translation tutorial place your keyboard aside. only use the mouse

Translation Tutorial

Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.

Translation

Translation takes place at the ribosome and it’s the process of the ribosomes creating proteins from smaller amino acids. How did we get to the ribosome? Let’s review.

ribosome

ribosomeribosome

Transcription Review

A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule.

CELL NUCEUS

ribosome

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Transcription Review

A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule.

Next, free floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the open DNA molecule.

Once finished, the mRNA breaks away and exits the nucleus. The mRNA will then join a ribosome. Now, the process of translation will begin.

CELL NUCEUS

ribosome

AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA

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Translation Process

The ribosome will read 3 mRNA nucleotides at a time. The 3 mRNA nucleotides are called a codon. Each codon will match for the delivery of a specific amino acid.

Remember that amino acids link together to create a single protein.

ribosome

Click to see the codons

It took scientists many years of experimentation to learn which codon creates which amino acid.

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The Genetic Code

This table is the same for almost every organism on Earth. In the chart above, click on the “AUG” codon.

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AUG codon

Correct! Whenever an AUG codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called METHIONINE will be delivered to the ribosome. Notice how the chart says “start codon” below methionine? This also means that the codon AUG will activate the ribosome to start the process of making a protein.

Click on the CCA codon.

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CCA codon

Correct! Whenever a CCA codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called PROLINE will be delivered to the ribosome. This process will continue until a “Stop codon” is read by the ribosome. This is how the ribosome knows that a protein is finished.

Click on any of the STOP CODONS.

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Transfer RNACorrect! Stop codons tell

the ribosome to stop making a protein.

So who…or what…is delivering these amino acids? In the cytoplasm, there are countless amino acids and other molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). tRNA will pick up the proper amino acid and deliver it to the ribosome.

Amino Acid methionine

Amino Acid serine

Amino Acid proline

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Watching the ProcessThe mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon

at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.

ribosome

phenylalanine

leucine

isoleucine

methionine

valine

serine

proline

threonine

alanine

tyrosine

histidine

glutamine

asparagine

lysine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

cysteine

tryptophan

arginine

glycine


Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon.

Stop codon

choices

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1st codon



ribosome

phenylalanine

leucine

isoleucine

methionine

valine

serine

proline

threonine

alanine

tyrosine

histidine

glutamine

asparagine

lysine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

cysteine

tryptophan

arginine

glycine



Stop codon

choices

BACK



ribosome

phenylalanine

leucine

isoleucine

methionine

valine

serine

proline

threonine

alanine

tyrosine

histidine

glutamine

asparagine

lysine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

cysteine

tryptophan

arginine

glycine



Click on the next amino acid to be delivered.

Stop codon

choices

2nd codon

Watching the ProcessCorrect! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver

proline to the ribosome.

phenylalanine

leucine

isoleucine

methionine

valine

serine

proline

threonine

alanine

tyrosine

histidine

glutamine

asparagine

lysine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

cysteine

tryptophan

arginine

glycine

ribosome


Amino Acid proline

Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon.

Stop codon

choices

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Watching the ProcessClick on the amino acid which will be the 3rd delivered to the ribosome.

phenylalanine

leucine

isoleucine

methionine

valine

serine

proline

threonine

alanine

tyrosine

histidine

glutamine

asparagine

lysine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

cysteine

tryptophan

arginine

glycine

ribosome


Amino Acid proline

Amino Acid tyrosine

Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch.

Stop codon

choices

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Watching the ProcessClick on the amino acid which will the 3rd delivered to the ribosome.

phenylalanine

leucine

isoleucine

methionine

valine

serine

proline

threonine

alanine

tyrosine

histidine

glutamine

asparagine

lysine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

cysteine

tryptophan

arginine

glycine

ribosome


Amino Acid proline

Amino Acid tyrosine

Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch.

Click on the amino acid that will be 4th delivered.

Stop codon

choices

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Watching the ProcessYep… GGC is the codon for the amino acid GLYCINE. Transfer RNA will deliver

glycine to the ribosome.

phenylalanine

leucine

isoleucine

methionine

valine

serine

proline

threonine

alanine

tyrosine

histidine

glutamine

asparagine

lysine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

cysteine

tryptophan

arginine

glycine

ribosome


Amino Acid proline Amino Acid

tyrosine

Amino Acid glycine

Now what happens?

Stop codon

tRNA exitsmRNA reads the DNA

DNA helix splits

choices

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Watching the ProcessYou got it!

phenylalanine

leucine

isoleucine

methionine

valine

serine

proline

threonine

alanine

tyrosine

histidine

glutamine

asparagine

lysine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

cysteine

tryptophan

arginine

glycine

ribosome



tyrosine

Amino Acid glycine

Examine the next codon and click the proper choice from the table below.

Stop codon

choices

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Watching the ProcessSTOP! This protein is finished. The ribosome and mRNA will break apart. How

many amino acids long is this finished protein?

phenylalanine

leucine

isoleucine

methionine

valine

serine

proline

threonine

alanine

tyrosine

histidine

glutamine

asparagine

lysine

Aspartic acid

Glutamic acid

cysteine

tryptophan

arginine

glycine

ribosome



tyrosine

Amino Acid glycine

Stop codon

One ThreeTwo

Four Five

choices

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This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. In reality, they are often thousands of amino acids in size. This finished protein will now by used by the cell or exported by which organelle of the cell?



tyrosine

Amino Acid glycine

Golgi body

Rough ER

Mitochondria

Chlorplast

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Final ReviewGood memory.

Review #1: Which process creates the mRNA that is read by the ribosome?

Replication

Transcription

Translation

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Final ReviewCorrect!

Review #2: What does tRNA deliver to the ribosome?

mRNA

DNA

Amino acids

Proteins

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Review #3: Which molecule directly determines which amino acid transfer RNA delivers to the ribosome?

messenger RNA

DNA

RNA polymerase

The nucleus

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Review #4: Where does the process of translation take place?

Inside the nucleus

Inside the Golgi body

At the ribosome

Inside the vacuole

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Review #5: If the DNA code was TTC-AAT-GGC, perform transcription to determine the mRNA code.

AAG-TTA-CCG

TTC-AAT-GGC

AAG-UUA-CCG

UUG-TTA-UCG

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Review #6: If the mRNA code is AAG-UUA-CCG, which three amino acids are going to be delivered to the ribosome?

LYSINE – CYSTEINE - ASPARAGINE

LEUCINE - PROLINE - VALINE

LYSINE – LEUCINE - PROLINE

SERINE – METHIONINE - GLUTAMIC ACID

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Correct!

I hope this tutorial was helpful. This will be posted on my website for you to review at any time. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review.

Find the AUG codon. This code tells the ribosome to deliver the amino acid called methionine. Click on the AUG codon to proceed.

Find the CCA codon. This code tells the ribosome to deliver the amino acid called proline. Click on the CCA codon to proceed.

Find the stop codons. These codes tells the ribosome to stop creating the protein. Click on the any stop codon to proceed.

The first three letters are AUG. The ribosome reads the AUG and the amino acid called methionine is delivered. Click return to try again. return

The next three letters are CCA. The ribosome reads the CCA and the amino acid called proline is delivered. Click return to try again. return

The next three letters are UAU. The ribosome reads the UAU and the amino acid called tyrosine is delivered. Click return to try again. return

DNA is not directly involved in translation. Try again.

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This has already happened. I want to know what happens next. Try again.return

The next three letters are UAA. The ribosome reads the UAA and this is one of the signals to stop creating the protein. Click return to try again.

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Count ‘em up!

This protein is only 4 amino acids in length.



tyrosine

Amino Acid glycine

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Click return to try again.

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Mitochondria Creates ATP energy

Rough ER Transports ribosomes around the cell

Chloroplast Creates sugars by photosynthesis


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Replication Process of DNA duplication

Translation Process of creating proteins


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mRNA Their role is to read the DNA code and carry the message to a ribosome

DNA It’s role is to provide the original code to create a protein

Proteins They are created by translation and used in a wide variety of cell functions.


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DNA It’s role is to provide the original code to create a protein.

RNA polymerase It’s role is to cut the DNA at the start of transcription.

The Nucleus This is where transcription occurs when the DNA is copied by the mRNA.


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Inside the nucleus Transcription takes place inside the nucleus (not translation)

Inside the Golgi body

This is where a finished protein will travel to be sorted. However, the protein is not created at the Golgi body.

Inside the Vacuole This is where food and water are stored. The vacuole plays no part in translation.

Remember this transcription table? return

DNA nucleotide mRNA nucleotide

A U

T A

C G

G C

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-UUA-CCG

I will help you get started. The first codon is AAG. Find AAG on the mRNA codon chart. AAG codes for lysine. This is the amino acid that tRNA will deliver.

AAG

translation tutorial place your keyboard aside. only use the mouse

Documents

ribosome slide

codon slide

cca codon

start codon

specific amino acid

proper amino acid

codon choices

cell nuceus ribosome