transparency no. earth’s-atmosphere questions · hot-water setup 1. work in teams of two. 2. get...

34
TRANSPARENCY NO. 321 1. What is the atmosphere? 2. Describe how the amount of air changes as you travel up through Earth’s atmosphere. 3. Describe how the composition of gases changes as you travel up through Earth’s atmosphere. 4. Describe how the temperature changes as you travel up through the atmosphere. 5. What layer of the atmosphere do you think is of greatest interest to meteorologists? Why? 6. What gases are found in the atmosphere? What gases are found only in the troposphere? EARTH’S-ATMOSPHERE QUESTIONS 1 12_TransMasters.pmd 12/28/07, 9:05 AM 321

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Page 1: TRANSPARENCY NO. EARTH’S-ATMOSPHERE QUESTIONS · HOT-WATER SETUP 1. Work in teams of two. 2. Get a vial, a cup, and two thermometers. 3. Fill the vial with cold water and the cup

TRANSPARENCY NO.

321

1. What is the atmosphere?

2. Describe how the amount of airchanges as you travel up throughEarth’s atmosphere.

3. Describe how the composition ofgases changes as you travel upthrough Earth’s atmosphere.

4. Describe how the temperaturechanges as you travel up through theatmosphere.

5. What layer of the atmosphere do youthink is of greatest interest tometeorologists? Why?

6. What gases are found in theatmosphere? What gases are foundonly in the troposphere?

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EARTH’S-ATMOSPHERE QUESTIONS

1

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

322

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SUNRISE/SUNSET TIMES FOR 2000

Sunrise and sunset times for the year 2000

January 21 7:21 5:20

February 21 6:52 5:54

March 21 6:10 6:22

April 21 5:25 6:51

May 21 4:54 7:17

June 21 4:47 7:34

July 21 5:04 7:26

August 21 5:30 6:53

September 21 5:56 6:07

October 21 6:24 5:23

November 21 6:56 4:54

December 21 7:21 4:54

Date Sunrise (a.m.) Sunset (p.m.)

2Lab Notebook page 7

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Page 3: TRANSPARENCY NO. EARTH’S-ATMOSPHERE QUESTIONS · HOT-WATER SETUP 1. Work in teams of two. 2. Get a vial, a cup, and two thermometers. 3. Fill the vial with cold water and the cup

TRANSPARENCY NO.

323

1. When one location on Earth has14 hours of daylight, is all therest of the world having 14 hoursof daylight as well?

2. Is the longest day of the year thesame length all over the world?

3. Is the longest day of the year thesame day all over the world?

4. Are the longest days always inthe summer? Are the shortestdays always in the winter?

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DAY-LENGTH QUESTIONS

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

324

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SUN-EARTH SYSTEM

4

N

N

N

N

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

325

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SOLAR ANGLE

Low (small) solar angle

High (large) solar angle

90°

15°

5

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

326

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SOLAR ANGLE ON EARTH

Earth viewed asmany flat surfaces

Sun

The solar angle isdifferent at differentlocations on Earth.

1

2

3

4

6

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Page 7: TRANSPARENCY NO. EARTH’S-ATMOSPHERE QUESTIONS · HOT-WATER SETUP 1. Work in teams of two. 2. Get a vial, a cup, and two thermometers. 3. Fill the vial with cold water and the cup

TRANSPARENCY NO.

327

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SUNLIGHT ON EARTH'S SURFACE

7

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

328

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SETTING UP EARTH MATERIALS

Materials for each group4 Containers with slotted lids, 1/4-liter

4 Thermometers

1 Sheet of newspaper

Materials for the class1 Container of sand with 100-ml beaker

1 Container of dry soil with 100-ml beaker

2 Containers of water with 100-ml beaker

Set up the containers1. Each member of your group will set up one container.

2. Sand and soil containers

a. Measure 100 ml of sand or soil into a container.b. Slide a thermometer through the slot in the lid.c. Snap the lid on the container with the thermometer bulb

under the surface of the sand or soil.

3. Water container

a. Pour 100 ml of water into the container.

b. Slide a thermometer through the slot in the lid.

c. Snap the lid on the container with the thermometer bulbunder the surface of the water.

4. Air container

a. Slide a thermometer through the slot in the lid.b. Snap the lid on the container.

8

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

329

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EARTH-MATERIAL TEMPERATURES CHART

Tem

pera

ture

Tem

pera

ture

Tem

pera

ture

Tem

pera

ture

Tem

pera

ture

chan

geTe

mpe

ratu

rech

ange

Tem

pera

ture

chan

geTe

mpe

ratu

rech

ange

3-m

inut

e in

terv

als

T

ime

S

and

S

oil

W

ate

r

A

ir

9Lab Notebook page 14

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Page 10: TRANSPARENCY NO. EARTH’S-ATMOSPHERE QUESTIONS · HOT-WATER SETUP 1. Work in teams of two. 2. Get a vial, a cup, and two thermometers. 3. Fill the vial with cold water and the cup

TRANSPARENCY NO.

330

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EARTH-MATERIAL TEMPERATURES GRAPH

10Lab Notebook page 15

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

331

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EARTH-MATERIAL TEMPERATURES QUESTIONS

1. Which material heated up themost in 15 minutes?

2. Which material heated up theleast in 15 minutes?

3. Which material cooled off thefastest?

4. Which material cooled off theslowest?

5. Did all four earth materialsreceive the same amount of solarenergy? Support your answer.

6. Which properties of the earthmaterials do you think may havecaused the temperaturedifferences?

11

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

332

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HOT-WATER INQUIRY

• Each group can have two cups,two vials, and four thermometers.

• You may reorganize into pairs ifyou choose to.

• When you have decided on theprocedure you will use, go to thewater station for the hot and coldwater samples you need.

• Keep records of your procedureand data as your experimentprogresses.

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

333

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HOT-WATER SETUP

1. Work in teams of two.

2. Get a vial, a cup, and twothermometers.

3. Fill the vial with cold water andthe cup half full with hot saltwater.

4. Measure and record thetemperature of both watersamples.

5. Figure out how to warm the coldwater without mixing it with thesalt water.

6. Try to get water that is 30°C.

13

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

334

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CONDUCTION THROUGH MATERIALS

1. Position a temperaturestrip on the steel barclose to one end.Tape it in place.

2. Prepare the aluminumbar in the same way.

3. Fill the plastic-foam cuphalf full with hot water.Place it in the tallclear plastic cup.

4. Place the bars in thewater with thetemperaturestrips up.

14Lab Notebook page 19

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

335

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CALCULATING DENSITY

The question to ask yourself is, “What is the mass of1 cc of the solution?” That’s what densityis...grams per cubic centimeter.

To find out, divide the mass of the sample by thevolume of the sample.

Another way to think about density is, “I know themass of 45 cc of this solution. One-45th of thesample is 1 cc. To find the mass of 1/45 of thesample, I divide the mass of the sample by 45.”

M (g)

V (cc)

132 g

120 ccD2 = = = 1.1 g/cc

M (g)

V (cc)

54 g

45 ccD1 = = = 1.2 g/cc

Mass

VolumeDensity =

15

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

336

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RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air.

Saturate means to fill up completely.

Relative humidity gives a measure of water vapor in theair compared to how much water vapor is needed tosaturate the volume of air. Relative humidity is measuredas a percentage.

Example

Suppose 1 kg of air at 25°C can hold 20 g of water vapor.If it is holding only 10 g of water vapor, it is holding halfas much as it can. The relative humidity is 50%.

10 g / 20 g = 0.5 100 ✕ 0.5 = 50%

• When temperature increases and the amount of watervapor stays the same, the relative humidity decreases.

• When temperature stays the same but water vaporincreases, relative humidity increases.

• Warm air can hold more water vapor than cooler air.

• Air under low pressure holds more water vapor than airunder higher pressure.

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

337

1° 2° 3° 4° 5° 6° 7° 8° 9° 10° 11° 12° 13° 14° 15° 16° 17° 18° 19° 20° –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

67 3569 39 971 43 1573 48 2074 49 2576 52 29 777 55 33 1278 57 37 1779 60 40 2281 62 43 26 881 64 46 29 1383 66 49 33 1784 68 52 37 22 784 70 55 40 26 1285 71 57 43 29 1686 72 58 45 33 20 786 73 60 48 35 24 1187 74 62 50 38 26 1587 75 63 51 40 29 19 888 76 64 53 42 32 22 1288 77 66 55 44 34 24 15 689 78 67 56 46 36 27 18 989 78 68 58 48 39 29 21 1289 79 69 59 50 41 32 23 15 790 79 70 60 51 42 34 26 18 1090 80 71 61 53 44 36 27 20 13 690 81 71 63 54 46 38 30 23 15 890 81 72 64 55 47 40 32 25 18 1191 82 73 65 57 49 41 34 27 20 14 791 82 74 65 58 50 43 36 29 22 16 1091 83 74 66 59 51 44 37 31 24 18 12 691 83 75 67 60 53 46 39 32 26 20 14 992 83 76 68 61 54 47 40 34 28 22 17 11 692 84 76 69 62 55 48 42 36 30 24 19 13 892 84 77 69 62 56 49 43 37 31 26 20 15 10 592 84 77 70 63 57 50 44 39 33 28 22 17 12 892 85 78 71 64 58 51 45 40 34 29 24 19 14 10 592 85 78 71 65 58 52 47 41 36 31 26 21 16 12 793 85 78 72 65 59 53 48 42 37 32 27 22 18 13 9 593 86 79 72 66 60 54 49 43 38 33 28 24 19 15 11 793 86 79 73 67 61 55 50 44 39 35 30 25 21 17 13 9 593 86 80 73 67 61 56 51 45 40 36 31 27 22 18 14 11 793 86 80 74 68 62 57 51 46 41 37 32 28 24 20 16 12 9 593 87 80 74 68 63 57 52 47 42 38 33 29 25 21 17 14 10 793 87 81 75 69 63 58 53 48 43 39 35 30 28 23 19 15 12 8 593 87 81 75 69 64 59 54 49 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 17 13 10 7

Relative humidity (%)

Difference between wet- and dry-bulb temperature (°C)

Dry-bulbtemp.(°C)

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HUMIDITY CALCULATOR

17

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

338

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TEMPERATURE NUMBER LINE

–10

–8–6

–4–2

02

46

810

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

18Lab Notebook page 41

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

339

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RAINDROPS AND CLOUD DROPLETS

19

Typical cloud droplet(0.02 mm in diameter)

enlarged 100 times

Typical raindrop(2 mm in diameter)enlarged 100 times

Actual size oftypical raindrops

(2 mm in diameter)

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

340

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

UPPER-AIR SOUNDING GRAPH

0° 10° 20° 30° 40°-10°-20°-30°-40°-50°-60°-70°-80°-90° 50°

20Lab Notebook page 40

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

341

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

UPPER-AIR SOUNDING GRAPH FOR OAKLAND

0° 10° 20° 30° 40°-10°-20°-30°-40°-50°-60°-70°-80°-90° 50°

Altitude(m)

Air temp.(°C)

Dew point(°C)

3 12 10 150 13 11 300 14 10 600 20 10 800 21 8 900 20 81200 18 61800 14 –52200 11 –43200 7 –154000 1 –224500 –2 –204900 –5 –135830 –12 –17

1000 m

2000 m

3000 m

4000 m

5000 m

6000 m

21

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

342

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

UPPER-AIR SOUNDING GRAPH FOR OAKLAND (finished)

22

0° 10° 20° 30° 40°-10°-20°-30°-40°-50°-60°-70°-80°-90° 50°

Altitude(m)

Air temp.(°C)

Dew point(°C)

3 12 10 150 13 11 300 14 10 600 20 10 800 21 8 900 20 81200 18 61800 14 –52200 11 –43200 7 –154000 1 –224500 –2 –204900 –5 –135830 –12 –17

Dew point

Air temperature 1000 m

2000 m

3000 m

4000 m

5000 m

6000 m

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

343

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

EARTH: THE WATER PLANET

OceansOceansOceansOceansOceans97.24%97.24%97.24%97.24%97.24%

Icecaps andglaciers2.14%

Groundwater0.61%

Other(less than 1%)

Freshwaterlakes

0.009%

Inlandseas

0.008%

Soilmoisture0.005%

Atmosphere0.001%

Rivers0.0001%

23

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

344

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

WATER-CYCLE GAME TALLY

Animal

Atmosphere

Glacier

Groundwater

Lake

Ocean

Plant

River

Soil

Location Round 1 total Round 2 total Round 3 total

24

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

345

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

PRESSURE INDICATOR

1. Get a jar, a bottle, anda rubber stopper andplastic tube.

2. Fill the bottle halfwaywith dyed water.

3. Press the rubberstopper into the bottle.The lower end of theclear tube should be inthe water.

4. Place the bottle on thejar lid. Position theplastic jar over thebottle and screw it ontothe lid tightly.

25

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

346

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

GAS IN A SYRINGE

26

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

347

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

WIND-MODEL REVIEW QUESTIONS

Does the model demonstrate

1. How wind starts?

2. How the Sun is involved?

3. Energy transfer by radiation,conduction, and convection?

4. Differential heating?

5. Air pressure and air density?

6. How wind moves across Earth’ssurface?

27

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

348

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

WIND CONCEPTS

• Differential heating and coolingaffects energy transfer to andfrom the atmosphere.

• Warm air expands and is lessdense. Cool air contracts and isdenser.

• Rising warm air and sinking coolair produce convection currents.

• Dense air produces high-pressureareas; less-dense air produceslow-pressure areas.

• Differences in atmosphericpressure cause air to move.

• Air moving across Earth’s surfaceis wind.

28

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

349

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

PRESSURE MAP OF THE U.S.

29Lab Notebook page 53

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

350

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

NORTH AMERICAN AIR MASSES

Continental (c): related to the landMaritime (m): related to the ocean or seaPolar (P): areas near the poles, including Canada and the Arctic OceanTropical (T): areas in the tropics; Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, and the southwestern UnitedStates.

AAAAA

BBBBBCCCCC

DDDDD

EEEEE

FFFFF

30

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

351

Cold Front

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

FRONTS

Warm Front

500 km

Cumulonimbus

Cumulus

Cirrus

Cumulus

1000 km

31

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

352

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

SAMPLE WEATHER-MAP SYMBOL

52 035

38

Temperature(52°F)

Pressure(1003.5 mb)

Precipitation(light rain)

Cloud cover(overcast)

Wind(from east, 25 knots)

Dew point(38°F)

(10)(10)

(5)

Clear Trace Scattered Half Complete Data Fog Haze clouds overcast cloud cover missing

M

Cloud cover

32

Other weather-map symbols

Thunder Thunderstorm Severe Light Heavy Light Heavy only thunderstorm rain rain snow snow

✷ ✷ ✷ ✷

✷ ✷

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

353

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

SURFACE OBSERVATIONS

33

Sea

ttle

Po

rtla

nd

Lo

s A

ng

eles

Den

ver

Alb

uq

uer

qu

e

Au

stin

Okl

aho

ma

Cit

y

Kan

sas

Cit

y

Min

nea

po

lis

Det

roit

Pit

tsb

urg

h

New

Yo

rk C

ity

Was

hin

gto

nC

inci

nn

ati

Mem

ph

is

Atl

anta

New

Orl

ean

s

Mia

mi

59

2

10

62

1

90

San

Fra

nci

sco

85

1

52 Ph

oen

ix

74

1

826

4 2

12

65

1

52

Bill

ing

s

69

1

92

61

24

07

3

24

55

2 1

77

63

2

11

76

2

27

75

2

37

Sal

t L

ake

Cit

y

Dal

las

63

2

42

69

2

42

St.

Lo

uis

66

2

18 Ch

icag

o

61

2

11

70

2

276

2 2

28

82

162

78

17

8

57

2

00

56

1

88

70

1

66

76

1

92

72

138

Wilm

ing

ton

82

16

2 Ch

arle

sto

n

73

15

2

75

18

6

74

2

17 Gra

nd

Isla

nd

Ab

erd

een

47

2

03

••B

ost

on

61

16

1

••

45

2

26

••

66

1

88

Cas

per

66

2

09

Bo

ise

76

2

23

Ho

ust

on

Las

Veg

as

Bis

mar

ck

Ban

go

r

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TRANSPARENCY NO.

354

GOES-8 W

EATHER-SATELLITE I

MAGE

GOES-8 W

EATHER-SATELLITE I

MAGE

GOES-8 W

EATHER-SATELLITE I

MAGE

GOES-8 W

EATHER-SATELLITE I

MAGE

GOES-8 W

EATHER-SATELLITE I

MAGE

OCT

OCT

OCT

OCT

OCTOBER

OBER

OBER

OBER

OBER 1

8, 2000 2345Z w

ww.g

oes.

noaa.g

ov 1

8, 2000 2345Z w

ww.g

oes.

noaa.g

ov 1

8, 2000 2345Z w

ww.g

oes.

noaa.g

ov 1

8, 2000 2345Z w

ww.g

oes.

noaa.g

ov 1

8, 2000 2345Z w

ww.g

oes.

noaa.g

ov

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

WEATHER-SATELLITE IMAGE

34

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