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Page 1: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Translation

Page 2: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Translation

The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code.

Page 3: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

The Players

1. mRNA transcribed from genomic DNA

2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) to transport amino acids

3. Ribosome to “read” mRNA, align amino acids attached to tRNA and create the peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids

Page 4: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Ribosome

Two subunits composed of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

The rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome subunits

Page 5: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

The Ribosome (Eukaryote)

80S

40S

60S

18S RNA +33 proteins

28S RNA +49 proteins

Page 6: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

tRNAtRNAs are small, extremely stable RNA structures

shaped like a cloverleaf due to internal base pairing

They are almost identical in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

They contain a number of posttranscriptional modifications, including non-traditional bases (other than (A, U, G and C)

Page 7: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

tRNA

Page 8: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

tRNA

The amino acid attaches to the 3’ end of the tRNA

tRNA can base pair with the codon in mRNA at the anticodon anticodon on the tRNA

Page 9: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Charging tRNA with an Amino AcidAn individual tRNA is specific for a single amino

acid. (There are at least 20 different tRNAs)

ChargingCharging is the process of covalently attaching an amino acid to the tRNA

Charging is accomplished by aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, each of which is specific for an amino acid.

Page 10: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

The process is essentially the same, but somewhat more complicated in eukaryotes.

What I am showing you is the process for prokaryotes, but at the end I’ll talk a little bit about eukaryotes.

Page 11: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Steps in Translation1. Initiation—the two subunits of the ribosome

come together and the start codon on the mRNA in the ribosome is aligned to set the reading frame

2. Elongation—Charged tRNAs attach and peptide bonds form between the amino acids

3. Termination

Page 12: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code
Page 13: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code
Page 14: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code
Page 15: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code
Page 16: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code
Page 17: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code
Page 18: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Page 19: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes:

1. Translation takes place directly after transcription

2. mRNA is not modified

3. Transcription and translation take place in the same area

Page 20: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code
Page 21: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

5’3’

Page 22: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes:1. Transcript is modified before leaving the nucleus

(5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail)2. Modifications increase translation efficiency and

lifespan of the mRNA3. Translation takes place on ribosomes located in

the rough endoplasmic reticulum (translation is physically separated from transcription)

Page 23: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Eukaryotes

Page 24: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Influence on gene expression forms the basis of function in many antibiotics.

The purpose is to impair function in the prokaryote without disrupting function in eukaryotes.

Page 25: Translation. The final product of gene expression is a polypeptide chain of amino acids whose sequence was prescribed by the genetic code

Antibiotics

1. Tetracycline: Blocks attachment of the AA-tRNA to the A site in the ribosome

2. Erythromycin: Blocks the movement of the ribosome down the mRNA

3. Streptomycin: Blocks formation of the initiation complex and causes miscoding

4. Rifamycin: Blocks transcription by blocking binding of RNA polymerase


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