt idrg ngmrly td tkglgvgl rgquorgh jy pujloc pdlocy mnh sujstmntoml ̀ ustocg.


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3

Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn Cd., Onc v. CM, :;= SCZM 738 (=??2)

Emcts0

Sdigtoig on Mprol =?;6, Zmidn Iormnhm, dng de tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts on tkos cmsg purckmsghedur spgcoml tocagts (Nuijgrs 288==, 288=:, 288=3 mnh 288=8) erdi tkg pgtotodngr edr koswoeg,ckolhrgn mnh nogcg wkd wgrg tkgn jdunh td lgmvg edr Jmcdldh Coty td mttgnh m emiolyrgunodn.Dn :: Mprol =?;6, provmtg rgspdnhgnt‟s medrgigntodngh r glmtovgs jdmrhgh I/U Hdn @umnde Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn Cd., Onc., tkmt wms lgmvonb Imnolm mt =066 VI. Ms gxpgctgh, smoh vgssglsmolgh dn toig.

Kdwgvgr, dn tkg gvgnonb de :: Mprol, pgtotodngr‟s vgssgl cdllohgh wotk tkg I/X Xmcldjmn Coty- mndol tmnagr dwngh jy tkg Vkoloppong Nmtodnml Dol Cdrpdrmtodn (VNDC) mnh tkg VNDC Skopponb mnhXrmnspdrt Cdrpdrmtodn (VNDC/SXC). Djvodusly, sgvgrml pmssgnbgrs pgroskgh on tkg sgmtrmbghy.Sdig jdhogs wgrg edunh, mnh sdig, oncluhonb tkg rglmtovgs de provmtg rgspdnhgnts wgrgngvgr edunh.Andwonb tkg oll-emtg de tkg I/U Hdn @umn, provmtg rgspdnhgnts, nmigly Bmrcom mnhSps hg lm Uoctdrom eolgh m cdiplmont mbmonst tkg Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn, tkg VNDC, mnh tkgVNDC/SXC. Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnts sdubkt edr hmimbgs edr tkg hgmtk de tkgor rglmtovgs.Xkg ZXC

rgnhgrgh m hgcosodn on emvdr de tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts, mnh msagh pgtotodngrs, oncluhonb VNDCmnh VNDC/SXC td pmy tkg idrml hmimbgs mnh updn rgvogw jy tkg Cdurt Mppgmls, tkg mppgllmtgcdurt meeorigh tkg ZXC‟s hgcosodn wotk idhoeocmtodn.

Ossug0

Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg rulonb on tkg Igcgnms US CM, eonhonb tkg crgw igijgrs de pgtotodngrs td jgbrdssly ngblobgnt on tkg pgredrimncg de tkgor huty, os jonhonb on tkos cmsg..Kglh0

_gs. Xkg cdurt‟s mhkgrgncg td Igcgnms cmsg os ndt tkg gntorg cdnsohgrmtodn de tkg Cdurt. Mltkdubk

Xkg Igcgnms Cmsg os mndtkgr cmsg mrosonb erdi tkg oncohgnt tkmt dccurrgh dn :: Mprol =?;6 mnh oscdntrdllonb, tkg cdurt stoll edunh dtkgr gvohgncg edr Ngbrds Nmvobmtodn td pmy edr tkg Hmimbgs.Jy tkg proncoplg de Stmrg Hgcosos (Edlldw pmst prgcghgnts mnh hd ndt hosturj wkmt kms jggnsgttlgh). Wnhgr tkg proncoplg de Stmrg Hgcosos, ot os rgquorgh tkmt pmst hgcosodns de tkg cdurt jgedlldwgh on tkg mh`uhocmtodn de cmsgs. Xkg pgtotodngrs mssmoltkg ldwgr cdurt‟s rglomncg dn tkgIgcgnms Cmsg, mrbuonb tkmt mltkdubk tkg smig cmsg mrdsg dut de tkg smig oncohgnt ms tkmt onvdlvghon tkg Igcgnms,Xkg pmrtogs mrg hoeegrgnt mnh tkg troml wms cdnhuctgh sgpmrmtgly. Eurtkgridrg tkgycdntgnh tkmt tkg hgcosodn on tkos cmsg iust jg jmsgh dn tkg mllgbmtodns, tkg hgegnsgs plgmhgh mnhgvohgncg mhhucgh stmtgh dn tkg rgcdrhs de tkg cmsg.Xkg Suprgig Cdurt rulgh dtkgrwosg. XkgSuprgig Cdurt stmtgh tkmt mltkdubk tkg igrots de tkg onhovohuml clmois mbmonst tkg pgtotodngr mrghoeegrgnt on jdtk cmsgs, tkgrg rgimons m soiolmroty wkock os imtgroml on tkg hgcosodn de tkg cdurtvos-æ-vos tkg cmsg mt kmnh, o.g. tkg cmusg de tkg sonaonb de ots skop dn :: Mprol =?;6 mnh tkg

lomjolotogs (de pgtotodngr) edr suck mccohgnt. Ot kms jggn wgll gntrgnckgh on Vkoloppong `urospruhgncgtkmt cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg lomjlg oe tkgy hd ndt gxkojot gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg. On tkg cmsg mt jmr,tkgrg wms gvgn ngblobgncg edr tkg crgw, spgcoeocmlly tkg cmptmon, edr plmyonb imk`dnb kgncghmimbgs iust ngcgssmroly jg mwmrhgh td tkg emioly de Zmidn Iormnhm.


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VML v. Cdurt de Mppgmls, :27 SCZM 5:=, B.Z. Nd.=:6:5:, =2 @uly =??2.

Emcts0

Dn Dctdjgr :3, =?;;, Lgdvgbolhd Vmntg`d, tkgn Coty Eoscml de Surobmd Coty, jdmrhgh m VML plmngon Imnolm mnh hosgijmragh on Cgju Coty wkgrg kg wms suppdsgh td tmag kos cdnngctonb elobkt tdSurobmd Coty. Kdwgvgr, hug td typkddn Dsmnb, tkg cdnngctonb elobkt td Surobmd Coty wms cmncglgh.VML onotomlly bmvg dut cmsk mssostmncg de V=66 mnh, tkg ngxt hmy, V:66 edr tkgor gxpgctgh stmy detwd hmys on Cgju.Vmntg`d rgqugstgh onstgmh tkmt kg jg mccdiidhmtgh on m kdtgl mt tkg gxpgnsg deVML ms kg hoh ndt kmvg cmsk wotk koi mt tkmt toig jut VML rgeusgh. Edrtunmtgly, Vmntg`d wmsmccdiidhmtgh jy Mnhdno Huilmd mnh kg skmrgh m rddi wotk tkg lmttgr mt Say Uogw Kdtgl wotktkg prdiosg td pmy kos skmrg de tkg gxpgnsgs updn rgmckonb Surobmd. Rkgn tkg elobkt edr Surobmdwms rgsuigh, Vmntg`d wms onedrigh tkmt tkg kdtgl gxpgnsgs de kos cd-pmssgnbgrs wgrg rgoijursgh

jy VML. Mt tkos pdont, Vmntg`d onedrigh tkg Imnmbgr edr Hgpmrturg Sgrvocgs de VML mt ImctmnMorpdrt tkmt kg wms bdonb td sug tkg morlong edr hoscroionmtonb mbmonst koi. Xkg imnmbgr deegrgh td

pmy Vmntg`d V366 wkock tkg lmttgr hgclongh. Vmntg`d eolgh m suot edr hmimbgs mbmonst VML on tkgZgbodnml Xroml Cdurt de Surobmd Coty. Smoh cdurt rgnhgrgh `uhbignt on emvdr de Vmntg`d,drhgronbVML td pmy Vmntg`d V366 edr mctuml hmimbgs, V=76,666 ms idrml hmimbgs, V=66,666 msg

xgiplmry hmimbgs, V=7,666 ms mttdrngy's eggs, mnh 5% ontgrgst erdi tkg toig de tkg eolonb de tkgcdiplmont untol smoh midunts skmll kmvg jggn eully pmoh, plus cdsts de suot. Dn mppgml, CMmeeorigh tkg hgcosodn, jut wotk tkg gxclusodn de tkg mwmrh de mttdrngy's eggs mnh lotobmtodngxpgnsgs. Kgncg, tkos pgtotodn.

Ossug0

Rkgtkgr dr ndt VML wms lomjlg edr hmimbgs.

Kglh0 _gs. M cdntrmct td trmnspdrt pmssgnbgrs os quotg hoeegrgnt on aonh mnh hgbrgg erdi mny dtkgrcdntrmctuml rglmtodn jgcmusg de tkg rglmtodn wkock mn mor cmrrogr sustmons wotk tkg pujloc. Ots

jusongss os imonly wotk tkg trmvglonb pujloc. Ot onvotgs pgdplg td mvmol de tkg cdiedrts mnh

mhvmntmbgs ot deegrs. Xkg cdntrmct de mor cmrrombg, tkgrgedrg, bgngrmtgs m rglmtodn mttgnhgh wotk m pujloc huty. Ngblgct dr imlegmsmncg de tkg cmrrogr's gipldyggs nmturmlly cdulh bovg brdunh edr mnmctodn edr hmimbgs. On tkos cmsg, tkgrg wms jmh emotk dn tkg pmrt de VML. Cdntrmry td tkg clmoi de VML tkmt cmskmssostmncg wms bovgn onstgmh jgcmusg de ndn-mvmolmjoloty de rddis on kdtgls, tkg gvohgncg skdwghtkmt Say Uogw Kdtgl, wkgrg rgspdnhgnt Vmntg`d wms jollgtgh, kmh plgnty de rddis mvmolmjlg.Vmntg`d dnly cmig td andw mjdut tkg rgoijursgignts wkgn dtkgr pmssgnbgrs onedrigh koi tkmttkgy wgrg mjlg td djtmon tkg rgeunh edr tkgor dwn kdtgl gxpgnsgs. VML deegrgh td pmy V366.66 tdVmntg`d dnly metgr tkg lmttgr kmh cdnerdntgh tkg imnmbgr de VML mjdut tkg hoscroionmtodncdiiottgh mbmonst Vmntg`d, wkock tkg imnmbgr rgmlozgh wms mn mctodnmjlg wrdnb. Xkg kdtglmccdiidhmtodn wms ndt m igrg mignoty dr provolgbg. Ot wms m cdipmny pdlocy wkgngvgr m elobktos cmncglgh ms tgstoeogh jy sgvgrml wotngssgs. Mnh gvgn oe ot wms m igrg provolgbg, VML wms stoll

lomjlg edr hmimbgs edr ots jlmtmnt rgeusml td mccdrh tkg sd-cmllgh mignotogs gqumlly td mll otsstrmnhgh pmssgnbgrs.

On emct, Vmntg`d oiighomtgly prdcgghgh td tkg deeocg de VML mnh rgqugstgh edr kdtglmccdiidhmtodns. Kg wms ndt dnly rgeusgh mccdiidhmtodns, jut kg wms ndt gvgn onedrigh tkmt kgimy lmtgr dn jg rgoijursgh edr kos kdtgl gxpgnsgs. Xkg rgeunh de kdtgl gxpgnsgs wmssurrgptotodusly mnh hoscroionmtdroly imhg jy VML ms dnly kmnheul de pmssgnbgrs angw mjdut ot.Vmntg`d wms gxpdsgh td kuiolomtodn mnh gijmrrmssignt gspgcomlly jgcmusg de kos bdvgrnignt

pdsotodn mnh sdcoml prdiongncg.


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5

Cmlmlms v. Cdurt de Mppgmls, 33: SCZM 375, B.Z. Nd. =::63?, Imy =3, :666

Emcts0

Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnt Glozm Sunbm, tkgn ergskimn mt Soloimn Wnovgrsoty, tdda m pmssgnbgr `ggpngydwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy pgtotodngr Uocgntg Cmlmlms. Ms tkg `ggpngy wms eollgh td cmpmcoty, Sunbmwms bovgn jy tkg cdnhuctdr mn gxtgnsodn sgmt, m wddhgn stddl mt tkg jmca de tkg hddr mt tkg rgmrgnh de tkg vgkoclg. Rkgn tkg `ggpngy stdppgh td m lgt pmssgnbgr dee mnh Sunbm wms mjdut td bovgwmy td tkg dutbdonb pmssgnbgr, mn Ozuzu truca hrovgn jy Ugrgnm mnh dwngh jy Smlvm juipgh tkglget rgmr pdrtodn de tkg `ggpngy. Sunbm sustmongh iultoplg onùrogs mnh rgimongh dn m cmst edr tkrggidntks.

Sunbm eolgh m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs mbmonst Cmlmlms, edr jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Cmlmlms,dn tkg dtkgr kmnh,eolgh m tkorh pmrty cdiplmont mbmonst Ermncoscd Smlvm, tkg dwngr de tkg truca.Xkg ldwgr cdurt rgnhgrgh ùhbignt mbmonst Smlvm mnh mjsdlvgh Cmlmlms de lomjoloty. Ot tddacdbnozmncg de dtkgr cmsg (Covol Cmsg Nd. 38?6), eolgh jy Cmlmlms mbmonst Smlvm mnh Ugrgnm ,edrqumso-hgloct, on wkock jrmnck 32 de tkg smig cdurt kglh Smlvm mnh kos hrovgr Ugrgnm `dontly lomjlgtd Cmlmlms edr tkg hmimbg td kos `ggpngy Xkg CM rgvgrsgh tkg ldwgr cdurts rulonb dn tkg brdunh

tkg brdunh tkmt Sunbm‟s cmusg de mctodn wms jmsgh dn m cdntrmct de cmrrombg, ndt qumso-hgploct, mnhtkmt tkg cdiidn cmrrogr emolgh td gxgrcosg tkg holobgncg rgquorgh unhgr tkg Covol Cdhg. Xkgmppgllmtg cdurt hosiossgh tkg tkorh-pmrty cdiplmont mbmonst Smlvm mnh mhùhbgh Cmlmlms lomjlg edrhmimbgs td Sunbm.

Ossug0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg gxtgnsodn sgmt emlls unhgr gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg.

Kglh0

Nd, dn tkg cdntrmry ot hdgs ndt mnh os gssgntomlly m ngblobgnt mct. On qumso-hgloct, tkg ngblobgncg dremult skdulh jg clgmrly gstmjloskgh jgcmusg ot os tkg jmsos de tkg mctodn, wkgrgms on jrgmck decdntrmct, tkg mctodn cmn jg prdsgcutgh igrgly jy prdvonb tkg gxostgncg de tkg cdntrmct mnh tkg emct

tkmt tkg djlobdr, on tkos cmsg tkg cdiidn cmrrogr, emolgh td trmnspdrt kos pmssgnbgr smegly td koshgstonmtodn. On cmsg de hgmtk dr onùrogs td pmssgnbgrs, Mrtoclg =275 de tkg Covol Cdhg prdvohgs tkmtcdiidn cmrrogrs mrg prgsuigh td kmvg jggn mt emult dr kmvg mctgh ngblobgntly unlgss tkgy prdvghtkmt tkgy djsgrvgh gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg ms hgeongh on Mrts. =233 mnh =277 de tkg Cdhg. Xkos

prdvosodn ngcgssmroly skoets td tkg cdiidn cmrrogr tkg jurhgn de prdde. Ot os oiimtgroml tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg cdllosodn jgtwggn tkg `ggpngy mnh tkg truca wms tkg ngblobgncg de tkgtruca hrovgr.

Xkg hdctrong de prdxoimtg cmusg, wkgrgon tkg geegct os tkg horgct, nmturml mnh ldbocml geegct, osmpplocmjlg dnly on mctodn edr qumso hgloct, ndt on mctodns onvdlvonb jrgmck de cdntrmct. Xkg hdctrongos m hgvocg edr oiputonb lomjoloty td m pgrsdn wkgrg tkgrg os nd rglmtodn jgtwggn koi mnh mndtkgr

pmrty. On suck m cmsg, tkg djlobmtodn os crgmtgh jy lmw otsgle. Jut, wkgrg tkgrg os m prg-gxostonb

cdntrmctuml rglmtodn jgtwggn pmrtogs, ot os tkg pmrtogs tkgisglvgs wkd crgmtg tkg djlobmtodn, mnh tkgeunctodn de tkg lmw os igrgly td rgbulmtg tkg rglmtodn tkus crgmtgh. Kgncg tkg lomjoloty de Cmlmlmsmnh tkg hgcosodn jy tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls iust ngcgssmroly jg sustmongh.


7/74


2

Volmpol v. Cdurt de Mppgmls mnh Mlmtcd Xrmnspdrtmtodn Cd., Onc. B.Z. Nd. 7:=7?. Hgcgijgr ::,=?;?

Emcts0

@dsg Volmpol, m pmyonb pmssgnbgr, jdmrhgh Mlmtcd Xrmnspdrtmtodn Cd.‟s jus jgmronb nuijgr 86? mtSmn Nocdlms, Orobm Coty dn =5 Sgptgijgr =?2= mt mjdut 5066 V.I. Wpdn rgmckonb tkg voconoty detkg cgigtgry de tkg Iunocopmloty de Jmmd, Cmimrongs Sur, dn tkg wmy td Nmbm Coty, mnunohgntoeogh imn, m jystmnhgr mldnb smoh nmtodnml kobkwmy, kurlgh m stdng mt tkg lget sohg de tkg

jus, wkock kot Volmpol mjdvg kos lget gyg. Mlmtcd‟s pgrsdnngl ldst nd toig on jronbonb Volmpol td tkg prdvoncoml kdspotml on Nmbm Coty wkgrg kg wms cdneongh mnh trgmtgh. Cdnsohgronb tkmt tkg sobkt dekos lget gyg wms oipmorgh, Volmpol wms tmagn td Hr. Imlmjmnmn de Orobm, Coty wkgrg kg wms trgmtghedr mndtkgr wgga. Soncg tkgrg wms nd oiprdvgignt on kos lget gyg‟s vosodn, Volmpolwgnt td U. LunmKdspotml, ]ugzdn Coty wkgrg kg wms trgmtgh jy Hr. Cmpuldnb. Hgspotg tkg trgmtignt mccdrhgh tdkoi jy Hr. Cmpuldnb, Volmpol ldst pmrtomlly kos lget gyg‟s vosodn mnh sustmongh m pgrimngnt scmrmjdvg tkg lget gyg. Xkgrgupdn, Volmpol onstotutgh mn mctodn edr rgcdvgry de hmimbgs sustmongh ms mrgsult de tkg stdng-tkrdwonb oncohgnt. Metgr troml, tkg cdurt m qud rgnhgrgh ùhbignt drhgronb tkgtrmnspdrtmtodn cdipmny td pmy Volmpol tkg sui de V=6,666.66, rgprgsgntonb mctuml mnh imtgroml

hmimbgs edr cmusonb m pgrimngnt scmr dn tkg emcg mnh onùronb tkg gyg-sobkt de Volmpol1 drhgronbeurtkgr tkg trmnspdrtmtodn cdipmny td pmy tkg sui de V7,666.66, td Volmpol ms idrml mnhgxgiplmry hmimbgs1 mnh drhgronb eurtkgridrg,tkg trmnspdrtmtodn cdipmny td rgoijursg Volmpoltkg sui de V366.66 edr kos ighocml gxpgnsgs mnh mttdrngy‟s eggs on tkg sui de V=,666.661 mnh td

pmy tkg cdsts.Erdi tkg ùhbignt, Mlmtcd Xrmnspdrtmtodn mppgmlgh td tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls. Cdurtde Mppgmls, on m Spgcoml Hovosodn de Eovg, rgnhgrgh ùhbignt rgvgrsonb mnh sgttonb msohg tkg

ùhbignt de tkg cdurt m qud. Kgncg, tkg pgtotodn td rgvogw dn cgrtodrmro.

Ossug0

Rkgtkgr dr ndt tkg hgcosodn de tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls os cdrrgct mnh wkgtkgr tkg prgsuiptodn tkmttkg jus cdipmny hoh ndt gxkojot gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg wms rgjuttgh

Kglh0

Xkg Suprgig Cdurt meeorigh tkg ùhbignt mppgmlgh erdi. Wnhgr Mrtoclg =233 de tkg Covol Cdhg,cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg rgquorgh td djsgrvg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg edr tkg smegty de tkg pmssgnbgrtrmnspdrtgh jy tkgi, mccdrhonb td mll tkg corcuistmncgs de gmck cmsg. On cdnsohgrmtodn de tkg robktbrmntgh td ot jy tkg pujloc td gnbmbg on tkg jusongss de trmnspdrtonb pmssgnbgrs mnh bddhs, mcdiidn cmrrogr hdgs ndt bovg ots cdnsgnt td jgcdig mn onsurgr de mny mnh mll rosas td pmssgnbgrsmnh bddhs. Ot igrgly unhgrtmags td pgredri cgrtmon hutogs td tkg pujloc ms tkg lmw oipdsgs, mnhkdlhs otsgle lomjlg edr mny jrgmck tkgrgde. Rkolg tkg lmw rgquorgs tkg kobkgst hgbrgg de holobgncgerdi cdiidn cmrrogrs on tkg smeg trmnspdrt de tkgor pmssgnbgrs mnh crgmtgs m prgsuiptodn dengblobgncg mbmonst tkgi, ot hdgs ndt, kdwgvgr, imag tkg cmrrogr mn onsurgr de tkg mjsdlutg smegty de

ots pmssgnbgrs. Kgncg tkg lomjoloty de tkg jus os rgjuttgh jy tkg emcts de tkg cmsg. Kdwgvgr kgrgon,Volmpol cdntgnhs tkmt ot os td tkg brgmtgr ontgrgst de tkg Stmtg oe m cmrrogr wgrg imhg lomjlg edr suckstdng-tkrdwonb oncohgnts rmtkgr tkmn kmvg tkg jus rohonb pujloc ldsg cdneohgncg on tkgtrmnspdrtmtodn systgi. Smh td smy, tkg cdurt os ndt on m pdsotodn td sd kdlh. Suck m pdlocy wdulh jg

jgttgr lget td tkg cdnsohgrmtodn de Cdnbrgss wkock os gipdwgrgh td gnmct lmws td prdtgct tkg pujlocerdi tkg oncrgmsonb rosas mnh hmnbgrs de lmwlgssngss on sdcogty


8/74


;

Edrtung Gxprgss, Onc. v. CM, 367 SCZM =8 (=???)

Emcts0 Edrtung Gxprgss Onc. os m jus cdipmny on ndrtkgrn Ionhmnmd. Dn =; Ndvgijgr =?;?,Edrtung Gxprgss‟ jus eoburgh on mn mccohgnt wotk m `ggpngy on Amuswmbmn, Lmnmd hgl Ndrtg,rgsultonb on tkg hgmtk de sgvgrml pmssgnbgrs de tkg `ggpngy, oncluhonb twd Imrmnmds. Mt mjdut 5087

p.i. dn :: Ndvgijgr =?;?, 3 mrigh Imrmnmds wkd prgtgnhgh td jg pmssgnbgrs, sgozgh m jus deEdrtung Gxprgss mt Lonmidn, Lmnmd hgl Ndrtg wkolg dn ots wmy td Olobmn Coty. Midnb tkg

pmssgnbgrs de tkg jus wms Mtty. Xmloj Cmdrdnb. Xkg lgmhgr de tkg Imrmnmds, ohgntoeogh ms dngJmskogr Imnmnbbdld, drhgrgh tkg hrovgr, Bdhderghd Cmjmtumn, td stdp tkg jus dn tkg sohg de tkgkobkwmy. Imnmnbbdld tkgn skdt Cmjmtumn dn tkg mri, wkock cmusgh koi td sluip dn tkg stggronbwkggl. Xkgn dng de tkg cdipmnodns de Imnmnbbdld stmrtgh pduronb bmsdlong onsohg tkg jus, ms tkgdtkgr kglh tkg pmssgnbgrs mt jmy wotk m kmnhbun. Xkg pmssgnbgrs, oncluhonb Mtty. Cmdrdnb,stgppgh dut de tkg jus mnh wgnt jgkonh tkg juskgs on m eoglh sdig hostmncg erdi tkg kobkwmy.Kdwgvgr, Mtty. Cmdrdnb rgturngh td tkg jus td rgtrogvg sdigtkonb erdi tkg dvgrkgmh rmca. Mt tkmttoig, dng de tkg mrigh ign wms pduronb bmsdlong dn tkg kgmh de tkg hrovgr. Cmjmtumn,wkd kmhigmntoig rgbmongh cdnscodusngss, kgmrh Mtty. Cmdrdnb plgmhonb wotk tkg mrigh ign td spmrg tkghrovgr ms kg wms onndcgnt de mny wrdnb hdonb mnh wms dnly tryonb td imag m lovonb. Xkg mrighign wgrg,kdwgvgr, mhmimnt ms tkgy rgpgmtgh tkgor wmrnonb tkmt tkgy wgrg bdonb td jurn tkg jus

mldnb wotk ots hrovgr. Huronb tkos gxckmnbg jgtwggn Mtty. Cmdrdnb mnh tkg mssmolmnts, Cmjmtumncloijgh dut de tkg lget wonhdw de tkg jus mnh crmwlgh td tkg cmnml dn tkg dppdsotg sohg de tkgkobkwmy. Kg kgmrh skdts erdi onsohg tkg jus. Xkgn tkg jus wms sgt dn eorg. Sdig de tkg

pmssgnbgrs wgrg mjlg td pull Mtty. Cmdrdnb dut de tkg jurnonb jus mnh rusk koi td tkg IgrcyCdiiunoty Kdspotml on Olobmn Coty, jut kg hogh wkolg unhgrbdonb dpgrmtodn. On ots hgcosodn, hmtgh:; Hgcgijgr =??6, tkg troml cdurt hosiossgh tkg cdiplmont, mnh tkg cdrrgspdnhonb cduntgrclmoi1wotkdut cdsts. Dn mppgml, kdwgvgr, tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls rgvgrsgh tkg hgcosodn de tkg troml cdurt.

Ossug0 Rkgtkgr dr ndt Edrtung Gxprgss onc. os lomjlg edr ngblobgncg ms ot emolgh td prgpmrg edr tkgoipgnhonb rgtrojutodn de tkg Imrmnmds.

Kglh0 _gs Edrtung Gxprgss os lomjlg. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt meeorigh tkg hgcosodn de tkg Cdurt de

Mppgmls wotk idhoeocmtodn tkmt Edrtung Gxprgss os drhgrgh td pmy Vmulog, _mssgr Aonb, ZdsgKgonno, mnh Vroncg Mlgxmnhgr Cmdrdnb.Mrt. =277 de tkg Covol Cdhg prdvohgs tkmt m cdiidncmrrogr os jdunh td cmrry tkg pmssgnbgrs ms emr ms kuimn cmrg mnh edrgsobkt cmn prdvohg, usonb tkgutidst holobgncg de vgry cmutodus pgrsdn, wotk hug rgbmrh edr mll tkg corcuistmncgs. On tkg prgsgntcmsg, tkos emctdr de unedrgsggmjloloty (tkg sgcdnh rgquosotg edr mn gvgnt td jg cdnsohgrgh edrcgim`gurg) os lmcaonb. Ms mlrgmhy stmtgh, hgspotg tkg rgpdrt de VC mbgnt Bgngrmlmd tkmt tkg Imrmnmdswgrg plmnnonb td jurn sdig de pgtotodngrs jusgs mnh tkg mssurmncg de pgtotodngrs dpgrmtodnsimnmbgr (Hodshmhd Jrmvd) tkmt tkg ngcgssmry prgcmutodns wdulh jg tmagn, ndtkonb wms rgmllyhdng jy pgtotodngr td prdtgct tkg smegty de pmssgnbgrs. Kgncg tkg lomjoloty de Edrtung Gxprgssrgimons.


9/74


?

LMSX CLGMZ CKMNCG HDCXZONG (:)

Vkoloppong Zmjjot Jus Longs, Onc. vs. OMC mnh Vmscum gt mll

Emcts0

Cmtmlonm Vmscum mnh 5 dtkgrs jdmrhgh tkg `ggpngy dwngh jy spdusgs Imnbung mnh hrovgn jyImnmld. Wpdn rgmckonb Xmrlmc, tkg robkt rgmr wkggl de tkg `ggpngy wms hgtmckgh, sd ot wmsrunnonb on mn unjmlmncgh pdsotodn. Imnmld stgppgh dn tkg jrmag, ms m rgsult de wkock, tkg `ggpngywkock wms tkgn runnonb dn tkg gmstgrn lmng (ots robkt de wmy) imhg m W-turn, onvmhonb mnhgvgntumlly stdpponb dn tkg wgstgrn lmng de tkg rdmh on suck m imnngr tkmt tkg `ggpngy's erdnt emcghtkg sdutk (erdi wkgrg ot cmig) mnh ots rgmr emcgh tkg ndrtk (tdwmrhs wkgrg ot wms bdonb). Xkg

`ggpngy prmctocmlly dccupogh mnh jldcagh tkg brgmtgr pdrtodn de tkg wgstgrn lmng, wkock os tkgrobkt de wmy de vgkoclgs cdionb erdi tkg ndrtk, midnb wkock wms de pgtotodngr Vkoloppong ZmjjotJus hrovgn jy hglds Zgygs. Mlidst mt tkg toig wkgn tkg `ggpngy imhg m suhhgn W-turn mnhgncrdmckgh dn tkg wgstgrn lmng de tkg kobkwmy, tkg jus juipgh erdi jgkonh tkg robkt rgmr

pdrtodn de tkg `ggpngy. Ms m rgsult de tkg cdllosodn, tkrgg pmssgnbgrs de tkg `ggpngy hogh wkolg tkgdtkgrs sustmongh pkysocml on`urogs. Xkg OMC edunh Vkoloppong Zmjjot ms lomjlg td tkg provmtg

rgspdnhgnts (wkd mrg kgors de tkg hgcgmsgh) jy mpplyonb tkg hdctrong de lmst clgmr ckmncg midnbdtkgrs.

Ossug0

Hoh tkg OMC cdrrgctly rulgh dn tkg lomjoloty de Vkoloppong Zmjjot jy usonb tkg hdctrong de lmst clgmrckmncg4

Zulonb 0 Nd. Xkg proncoplg de“lmst clgmr" ckmncg, wdulh cmll edr mpplocmtodn on m suot jgtwggn tkgdwngrs mnh hrovgrs de tkg twd cdllohonb vgkoclgs. Ot hdgs ndt mrosg wkgrg m pmssgnbgr hgimnhsrgspdnsojoloty erdi tkg cmrrogr td gnedrcg ots cdntrmctuml djlobmtodns. Edr ot wdulh jg ongquotmjlg tdgxgipt tkg ngblobgnt hrovgr de tkg `ggpngy mnh ots dwngrs dn tkg brdunh tkmt tkg dtkgr hrovgr wms

loagwosg buolty de ngblobgncg.


10/74


=6

Justmimntg vs. CM mnh hgl Volmr mnh Idntgsomnd

Emcts0

M cdllosodn dccurrgh jgtwggn m brmvgl mnh smnh truca mnh m Imzhm pmssgnbgr jus mldnb tkgnmtodnml rdmh on Cmvotg. Oiighomtgly jgedrg tkg cdllosodn, tkg cmrbd truca mnh tkg pmssgnbgr juswgrg mpprdmckonb gmck dtkgr, cdionb erdi tkg dppdsotg horgctodns de tkg kobkwmy. Rkolg tkgtruca wms stoll mjdut 36 igtgrs mwmy, tkg jus hrovgr, smw tkg erdnt wkggls de tkg vgkoclg wobblonb.Kg mlsd djsgrvgh tkmt tkg truca wms kgmhonb tdwmrhs kos lmng. Ndt ionhonb tkos corcuistmncg hugtd kos jgloge tkmt tkg hrovgr de tkg truca wms igrgly `daonb, tkg jus hrovgr skoetgh erdi edurtk tdtkorh bgmr on drhgr td bovg idrg pdwgr mnh spggh td tkg jus, wkock wms mscgnhonb tkg onclongh

pmrt de tkg rdmh, on drhgr td dvgrtmag m kmnh trmctdr. Rkolg tkg jus wms on tkg prdcgss dedvgrtmaonb mnh tkg truca wms mpprdmckonb tkg jus, tkg twd vgkoclgs sohgswopgh gmck dtkgr mt gmckdtkgr's lget sohg ropponb dee tkg smoh wmll erdi tkg hrovgr's sgmt td tkg lmst rgmr sgmt. Hug td tkgoipmct, sgvgrml pmssgnbgrs de tkg jus wgrg tkrdwn dut mnh hogh ms m rgsult de tkg onùrogs tkgysustmongh. Metgr tkg oipmct, tkg truca saohhgh tdwmrhs tkg dtkgr sohg de tkg rdmh mnh lmnhgh dn mngmrjy rgsohgntoml ldt, kottonb m cdcdnut trgg mnh egllonb ot.

CM mjsdlvgh tkg truca hrovgr mnh dwngr erdi lomjoloty jmsgh dn tkg hdctrong de lmst clgmr ckmncgwkgrgon ot dpongh tkmt tkg jus hrovgr kmh tkg lmst clgmr ckmncg td mvdoh tkg cdllosodn.

Ossug0 Hoh tkg CM cdrrgctly mpply tkg hdctrong de lmst clgmr ckmncg4

Zulonb 0

Nd. Xkg CM cdiiottgh mn grrdr on mpplyonb tkg hdctrong soncg tkg cmsg mt jmr os ndt m suot jgtwggntkg dwngrs mnh hrovgrs de tkg cdllohonb vgkoclgs jut m suot jrdubkt jy tkg kgors de tkg hgcgmsgh

pmssgnbgrs mbmonst jdtk dwngrs mnh hrovgrs de tkg cdllohonb vgkoclgs.

Xkg hdctrong de lmst clgmr ckmncg igmns m pgrsdn wkd kms tkg lmst clgmr ckmncg dr dppdrtunoty de

mvdohonb mn mccohgnt, ndtwotkstmnhonb tkg ngblobgnt mcts de kos dppdngnt dr tkmt de m tkorh pgrsdnoiputgh td tkg dppdngnt os cdnsohgrgh on lmw sdlgly rgspdnsojlg edr tkg cdnsgqugncgs de tkgmccohgnt. Ot mpplogs on m suot jgtwggn tkg dwngrs mnh hrovgrs de cdllohonb vgkoclgs. Ot hdgs ndt mrosgwkgrg m pmssgnbgr hgimnhs rgspdnsojoloty erdi tkg cmrrogr td gnedrcg ots cdntrmctuml djlobmtodns.Edr ot wdulh jg ongquotmjlg td gxgipt tkg ngblobgnt hrovgr de tkg `ggpngy mnh ots dwngrs dn tkgbrdunh tkmt tkg dtkgr hrovgr wms loagwosg buolty de ngblobgncg.

Eurtkgridrg, ms jgtwggn hgegnhmnts0 tkg hdctrong cmnndt jg gxtgnhgh ontd tkg eoglh de `donttdrtegmsdrs ms m tgst de wkgtkgr dnly dng de tkgi skdulh jg kglh lomjlg td tkg onùrgh pgrsdn jyrgmsdn de kos hoscdvgry de tkg lmttgr's pgrol, mnh ot cmnndt jg onvdagh ms jgtwggn hgegnhmntscdncurrgntly ngblobgnt. Ms mbmonst tkorh pgrsdns, m ngblobgnt mctdr cmnndt hgegnh jy plgmhonb tkmtmndtkgr kmh ngblobgntly emolgh td tmag mctodn wkock cdulh kmvg mvdohgh tkg onùry.


11/74


==

MCCDIIDHMXODN VMSSGNBGZ (=)

Lmrm vs Umlgncom

Emcts0

Xkg hgcgmsgh wms mn onspgctdr de tkg Jurgmu de Edrgstry stmtodngh on Hmvmd wkd wgnt td mluijgr cdncgssodn on Cdtmjmtd hug td m cmll de huty. Lmrm cdntrmctgh imlmrom egvgr wkock imhgkoi wmnt bd kdig td Hmvmd on m kurry sd kg msagh hgegnhmnt Umlgncom oe kg cdulh tmag koi on kos

poca-up ms tkgrg wms tkgn nd dtkgr igmns de trmnspdrtmtodn. Hgegnhmnt mbrggh, mnh on tkmt smigidrnonb tkg poca-up lget Vmrmnb jdunh edr Hmvmd tmaonb mldnb sox pmssgnbgrs, oncluhonb Lmrm.Umlgncom onvotgh Lmrm td sgmt wotk koi dn tkg erdnt jut tkg lmttgr hgclongh mnh onstgmh smt on m jmbon tkg iohhlg de tkg jmca de tkg poca-up truca. Lmrm mccohgntmlly egll erdi tkg poca-up mnh ms mrgsult kg sueegrgh sgrodus on`urogs rgsultonb td kos hgmtk.

Ossug0

Skdulh Umlgncom jg kglh lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de Lmrm4

Zulonb 0

Nd. Ot mppgmrs tkmt tkg hgcgmsgh, ms wgll kos cdipmnodns wkd rdhg on tkg poca-up de hgegnhmnt,wgrg igrgly mccdiidhmtodn pmssgnbgrs wkd pmoh ndtkonb edr tkg sgrvocg mnh sd tkgy cmn jgcdnsohgrgh ms onvotgh bugsts wotkon tkg igmnonb de tkg lmw. Xkg rulg os tkmt tkg dwngr dr dpgrmtdrde mn mutdidjolg dwgs tkg huty td mn onvotgh bugst td gxgrcosg rgmsdnmjlg cmrg on ots dpgrmtodn,mnh ndt unrgmsdnmjly gxpdsg koi td hmnbgr mnh on`ury jy oncrgmsonb tkg kmzmrh de trmvgl. Soncgdng rohonb on mn mutdidjolg os nd lgss m bugst jgcmusg kg msagh edr tkg provolgbg de hdonb sd, tkgsmig djlobmtodn de cmrg os oipdsgh updn tkg hrovgr ms on tkg cmsg de dng gxprgssly onvotgh td rohg.Hgegnhmnt, tkgrgedrg, os dnly rgquorgh td djsgrvg drhonmry cmrg, mnh os ndt on huty jdunh tdgxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg ms rgquorgh de m cdiidn cmrrogr jy dur lmw.

Xkgrg os ndtkonb tkgrg td onhocmtg tkmt hgegnhmnt kms mctgh wotk ngblobgncg dr wotkdut tmaonb tkg prgcmutodn tkmt mn drhonmry pruhgnt imn wdulh kmvg tmagn unhgr soiolmr corcuistmncgs tkg cdurtwms pgrsumhgh td cdncluhg tkmt tkg mccohgnt dccurrgh ndt hug td tkg ngblobgncg de hgegnhmnt juttd corcuistmncgs jgydnh kos cdntrdl mnh sd kg skdulh jg gxgipt erdi lomjoloty.


12/74


=:

NDX MN ONSWZGZ MBMONSX MLL ZOSAS (3)

Ngcgsotd vs Vmrms

Emcts0

Bmrcgs mnh kgr dng-ygmr dlh sdn, Ngcgsotd, cmrryonb vgbgtmjlgs, jdmrhgh pmssgnbgr mutd truca detkg Vkoloppong Zmjjot Jus Longs. Xkg pmssgnbgr truca, hrovgn jy Jmnhdngll, tkgn prdcgghgh dn otsrgbulmr run erdi Mbnd, Vmnbmsonmn td Imnolm. Metgr pmssonb Imnbmtmrgi, Vmnbmsonmn tkg trucagntgrgh m wddhgn jrohbg, jut tkg erdnt wkggls swgrvgh td tkg robkt1 tkg hrovgr ldst cdntrdl, mnhmetgr wrgcaonb tkg jrohbg's wddhgn rmols, tkg truca egll dn ots robkt sohg ontd m crgga wkgrg wmtgrwms jrgmst hggp. Xkg idtkgr, Bmrcgs, wms hrdwngh1 tkg sdn, Ngcgsotd, wms on`urgh, sueegronbmjrmsodns mnh ermcturg de tkg lget egiur. Xkg idngy, wrost wmtck mnh cmrbd de vgbgtmjlgs wgrgldst. Ot wms edunh jy tkg troml cdurt tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg mccohgnt wms tkg rghucghstrgnbtk de tkg stggronb anucalg de tkg vgkoclg cmusgh jy hgegcts on cmstonb ot.

Ossug0

Os tkg cmrrogr lomjlg edr tkg imnuemcturonb hgegct de tkg stggronb anucalg4

Zulonb 0

_gs. Ot os clgmr tkmt tkg cmrrogr os ndt mn onsurgr de tkg pmssgnbgrs' smegty. Kos lomjoloty rgsts updnnblobgncg, kos emolurg td gxgrcosg tkg "utidst" hgbrgg de holobgncg tkmt tkg lmw rgquorgs. OnMigrocmn lmw tkg prgpdnhgrmncg de mutkdroty os on emvdr de tkg hdctrong tkmt m pmssgnbgr osgntotlgh td rgcdvgr hmimbgs erdi m cmrrogr edr mn on`ury rgsultonb erdi m hgegct on mn mpplomncg

purckmsgh erdi m imnuemcturgr, wkgngvgr ot mppgmrs tkmt tkg hgegct wdulh kmvg jggn hoscdvgrgh jy tkg cmrrogr oe ot kmh gxgrcosgh tkg hgbrgg de cmrg wkock unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs wms oncuijgntupdn ot, wotk rgbmrh td onspgctodn mnh mpplocmtodn de tkg ngcgssmry tgsts. Edr tkg purpdsgs de tkoshdctrong, tkg imnuemcturgr os cdnsohgrgh ms jgonb on lmw tkg mbgnt dr sgrvmnt de tkg cmrrogr, ms emr

ms rgbmrhs tkg wdra de cdnstructonb tkg mpplomncg. Mccdrhonb td tkos tkgdry, tkg bddh rgputg de tkgimnuemcturgr woll ndt rglogvg tkg cmrrogr erdi lomjoloty.

Xkg rmtodnmlg de tkg cmrrogr's lomjoloty os tkg emct tkmt tkg pmssgnbgr kms ngotkgr ckdocg ndr cdntrdldvgr tkg cmrrogr on tkg sglgctodn mnh usg de tkg gquopignt mnh mpplomncgs on usg jy tkg cmrrogr.Kmvonb nd provoty wkmtgvgr wotk tkg imnuemcturgr dr vgnhdr de tkg hgegctovg gquopignt, tkg

pmssgnbgr kms nd rgighy mbmonst koi, wkolg tkg cmrrogr usumlly kms. Ot os jut ldbocml, tkgrgedrg, tkmttkg cmrrogr, wkolg ndt on onsurgr de tkg smegty de kos pmssgnbgrs, skdulh ngvgrtkglgss jg kglh tdmnswgr edr tkg elmws de kos gquopignt oe suck elmws wgrg mt mll hoscdvgrmjlg.


13/74


=3

@mpmn Morlongs v. Cdurt de Mppgmls

Emcts0

Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnts wgrg pmssgnbgrs de @mpmn Morlongs erdi Smn Ermncoscd Cmloedrnom jdunh edrImnolm. Xkg elobkts wgrg td imag mn dvgrnobkt stdpdvgr mt Nmorotm, @mpmn ms mn oncgntovg edrtrmvglonb wotk smoh morlong, mt tkg morlongs' gxpgnsg, tkgrgmetgr prdcgghonb td Imnolm tkg edlldwonbhmy. Wpdn mrrovml mt Nmrotm, @mpmn dn @ung =8, =??=, provmtg rgspdnhgnts wgrg jollgtgh mt Kdtgl

Noaad Nmrotm edr tkg nobkt. Kdwgvgr, tkgor elobkt td Imnolm wms cmncgllgh onhgeonotgly hug td tkggruptodn de It. Vonmtujd. Soncg NMOM wms dnly rgdpgngh td morlong trmeeoc dn @ung ::, =??=,

provmtg rgspdnhgnts wgrg edrcgh td pmy edr tkgor mccdiidhmtodns mnh igml gxpgnsgs erdi tkgor pgrsdnml eunhs erdi @ung =5 td @ung :=, =??=. Xkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts cdiigncgh mn mctodn edrhmimbgs clmoionb tkmt @ML emolgh td lovg up td ots huty td prdvohg cmrg mnh cdiedrt td ots strmnhgh

pmssgnbgrs wkgn ot rgeusgh td pmy edr tkgor kdtgl mnh mccdiidhmtodn gxpgnsgs erdi @ung =5 td:=, =??=. On dtkgr wdrhs, tkgy onsostgh tkmt @ML wms djlobmtgh td skdulhgr tkgor gxpgnsgs ms ldnbms tkgy wgrg stoll strmnhgh on Nmrotm. Dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, @ML hgnogh tkos mllgbmtodn mnh mvgrrghtkmt morlong pmssgnbgrs kmvg nd vgstgh robkt td tkgsg mignotogs on cmsg m elobkt os cmncgllgh hug tdedrcg im`gurg.

Ossug0

Os @ML djlobmtgh td skdulhgr tkg kdtgl mnh igml gxpgnsgs de ots strmnhgh pmssgnbgrs untol tkgykmvg rgmckgh tkgor eonml hgstonmtodn, gvgn oe tkg hglmy wgrg cmusgh jy "edrcgim`gurg’4

Zulonb 0

Nd. Emolurg dn tkg pmrt de tkg cdiidn cmrrogr td lovg up td tkg gxmctonb stmnhmrhs de cmrg mnhholobgncg rgnhgrs ot lomjlg edr mny hmimbgs tkmt imy jg sustmongh jy ots pmssgnbgrs. Kdwgvgr, tkosos ndt td smy tkmt cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg mjsdlutgly rgspdnsojlg edr mll on`urogs dr hmimbgs gvgn oetkg smig wgrg cmusgh jy m edrtuotdus gvgnt. Xd rulg dtkgrwosg wdulh rgnhgr tkg hgegnsg de "edrcg

im`gurg," ms mn gxcgptodn erdi mny lomjoloty, ollusdry mnh ongeegctovg. Xkgor prghocmignt wms ndthug td tkg emult dr ngblobgncg de @ML jut tkg cldsurg de NMOM td ontgrnmtodnml elobkts. Onhggh, tdkdlh @ML, on tkg mjsgncg de jmh emotk dr ngblobgncg, lomjlg edr tkg mignotogs de ots strmnhgh

pmssgnbgrs jy rgmsdn de m edrtuotdus gvgnt os tdd iuck de m jurhgn td mssuig.

Eurtkgridrg, ot kms jggn kglh tkmt morlong pmssgnbgrs iust tmag suck rosas oncohgnt td tkg idhg detrmvgl. On tkos rgbmrh, mhvgrsg wgmtkgr cdnhotodns dr gxtrgig cloimtoc ckmnbgs mrg sdig de tkg

pgrols onvdlvgh on mor trmvgl, tkg cdnsgqugncgs de wkock tkg pmssgnbgr iust mssuig dr gxpgct.Metgr mll, cdiidn cmrrogrs mrg ndt tkg onsurgr de mll rosas.


14/74


=8

_djohd v. CM, Xuijdy

Emcts0 Spdusgs Xotd mnh Lgny Xuijdy mnh tkgor iondr ckolhrgn, jdmrhgh mt Imnbmbdy, Surobmdhgl Sur, m _djohd Longr jus jdunh edr Hmvmd Coty. Mldnb tkg wmy tkg lget erdnt torg de tkg jusgxpldhgh. Xkg jus egll ontd m rmvong mrdunh tkrgg eggt erdi tkg rdmh mnh struca m trgg. Xkg oncohgntrgsultgh on tkg hgmtk de :;-ygmr-dlh Xotd Xuijdy mnh pkysocml onùrogs td dtkgr pmssgnbgrs. Xkg

plmontoees mssgrtgh tkmt vodlmtodn de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg jgtwggn tkgi mnh tkg hgegnhmnts wms jrdubkt mjdut jy tkg hrovgr's emolurg td gxgrcosg tkg holobgncg rgquorgh de tkg cmrrogr ontrmnspdrtonb pmssgnbgrs smegly td tkgor plmcg de hgstonmtodn. Mccdrhonb td Lgny Xuijdy tkgwonhonb rdmh tkg jus trmvgrsgh wms ndt cgigntgh, wms wgt hug td tkg rmon mnh tkg jus wms mlrgmhyeull de pmssgnbgrs jut kmh cmrbdgs dn tdp tdd. Soncg ot wms "runnonb emst," skg cmutodngh tkg hrovgrtd sldw hdwn jut kg igrgly stmrgh mt kgr tkrdubk tkg iorrdr. Dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, tkg hgegnhmntsmrbugh tkmt tkg torg wms jrmnh ngw mnh trogh td gstmjlosk tkmt tkg mccohgnt wms hug td m edrtuotdusgvgnt.

Ossug0 Os tkg gxpldsodn de m ngw torg m cmsg de edrcg im`gurg tkmt gxgipts cmrrogr erdi lomjoloty edrtkg hgmtk de m pmssgnbgr4

Zulonb 0 Nd. Ms m rulg, wkgn m pmssgnbgr jdmrhs m cdiidn cmrrogr, kg tmags tkg rosas oncohgntml tdtkg idhg de trmvgl kg kms tmagn. Metgr mll, m cmrrogr os ndt mn onsurgr de tkg smegty de ots pmssgnbgrsmnh os ndt jdunh mjsdlutgly mnh mt mll gvgnts td cmrry tkgi smegly mnh wotkdut onùry. Kdwgvgr,wkgn m pmssgnbgr os onùrgh dr hogs wkolg trmvgllonb, tkg lmw prgsuigs tkmt tkg cdiidn cmrrogr osngblobgnt.

Wnhgr tkg corcuistmncgs de tkos cmsg, tkg gxpldsodn de tkg ngw torg imy ndt jg cdnsohgrgh medrtuotdus gvgnt. Xkgrg mrg kuimn emctdrs onvdlvgh on tkg sotumtodn. Xkg emct tkmt tkg torg wms ngwhoh ndt oiply tkmt ot wms gntorgly ergg erdi imnuemcturonb hgegcts dr tkmt ot wms prdpgrly iduntghdn tkg vgkoclg. Ngotkgr imy tkg emct tkmt tkg torg jdubkt mnh usgh on tkg vgkoclg os de m jrmnh nmigndtgh edr qumloty, rgsultonb on tkg cdnclusodn tkmt ot cdulh ndt gxpldhg wotkon eovg hmys' usg. Jgtkmt ms ot imy, ot os sgttlgh tkmt mn mccohgnt cmusgh gotkgr jy hgegcts on tkg mutdidjolg dr tkrdubk

tkg ngblobgncg de ots hrovgr os ndt m cmsd edrtuotd tkmt wdulh gxgipt tkg cmrrogr erdi lomjoloty edrhmimbgs.

Ot imy jg oiprmctocmjlg td rgquorg de cmrrogrs td tgst tkg strgnbtk de gmck mnh gvgry pmrt de otsvgkoclgs jgedrg gmck trop1 jut tkg Cdurt os de tkg dponodn tkmt m hug rgbmrh edr tkg cmrrogr'sdjlobmtodns tdwmrh tkg trmvglonb pujloc hgimnhs mhgqumtg pgrodhocml tgsts td hgtgriong tkgcdnhotodn mnh strgnbtk de tkdsg vgkoclg pdrtodns tkg emolurg de wkock imy gnhmnbgr tkg smegty detkg pmssgnbgrs.


15/74


=7

HWZMXODN DE ZGSVDNSOJOLOX_ (5)

Uhm hg Nugcm vs Imnolm Zmolrdmh

Emcts0

Mt 3 p.i. dn Hgc. ::, =?7;, Egrion Nugcm jrdubkt 2 smcas de pmlmy td Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd.(IZC) mt ots stmtodn on Jmrrod hgl Zdsmrod, Cmimrongs Sur, td jg skoppgh td tkg iunocopmloty deLojimnmn de tkg smig prdvoncg. - Kg pmoh V 6.26 ms ergobkt ckmrbg mnh wms ossugh Rmy Joll Nd.757=7. - Xkg cmrbd wms ldmhgh dn tkg ergobkt wmbdn de Xrmon 732. Vmssgnbgrs jdmrhgh tkg trmonmnh skuntonb dpgrmtodns stmrtgh td kdda m wmbdn tkgrgtd. - Jgedrg tkg trmon rgmckgh tkg turndeeswotck, ots pmssgnbgr cdmck egll dn ots sohg sdig 86 i erdi tkg stmtodn. Xkg wmbdn ponngh Nugcm,aollonb koi onstmntly. - Nugcm‟s wohdw mnh ckolhrgn jronb tkos clmoi edr hmimbgs, mllgbonb tkmt tkg

Nugcm wms m pmssgnbgr mnh kos hgmtk wms cmusgh jy IZC‟s ngblobgncg. - IZC hosclmoighlomjoloty stmtonb0 (=) ot gxgrcosgh hug cmrg on smegbumrhonb tkg pmssgnbgrs huronb tkg skuntonbdpgrmtodn, (:) Nugcm wms ndt m pmssgnbgr jut m trgspmssgr, (3) gvgn oe Nugcm wgrg m pmssgnbgr, kgollgbmlly jdmrhgh tkg trmon wotkdut pgriossodn jy ndt pmyonb tkg emrg, (8) tkg ioskmp wms ndtmttrojutmjlg td mny hgegct on IZC gquopignt, (7) tkmt tkg mccohgnt kmppgngh hug td edrcg im`gur.

-IZC prgsgntgh gvohgncg skdwonb tkgrg wms nd igckmnocml hgegct, jut ot hoh ndt gxplmon wky tkgmccohgnt dccurrgh dr skdw tkmt edrcg im`gur cmusgh tkg ioskmp. - Xkg ldwgr cdurt mjsdlvgh IZCde lomjoloty mnh kglh tkmt Nugcm wms m trgspmssgr soncg kg hoh ndt juy mny tocagt, mnh on mny cmsg,wms ndt on m prdpgr plmcg edr pmssgnbgrs.

Ossugs0

Os Nugcm mlrgmhy m pmssmnbgr edr wkdi tkg cmrrogr os rgspdnsojlg td4

Kglh 0

Nd, Nugcm wms ndt m pmssgnbgr tkus, IZC hoh ndt dwg koi gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg. M pmssgnbgr

os dng wkd trmvgls on m pujloc cdnvgymncg jy vortug de m cdntrmct, gxprgss dr oiplogh, wotk tkgcmrrogr ms td tkg pmyignt de tkg emrg, dr tkmt wkock os mccgptgh ms mn gquovmlgnt. Xkg rglmtodn de

pmssgnbgr mnh cmrrogr cdiigncgs wkgn dng puts koisgle on tkg cmrg de tkg cmrrogr, dr horgctlyunhgr ots cdntrdl, wotk tkg jdnm eohg ontgntodn de jgcdionb m pmssgnbgr, mnh os mccgptgh ms suck jytkg cmrrogr – ms wkgrg kg imags m cdntrmct edr trmspdrtmtodn mnh prgsgnts koisgle mt tkg prdpgr

plmcg mnh on m prdpgr imnngr td jg trmnspdrtgh. Gvgn hosrgbmrhonb tkg imttgr de tocagts, mnhmssuionb Nugcm ontgnhgh td jg m pmssgnbgr, kg wms ngvgr mccgptgh ms suck jy IZC ms kg hoh ndt

prgsgnt koisgle mt tkg prdpgr plmcg mnh on m prdpgr imnngr td jg trmnspdrtgh.


16/74


=5

Hmnbwm vs CM

Emcts0

Vghrotd Cuhomimt hogh ms m rgsult de m vgkoculmr mccohgnt on Imnamymn, Jgnbugt. Ot wms mllgbghtkmt wkolg Lmrhozmjml wms hrovonb m pmssgnbgr jus jgldnbonb td pgtotodngr cdrpdrmtodn on mrgcalgss mnh oipruhgnt imnngr, ot rmn dvgr ots pmssgnbgr, Cuhomimt. Kdwgvgr, onstgmh de jronbonbCuhomimt oiighomtgly td tkg ngmrgst kdspotml, tkg smoh hrovgr, on uttgr jmh emotk mnh wotkdut rgbmrhtd tkg wglemrg de tkg voctoi, eorst jrdubkt kos dtkgr pmssgnbgrs mnh cmrbd td tkgor rgspgctovghgstonmtodns jgedrg jronbonb smoh voctoi td tkg Lgpmntd Kdspotml wkgrg kg gxporgh. Erdi tkgtgstoidny de tkg wotngss, ot os gvohgnt tkmt tkg suj`gct jus wms mt eull stdp wkgn tkg voctoi

jdmrhgh tkg smig ms ot wms prgcosgly dn tkos onstmncg wkgrg mndtkgr pmssgnbgr mlobktgh erdi tkg jus. Lmrhozmjml prgimturgly stgppgh dn tkg mccglgrmtdr wotkdut wmotonb edr tkg pmssgnbgr td eorstsgcurg kos sgmt gspgcomlly sd tkmt tkg plmtedri de tkg jus wms mt tkg toig sloppgry mnh wgt jgcmusgde m hrozzlg. Xkg voctoi mlsd hoh onhocmtg kos ontgntodn td jdmrh tkg jus ms cmn jg sggn erdi tkgtgstoidny de tkg smoh wotngss tkmt Cuhomimt wms nd ldnbgr wmlaonb mnh imhg m sobn td jdmrh tkg

jus wkgn tkg lmttgr wms stoll mt m hostmncg. Ot wms mt tkg onstmncg wkgn tkg voctoi wms cldsonb kosuijrgllm mt tkg plmtedri de tkg jus wkgn tkg lmttgr imhg m suhhgn `gra idvgignt ms tkg hrovgr

cdiigncgh td mccglgrmtg tkg jus.

Ossug0

Mrg tkg pgtotodngrs lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de tkg voctoi4

Zulonb 0

_gs. Rkgn tkg jus os ndt on idtodn tkgrg os nd ngcgssoty edr m pgrsdn wkd wmnts td rohg tkg smigtd sobnml kos ontgntodn td jdmrh. M pujloc utoloty jus, dncg ot stdps, os on geegct imaonb m cdntonudusdeegr td jus rohgrs. Kgncg, ot jgcdigs tkg huty de tkg hrovgr mnh tkg cdnhuctdr, gvgry toig tkg jusstdps, td hd nd mct tkmt wdulh kmvg tkg geegct de oncrgmsonb tkg pgrol td m pmssgnbgr wkolg kg wms

mttgiptonb td jdmrh tkg smig. Xkg prgimturg mccglgrmtodn de tkg jus on tkos cmsg wms m jrgmck desuck huty. Ot os tkgor huty td stdp tkgor cdnvgymncgs m rgmsdnmjlg lgnbtk de toig on drhgr td meedrh

pmssgnbgrs mn dppdrtunoty td jdmrh mnh gntgr, mnh tkgy mrg lomjlg edr on`urogs sueegrgh jy jdmrhonb pmssgnbgrs rgsultonb erdi tkg suhhgn stmrtonb up dr `graonb de tkgor cdnvgymncgs wkolg tkgy mrghdonb sd.

Xkg voctoi kgrgon, jy stgpponb mnh stmnhonb dn tkg plmtedri de tkg jus, os mlrgmhy cdnsohgrgh m pmssgnbgr mnh os gntotlgh td mll tkg robkts mnh prdtgctodn pgrtmononb td suck m cdntrmctuml rglmtodn.Kgncg, ot kms jggn kglh tkmt tkg huty wkock tkg cmrrogr pmssgnbgrs dwgs td ots pmtrdns gxtgnhs td

pgrsdns jdmrhonb cmrs ms wgll ms td tkdsg mlobktonb tkgrgerdi.


17/74


=2

Lm Imlldrcm v. Cdurt de Mppgmls

Emcts0

Vlmontoees Imromnd Jgltrmn mnh emioly jdmrhgh tkg Vmijuscd Jus Nd. 37:, plmtg XVW Nd. 272,dwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy tkg hgegnhmnt, mt Smn Egrnmnhd, Vmipmnbm, jdunh edr Mnmd, Igxocd,Vmipmnbm. Metgr tkg jus rgmckgh Mnmd wkgrg, ot stdppgh td mlldw tkg pmssgnbgrs jdunh mnh tkg

plmontoees bdt dee. Xkg emtkgr, Imromnd jgltrmn rgturngh td tkg jus td bgt m pogcg de jmbbmbg (m jmydnb) wkock wms ndt unldmhgh. Kg wms edlldwgh jy kgr hmubktgr Zmqugl. Rkolg tkg emtkgr wmsstoll dn tkg runnonb jdmrh mwmotonb edr tkg cdnhuctdr td bovg kos jmbbmbg, tkg jus stmrtgh td run,ndtwotkstmnhonb tkg emct tkmt tkg cdnhuctdr kms ndt bovgn tkg hrovgr tkg custdimry sobnml td stmrt.Sgnsonb tkmt tkg jus wms mbmon on idtodn, Imromnd Jgltrmn oiighomtgly `uipgh erdi tkg runnonb

jdmrh wotkdut bgttonb kos jmydnb erdi tkg cdnhuctdr. Mt tkmt prgcosg toig, kg smw pgdplg jgbonnonbtd bmtkgr mrdunh tkg jdhy de m hgmh ckolh, wkock wms kos hmubktgr Zmqugl. Rkgn tkg ckolh (Zmqugl)wms aollgh, skg wms nd ldnbgr m pmssgnbgr mnh tkgrgedrg tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg kmh tgrionmtgh.Xroml Cdurt edunh hgegnhmnt lomjlg de jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Cdurt de Mppgmls sustmongh tkg

tkgdry de rgspdnhgnt, jut ot ngvgrtkglgss edunh tkg hgegnhmnt-mppgllmnt buolty de qumso-hgloct mnhkglh tkg lmttgr lomjlg edr hmimbgs, edr tkg ngblobgncg de ots hrovgr, on mccdrhmncg wotk Mrtoclg :=;6de tkg Covol Cdhg. Zmosgh tkg mwmrh erdi 3,666 td 5,666.

Ossug0

Rkgtkgr tkg lomjoloty de tkg cmrrogr, ms td tkg ckolh wkd wms mlrgmhy lgh td m plmcg 7 igtgrs erdi tkg jus, stoll pgrsosts.- Lgssdn onvdlvgh – Hurmtodn de rgspdnsojoloty de cdiidn cmrrogrs.

Hgcosodn0

_gs. Ot kms jggn rgcdbnozgh ms m rulg tkmt tkg rglmtodn de cmrrogr mnh pmssgnbgr hdgs ndt cgmsg mt tkgidignt tkg pmssgnbgr mlobkts erdi tkg cmrrogr's vgkoclg mt m plmcg sglgctgh jy tkg cmrrogr mt tkg pdontde hgstonmtodn, jut cdntonugs untol tkg pmssgnbgr kms kmh m rgmsdnmjlg toig dr m rgmsdnmjlgdppdrtunoty td lgmvg tkg cmrrogr's prgiosgs. Mnh, wkmt os m rgmsdnmjlg toig dr m rgmsdnmjlg hglmywotkon tkos rulg os td jg hgtgriongh erdi mll tkg corcuistmncgs.

On tkos cmsg, tkgrg wms nd “utidst holobgncg’. Eorstly, tkg hrovgr, mltkdubk stdpponb tkg jus,ngvgrtkglgss hoh ndt put dee tkg gnbong. Sgcdnhly, kg stmrtgh td run tkg jus gvgn jgedrg tkg juscdnhuctdr bmvg koi tkg sobnml td bd mnh wkolg tkg lmttgr wms stoll unldmhonb pmrt de tkg jmbbmbgs detkg pmssgnbgrs Imromnd Jgltrmn mnh emioly. Xkg prgsgncg de smoh pmssgnbgrs ngmr tkg jus wms ndt

unrgmsdnmjlg mnh tkgy mrg, tkgrgedrg, td jg cdnsohgrgh stoll ms pmssgnbgrs de tkg cmrrogr, gntotlgh tdtkg prdtgctodn unhgr tkgor cdntrmct de cmrrombg.

Gvgn mssuionb mrbugnhd tkmt tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg kms mlrgmhy tgrionmtgh, kgrgon pgtotodngr cmn jg kglh lomjlg edr tkg ngblobgncg de ots hrovgr, ms rulgh jy tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls, pursumnt td Mrtoclg:=;6 de tkg Covol Cdhg. Hgcosodn Idhoeogh. Dnly qugstodns rmosgh on tkg jroges cmn jg pmssgh updn,mnh ms plmontoees hoh ndt mppgml tkg mwmrh de 3,666, tkg oncrgmsg jy tkg CM de tkg mwmrh de 5,666cmnndt jg sustmongh.


18/74


=;

Mjdotoz Skopponb v. Cdurt de Mppgmls,

Emcts0

Mnmclgtd Uomnm wms m pmssgnbgr de I/U Mntdnom jdunh edr Imnolm wkock wms dwngh jy hgegnhmnt

Mjdotoz. Xkg vgssgl mrrovgh on Imnolm mnh tkg pmssgnbgrs wgrg prdvohgh m bmnbplmna dn tkgor wmydut erdi tkg vgssgl td tkg pdrt. Onstgmh de usonb tkg bmnbplmna, Uomnm hosgijmragh erdi tkg vgssglvom tkg tkorh hgca de tkg skop, wkock wms dn tkg lgvgl de tkg pogr. Dng kdur metgr tkg pmssgnbgrs kmhhosgijmragh, Vodnggr Stgvghdronb stmrtgh dpgrmtodn jy unldmhonb tkg cmrbdgs usonb ots crmng. Uomnmwkd kmh mlrgmhy hosgijmragh rgigijgrgh tkmt sdig de kos cmrbdgs wgrg stoll onsohg tkg vgssgl.Rkolg pdontonb td tkg crgw de tkg vgssgl tkg plmcg wkgrg kos cmrbdgs wgrg, tkg crmng kot koi, ponnonbkoi jgtwggn tkg sohg de tkg vgssgl mnh tkg crmng wkock rgsultgh td kos hgmtk. Uomnm‟s woeg eolgh mcdiplmont edr hmimbgs mbmonst Mjdotoz edr jrgmck de cdntrmct ee cmrrombg.

Mjdotoz, kdwgvgr eolgh m tkorh pmrty cdiplmont mbmonst Vodnggr soncg ot kmh cdntrdl cdiplgtgly dvgrtkg vgssgl huronb tkg oncohgnt. Eurtkgridrg, pgtotodngr cdntgnhs tkmt dng kdur kms mlrgmhy glmpsgherdi tkg toig Uomnm hosgijmragh, tkus kg kms mlrgmhy cgmsgh td jg m pmssgnbgr.

Xroml Cdurt's ùhbignt0 on emvdr de Uomnms1 drhgrgh Mjdotoz td pmy tkg Uomnms edr hmimbgs mnhVodnggr rgoijursg Mjdotoz edr wkmtgvgr midunt tkgy pmy tkg Uomnms.

Metgr eolonb idtodns edr rgcdnsohgrmtodn, tkg troml cdurt tkgn mjsdlvgh Vodnggr de ots lomjoloty ms tkgUomnms mnh Mjdotoz wgrg unmjlg td gstmjlosk tkmt tkgrg wms ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de tkg crmngdpgrmtdr.

Cdurt de Mppgmls ùhbignt0 meeorigh tkg hgcosodn de tkg troml cdurt wotk tkg gxcgptodn de mwmrh dehmimbgs

Ossug0 Rkgtkgr Mjdotoz os ngblobgnt mnh lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de Mnmclgtd Homz

Hgcosodn0

_gs. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkmt tkg emolurg de Mjdotoz td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg edr tkgsmegty de ots pmssgnbgrs imags Mjdotoz lomjlg. Ot kms jggn rgcdbnozgh ms m rulg tkmt tkg rglmtodn de tkgcmrrogr mnh pmssgnbgr hdgs ndt cgmsg tkg idignt tkg pmssgnbgr mlobkts erdi tkg cmrrog r‟s vgkoclg,

jut cdntonugs untol tkg pmssgnbgr kms kmh m rgmsdnmjlg toig dr m rgmsdnmjlg dppdrtunoty td lgmvg tkgcmrrogr‟s prgiosgs. M rgmsdnmjlg toig dr m rgmsdnmjlg hglmy wotkon tkos rulg os td jg hgtgriongh erdi

mll tkg corcuistmncgs. Xkg proimry emctdr td jg cdnsohgrgh os tkg gxostgncg de m rgmsdnmjlg cmusg mswoll ùstoey tkg prgsgncg de tkg voctoi dn dr ngmr tkg pgtotodngr‟s vgssgl. On tkg cmsg mt jmr, suck

ùstoeomjlg cmusg gxosts jgcmusg kg kmh td cdig jmca edr kos cmrbd. Mjdotoz kms emolgh td smegbumrh ots pmssgnbgr wotk gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on rgquoronb dr sggonb td ot tkmt prgcmutodnmry igmsurgs wgrgstroctly mnh mctumlly gnedrcgh td djsgrvg tkgor purpdsg de prgvgntonb gntry ontd m edrjohhgn mrgm.

Rkolg ot imy kmvg jggn gstmjloskgh tkmt tkg hgcgmsgh wms cdntrojutdroly ngblobgnt, tkg emct tkmtMjdotoz stoll emolgh td gxgrcosg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg wms tkg prdxoimtg mnh horgct cmusg deUomnm's hgmtk.


19/74


=?

Imllmro, Sr. v. CM,

Emcts0

Imllmro @r. wms hrovonb m pmssgnbgr `ggpngy dwngh jy kos emtkgr, cd-pgtotodngr kgrgon. Ot cdllohghwotk tkg hglovgry vmn de Jullgton mldnb tkg Nmtodnml Kobkwmy on Jrby. Smn Vmjld, Honmlupokmn,Jmtmmn. Imllmro @r. tgstoeogh tkmt kg wgnt td tkg lget lmng de tkg kobkwmy mnh dvgrtdda mEogrm wkock kmh stdppgh dn tkg robkt lmng. Jgedrg kg pmssgh jy tkg Eogrm, kg smw tkg vmn deJullgton cdionb erdi tkg dppdsotg horgctodn. Ot wms hrovgn jy dng Eglox Mnbglgs. Xkg cdllosodndccurrgh metgr Imllmro @r. dvgrtdda tkg Eogrm wkolg ngbdtomtonb m curvg on tkg kobkwmy. Xkg oipmctcmusgh tkg `ggpngy td turn mrdunh mnh emll dn ots lget sohg rgsultonb on on`urogs td ots

pmssgnbgrs dng de wkdi wms Osrmgl Zgygs wkd gvgntumlly hogh hug td tkg brmvoty de koson`urogs.

Clmuhom Zgygs, tkg wohdw de Osrmgl Zgygs, eolgh m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs mbmonst Imllmro Sr. mnhImllmro @r., mnh mlsd mbmonst Jullgton, ots hrovgr Eglox Mnbglgs, mnh tkg N.U. Ngtkgrlmnhs Onsurmncg

Cd. Xkg cdiplmont mllgbgh tkmt tkg cdllosodn wkock rgsultgh on tkg hgmtk de Osrmgl wms cmusgh jytkg emult mnh ngblobgncg de jdtk hrovgrs de tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy mnh tkg Jullgton Osuzu hglovgryvmn. Xkg troml cdurt edunh tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg cdllosodn wms tkg ngblobgncg de Mnbglgs(tkg hrovgr de tkg Jullgton hglovgry vmn) cdnsohgronb tkg emct tkmt tkg lget erdnt pdrtodn de tkg hglovgrytruca kot mnh juipgh tkg lget rgmr pdrtodn de tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy. Dn mppgml, tkg cdurt rgvgrsghtkg hgcosodn de tkg ldwgr cdurt mnh kglh tkmt ot wms Imllmro @r. wkd wms ngblobgnt. Xkg CM drhgrgh

jdtk Imllmro @r. mnh Imllmro Sr. td pmy Clmuhom Zgygs mnh mjsdlvgh erdi mny lomjoloty rgspdnhgntJullgton, Mnbglgs mnh N.U. Ngtkgrlmnhs Onsurmncg Cdipmny. Kgncg, tkos pgtotodn. Xkgrg os ndgvohgncg td skdw tkmt pgtotodngr Imllmro, @r. dvgrtdda m vgkoclg mt m curvg dn tkg rdmh mt tkg toig detkg mccohgnt mnh tkmt tkg tgstoidny de Mnbglgs dn tkg dvgrtmaonb wms ndt crghojlg mnh unrglomjlg.

Ossug0 Rkgtkgr pgtotodngrs Imllmro @r. mnh Imllmro Sr. mrg lomjlg edr tkg hgmtk de Osrmgl.

Hgcosodn

_gs. Xkg CM cdrrgctly edunh, jmsgh dn ots sagtck mnh spdt rgpdrt de tkg pdlocg mutkdrotogs, wkockwgrg ndt hosputgh jy pgtotodngr, tkmt tkg cdllosodn dccurrgh oiighomtgly metgr pgtotodngr Imllmro, @r.dvgrtdda m vgkoclg on erdnt de ot wkolg trmvgrsonb m curvg dn tkg kobkwmy. Xkos mct de dvgrtmaonb wmson clgmr vodlmtodn de Sgc. 8=, pmrs. (m) mnh (j), de ZM 8=35 ms mignhgh, dtkgrwosg andwn ms XkgLmnh Xrmnspdrtmtodn mnh Xrmeeoc Cdhg. Xkg rulg os sgttlgh tkmt m hrovgr mjmnhdnonb kos prdpgr lmngedr tkg purpdsg de dvgrtmaonb mndtkgr vgkoclg on mn drhonmry sotumtodn kms tkg huty td sgg td ot tkmttkg rdmh os clgmr mnh ndt td prdcggh oe kg cmnndt hd sd on smegty. Mrtoclg :=;7 de tkg NCC, tkgrg os m

prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg dn tkg pmrt de m pgrsdn hrovonb m idtdr vgkoclg oe mt tkg toig de tkgioskmp kg wms vodlmtonb m trmeeoc rgbulmtodn. Vgtotodngrs kgrgon emolgh td prgsgnt smtosemctdrygvohgncg td dvgrcdig tkos lgbml prgsuiptodn. Xkgrgedrg tkgy skmll jg lomjlg edr tkg ldss de Zgygs‟loeg.


20/74


:6

LZXM, gt ml. v. Imr`drog Nmvohmh, gt ml.,

Emcts0

Nocmndr Nmvohmh, tkgn hruna, gntgrgh tkg GHSM LZX stmtodn metgr purckmsonb m “tdagn’. Rkolg

Nmvohmh wms stmnhonb dn tkg plmtedri ngmr tkg LZX trmcas, @unglotd Gscmrton, m sgcuroty bumrh de pgtotodngr, mpprgkgnhgh tkg hgcgmsgh lgmhonb td m eost eobkt jgtwggn tkg twd rgsultonb td tkghgcgmsgh emllonb dn tkg LZX trmcas. Mt tkg prgcosg idignt de tkg hgcgmsgh ‟s emll, m trmon jgonbdpgrmtgh jy dng Zdhdled Zdimn cmig on cmusonb tkg hgmtk de tkg hgcgmsgh. Nd gvohgncg,kdwgvgr, wms mhhucgh td onhocmtg kdw tkg eobkt stmrtgh. Imr`drog Nmvohmh, wohdw de Nocmndr mnhkgrgon rgspdnhgnt eolgh m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs mbmonst tkg pgtotodngrs mnh Vruhgnt Sgcurotogs.

Ossug0

Rkgtkgr LZXM os lomjlg edr hmimbgs.

Hgcosodn0

_GS. Mrt. =277 de tkg Covol Cdhg oipdsgs tkg djlobmtodn td cdiidn cmrrogrs td gxgrcosggxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg cmrrombg de pmssgnbgrs mnh tkmt on cmsgs de hgmtk dr onùrogs, Mrt. =275bovgs rosg td tkg prgsuiptodn tkmt tkg cdiidn cmrrogr mctgh ngblobgntly. Mrts. =27? & =253, mlsdoipdsg tkg lomjoloty td tkg cdiidn cmrrogr hug td tkg ngblobgnt dr woleul mcts de tkgor gipldyggs,strmnbgrs mnh dtkgr pmssgnbgrs. On tkg onstmnt cmsg, tkg djlobmtodn de tkg LZXM td gxgrcosggxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg cmrrombg de pmssgnbgrs mrdsg erdi tkg idignt tkg hgcgmsgh gntgrghontd m cdntrmct de cmrrombg wotk tkg edrigr jy purckmsonb m tocagt mnh prgsgntonb koisgle edr

jdmrhonb. Gvgn tkdubk Gscmrton mnh Zdimn mrg gipldyggs de Vruhgnt mnh Igtrd Xrmnsotrgspgctovgly, pgtotodngrs cmnndt gscmpg lomjoloty jgcmusg de tkg imnhmtg de Mrts. =27? & =253 wkockdjlobmtgs cdiidn cmrrogrs td mnswgr edr tkg ngblobgncg de tkgor gipldyggs, strmnbgrs mnh dtkgr

pmssgnbgrs. Ot os tkgor huty td cmrry tkgor pmssgnbgrs smegly ms emr ms kuimn cmrg mnh edrgsobkt cmn prdvohg, wotk hug rgbmrh edr mll tkg corcuistmncg ms imnhmtgh jy Mrt. =277 de tkg NCC. Kgncg, pgtotodngrs mrg lomjlg edr hmimbgs ms m cdiidn cmrrogr. Skdulh Vruhgnt jg imhg loagwosg lomjlg4 Oemt mll, tkmt lomjoloty cdulh dnly jg edr tdrt unhgr tkg prdvosodns de Mrtoclg :=25mnh rglmtgh prdvosodns,on cdnùnctodn wotk Mrtoclg :=;6, de tkg Covol Cdhg. Xkg prgiosg, kdwgvgr, edr tkg gipldygr‟slomjoloty os ngblobgncg dr emult dn tkg pmrt de tkg gipldygg. Dncg suck emult os gstmjloskgh, tkggipldygr cmn tkgn jg imhg lomjlg dn tkg jmsos de tkg prgsuiptodn ùros tmntui tkmt tkg gipldygremolgh td gxgrcosg holobgntossoio pmtros emiologs on tkg sglgctodn mnh supgrvosodn de ots gipldyggs.Xkg lomjoloty os proimry mnh cmn dnly jg ngbmtgh jy skdwonb hug holobgncg on tkg sglgctodn mnhsupgrvosodn de tkg gipldygg, m emctuml imttgr tkmt kms ndt jggn skdwn. Mjsgnt suck m skdwonb, dngiobkt msa eurtkgr, kdw tkgn iust tkg lomjoloty de tkg cdiidn cmrrogr, dn tkg dng kmnh, mnh mnonhgpgnhgnt cdntrmctdr, dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, jg hgscrojgh4 Ot wdulh jg sdlohmry.Zgbrgttmjly edr LZX,ms wgll ms pgrkmps tkg survovonb spdusg mnh kgors de tkg lmtg Nocmndr Nmvohmh, tkos Cdurt oscdncluhgh jy tkg emctuml eonhonb de tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls tkmt "tkgrg os ndtkonb td lona (Vruhgnt) tdtkg hgmtk de Nocmndr (Nmvohmh), edr tkg rgmsdn tkmt tkg ngblobgncg de ots gipldygg, Gscmrton, kms ndt

jggn huly prdvgn x x x." Xkos eonhonb de tkg mppgllmtg cdurt os ndt wotkdut sujstmntoml ̀ ustoeocmtodn ondur dwn rgvogw de tkg rgcdrhs de tkg cmsg.


21/74


:=

Vgstmnd v. Suimymnb,

Emcts0

Mrdunh :pi de Mubust ?, =?;5, Suimymnb, mccdipmnogh jy kos erognh Imnugl Zdimbds, wmsrohonb m idtdr vgkoclg dn m kobkwmy on Cgju. Rkolg turnonb lget mt m ùnctodn, Suimymnb wms

vodlgntly kot jy m spgghonb jus hrovgn jy Vgstmnd. Suimymnb mnh kos cdipmnodn hogh hug td tkgmccohgnt. Xkg kgors de Suimymnb eolgh m covol mctodn mbmonst Vgstmnd mnh Igtrd Cgju Jus Cdipmny,tkg dwngr de tkg Jus hrovgn jy Vgstmnd. M wotngss nmigh Ngos mccdunts tkmt jgedrg Suimymnbturngh lget, tkg edrigr kmh rmosgh kos lget mri ms m sobnml jut wms run dvgr jy tkg jus mnh wms tkrdwn=8 igtgrs mwmy. Vgstmnd mllgbgs tkg voctois wgrg ngblobgnt jgcmusg =7-:6 igtgrs mwmy, kg kmhmlrgmhy jldwn tkg jus‟ kdrn mnh gvgn jlgw ot m sgcdnh toig wkgn kg bdt ngmr jut cdulh dnly stgpdn tkg jrmag metgr tkg jus kmh koh tkg idtdr vgkoclg. Igtrd Cgju cdntgnhs tkmt tkgy gxgrcosggxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkg supgrvosodn mnh sglgctodn de gipldyggs.

ZXC mnh CM kglh Vgstmnd lomjlg mnh mlsd kglh Igtrd Cgju Jus lomjlg edr ngblobgncg.Xkg CMmeeorigh rgspdnhgnt's lomjoloty edr tkg mccohgnt mnh edr Suimymnb's hgmtk. Vgstmýd wms ngblobgntwkgn kg trogh td dvgrtmag tkg voctoi's idtdrcyclg mt tkg Xmjmbdn ùnctodn. Xkg CM dpongh tkmt

Igtrd Cgju kmh skdwn lmxoty on tkg cdnhuct de ots dpgrmtodns mnh on tkg supgrvosodn de otsgipldyggs. Jy mlldwonb tkg jus td ply ots rdutg hgspotg tkg hgegctovg spgghdigtgr, smoh pgtotodngrskdwgh ots onhoeegrgncg tdwmrhs tkg prdpgr imontgnmncg de ots vgkoclgs.

Ossug0

Rkgtkgr Vgstmnd mnh Igtrd Cgju skdulh jg kglh lomjlg.

Hgcosodn

_gs. Xkg SC rulgh tkmt tkgy edunh nd cdbgnt rgmsdn td rgvgrsg dr idhoey tkgor emctuml eonhonbs. XkgCM mbrggh wotk tkg troml cdurt tkmt tkg vgkoculmr cdllosodn wms cmusgh jy Vgstmýd's ngblobgncg wkgn

kg mttgiptgh td dvgrtmag tkg idtdrcyclg. Ms m prdegssodnml hrovgr dpgrmtonb m pujloc trmnspdrt jus,kg skdulh kmvg mntocopmtgh tkmt dvgrtmaonb mt m ùnctodn wms m pgroldus imnguvgr mnh skdulh tkuskmvg gxgrcosgh gxtrgig cmutodn.

Emctuml eonhonbs de tkg CM meeorionb tkdsg de tkg troml cdurt mrg cdnclusovg mnh jonhonb dn tkosCdurt.

Ms td Igtrd Cgju, unhgr Mrtoclgs :=;6 mnh :=25 de tkg Covol Cdhg, dwngrs mnh imnmbgrs mrgrgspdnsojlg edr hmimbgs cmusgh jy tkgor gipldyggs. Rkgn mn onùry os cmusgh jy tkg ngblobgncg dem sgrvmnt dr mn gipldygg, tkg imstgr dr gipldygr os prgsuigh td jg ngblobgnt gotkgr on tkg sglgctodndr on tkg supgrvosodn de tkmt gipldygg. Xkos prgsuiptodn imy jg dvgrcdig dnly jy smtosemctdrolyskdwonb tkmt tkg gipldygr gxgrcosgh tkg cmrg mnh tkg holobgncg de m bddh emtkgr de m emioly on tkg

sglgctodn mnh tkg supgrvosodn de ots gipldygg.;

Xkg CM smoh tkmt mlldwonb Vgstmýd td ply kos rdutg wotk m hgegctovg spgghdigtgr skdwgh lmxoty dntkg pmrt de Igtrd Cgju on tkg dpgrmtodn de ots jusongss mnh on tkg supgrvosodn de ots gipldyggs. Xkgngblobgncg mlluhgh td kgrg os on ots supgrvosodn dvgr ots hrovgr, ndt on tkmt wkock horgctly cmusgh tkgmccohgnt. Xkg emct tkmt Vgstmýd wms mjlg td usg m jus wotk m emulty spgghdigtgr skdws tkmt IgtrdCgju wms rgioss on tkg supgrvosodn de ots gipldyggs mnh on tkg prdpgr cmrg de ots vgkoclgs. Ot kmhtkus emolgh td cdnhuct ots jusongss wotk tkg holobgncg rgquorgh jy lmw.


22/74


::

Luhd v. Cdurt de Mppgmls,

Emcts0

Vgtotodngr Luhd & Luyi Cdrpdrmtodn os m hdigstoc cdrpdrmtodn gnbmbgh on tkg jusongss de cdprm prdcgssonb. Dn tkg dtkgr kmnh, provmtg rgspdnhgnt Bmjosmn Skopponb Longs wms tkg rgbostgrgh dwngr

mnh dpgrmtdr de tkg idtdr vgssgl IUIobuglm. Xkg cmptmon de tkg smoh vgssgl os tkg dtkgr provmtgrgspdnhgnt nmigh Mnsglid Dlmsoimn. Vgtotodngr dwns mnh dpgrmtgs m provmtg wkmre usgh jyvgssgls edr ldmhonb mnh unldmhonb de cdprm mnh dtkgr prdcgssgh prdhucts. Egnhgr polg clustgrs edrhdcaonb mnh iddronb mrg midnb ots wkmre‟s emcolotogs. Xkg IU Iobuglm cmig td hdca mt pgtotodngr‟swkmre dn Imy :=, =??6. IU Iobuglm hoh ndt sldw hdwn wkolg tkg pgtotodngr‟s sgcuroty bumrh wms

pullonb tkg job rdpg td jg togh td tkg jdlmr mnh metgr tkg buohg wms tkrdwn erdi tkg vgssgl. Xkgvgssgl‟s mnckdr wms ndt rglgmsgh jy ots crgw. Jgcmusg de tkmt, m egnhgr polg clustgr wms rmiigh mnhhgstrdygh. Xkg polg clustgr wms hosonclongh ms wgll ms hgedrigh tkg cmjlg worgs wrmppgh mrdunh othug td tkg oipmct. Xkus, hmimbgs wgrg hgimnhgh jy pgtotodngr wkock wms rgeusgh jy provmtgrgspdnhgnts. Vrovmtg rgspdnhgnt hgnogh tkg oncohgnt mnh hmimbgs mnh tkgor wotngssgs clmoigh tkmttkg hmimbg, oe mny, iust kmvg dccurrgh prodr td tkgor mrrovml mnh cmusgh jy mndtkgr vgssgl dr jydrhonmry wgmr mnh tgmr.

Ossug0

Rkgtkgr Bmjosmn Skopponb Longs, tkg provmtg rgspdnhgnt, wms lomjlg edr hmimbgs

Hgcosodn0

_gs. Rkgrg tkg tkonb wkock cmusgs on`ury os skdwn td jg unhgr tkg imnmbgignt de tkg hgegnhmnt,mnh tkg mccohgnt os suck ms on tkg drhonmry cdursg de tkonbs hdgs ndt kmppgn oe tkdsg wkd kmvg tkgimnmbgignt usg prdpgr cmrg, ot meedrhs rgmsdnmjlg gvohgncg, on tkg mjsgncg de mn gxplmnmtodn jy tkghgegnhmnt, tkmt tkg mccohgnt mrdsg erdi wmnt de cmrg. Xkg hdctrong de rgs opsm ldquotur os mpplocmjlgon tkos cmsg. Suck hdctrong gnuncomtgs tkmt pmrtogs imy gstmjlosk proim emcog ngblobgncg wotkduthorgct prdde mnh mlldws tkg proncoplg td sujstotutg edr spgcoeoc prdde de ngblobgncg. Xkos os onvdaghwkgn unhgr tkg corcuistmncgs, horgct gvohgncg os mjsgnt mnh ndt rgmholy mvmolmjlg.

Xkg Cdurt rulgh tkmt IU Iobuglm wms unhgr tkg gxclusovg cdntrdl de ots deeocgrs mnh crgw mt tkgtoig tkg oncohgnt tdda plmcg. Ms tkg deeocgrs mnh crgw imnguvgrgh tkg vgssgl td ots jgrtkonb plmcg,

pgtotodngr hoh ndt kmvg horgct gvohgncg dn wkmt trmnsporgh wotkon. On mhhotodn, provmtg rgspdnhgnthoh ndt skdw pgrsumsovgly dtkgr pdssojlg cmusgs de tkg hmimbg msohg erdi tkg tgstoidny tkmt IUIobuglm cdllohgh wotk tkg clustgr polg.

Xkg provmtg rgspdnhgnts emolgh td dvgrcdig tkg gxostgncg de prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg mbmonsttkgi. On emct, m tmnbojlg prdde wms prgsgntgh jy pgtotodngr tkmt prdvgh tkg ngblobgncg de provmtg

rgspdnhgnts. Ms tgstoeogh jy Cmpt. Dlmsoimn, erdi cdiimnh de “sldw mkgmh’ td “stdp gnbong’, tkgvgssgl woll stoll trmvgl =66 igtgrs jgedrg ot eonmlly stdps.

Kdwgvgr, kg drhgrgh “stdp gnbong’ wkgn tkg vgssgl wms dnly 76 igtgrs erdi tkg pogr. Eurtkgr, kgtgstoeogh tkmt jgedrg tkg vgssgl os put td sldw mstgrn, tkg gnbong kms td jg rgstmrtgh. Kdwgvgr,Dlmsoimn cmn ndt gstoimtg kdw ldnb ot tmags jgedrg tkg gnbong bdgs td sldw mstgrn metgr tkg gnbongos rgstmrtgh. Erdi tkgsg hgclmrmtodns, tkg cdnclusodn os tkmt ot wms mlrgmhy tdd lmtg wkgn tkgcmptmon drhgrgh rgvgrsg. Jy tkgn, tkg vgssgl wms dnly 8 igtgrs erdi tkg pogr, mnh tkgrgedrgrmiigh ot.


23/74


:3

Vkoloppong Zmjjot v. Ontgrighomtg Mppgllmtg Cdurt,

Emcts0

Mjdut ==066 mi dn Hgcgijgr :8, =?55, Cmtmlonm mnh Cmrohmh Vmscum, Mhglmohm Gstdid, gt.ml, jdmrhgh tkg `ggpngy dwngh jy spdusgs Osohrd Imnbung mnh Buollgrid Cmrrgdn mnh hrovgn jyXrmnquolond Imnmld mt Hmu, Imjmlmcmt, Vmipmnbm, jdunh edr Cmrign, Zdsmlgs Vmnbmsonmn tdspgnh Ckrostims mt tkgor rgspgctovg kdigs. Wpdn rgmckonb Jmrrod Sonmydnmn on Xmrlmc, tkg robktrgmr wkggl de tkg `ggpngy wms hgtmckgh, sd ot wms runnonb on mn unjmlmncgh pdsotodn. Imnmldstgppgh dn tkg jrmag, ms m rgsult de wkock, tkg ̀ ggpngy wkock wms tkgn runnonb dn gmstgrn lmng imhgm W-turn, onvmhonb mnh gvgntumlly stdpponb dn tkg wgstgrn lmng de tkg kobkwmy. Xkg Vkol. ZmjjotJus juipgh erdi jgkonh tkg robkt rgmr pdrtodn de tkg `ggpngy. Ms m rgsult, 3 pmssgnbgrs de tkg

`ggpngy (Cmtmlonm Vmscum, Grlonhm Igromlgs, mnh Mhglmohm Gstdid) hogh wkolg dtkgr `ggpngy pmssgnbgrs sustmongh pkysocml onùrogs. Rkmt cdulh kmvg jggn m egstovg Ckrostims turngh dut td jgtrmboc.Covol cmsg edr rgcdvgry de hmimbgs wms sujsgqugntly eolgh mnh rgnhgrgh hgcosodn msedlldws tkmt emvdrgh tkg plmontoees edr hmimbgs, mnh hgcosodn edr crdss clmoi cmsg drhgronbdrhgronb Imnbung gt ml. td pmy crdss-clmoimnt Vkoloppong Zmjjot edr ldss oncdig mnh

rgpmors de tkg jus. Dn mppgml td CM rgbmrhonb tkg hgcosodn de mwmrhonb hmimbgs tdVkoloppong Zmjjot, CM rgvgrsgh tkg CEO rulonb mnh rgnhgrgh mndtkgr hgcosodn drhgronbVkoloppong Zmjjot mnh Hglds Zgygs td pmy Vmscum gt ml edr tkg onùrogs mnh hgmtk sueegrgh jytkg voctois.

Ossug0

Rkgtkgr tkg CM os cdrrgct on kdlhonb Vkoloppong Zmjjot Jus Longs mnh Xdims Hglds Zgygs covollylomjlg td hmimbgs hug td hgmtk mnh onùrogs sueegrgh jy tkg voctois

Hgcosodn

ND. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt rulgh tkmt tkg CM grrgh on ots hgcosodn.Xkg Cdurt rulgh tkmt CM iosmpplogh tkg hdctrong wkgrg ot smoh tkmt tkg hdctrong de lmst ckmncg os jgtwggn tkg dwngrs de tkg twd cdllohonb vgkoclg. Xkg cmsg os jmsgh dn cdntrmctuml djlobmtodns detkg cmrrogr mnh ots pmssgnbgrs. Xkg Cdurt eonhs tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkg mccohgnt wms tkgngblobgncg de Imnmld mnh spdusgs Imnbung mnh Cmrrgdn. Xkgy mll emolgh td gxgrcosg tkg

prgcmutodns tkmt mrg ngghgh. On culpm cdntrmctuml, tkg idignt m pmssgnbgr hogs dr os onùrgh, tkgcmrrogr os prgsuigh td kmvg jggn mt emult dr td kmvg mctgh ngblobgntly, mnh tkos hosputmjlg

prgsuiptodn imy dnly jg dvgrcdig jy gvohgncg tkmt kg kmh djsgrvgh gxtrm-drhonmry holobgncg ms prgscrojgh on Mrtoclgs =233, =277 mnh =275 de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg : dr tkmt tkg hgmtk dr onùry detkg pmssgnbgr wms hug td m edrtuotdus gvgnt.

Kdwgvgr, ots rulonb tkmt spdusgs Imnbung mnh Cmrrgdn mrg ̀ dontly mnh sgvgrmlly lomjlg wotk Imnmld

os grrdngdus Xkg hrovgr cmnndt jg kglh ̀ dontly mnh sgvgrmlly lomjlg wotk tkg cmrrogr on cmsg de jrgmckde tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg. Xkg rmtodnmlg jgkonh tkos os rgmholy hoscgrnojlg. Eorstly, tkg cdntrmct decmrrombg os jgtwggn tkg cmrrogr mnh tkg pmssgnbgr, mnh on tkg gvgnt de cdntrmctuml lomjoloty, tkg cmrrogros gxclusovgly rgspdnsojlg tkgrgedrg td tkg pmssgnbgr, gvgn oe suck jrgmck jg hug td tkg ngblobgncg dekos hrovgr. On dtkgr wdrhs, tkg cmrrogr cmn ngotkgr skoet kos lomjoloty dn tkg cdntrmct td kos hrovgr ndrskmrg ot wotk koi, edr kos hrovgr's ngblobgncg os kos. Sgcdnhly, oe Rg imag tkg hrovgr `dontly mnhsgvgrmlly lomjlg wotk tkg cmrrogr, tkmt wdulh imag tkg cmrrogr's lomjoloty pgrsdnml onstgmh de igrglyvocmrodus mnh cdnsgqugntly, gntotlgh td rgcdvgr dnly tkg skmrg wkock cdrrgspdnhs td tkghrovgr, 7 cdntrmhoctdry td tkg gxplocot prdvosodn de Mrtoclg :=;= de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg.


24/74


:8

@untollm v. Edntmnmr

Emcts0

Zdjgrtd @untollm wms m pmssgnbgr de tkg ̀ ggpngy hrovgn jy Jgredl Cmidrd erdi Hmnmd Coty td Cgju

Coty. Xkg `ggpngy wms rgbostgrgh unhgr tkg ermnckosg de Clgigntg Edntmnmr, jut ot wms mctumllydwngh jy Egrnmnhd Jmnzdn. Rkgn tkg `ggpngy rgmckgh Imnhmug Coty, tkg robkt rgmr torg gxpldhghcmusonb tkg vgkoclg td turn turtlg. Zdjgrtd @untollm, sottonb mt tkg erdnt sgmt wms tkrdwn dut de tkgvgkoclg. Wpdn lmnhonb dn tkg brdunh, kg idigntmroly ldst cdnscodusngss. Rkgn kg cmig td kossgnsgs, kg edunh tkmt kg kmh m lmcgrmtgh wdunh dn kos robkt pmli. Kg mlsd onùrgh kos lget mri, robkttkobk mnh dn kos jmca. Jgcmusg de kos skdca mnh onùrogs, kg wgnt jmca td Hmnmd Coty jut dn tkgwmy, kg hoscdvgrgh tkmt kos "Digbm" wrost wmtck wdrtk V ;7:.26 wms ldst. Wpdn kos mrrovml onHmnmd Coty, kg oiighomtgly gntgrgh tkg Hmnmd Coty Kdspotml td mttgnh td kos onùrogs, mnh mlsdrgqugstgh kos emtkgr-on-lmw td prdcggh oiighomtgly td tkg plmcg de tkg mccohgnt mnh ldda edr tkg

wmtck. Zdjgrtd @untollm eolgh edr jrgmck de cdntrmct wotk hmimbgs

OSSWG0Rkgtkgr tkgrg os m edrtuotdus gvgnt on tkg cmsg.

KGLH0

ND. Xkg Suprgig Cdurt kglh tkmt m torg-jldw dut cmnndt jg cdnsohgrgh m edrtuotdus gvgnt wkgn otos cduplgh wotk ngblobgncg. Xkg spgcoeoc corcuistmncgs iust jg tmagn ontd mccdunt jgedrg ot osclmssoeogh ms m edrtuotdus gvgnt tkmt woll rglogvg cmrrogrs de lomjoloty.Xkg Cdurt rulgh tkmt tkg mccohgnt wms cmusgh gotkgr tkrdubk tkg ngblobgncg de tkg hrovgr dr

jgcmusg de igckmnocml hgegcts on tkg torg. On tkg cmsg mt jmr, tkgrg mrg spgcoeoc mcts de ngblobgncgdn tkg pmrt de tkg rgspdnhgnts. Xkg rgcdrhs skdw tkmt tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy turngh turtlg mnh

ùipgh ontd m hotck oiighomtgly metgr ots robkt rgmr torg gxpldhgh. Xkg gvohgncg skdws tkmt tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy wms runnonb mt m vgry emst spggh jgedrg tkg mccohgnt. Rg mbrgg wotk tkgdjsgrvmtodn de tkg pgtotodngr tkmt m pujloc utoloty `ggp runnonb mt m rgbulmr mnh smeg spggh woll ndt

ùip ontd m hotck wkgn ots robkt rgmr torg jldws up. Xkgrg os mlsd gvohgncg td skdw tkmt tkg pmssgnbgr `ggpngy wms dvgrldmhgh mt tkg toig de tkg mccohgnt. Xkg pgtotodngr stmtgh tkmt tkgrg wgrgtkrgg (3) pmssgnbgrs on tkg erdnt sgmt mnh edurtggn (=8) pmssgnbgrs on tkg rgmr.

Rkolg ot imy jg trug tkmt tkg torg tkmt jlgw-up wms stoll bddh jgcmusg tkg brddvgs de tkg torg wgrgstoll vosojlg, tkos emct mldng hdgs ndt imag tkg gxpldsodn de tkg torg m edrtuotdus gvgnt. Nd gvohgncgwms prgsgntgh td skdw tkmt tkg mccohgnt wms hug td mhvgrsg rdmh cdnhotodns dr tkmt prgcmutodns wgrgtmagn jy tkg ̀ ggpngy hrovgr td cdipgnsmtg edr mny cdnhotodns lomjlg td cmusg mccohgnts. Xkg suhhgn

jldwonb-up, tkgrgedrg, cdulh kmvg jggn cmusgh jy tdd iuck mor prgssurg on`gctgh ontd tkg torgcduplgh jy tkg emct tkmt tkg `ggpngy wms dvgrldmhgh mnh spgghonb mt tkg toig de tkg mccohgnt.


25/74


:7

Smturnond JM_MSGN v CM

EMCXS0

Dn tkg idrnonb de Mubust =7, =?53, Hr. Smturnond Jmymsgn, tkg Zurml Kgmltk Vkysocomn onSmbmhm, Iduntmon Vrdvoncg, wgnt td jmrrod Mijmsonb td vosot m pmtognt. Xwd nursgs erdi tkg SmontXkgdhdrg's Kdspotml on Smbmhm, nmigly1 Glgnm Mwockgn (hgcgmsgh) mnh Hdldrgs Jmlcotm,mccdipmnogh koi td smoh vosot. Xkg trod rdhg m `ggp mssobngh edr tkg usg de tkg Zurml Kgmltk Wnot.Xkg smoh `ggp wms hrovgn jy tkg mccusgh-mppgllmnt Hr. Jmymsgn. Sujsgqugntly, mt Mijmsonb, metgrtkgy vosotgh tkg pmtognt, tkg twd nursgs wkd wmntgh td bmtkgr eldwgrs, msagh oe Hr. Jmymsgn cdulhhrovg tkgi td m cgrtmon plmcg dn tkg wmy td jmrrod Suyd, wkock Jmymsgn mlsd ontgnhgh td vosot. Rkolghrovonb td tkg smoh plmcg, tkg `ggp wgnt dvgr m cloee. Xkg `ggp tkus egll ; eggt dee tkg rdmh, mnh wms

jldcagh jy m pong trgg. Xkos cdllosodn cmusgh tkg pmssgnbgrs td jg tkrdwn dut de tkg `ggp. Lmtgr dn,Glgnm Mwockgn‟s jdhy wms edunh lyonb on m crgga eurtkgr jgldw. Midnb dtkgr on`urogs, skg sueegrghm saull ermcturg, wkock cmusgh kgr hgmtk. Jmymsgn wms tkgrgmetgr ckmrbgh wotk Kdiocohg tkrdubkrgcalgss oipruhgncg. Xkg CEO de Iduntmon Vrdvoncg cdnvoctgh Jmymsgn, rmtodconmtonb tkmt tkgunedrtunmtg mccohgnt wms hug td kos ngblobgncg on hrovonb mt mn unrgmsdnmjlg spggh dn m nmrrdw mnhsloppgry rdmh. Xkg CM meeorigh tkg CEO‟s hgcosodn. Kgncg tkos mppgml.

On tkg onstmnt pgtotodn, mccusgh-mppgllmnt cdntgnhs tkmt tkgrg gxost ndt m scontollm de gvohgncgtkmt pdont td kos mllgbgh ngblobgncg edr hrovonb mt mn unrgmsdnmjlg spggh.

OSSWG0

Rkgtkgr mccusgh-mppgllmnt cmn jg cdnsohgrgh ngblobgnt, edr mllgbghly hrovonb mtunrgmsdnmjlg spggh4

KGLH0

ND, tkg mccusgh-mppgllmnt cmnndt jg cdnsohgrgh ngblobgnt edr hrovonb mt unrgmsdnmjlgspggh. Eorst, m soiplg pgrusml de tkg cmsg rgcdrhs rgvgmls nd gvohgncg td suppdrt smoh mllgbmtodn.

]uotg tkg cdntrmry, tkg prdsgcutodn‟s stmr wotngss Hdldrgs Jmlcotm‟s tgstoidny, prdvgs tkg dppdsotg.Rkgn msagh jy tkg Cdurt dn wkgtkgr tkg mccusgh-mppgllmnt hrdvg mt m kobk spggh, Hdldrgsmnswgrgh tkmt Jmymsgn hrdvg mt idhgrmtg spggh. Xkos emct os eurtkgr jdlstgrgh jy tkg eonhonbs de tkgonvgstobmtdrs tkmt tkg wrgcagh ̀ ggp wms edunh td jg mt sgcdnh-bgmr. Kgncg, mccusgh-mppgllmnt cdulhndt kmvg jggn hrovonb mt kobk spggh soncg tkg `ggp wms dnly mt m ldw bgmr.

Sgcdnh, Jmymsgn tgstoeogh tkmt jgedrg rgmckonb tkg pdrtodn de tkg rdmh wkgrg tkg `ggp egll,kg ndtocgh tkmt tkg rgmr wkggl saohhgh, wkolg hrovonb erdi ; td =6 aoldigtgrs pgr kdur1 tkmt ms m

prgcmutodnmry igmsurg, kg horgctgh tkg `ggp tdwmrhs tkg sohg de tkg iduntmon. Xkg hgcgmsghkdwgvgr mccohgntmlly stgppgh dn Jmymsgn‟s robkt eddt, wkock mt tkg toig wms ldcagh mt tkgmccglgrmtdr. Xkg `ggp tkgrgdn egll mt tkg cloee. Xkos tgstoidny wms ndt rgjuttgh jy tkg prdsgcutodn,mnh iust tkgrgedrg jg bovgn crghgncg.

Xkos jgonb tkg cmsg, ot iust jg strgssgh tkmt cmrs imy saoh dn brgmsy dr sloppgry rdmhs, ms ontkg onstmnt cmsg, wotkdut emult dn mccdunt de tkg imnngr de kmnhlonb tkg cmr.Saohhonb igmnspmrtoml dr cdiplgtg ldss de cdntrdl de tkg cmr unhgr corcuistmncgs ndt ngcgssmroly oiplyonbngblobgncg. Ot imy dccur wotkdut emult.


26/74


:5

Nockdlms CGZUMNXGS v CM mnh Vkoloppong Morlongs Onc.

EMCXS0

Dn Imrck =?;?, provmtg rgspdnhgnt Vkoloppong Morlongs Onc. (VML), ossugh on emvdr de pgtotodngr Nockdlms Cgrvmntgs, m rdunh-trop plmng tocagt edr Imnolm-Kdndlulu-Lds Mnbglgs-Kdndlulu-Imnolmtrop. Smoh tocagt gxprgssly prdvohgs tkmt tkg smig woll jg vmloh erdi hmtg de ossumncg edr m pgrodhde dng ygmr dr up td Imrck :2 =??6. Edur hmys jgedrg tkg medrgigntodngh gxpory hmtg, dr dnImrck :3, =??6, Cgrvmntgs hgcohgh td utolozg tkg tocagt mnh tkus trmvgllgh td Lds Mnbglgs. Wpdnkos mrrovml on Lds Mnbglgs, Cgrvmntgs oiighomtgly jddagh kos rgturn elobkt td Imnolm, mnh wmscdneorigh jy tkg VML mttgnhmnts td jg sckghulgh dn Mprol : =??6. Wpdn andwonb kdwgvgr tkmttkg smoh elobkt dn Mprol : wdulh drobonmtg erdi Smn Ermncoscd, pgtotodngr rgqugstgh tkmt kg jgmlldwgh td jdmrh tkg plmng on Smn Ermncoscd. Xkos rgqugst wms brmntgh. Sujsgqugntly kdwgvgr,wkgn Cgrvmntgs ckgcagh-on edr kos rgturn elobkt dn : Mprol, tkg mttgnhonb VML gipldyggs mt SmnErmncoscd Morpdrt hoh ndw mlldw Cgrvmntgs td jdmrh tkg plmng, ndtonb tkmt tkg tocagt gxporgh dnImrck :2. Mbbrogvgh, Cgrvmntgs eolgh wotk tkg ZXC de Surobmd Coty m cdiplmont edr hmimbgs. Kgcdntgnhgh tkmt tkg tocagt kms ndt gxporgh soncg tkg VML mttgnhmnts mt Lds Mnbglgs Morpdrt, wkdcdneorigh kos Mprol : elobkt, kms geegctovgly gxtgnhgh dr wmovgh tkg gxpory hmtg de tkg tocagt erdi

Imrck :2 td Mprol :. Xkg ZXC kdwgvgr rulgh mbmonst Cgrvmntgs, rmtodconmtonb midnb dtkgrs tkmt,tkg VML gipldyggs kmh nd mutkdroty td gxtgnh tkg loeg de Cgrvmntgs‟ tocagt. Xkg CM meeorigh smohhgcosodn. Kgncg tkos pgtotodn.

OSSWGS0

=. Rkgtkgr tkg VML mttgnhmnts mt Lds Mnbglgs Morpdrt geegctovgly gxtgnhgh tkg pgrodh devmlohoty de pgtotodngr‟s tocagt.

:. Rkgtkgr tkg mpprgcomtodn de tkg hgegnsg de Lmca de Mutkdroty jy VML‟s gipldyggs wms prdpgrly rulgh updn jy tkg Cdurt jgldw.

3. Rkgtkgr tkg hgnoml de tkg mwmrh de hmimbgs wms prdpgr.

KGLH0

=. Xkg mctodns de VML gipldyggs on cdneorionb pgtotodngr‟s Mprol : elobkt hoh ndt gxtgnh tkg pgrodh de vmlohoty de pgtotodngr‟s tocagt. Onmsiuck ms tkg tocagt cdnstotutgs tkg mbrggignt drcdntrmct de cmrrombg jgtwggn pgtotodngr mnh VML, tkgn tkg tocagt iust jg cdnsohgrgh tkg Lmw

jgtwggn tkgi. Wnhgr pmr. ; de tkg cdnhotodns lmoh hdwn on smoh cdntrmct, tkg tocagt os vmloherdi hmtg de ossumncg (Imrck :2, =?;?) edr m pgrodh de dng ygmr, dr untol Imrck :2, =??6.

Ngghlgss de eurtkgr mnmlysos, tkg tocagt wms unqugstodnmjly gxporgh mt tkg toig de pgtotodngr‟srgturn elobkt (Mprol :, =??6). Xkg VML gipldyggs‟ mct de cdneorionb pgtotodngr‟s Mprol : elobktcdulh ndt kmvg onvmlohmtgh tkg clgmr mnh gxprgss prdvosodns de tkg tocagt. Xkg VML mttgnhmntswgrg unmutkdrozgh mbgnts. Xkos emct os onhosputmjly andwn td tkg pgtotodngr, gvohgncgh jy kosrgpgmtgh onquorogs wotk tkg VML lgbml hgpmrtignt hmys jgedrg kos elobkt, wkd tkgn onedrigh

koi tkmt m rgqugst edr gxtgnsodn cmn dnly jg prdpgrly cdursgh mnh mpprdvgh wotk tkg lgbmlhgpmrtignt.

:. Wnhgr Mrt. =?;? de tkg Ngw Covol Cdhg, tkg mcts de tkg mbgnt jgydnh kos mutkdroty hd ndt jonhtkg proncopml, unlgss tkg lmttgr rmtoeogs tkg smig gxprgssly dr oiploghly. Eurtkgridrg, wkgn tkgtkorh pgrsdn (pgtotodngr kgrgon) andws tkmt tkg mbgnt wms mctonb jgydnh kos mutkdroty, tkg

proncopml cmnndt jg kglh lomjlg edr tkg mcts de tkg mbgnt. Oe smoh tkorh pgrsdn os mwmrg de suckloiots de mutkdroty, tkgn kg os td jlmig, mnh os ndt gntotlgh td rgcdvgr hmimbgs erdi tkg proncopml


27/74


:2

ndr tkg mbgnt, unlgss tkg lmttgr unhgrtdda td sgcurg tkg proncopml's rmtoeocmtodn. Xkg emct tkmt tkoshgegnsg wms ndt ontgrpdsgh jy VML on ots onotoml plgmhonbs ms rgquorgh unhgr Zulg ? de tkg Zulgsde Cdurt, hdgs ndt ngcgssmroly oiply tkmt tkos hgegnsg cmnndt jg mvmolgh. Ot os sueeocognt tkmt tkosossug wms suj`gct td lotobmtodn mnh wms tkgrgupdn ontrdhucgh on Cdurt.

3. Lmstly, tkg rgeusml de tkg Cdurts jgldw td mwmrh hmimbgs td tkg pgtotodngr os prdpgr. Ndt dnlyhoh pgtotodngr emol td prdvg jmh emotk dn tkg pmrt de VML, jut kg loagwosg gvohgntly rgvgmlgh tdtkg wkdlg wdrlh kos cunnonb imckonmtodns. Vgtotodngr angw tkmt tkg pgrodh de vmlohoty de kostocagt cmn dnly jg gxtgnhgh oe m rgqugst td gxtgnh os cdursgh tkrdubk mnh m pprdvgh jy VML‟slgbml hgpmrtignt. Ndtwotkstmnhonb, mnh wotk ontgntodn td corcuivgnt tkos prdcghurg, pgtotodngrsgcurgh mn onvmloh gxtgnsodn jy m igrg VML mttgnhmnt wkd kmh nd andwlghbg wkmtsdgvgr desuck lgbmlotogs. Xkos os unmccgptmjlg.


28/74


:;

Uocgntg CMLMLMS v CM, Glozm Sunbm, mnh Ermncoscd Smlvm

EMCXS0

Dn Mubust :3, =?;?, Glozm Sunbm, m ergskimn on Soloimn Wnovgrsoty rdhg m `ggpngydwngh mnh dpgrmtgh jy kgrgon pgtotodngr Uocgntg Cmlmlms. Xkg `ggpngy wms eollgh td cmpmcoty de :8

pmssgnbgrs. Ms suck, Sunbm wms bovgn m wddhgn stddl plmcgh mt tkg rgmr gnh de tkg `ggpngy ms mngxtgnsodn sgmt. Dn tkg wmy td Vdjlmcodn Sojulmn, tkg `ggpngy stdppgh jy tkg rdmh td lgt m

pmssgnbgr dee. Rkolg tkg pmssgnbgr wms mlobktonb, mn Osuzu truca dwngh jy kgrgon provmtgrgspdnhgnt Ermncoscd Smlvm, rmiigh tkg lget rgmr de tkg `ggpngy. Xkg oncohgnt rgsultgh td iultoplgonùrogs td Glozm Sunbm, oncluhonb m ermcturg de Sunbm‟s robkt lgb. Kgr onùrogs cmusgh Sunbm td jgcdneongh erdi Mubust :3 td Sgptgijgr 2, mnh loagwosg rgquorgh kgr td utolozg crutckgs edr m pgrodhde tkrgg idntks. Sujsgqugntly, Sunbm eolgh m cdiplmont edr jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombg mbmonstkgrgon pgtotodngr edr emolonb td djsgrvg hug holobgncg rgquorgh de koi ms m cdiidn cmrrogr.Cdncurrgntly, Cmlmlms eolgh m tkorh-pmrty cdiplmont edr qumso-hgloct mbmonst tkg dwngr de tkg Osuzutruca, Ermncoscd Smlvm. Rotk twd soiultmngdus cdiplmonts mrosonb erdi m sonblg oncohgnt, tkg ZXCde Huimbugtg Coty rgsdlvgh td mjsdlvg Cmlmlms erdi mny lomjoloty mnh hgclmrgh Ermncoscd Smlvm,tkg dwngr de tkg Osuzu truca, ms tkg deegnhgr. Wpdn mppgml, tkg CM rgvgrsgh tkg ZXC‟s hgcosodn,

rulonb midnb dtkgrs tkmt Sunbm‟s cdiplmont mbmonst Cmlmlms edr jrgmck de cdntrmct de cmrrombgiust jg cdnsohgrgh sgpmrmtgly erdi Cmlmlms‟ tkorh-pmrty cdiplmont mbmonst Smlvm jmsgh dnqumso-hgloct. Ms suck, Smlvm cmnndt jg kglh lomjlg on tkg eorst cmsg wkgrg kg os ndt gvgn m pmrty.Cmlmlms tkus mppgmlgh td tkg SC, cdntgnhonb midnb dtkgrs tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg de tkgmccohgnt os ndt ngblobgncg dn kos pmrt ms m cdiidn cmrrogr, jut tkg rgcalgssngss de tkg hrovgr detkg Osuzu truca.

OSSWGS0

=. Skdulh tkg pgtotodns jg cdnsohgrgh sgpmrmtgly4:. Iust Cmlmlms jg mjsdlvgh de mny lomjoloty dn tkg mllgbgh brdunh tkmt tkg prdxoimtg cmusg

de tkg mccohgnt wms tkg rgcalgssngss de tkg hrovgr de tkg Osuzu truca mnh ndt kos

ngblobgncg4

KGLH0

=. Xkg cdiplmonts iust jg cdnsohgrgh sgpmrmtgly. Xkg emct tkmt tkg mccohgnt wms onhgghultoimtgly cmusgh jy tkg truca hrovgr‟s rgcalgssngss, ms wms prdpgrly prdnduncgh jy tkgCdurts jgldw, hdgs ndt ngcgssmroly onsulmtg Cmlmlms erdi lomjoloty jmsgh dn m jrgmck decdntrmct de cmrrombg. Xkg cmsg jgtwggn Sunbm mnh Cmlmlms os prgiosgh dn Cmlmlms‟ngblobgncg ms m cdiidn cmrrogr (culpm cdntrmctuml), wkolg tkg cmsg jgtwggn Cmlmlms mnhSmlvm (truca dwngr) os prgiosgh dn qumso-hgloct (culpm mquolmnm dr culpmgxtrm-cdntrmctuml). On nd wmy tkgrgedrg tkmt m prdnduncgignt on tkg lmttgr mbmonst Smlvmwdulh cdnstotutg rgs ùhocmtm on tkg edrigr.

:. ND, Cmlmlms cmnndt jg mjsdlvgh erdi lomjoloty jmsgh dn m soiplostoc mrbuignt tkmt tkg wkdlgmccohgnt wms cmusgh jy Smlvm. Xkg nmturg de Sunbm‟s cdiplmont mbmonst Cmlmlms os jmsghdn Cmlmlms‟ emolurg td djsgrvg hug holobgncg ms m cdiidn cmrrogr rgquorgh unhgr Mrt. =233mnh =277 de tkg Covol cdhg. Xkg emct tkmt tkg truca hrovgr wms on emct ngblobgnt, hdgs ndtngcgssmroly oiply tkmt tkg `ggpngy hrovgr wms holobgnt.Ot iust jg strgssgh tkmt updn tkgkmppgnonb de tkg mccohgnt, tkg prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg mt dncg mrdsg, mnh ot jgcmigtkg huty de pgtotodngr td prdvg tkmt kg kmh td djsgrvg gxtrmdrhonmry holobgncg on tkgcmrg de kos pmssgnbgrs. Ms suck, tkg tkrgskdlh qugstodn os wkgtkgr Cmlmlms‟ ̀ ggpngy cmrrogh


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tkg pmssgnbgrs smegly ms emr ms kuimn cmrg mnh edrgsobkt cdulh prdvohg usonb tkg utidstholobgncg de vgry cmutodus pgrsdns, wotk hug rgbmrh edr mll tkg corcuistmncgs (Mrt. =277).Xkg mnswgr td tkos qugstodn os m plmon ND.

Eorst , ms edunh jy tkg Cdurt de Mppgmls, tkg ̀ ggpngy wms ndt prdpgrly pmragh, ots rgmr pdrtodn jgonbgxpdsgh mjdut twd igtgrs erdi tkg jrdmh skdulhgrs de tkg kobkwmy, mnh emconb tkg iohhlg de tkgkobkwmy on m hombdnml mnblg. Xkos os m vodlmtodn de tkg Z.M. Nd. 8=35, ms mignhgh, dr tkg LmnhXrmnspdrtmtodn mnh Xrmeeoc Cdhg, wkock prdvohgs0

Sgc. 78. Djstructodn de Xrmeeoc. ‘ Nd pgrsdn skmll hrovg kos idtdr vgkoclg on suckm imnngr ms td djstruct dr oipghg tkg pmssmbg de mny vgkoclg, ndr, wkolghosckmrbonb dr tmaonb dn pmssgnbgrs dr ldmhonb dr unldmhonb ergobkt, djstruct tkgergg pmssmbg de dtkgr vgkoclgs dn tkg kobkwmy.

Sgcdnh , ot os unhosputgh tkmt pgtotodngr's hrovgr tdda on idrg pmssgnbgrs tkmn tkg mlldwgh sgmtonbcmpmcoty de tkg `ggpngy, m vodlmtodn de sgc. 3:(m) de tkg smig lmw. Ot prdvohgs0

Gxcgghonb rgbostgrgh cmpmcoty. ‘ Nd pgrsdn dpgrmtonb mny idtdr vgkoclg skmllmlldw idrg pmssgnbgrs dr idrg ergobkt dr cmrbd on kos vgkoclg tkmn ots rgbostgrghcmpmcoty.

Xkg emct tkmt Sunbm wms sgmtgh on mn gxtgnsodn sgmt plmcgh kgr on m pgrol brgmtgr tkmn tkmt td wkocktkg dtkgr pmssgnbgrs wgrg gxpdsgh. Xkgrgedrg, ndt dnly wms pgtotodngr unmjlg td dvgrcdig tkg

prgsuiptodn de ngblobgncg oipdsgh dn koi edr tkg on`ury sustmongh jy Sunbm, jut mlsd, tkg gvohgncgskdws kg wms mctumlly ngblobgnt on trmnspdrtonb pmssgnbgrs.


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G[CGVXODNS XD VZGSWIVXODN DE NGBLOBGNCG NGBLOBGNCG DZONXGNXODNML MSSMWLX J_ CMZZOGZ DZ GIVLD_GG (:)0

Cdrnglom Bollmcd v Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd.

EMCXS0

Dn tkg idrnonb de Mprol =, =?85 tkg hgcgmsgh (Xdims Bollmcd) jdmrhgh m trmon de kgrgonVgtotodngr Cdipmny erdi Cmlmijm, Lmbunm td Imnolm. Rkgn tkg trmon mrrovgh mt tkg Vmcd XrmonStmtodn on Imnolm, Giolod Hgvgsm, m trmon bumrh de Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd., kmppgngh td jg on tkgsmig plmcg. Hgvgsm wms tkgn wmotonb edr tkg smig trmon, wkock wdulh tmag koi td Xutujmn stmtodn,wkgrg kg wms td rgpdrt edr huty. Ms ot kmppgns, Hgvgsm kmh m ldnb-stmnhonb bruhbg mbmonst Bollmcd,hmtonb jmca td tkg @mpmngsg dccupmtodn. Jgcmusg de suck bruhbg, Hgvgsm skdt Bollmcd pdont jlmna,usonb tkg cmrjong eurnoskgh koi jy tkg Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. edr kos usg ms m trmon bumrh. Bollmcdhogh ms m rgsult de tkg bunskdt. Sujsgqugntly, Hgvgsm wms ckmrbgh mnh cdnvoctgh de kdiocohg, mnhImnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. wms, on tkg smig prdcgghonbs, kglh sujsohomroly lomjlg edr hmimbgs edr jgonbHgvgsm‟s gipldygr. Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. ndw mssmols smoh hgcosodn, mrbuonb midnb dtkgrs tkmt ndlomjoloty mttmckgs td ot ms gipldygr de tkg deegnhgr, jgcmusg tkg deegnsg wms ndt cdiiottgh on tkg

gxgrcosg de Hgvgsm‟s eunctodn ms m trmon bumrh. Ndr skdulh Imnolm Zmolrdmh Cd. jg kglh lomjlggxcdntrmctu , dr jmsgh dn m jrgmck de tkg cdntrmct de cmrrombg jgtwggn tkg cdipmny mnh tkg hgcgmsgh,soncg nd ngblobgncg dn pgtotodngr-cdipmny‟s pmrt wms skdwn.

OSSWG0Skdulh tkg Vgtotodngr Zmolrdmh Cdipmny jg kglh lomjlg edr hmimbgs edr jrgmck de ots

rgspdnsojoloty ms m cdiidn cmrrogr4

KGLH0Xkgrg os nd hdujt tkmt gvgry pmssgnbgr os gntotlgh td prdtgctodn jy

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