transcription and translation. protein structure made up of amino acids polypeptide- string of...

Transcription and Translation

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Transcription and Translation

Protein Structure

Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids

bonded together (peptide bonds) Enzymes are proteins

20 amino acids are arranged in different orders to make a variety of proteins

Assembled on a ribosome

Transcription and Translation: An Overview

Transcription

Translation

RNA vs. DNA

DNA Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar Bases: C,G A,T

RNA Single stranded Ribose sugar Bases: C,G,A,U

Transcription

mRNA from DNA mRNA’s bases are

complementary to that of DNA C-G A-U NOTICE: Uracil

replaces Thymine Occurs in nucleus

Page 6: Transcription and Translation. Protein Structure Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids bonded together (peptide bonds) Enzymes

Major players in transcription

RNA polymerase- Unwind DNA

sequence mRNA is

synthesized using 1 strand of DNA (template strand)

Long chain of mRNA nucleotides are createdbases complementary to the DNA template

TRANSCRIPTION

ACGATACCCTGACGAGCGTTAGCTATCGUGCUAUGGGACU

**Each group of 3 bases of mRNA (see colors above) are called a codons

Transcription

After transcription, mRNA- now has the information to carry out protein synthesis

Transcription is done…what now?

Now we have mRNA transcribed from the cell’s DNA.

It leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore into the cytoplasm

Once in the cytoplasm, it finds a ribosome where translation can begin.

The mRNA code has to be read now so a protein can be “assembled”

Translation

Second stage of protein production mRNA is on a ribosome and “read”

in groups of three bases (a codon) tRNA brings amino acids to the

ribosome

Page 11: Transcription and Translation. Protein Structure Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids bonded together (peptide bonds) Enzymes

tRNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is bound to one amino acid on one end

tRNA anticodon complements mRNA codon.

If they do not complement, the tRNA’s amino acid will not be a part of the protein!

Page 12: Transcription and Translation. Protein Structure Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids bonded together (peptide bonds) Enzymes

Ribosome Reads the DNA code

Every mRNA codon of bases encode for an amino acid (see chart handout of Amino Acids)

There is a Start codon (AUG) telling the ribosome where to start translation and a STOP codon ending protein synthesis

Page 13: Transcription and Translation. Protein Structure Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids bonded together (peptide bonds) Enzymes

ACGATACCCTGACGAGCGTTAGCTATCGUGCUAUGGGACUG

Page 14: Transcription and Translation. Protein Structure Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids bonded together (peptide bonds) Enzymes

After All Is Said and Done….

The amino acid sequence forms a proteinLeads to a particular function and

phenotype (trait) in an organism Proteins can be structural (forming a

part of cell materials) Proteins can be functional

(hormones, enzymes, biochemicals)

Protein

Protein Shapes Vary

Amylase – an enzyme in your mouth Hemoglobin on Red blood cells

Page 17: Transcription and Translation. Protein Structure Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids bonded together (peptide bonds) Enzymes

Transcription vs. Translation Review

Transcription Process by which

genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA

Occurs in the nucleus

DNA mRNA

Translation Process by which

information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome

Occurs on a Ribosome

mRNA protein as tRNA brings in its Amino Acid

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