transparency and meltability in hot-process soapcavemanchemistry.com/hsmgtransmp2012.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Transparency and Meltability
in Hot-Process Soap
Kevin M. Dunn
Spring 2012
$Revision: 1.4 $
1
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Previous Work
• Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937
• Making Transparent Soap, Failor, 1997, 2000
• How to Make Melt & Pour Soap Base from Scratch, Fioravanti,
2011
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Acknowledgements
• Mike Lawson/Columbus Foods
• Hampden-Sydney College
• John Gammon
• Kent Saxton
• Brandon Crosby
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Melt&Pour Soap
All Natural Transparent Melt&Pour
Soap
![Page 5: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Melt&Pour Soap
All Natural Transparent Melt&Pour
Soap
• It’s natural!
![Page 6: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Melt&Pour Soap
All Natural Transparent Melt&Pour
Soap
• It’s natural!
• It melts and pours!
![Page 7: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Melt&Pour Soap
All Natural Transparent Melt&Pour
Soap
• It’s natural!
• It melts and pours!
• It’s transparent!
![Page 8: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Natural
What is So Great About Natural?
![Page 9: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Natural
What is So Great About Natural?
Some completely natural chemicals:
• Cocaine (Coca)
![Page 10: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Natural
What is So Great About Natural?
Some completely natural chemicals:
• Cocaine (Coca)
• Ricin (Castor Beans)
![Page 11: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Natural
What is So Great About Natural?
Some completely natural chemicals:
• Cocaine (Coca)
• Ricin (Castor Beans)
• Morphine (Poppy)
![Page 12: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Natural
What is So Great About Natural?
Some completely natural chemicals:
• Cocaine (Coca)
• Ricin (Castor Beans)
• Morphine (Poppy)
• Nicotine (Tobacco)
![Page 13: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Natural
What is So Great About Natural?
Some completely natural chemicals:
• Cocaine (Coca)
• Ricin (Castor Beans)
• Morphine (Poppy)
• Nicotine (Tobacco)
• Mescaline (Peyote)
![Page 14: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Natural
What is So Great About Natural?
Some completely natural chemicals:
• Cocaine (Coca)
• Ricin (Castor Beans)
• Morphine (Poppy)
• Nicotine (Tobacco)
• Mescaline (Peyote)
• Strychnine (Strychnos Nux Vomica)
![Page 15: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Natural
What is So Great About Natural?
Some completely natural chemicals:
• Cocaine (Coca)
• Ricin (Castor Beans)
• Morphine (Poppy)
• Nicotine (Tobacco)
• Mescaline (Peyote)
• Strychnine (Strychnos Nux Vomica)
• Histamine (Immune System)
![Page 16: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Chemicals?
Ok, So How About Chemical-Free
Transparent Melt&Pour Soap
![Page 17: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Chemicals?
Ok, So How About Chemical-Free
Transparent Melt&Pour Soap
All Chemicals:
• Air
![Page 18: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Chemicals?
Ok, So How About Chemical-Free
Transparent Melt&Pour Soap
All Chemicals:
• Air
• Water
![Page 19: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Chemicals?
Ok, So How About Chemical-Free
Transparent Melt&Pour Soap
All Chemicals:
• Air
• Water
• Soap
![Page 20: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Chemicals?
Ok, So How About Chemical-Free
Transparent Melt&Pour Soap
All Chemicals:
• Air
• Water
• Soap
• Pretty much everything
![Page 21: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Petrochemicals?
Petrochemical-Free Transparent
Melt&Pour Soap?
![Page 22: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Petrochemicals?
Petrochemical-Free Transparent
Melt&Pour Soap?
This would allow:
• Sodium laureth sulfate (palm and coconut oil)
![Page 23: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Petrochemicals?
Petrochemical-Free Transparent
Melt&Pour Soap?
This would allow:
• Sodium laureth sulfate (palm and coconut oil)
And forbid:
• Cocomidapropyl betaine (palm and coconut oil, natural gas)
• Propylene glycol (natural gas)
• Triethanolamine (natural gas)
![Page 24: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Customized Melt&Pour Soap
Customized Transparent Melt&Pour
Soap
Completely free of:
• Whatever your customer wants it to be free of
![Page 25: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Customized Melt&Pour Soap
Customized Transparent Melt&Pour
Soap
Completely free of:
• Whatever your customer wants it to be free of
• For whatever reason
![Page 26: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Customized Melt&Pour Soap
Customized Transparent Melt&Pour
Soap
Completely free of:
• Whatever your customer wants it to be free of
• For whatever reason
• Whether or not you share that preference
![Page 27: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Customized Melt&Pour Soap
Customized Transparent Melt&Pour
Soap
• It’s customized!
• It melts and pours!
• It’s transparent!
![Page 28: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cold-Process Soap
Cold-Process Soap
What happens when you microwave cold-process soap?
![Page 29: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Cold-Process Soap
Cold-Process Soap
What happens when you microwave cold-process soap?
• Frothing
![Page 30: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cold-Process Soap
Cold-Process Soap
What happens when you microwave cold-process soap?
• Frothing
• Steaming
![Page 31: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Cold-Process Soap
Cold-Process Soap
What happens when you microwave cold-process soap?
• Frothing
• Steaming
• No melting
![Page 32: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cold-Process Soap
Cold-Process Soap
What happens when you microwave cold-process soap?
![Page 33: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cold-Process Soap
Cold-Process Soap
What happens when you microwave cold-process soap?
![Page 34: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Why?
Soap Phases
0
20
40
60
80
100
Aq288Aq144Aq0
40
80
120
160
200
100 200 300
Tem
pera
ture
(oC
)
Tem
pera
ture
(oF
)
Moisture Content (ppt)
curd (solid)
curd + neat
neat (gel)
![Page 35: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Soap Solvents
Soap Solvents
We need a solvent with a boiling point higher than the melting
point of soap.
• Ethanol (78◦C, 173◦F)
• Water (100◦C, 212◦F)
• Propylene Glycol (188◦C, 371◦F)
• Glycerol (290◦C, 554◦F)
![Page 36: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Dunn’s Simple Melt&Pour Soap
• CP soap: Coconut900Castor100Lye341
• Soap667Glycerol333
CP soap is shredded with a cheese grater into a beaker. Half its
weight of glycerol is added, and the mixture is microwaved for 15
sec at a time. Much frothing and steaming will ensue; just stir the
froth into the glycerol between microwave bursts. Eventually, the
water will boil away and the soap will dissolve. I used 90% coconut
/ 10% castor oil, but you can try other combinations. More glycerol
will lower the melting point, but increase the “sweatiness.”
![Page 37: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dunn’s Simple Melt&Pour Soap
![Page 38: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Dunn’s Simple Melt&Pour Soap
![Page 39: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Dunn’s Simple Melt&Pour Soap
![Page 40: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Dunn’s Simple Melt&Pour Soap
• Contains only soap and glycerol!
• It melts and pours!
• It’s non-transparent!
![Page 41: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency
Quartz (wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz)
![Page 42: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency
Sand (wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand)
![Page 43: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency
Glass (wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass)
![Page 44: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency
Rock Candy (wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_candy)
![Page 45: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency
Sugar (wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar)
![Page 46: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency
Honey (wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey)
![Page 47: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency
Opaque MP Soap Under Polarized Light (40X)
![Page 48: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency
Transparent MP Soap Under Polarized Light (40X)
![Page 49: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency vs Color
Transparent:
• Honey
• Colored Glass
• Red Wine
![Page 50: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency vs Color
Transparent:
• Honey
• Colored Glass
• Red Wine
Colorless:
• Corn Syrup
• Window Glass
• White Wine
![Page 51: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Transparency
Transparency
The industry standard for transparency is that 14-point type
should be legible when read through a 1/4 inch slab. Commercial
transparent MP soap usually exceeds this standard significantly.
![Page 52: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Background Chemistry
Background Chemistry
Oil and water don’t mix.
![Page 53: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Background Chemistry
Oil and Water
![Page 54: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Background Chemistry
Nerds and Cheerleaders
Lipophilic
Hydrophilic
![Page 55: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Oil, Lye and and Soap
Oil and Lye
![Page 56: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Oil, Lye and and Soap
One Soap
![Page 57: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Oil, Lye and and Soap
Two Soaps
![Page 58: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Oil, Lye and and Soap
Three Soaps and a Glycerin
![Page 59: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Oil, Lye and and Soap
Soap: A Nerdy Cheerleader
Amphiphilic
![Page 60: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Oil, Lye and and Soap
Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid
![Page 61: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Oil, Lye and and Soap
Ricinoleic Acid
![Page 62: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Fatty Acid and Lye
Fatty Acid + Lye
![Page 63: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Fatty Acid and Lye
Fatty Acid + Lye = Soap
![Page 64: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Fast and Slow Soap
Two Ways to Make Soap
From Oil
• Oil + 3 NaOH = Glycerol + 3 NaSoap
• Fairly slow, 1-4 hours
![Page 65: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fast and Slow Soap
Two Ways to Make Soap
From Oil
• Oil + 3 NaOH = Glycerol + 3 NaSoap
• Fairly slow, 1-4 hours
From Fatty Acid
• FattyAcid + NaOH = Water + NaSoap
• Fairly rapid, seconds
![Page 66: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Solvents
Solvents: Water
![Page 67: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Solvents
Solvents: Ethanol
![Page 68: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Solvents
Solvents: Propylene Glycol
![Page 69: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Solvents
Solvents: Glycerol
![Page 70: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Solvents
Solvents: Sorbitol
![Page 71: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Detergents
Detergents: Sodium Laureth Sulfate
![Page 72: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Fatty Alcohols
Fatty Alcohols: Cetyl Alcohol
![Page 73: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Alkali
Mild Alcohol-Soluble Alkali:
Triethanolamine
![Page 74: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Transparent Soap
Transparent Soap
Thomssen and Kemp (1939):
• 22% Coconut Oil
• 14% Tallow
• 7% Castor Oil
• 23% Lye
• 11% Ethanol
• 10% Sugar
• 6% Glycerol
• 6% Water
• 1% Color, Scent
![Page 75: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Transparent Soap
Transparent Soap
Thomssen and Kemp (1939):
• Contains only soap and solvents!
• It’s transparent!
• It does not melt or pour (why not?)
![Page 76: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Transparent Soap
Transparent Soap
Thomssen and Kemp (1939):
66% Soap
• 22% Coconut Oil
• 14% Tallow
• 7% Castor Oil
• 23% Lye
33% Solvents
• 11% Ethanol
• 10% Sugar
• 6% Glycerol
• 6% Water
![Page 77: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Crosby Transparent MP Soap
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Soap Version:
• 31% CP Coconut900Castor100Lye341
• 63% Glycerol
• 4% Cetyl Alcohol
• 2% Sorbitol
![Page 78: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Crosby Transparent MP Soap
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Soap Version:
• CP Coconut209Castor24Lye80
• Glycerol630
• Cetyl Alcohol40
• Sorbitol20
![Page 79: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Crosby Transparent MP Soap
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Soap Version:
Make up the CP Coconut/Castor-oil soap in advance and shave
it with a cheese grater. Add glycerol, cetyl alcohol, and sorbitol.
Heat on a hotplate until everything is fully dissolved and the so-
lution is transparent. Pour into mold.
![Page 80: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Crosby Transparent MP Soap
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Soap Version:
• Contains only soap and solvents!
• It melts and pours!
• It’s transparent amber!
• It sweats when exposed to humid air.
Soap samples are labeled with red stickers.
![Page 81: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Crosby Transparent MP Soap
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Soap Version:
31% Soap
• 28% Coconut Oil Soap
• 3% Castor Oil Soap
69% Solvents
• 63% Glycerol
• 4% Cetyl Alcohol
• 2% Sorbitol
![Page 82: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Fatty Acid Version:
• StearicAcid192
• MyristicAcid96
• Lye88
• Glycerol577
• TEA47
![Page 83: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Fatty Acid Version:
Add all ingredients. Heat on a hotplate until everything is fully
dissolved and the solution is transparent. Pour into mold.
![Page 84: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Fatty Acid Version:
• Contains only soap, solvents, and mild base!
• It melts and pours!
• It’s transparent and colorless!
• It sweats when exposed to humid air.
Soap samples are unlabeled.
![Page 85: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Crosby’s Transparent MP Soap
Fatty Acid Version:
34% Soap
• 23% Sodium Stearate
• 11% Sodium Myristate
62% Solvent, 4% Mild Alkali
• 58% Glycerol
• 4% Water
• 4% TEA
![Page 86: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Dunn Transparent MP Soap
Dunn’s Castor Transparent MP Soap
• 25% CP Coconut1000Lye352
• 25% HP Castor1000Lye227 (superfatted)
• 50% Glycerol
![Page 87: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Dunn Transparent MP Soap
Dunn’s Castor Transparent MP Soap
• CP Coconut185Lye65
• HP Castor204Lye46
• Glycerol500
![Page 88: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Dunn Transparent MP Soap
Dunn’s Castor Transparent MP Soap
Make up the CP Coconut-oil soap in advance and shave it with
a cheese grater. Add the desired amount amount of castor oil
and Lye to a beaker and heat in the microwave to about 60◦C
(140◦F). This “lights” the saponification. Allow it to cool back to
60◦C (140◦F), thus ensuring that the saponification is largely com-
plete. Add coconut soap shavings and glycerol. Heat in the mi-
crowave until everything is fully dissolved and the solution is
transparent. Pour into mold.
![Page 89: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Dunn Transparent MP Soap
Dunn’s Castor Transparent MP Soap
• Contains only soap and glycerol!
• It melts and pours!
• It’s transparent!
• It sweats, but sweats transparently.
![Page 90: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Dunn Transparent MP Soap
Tweaked Transparent MP Soap
51% Soap
• 27% Superfatted Castor Oil Soap
• 24% Coconut Oil Soap
49% Solvents
• 43% Glycerol
• 6% Water (partially cooked off)
Same as before, but with less glycerol. Less transparent than
the previous formula, but also less sweaty. These are the sample
heart soaps.
![Page 91: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Gammon/Saxton Transparent MP Soap
Gammon/Saxton MP Soap
A variation on one of Fioravanti’s formulas, but with no propylene
glycol
• SodiumLaurethSulfate261
• StearicAcid114
• MyristicAcid53
• Lye52
• Glycerol326
• Sorbitol (70% solution)171
• TEA23
![Page 92: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Gammon/Saxton Transparent MP Soap
Gammon/Saxton MP Soap
Add all ingredients. Heat on a hotplate until everything is fully
dissolved and the solution is transparent. Pour into mold.
![Page 93: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Gammon/Saxton Transparent MP Soap
Gammon/Saxton MP Soap
• Contains no propylene glycol!
• It melts and pours!
• It’s transparent and colorless!
• It does not sweat!
These samples are labeled with blue stickers.
![Page 94: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Gammon/Saxton Transparent MP Soap
Gammon/Saxton MP Soap
26% Detergent
• 26% Sodium Laureth Sulfate
19% Soap
• 13% Sodium Stearate
• 6% Sodium Myristate
53% Solvents, 2% Mild Alkali
• 33% Glycerol
• 12% Sorbitol
• 8% Water (partially cooked off)
• 2% TEA
![Page 95: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Lessons
Melt and Pour
MP soap can be made from CP soap by rebatching with glycerol
instead of water.
• Start at 2 parts soap to 1 part glycerol
• Increase glycerol portion for more transparency
• Decrease glycerol portion for less sweating
![Page 96: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Lessons
Transparency
Transparent MP soap can be made from CP or HP soap or from
fatty acids.
• MP soap from fatty acids have less residual color
• HP castor oil soap improves transparency
![Page 97: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Lessons
Sweating
Transparent MP soaps absorb water from the air because of their
high glycerol concentration.
• Including SLES reduces the need for glycerol
• SLES MP soaps sweat less than those without SLES
![Page 98: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Scientific Soapmaking
Scientific Soapmaking
Thanks to the HSMG for all the questions I could not have an-
swered 6 years ago.
![Page 99: Transparency and Meltability in Hot-Process Soapcavemanchemistry.com/HsmgTransMP2012.pdf · Previous Work • Modern Soap Making, Thommssen and Kemp, 1937 • Making Transparent Soap,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042605/5a701d457f8b9ab6538baa03/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Scientific Soapmaking
Scientific Soapmaking
Thanks to the HSMG for all the questions I may be able to answer
in the coming years.