translacia /transpozicia qartulsi (substantivacia da …...cvenc `translaciis~ tyveobasi da daviwyet...
TRANSCRIPT
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
qarTveluri enaTmecniereba
Tea teteloSvili
translacia / transpozicia qarTulSi
(substantivacia da adieqtivacia)
filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu profesori Tedo uTurgaiZe
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu asoc. profesori kaxa gabunia
Tbilisi
2015
1
Sesavali
qarTuli enis mravalferovani buneba, nairgvar sityvaformaTa
qmnadobisa Tu am formaTa araZiriTadi, zogjer ki _ moulodneli
funqciebiT aRWurvis unari xazs usvams qarTuli enis moqnilobas da
mkvlevrebs ayenebs rTuli gamowvevis SinaSe _ amoxsnan is meqanizmi,
romlis wyalobiTac ena am `saswaulebs~ axdens. swored ase aRmovCndiT
Cvenc `translaciis~ tyveobaSi da daviwyeT am enobrivi movlenis kvleva.
marTalia, Sesaswavli sakiTxi misi didi moculobis gamo SemovfargleT
substantivacia-adieqtivaciis sazRvrebSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa,
SevecadeT gveCvenebina enaSi moqmedi is ZiriTadi berketebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia sityvaTa/enobriv erTeulTa saunjis
usasrulo zrda.
translaciis, rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, mecnierul Seswavlas
qarTul lingvistikaSi didi xnis istoria ar aqvs, Tumca, misi
specifikidan gamomdinare, mas iribad mainc yvela gramatikosi exeba, vinc
qarTul enas met-naklebi sisruliT ikvlevs. amjerad Cven sakiTxs
warmovadgenT kompleqsurad, enobrivi sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT da
vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare sadisertacio naSromi garkveulwilad
mainc gascems pasuxs im mraval kiTxvas, romlebic xsenebuli
gramatikuli movlenis Sesaxeb daismis.
ramdenadac sakiTxi masStaburia, xolo sadisertacio naSromisTvis
wayenebuli moTxovnebi _ mkacrad gansazRvruli, aq ver ganvixilavT
translaciis yvela niuanss. vfiqrobT, rom misi srulyofili kvleva
momavlis saqmea da Cveni naSromi mxolod mokrZalebuli mcdelobaa am
metad saintereso sakiTxis gaSuqebisa.
2
I. sakiTxis arsi da aqtualuroba
enis mecnieruli Seswavla-damuSaveba gansxvavebuli Tu identuri
meTodologia-midgomebiT mraval wels iTvlis. aRweriTi da istoriul-
SedarebiTi TvalsazrisiT qarTuli enis kvlevam seriozul simaRleze
aiyvana qarTuli lingvisturi azri, araerTi fundamenturi naSromi
SegvZina Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis mimarTulebiT. meoce saukunis
bolosa da ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi axali gamowvevis winaSe
aRmoCnda yvela ena da maT Soris _ qarTulic. kerZod, sakomunikacio
saSualebebis swrafma ganviTarebam da misma SeWram sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis yvela sferoSi gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba mianiWa enis
mecnieruli Seswavlis iseTi axal mimarTulebebs, romlebic bunebrivi
enis kompiuteruli damuSavebisaTvis sasicocxlod saWiroa. rogorc s.
levinsoni da n. ivansi aRniSnaven, `lingvistika aris monacemebis,
meTodebisa da Teoriis didi cvlilebebis zRvarze~ (levinsoni, 2010:
2733). mniSvnelovni gaxda enobrivi erTeulebisa da maTi urTierTkavSiris
aRwera struqturul-funqciuri TvalsazrisiT. enis amgvari Seswavla, ra
Tqma unda, logikuri gagrZelebaa fundamenturi kvlevebisa da efuZneba
kidec mas, Tumca igi gansxvavebul WrilSi aSuqebs garkveul enobriv
movlenebs, riTac udavod xels uwyobs rogorc lingvisturi azris
ganviTarebas, ise enaTmecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyenebiTi
daniSnulebis zrdas.
meoce saukunis lingvisturi kvlevebi, rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTadad
ori mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda. es is mimarTulebebia, romlebmac
asaxva struqturul da transformaciul gramatikebSi pova da
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrove msoflio enaTmecnierebis
ganviTarebaSi (ele, 2006: 181). im sakiTxTa Soris, romlebsac
struqturuli lingvistikis mimdevrebi Seexnen, erT-erTi translaciaa.
xsenebuli grmatikuli movlenis Seswavla dakavSirebulia frangi
enaTmecnieris, lusien tenieris, saxelTan (tenieri, 1988). misi
TvalsazrisiT, metyvelebis wrfivi mimdinareoba gramatikulad
struqturul models qmnis, romelic agebulia daqvemdebarebaze.
amitomacaa, rom Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi l. tenierisa da misi
3
mimdevrebis gramatikuli Sexedulebebi cnobilia, rogorc
daqvemdebarebiTi gramatikuli Teoria. mniSvnelovania, rom XXI saukunis
mecnierebaSi yuradRebas amaxvileben daqvemdebarebiTi modelebis rolze
bunebriv enaTa manqanuri Targmnis procesSi. magaliTad, s. fujitasa da
f. bondis azriT, `daqvemdebarebiTi informaciis gareSe Targmani aris
gaugebari~ (fujita... 2007: 3) da isini modelebis Seqmnisas
xelmZRvaneloben meTodiT, romelic efuZneba Sexedulebas imis Taobaze,
rom `msgavsi mniSvnelobis zmnebs tipobrivad msgavsi daqvemdebarebiTi
struqturebi aqvT~ (fujita... 2007: 7).
ramdenadac tenieris midgoma enis stuqturul-funqciur Seswavlas
gulisxmobs, man swored struqturuli gramatikis sakiTxebTan
mimarTebiT Camoayaliba translaciis Teoria. lusien tenieri termin
`translaciiT~ asaxavs movlenas, rodesac „srulmniSvnelovani sityva
erTi gramatikuli klasidan gadadis meoreSi“ (tenieri, 1988: 378). sityvis
klasi da funqcia imdenad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, rom
klasis cvlileba iwvevs sityvis funqciis cvlilebas da piriqiT.
mkvlevari upiratesobas termin „translacias“ imitom aniWebs, rom igi ar
gvxvdeba sxva gramatikuli movlenis gamosaxatavad, Tumca iqve SeniSnavs,
rom inglisurisTvis aRniSnuli terminis gamoyenebas garkveuli
uxerxuloba axlavs (translation _ Targmna) da am enisTvis `translaciis~
fardad „transference“-s asaxelebs (tenieri, 1988: 380). Tanamedrove
enaTmecnierebaSi `translaciis~ sinonimur terminad gvxvdeba
`transpoziciac~. kerZod, enciklopedia „qarTul enaSi“ „transpozicia“
(viwro gagebiT) ganmartebulia, rogorc „sityvis gadasvla erTi
metyvelebis nawilidan meoreSi _ sruli, anu morfologiuri
transpozicia. an sityvis gamoyeneba sxva metyvelebis nawilis funqciiT _
usruli, anu sintaqsuri transpozicia“ (qarTuli ena, 2008: 460).
„transpoziciis“ (viwro gagebiT) msgavsi gansazRvrebaa warmodgenili
„lingvistur enciklopediur leqsikonSic“ (lel, 1990: 519). qarTul
saenaTmecniero literaturaSi orive terminis gamoyenebis praqtika
arsebobs (arabuli, 2001; uTurgaiZe, 2005; uTurgaiZe... 2007; uTurgaiZe, 2009;
qurdaZe, 2013 da sxv.). Cvenc meti sicxadisaTvis naSromis saTaurad orive
sinonimur termins vuTiTebT, Tumca msjelobisas gamoviyenebT
4
`translacias~ (ramdenadac Cveni kvleva iTvaliswinebs l. tenieris
`translaciis Teorias~). rac Seexeba inglisurenovan Targmans, sakiTxze
muSaobis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom umjobesia mivmarToT termin
`transpozicias~, rogorc inglisurenovan praqtikaSi damkvidrebul
termins.
ramdenadac translirebisas sityvaTa klasebis cvlilebaze
vsaubrobT, unda ganimartos, ra moiazreba maTSi. `gramatikuli
aRwerisTvis sityvaTa klasebis sistemis mniSvneloba SeniSnes jer kidev
antikur epoqaSi~ (robinsi, 1966: 5), Tumca dRemde gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebi arsebobs ama Tu im enaSi sityvaTa klasebis raodenobasa da
maTi gamoyofis kriteriumebze. l. tenieri akritikebs metyvelebis
nawilTa tradiciul klasifikacias da srulmniSvnelovnad da arasrul-
mniSvnelovnad sityvebis dajgufebis safuZvelze srulmniSvnelovan
sityvebSi gamoyofs arsebiT saxelebs, zmnebs, zedsarTavebsa da
zmnizedebs, arasrulmniSvnelovan sityvebSi _ kavSirebs, translativebsa
da markerebs, calke jgufad aerTianebs anaforul sityvebsa da sityva-
winadadebebsac (Sorisdebulebi da a.S.). tenieris sityvaTa klasebi arsiT
ufro metia, vidre tradiciuli klasifikaciis mixedviT gamoyofili
metyvelebis nawilebi. daismis kiTxva _ qarTulSi translaciis
Seswavlisas Cven gaviTvaliswinebT sityvebis tenieriseul Tu
tradiciul klasifikacias?!
Tanamedrove qarTuli enis gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi
gamoyofilia aTi metyvelebis nawili: arsebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi
saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmna, zmnizeda, Tandebuli,
kavSiri, nawilaki da Sorisdebuli. metyvelebis nawilebad iwodeba
rogorc srulmniSvnelovani, ise arasrulmniSvnelovani sityvebi. Cvens
mizans ar warmoadgens xsenebuli klasifikaciis Sefaseba, Tumca unda
iTqvas, rom im uxerxulobis gamo, romelsac es dajgufeba iwvevs, misi
marTebulobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia gansxvavebuli mosazrebanic. kerZod,
arn. Ciqobava statiaSi „qarTuli ena, misi agebuleba-Sedgenilobis
zogadi sakiTxebi“ metyvelebis nawilTa damkvidrebuli klasifikaciis
Sesaxeb wers: „aseTi dajgufeba garkveul viTarebaSi gaCnda, saxeldobr,
roca gramatikaSi mxolod erTi dargi iyo da mas ekisreboda yoveli
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sityvis daxasiaTeba, rac ki winadadebaSi iyo, masTan _ funqciis mxrivac,
aRnagobis mxrivac. im xanad aseTi dajgufeba garkveul miRwevas
warmoadgenda... isic unda iTqvas, rom arsebiTi, zedsarTavi da ricxviTi
saxeli erT sibrtyeze ar idga, sam erTeuls ara qmnida da „saxelebSi“
iyrida Tavs. sam Tanabar erTeulad dayofa gvian moxda, filosofiis
zegavlenam gamoiwvia, da morfologiis TvalsazrisiT ukan gadadgmul
nabijs warmoadgenda. mas Semdeg, rac enaTmecnierebaSi dargTa wyeba
Camoyalibda, cxadia, dionise Trakielis sqemis datovebas mecnieruli
safuZveli ar moepoveba: morfologia sityvas swavlobs misi struqturis
TvalsazrisiT. amitom morfologiaSi mxolod is sityva unda darCes,
rasac struqtura aqvs, e.i. morfologiuri kategoria moepoveba. aseTia
saxeli da zmna. zmnisarTi da misi qvejgufebi leqsikuri niSnis mixedviT
erTiandeba da, cxadia, leqsikologiaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli,
Tandebulebi _ sintaqssa da stilistikaSi; aseve _ kavSiri da nawilakebi.
maSin ar iqneba iseTi mdgomareoba, roca erTi da igive sityva or
metyvelebis nawils ganekuTvneba („vinc“, „rac“, „romelic“
nacvalsaxelic aris da kavSiric; „sadac“ _ zmnisarTicaa da kavSiric...
da es imitom xdeba, rom „kavSiri“ sxva niSnis mixedviT gamoyofili
erTeulia da „nacvalsaxeli“ _ sxva niSnis mixedviT“ (Ciqobava, 1964: 40).
ufro metic, calsaxad uaryofiTia arn. Ciqobavas Sefaseba sityvebis
damkvidrebuli dayofis mimarT: `metyvelebis nawilTa tradiciuli
klasifikacia uvargisia, rogorc klasifikacia~, _ aRniSnavs igi
(Ciqobava, 2008: 197).
metyvelebis nawilTa tradiciulisgan gansxvavebul klasifikacias
gvTavazobs b. jorbenaZec: „Tandebuli da nawilaki arsebiTad aris
morfema, nawevari _ morfemoidia. Sorisdebuli leqsikologiuri cnebaa
da amitomac leqsikologiaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli, xolo
morfologiurad igi an saxelis fuZed iqceva (vais gaveyare, vuis
Seveyare...), an zmnisa (viSobs, vaglaxobs, ariqaT, suT!..). kavSiri
sintaqsuri cnebaa da sintaqsSi unda iqnes ganxiluli. zmnizeda zmnis
msazRvrelia, zmnas ki igi brunvaSi ver SeuTanxmdeba, amitomac tovebs
formaucvleli sityvis STabeWdilebas. sinamdvileSi zmnizeda
formacvalebadi sityvaa“ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 23). b. jorbenaZes
6
umarTebulod miaCnia nacvalsaxelis calke metyvelebis nawilad
gamoyofac. Tu nacvalsaxeli substantivs cvlis, rogorc metyvelebis
nawili _ substantivia, mecnieris azriT, xolo, Tu atributivs cvlis _
atributivia. mniSvnelovania, rom mkvlevari I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs
ar Tvlis nacvalsaxelebad. „vuwodoT „me“ da „Sen“ formebs
nacvalsaxeli, es igivea „givi“, „daviTi“ formebis mimarT „kaci“
gamovacxadoT nacvalsaxelad“, _ aRniSnavs igi da sabolood gvawvdis
metyvelebis nawilTa Semdegnair klasifikacias (jorbenaZe, 1995: 25):
saxeli substantivi
atributivi saxelis atributivi
zmnis atributivi
zmna
metyvelebis nawilTa jgufebSi sityvaTa gaerTianebisas
erTgvarovani principebis ararsebobas usvams xazs g. nebieriZec.
`mocemul klasifikacias Tu ganvixilavT semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT,
aRmoCndeba, rom masSi gaerTianebulia sruliad sxvadasxva donisa da
struqturis elementebi~, _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari da Semdeg azustebs:
`erTgvarovneba ara gvaqvs imitom, rom erTi mxriv, arsebiTi saxeli,
zedsarTavi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmna da zmnizeda,
xolo meore mxriv, Tandebuli (windebuli), kavSiri da nawilaki
semantikuri TvalsazrisiT heterogenuli (sxvadasxvagvarovani)
elementebia~ (nebieriZe, 1999: 146-147). amave xarvezze miuTiTebs `Teoriuli
enaTmecnierebis kursSi~ gamoTqmuli Semdegi mosazrebac: `tradiciul
gramatikaSi metyvelebis nawilebis gamoyofa xdeba upiratesad
mniSvnelobis mixedviT, rac xSirad gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas
warmoSobs, rom araferi vTqvaT saklasifikacio kriteriumis
bundovanebaze~ (gamyreliZe... 2008: 208), amitom `metyvelebis nawilebi unda
ganvsazRvroT maTi fleqsiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, an, Tu enaSi
fleqsia ar aris warmodgenili, _ sintaqsur konstruqciebSi maTi
funqciis mixedviT~ (gamyreliZe... 2008: 208).
`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis~ avtorebic miiCneven, rom
metyvelebis nawilTa `tradiciul klasifikacias, rogorc klasifikacias,
7
bevri nakli aqvs: irRveva saklasifikacio principi (monacvleobs
morfologiuri, sintaqsuri, semantikuri da leqsikuri principebi)...
miuxedavad amisa, aseTi dayofiT tradiciulad SemuSavebul terminebs
SeiZleba dResac hqondes teqnikuri gamoyeneba mecnierul gramatikaSi~
(gogolaSvili... 2011: 37).
mniSvnelovania, rom Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi (filmori, 1977;
broderiki, 1975; fromkini... 2009 da sxv.) enobriv erTeulTa
saklasifikacio jgufad aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sityvaTa klasebi,
romlebic Tavis mxriv frazis Semadgeneli elementebia. rac Seexeba
qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturasa Tu gramatikul saxelmZRvane-
loebs, zemoT warmodgenili mosazrebanic cxadyofs, rom ar gvaqvs
erTgvarovani suraTi klasebsa Tu metyvelebis nawilTa jgufebSi
sityvebis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebiT da aRniSnuli sakiTxi damatebiT
kvleva-damuSavebas namdvilad saWiroebs. miuxedavad xsenebuli
sirTulisa, bundovanebis Tavidan asacileblad Tavidanve aRvniSnavT,
rom Cven terminebs _ metyvelebis nawilsa da sityvaTa klass _
paralelurad gamoviyenebT, mxolod davakonkretebT: CvenTvis
mniSvnelovania arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebis ara marto semantikuri
niuansi, aramed maTi gramatikuli kategoriebi da funqciuri
Taviseburebanic. amitom substantivaciad ganvixilavT nebismieri sxva
klasis sityvis substantivad qcevas, xolo adieqtivaciad _
Tavdapirvelad araadieqtivi enobrivi erTeulis adieqtivis funqciiT
gamoyenebas.
Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi ganarCeven sityvaTa Ria da daxurul
klasebs. Riaa is klasi, romlis Sevsebac SesaZlebelia axali sityvebiT,
daxurul klasSi ki sityvebis Camateba praqtikulad ar xdeba. daxuruli
klasis sityvebs aqvT ufro gramatikuli, vidre leqsikuri mniSvneloba
da maT funqciur sityvebs uwodeben. Ria klasis sityvebia, magaliTad,
zmna, arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebi (fromkini... 2009: 33). Cven mier
Sesaswavli sakiTxic arsebiT da zedsarTav saxelTa Ria klasebis axali,
translaciis gziT miRebuli, sityvebiT Sevsebas exeba.
amjerad unda gairkves, rodis SeiZleba visaubroT sityvis
translaciaze, anu rodis SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sityva translirebulia.
8
upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia: araerT enaTmecniers aqvs SeniSnuli
faqti, rom metyvelebis nawilebs aqvT ZiriTadi funqciebi da agreTve
funqciebi, romlebsac isini garkveul poziciaSi iZenen.
a. SaniZe ama Tu im metyvelebis nawilis `TavisTavadad~ Tu
`msazRvrelad~ gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: `erTi da igive saxeli
SeiZleba TavisTavadadac vixmaroT da msazRvreladac, magram
TavisTavadoba axasiaTebs upiratesad arsebiT saxelebs, wilobiT
ricxviTebs, zogierT nacvalsaxels (pirisas da sxv.), sawyisebs da
moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobebs, msazRvreloba _ ki umetesad
zedsarTavebs, raodenobiTsa da rigobiT saxelebs, zogierT
nacvalsaxels (kuTvnilebiTs da sxv.) da vnebiTi gvaris mimReobas~
(SaniZe, 1980: 49). J. feiqriSvilic miiCnevs, rom `Cveulebriv, ama Tu im
metyvelebis nawilTan dakavSirebulia romelime ZiriTadi funqcia,
magram SesaZlebelia moxdes sityvis gadasvla metyvelebis nawilTa erTi
Tanrigidan meoreSi. magaliTad., Cqari (mdinare) _ zedsarTavi saxeli,
magram: Cqara (midis) _ zmnizeda. SesaZlebelia, damxmare sityva, agreTve,
Sorisdebuli winadadebaSi gamoyenebul iqnes srulmniSvnelovani sityvis
funqciiTac: `da majgufebeli kavSiria~. aq da qvemdebarea. `vais gaveyare
da vuis Seveyare~ _ orive Sorisdebuli damatebaa~ (feiqriSvili, 1996: 59).
marTalia, J. feiqriSvili eTanxmeba metyvelebis nawilTa ZiriTadi
funqciis arsebobas, magram igi ar uaryofs winadadebaSi rolis
gavleniT sityvis sintaqsuri funqciis cvlasac.
a. daviTians ki sityvis funqciis gansazRvrisas umTavresad miaCnia
winadadebis modelSi am sityvis adgili: `radgan praqtikulad
winadadebaSi metyvelebis nawilTa funqcia sakmaod aRreulia, calke
aRebuli metyvelebis nawili ki ara, zogjer misi garkveuli formac ar
gansazRvravas zustad mis funqcias. imdenad didia modelis mniSvneloba,
rom erTi da igive izolirebuli sityva erTi da imave formiT SeiZleba
winadadebis sxvadasxva wevrad mogvevlinos; magaliTad: uremi WrialiT
midioda (qvemdebare); ivanem dainaxa WrialiT momavali uremi (pir.
damateba); uremi SeSa ewyo manqanaze (gansazRvreba); es ivanes uremia
(Semasmeneli). aseTi mdgomareoba met-naklebad yvela metyvelebis nawilis
formebTan gvaqvs~, _ aRniSnavs mecnieri (daviTiani, 1973: 120).
9
principulad imave poziciazea b. jorbenaZec. igi metyvelebis
nawilTa gansxvavebul klasifikacias formacvalebis principze
dayrdnobiT ayalibebs, saxelebSi ganarCevs substantivebsa da
atributivebs da aRniSnavs, rom `maT Soris ar aris mkacri semantikuri
mijna: erTi da igive saxeli konteqstis Sesabamisad SesaZloa iyos
substantivic da atributivic~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 24). Tqmulis
sailustraciod mecniers mohyavs `godori~ sityvis gansxvavebuli
funqciebi Semdeg SesityvebebSi: didi godori (godori substantivia) da
godori simindi (godori atributivia).
l. kvaWaZe ki metyvelebis nawilTa ZiriTadi funqciisa da sityvis
sintaqsuri rolis cvlas erTdroul procesebad miiCnevs: `ama Tu im
metyvelebis nawilTan dakavSirebulia romelime ZiriTadi sintaqsuri
funqcia, magram enebSi ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs sityvis erTi
metyvelebis nawilidan sxva metyvelebis nawilSi gadasvlis procesi, e. i.
gadanacvleba erTidan meoreSi, da amis Sedegad misi sxva sintaqsuri
funqciiT aRWurva. es procesi arc qarTulisTvis aris ucxo. amis
Sedegia substantivacia, adieqtivacia, adverbalizacia. ase, magaliTad,
zedsarTavi saxeli winadadebSi gansazRvrebaa (m a R a l i saxli), magram
is SeiZleba arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenoT da qvemdebare an
damateba gamoxatos. magaliTad: amis gagonebaze m a R a l m a , romelsac
abesalomi rqmeoda, Tvalebi daabriala... m a R a l m a qvemdebarea~ (kvaWaZe,
1996: 70).
Cveni azriTac, marTebulia sityvaTa ZiriTadi da poziciurad
(konteqstSi) SeZenili funqciebis gamijvna, miT umetes, rom translaciis
arsi swored araZiriTadi funqciiT sityvis / enobrivi erTeulis gamoyene-
baSi gamoixateba. es procesi Semdegnairad unda warmovidginoT: TiToeul
sityvas, rogorc ama Tu im klasis erTeuls, aqvs ZiriTadi funqcia,
romelsac igi umetesad avlens winadadebSi Tavisi rolis Sesrulebisas
da romeli funqciis gaTvaliswinebiTac xdeba misi daxasiaTeba.
magaliTad, arsebiTi saxeli ZiriTadad qvemdebare-damatebebis funqciiT
gvxvdeba, zedsarTavi _ sagnis niSan-Tvisebis ganmsazRvrelad, magram
Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli, rom maT, mosaubris saWiroebisamebr
(saTqmelis ukeT gamoxatvis mizniT), winadadebaSi maTTvis araZiriTadi
10
rolis Sesruleba ikisron. xdeba isec, rom araTu gansxvavebuli, aramed
identuri sityvaformebi sxvadasxva funqciiT aris aRWurvili. Tu rogor,
ra saSualebebis daxmarebiT icvlian sityvebi klasebs, swored es aris
translaciis Seswavlis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi. Tumca aqve
unda aRiniSnos, rom translaciaze saubari mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba, rodesac sityva icvlis klass, gamoiyeneba araZiriTadi
funqciiT da translirdeba swored im klasis sityvad, konkretulad
romlis rolsac asrulebs winadadebaSi.
gamoTqmulia mosazreba (T. uTurgaiZe), rom translaciad iqnes
miCneuli iseTi semantikur-gramatikuli cvlilebac, romelic
Sidaklasovani xasiaTisaa. amgvari SemTxvevebis translaciis saxeliT
ganvixilva, Cveni azriT, garkveul sirTules warmoSobs enis sistemis
zusti aRweris procesSi, amitom termini `translacia~ winamdebare
naSromSi gamoyenebuli iqneba mxolod sityvaTa klasis cvlilebis
movlena-meqanizmis aRsaniSnavad.
translacia, rogorc gramatikuli movlena, kargad avlens enis
Sinagan potenciasa da bunebas, warmoaCens enobriv sistemas, amitom
qarTuli enis struqturul-funqciuri SeswavlisTvis uaRresad
sainteresod gvesaxeba misi kvleva. amas garda, miRebuli Sedegebi Tavis
rols Seasrulebs Tanamedrove lingvistikis Teoriuli Tu gamoyenebiTi
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. sityvaformaTa qmnadoba-generireba, maTi
funqciuri datvirTva winadadebaSi, am erTeulTa sintaqsuri
kvalifikacia miekuTvneba erT-erT yvelaze aqtualur sakiTxebs, romelTa
kvleva umniSvnelovanesia sityvaTa yalibebisa (modelebis) Tu manqanuri
analizatorebis Seqmnis mizniT. vimedovnebT, rom winamdebare naSromis
Sedegebi am mxrivac Seitans wvlils qarTuli enis kompiuteruli
damuSavebis saqmeSi. yovelive zemoTqmuli udavod adasturebs
translaciis mecnieruli Seswavlis aqtualurobas.
11
II. translaciis saxeebi da saSualebebi
translaciis Sedegad miiReba sxvadasxva klasis sityva. imis
mixedviT, Tu romel klass ganekuTvneba translirebuli erTeuli,
ganirCeva translaciis saxeebi: substantivacia, adieqtivacia,
adverbalizacia, verbalizacia da sxv. am etapisTvis CamoTvlilTagan
Cveni kvlevis sferoSi Semodis mxolod substantivacia da adieqtivacia.
samecniero literaturis mixedviT, substantivaciis, rogorc
gramatikuli movlenis, arsi ama Tu im metyvelebis nawilis
gaarsebiTebaSi mdgomareobs. gamoyofen sruli, arasruli da
okazionaluri substantivaciis saxeebs: „sruli, roca zedsarTavi an sxva
romelime metyvelebis nawili gaarsebiTdeba da Tavisi pirvandeli
funqciiT aRar gamoiyeneba (samkuTxedi, cxenosani, sacivi...); arasruli,
roca zedsarTavi (an sxva metyvelebis nawili) zog SemTxvevaSi
gaarsebiTebulia, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki isev zedsarTavia (morige,
sasadilo, samxedro...); okazionaluri, roca zedsarTavi arsebiTis
funqciiT mxolod mocemul konteqstSi gamoiyeneba _ Zunwi da
alalmarTali“ (qarTuli... 2008: 448). adieqtivacia ki warmoadgens ama Tu
im metyvelebis nawilis zedsarTavis funqciiT gamoyenebas.
sityvas, romelmac unda ganicados translacia, ewodeba
„satranslirebeli“ sityva, romelmac ganicada translacia _
„translirebuli“, xolo „translativebad“ movixseniebT translaciis
morfologiur markerebs (tenieri, 1988: 381). translativebs aqvT unari,
sityva romelime, magaliTad, substantivebis, klasSi gadaiyvanon. Tu
sityva Tavdapirvelad araa substantivi, xolo mawarmoebeli mas
substantivad aqcevs, gamodis, rom es mawarmoebeli masubstantivebeli
translativia. SesaZlebelia erTi da igive elementi erT formasTan
translativi iyos, meoresTan _ ara. magaliTad, masubstantivebeli
translativi klass ucvlis adieqtivs, xolo substantivze darTvis
SemTxvevaSi, mas mxolod gansxvavebul semantikur niuanss sZens klasis
cvlilebis gareSe. Sdr.: kargi (adieqt.) karg-oba (subst.) da bavSvi
(subst.) bavSv-oba (subst.). pirvel SemTxvevaSi `oba~ masubstantivebel
12
translativad gvevlineba, meoreSi ki sityvis substantiurobis
gamomxatvelia mxolod. Sesabamisad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom arsebobs
translativebi (romelTa darTvis Sedegadac sityvebi icvlian klass) da
sxvadasxva morfologiuri elementi, romelic sityvis translirebis
mizezad ver miiCneva, magram am erTeulis romelime klasisadmi
kuTvnilebis maCvenebeli (indikatori) namdvilad aris. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, yvela translativi romelime klasis indikatoricaa
imavdroulad, magram yvela indikatori translativi ar aris.
gansakuTrebuli datvirTva eniWeba indikators sintaqsuri translaciis
SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, winadadebaSi _ vais gaveyare, uis Seveyareo
(saxokia, 2012: 85) _ formebSi `vais~ da `uis~ brunvis niSnebi am
erTeulebis substantiuri translaciis indikatorebia.
substantiurobis / adieqtiurobis indikatoris, rogorc terminis,
Semotana, Cveni azriT, marTebulia saxelur formaTa zusti sintaqsuri
kvalifikaciisaTvis enis kompiuteruli damuSaveba-modelirebis procesSi
Tu analizatorebis Seqmnisas.
aqtiurobis TvalsazrisiT tenieri ganarCevs cocxal da gaqvavebul
translacias. gaqvavebuls is uwodebs iseT translacias, roca
matranslirebeli elementi cocxal enaSi gadis xmarebidan da mas
mxolod etimologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs (tenieri, 1988: 387). amas garda,
mklevari ganarCevs translaciis or safexurs: pirveli safexurisaa
translacia, roca sityva erTi klasidan meoreSi gadadis; xolo meore
safexurisaa, roca winadadebis zmnuri birTvi gadadis sxva kategoriaSi.
tenieri gamoyofs aseve erTmag, ormag da mravaljerad translacias.
sityvaTa translacia xorcieldeba rogorc morfologiuri
saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, ise winadadebis modelSi dakavebuli adgilis
gavleniT. meti sicxadisTvis moviyvanT magaliTebs:
a)
mdumared idga TeTri myinvari (TeTri adieqtivia);
am si-TeTr-e-m CemSi udidesi aRfrTovaneba gamiwvia (siTeTre
substantivia, adieqtivisagan translativebiT miRebuli; cvlileba
morfologiuri xasiaTisaa).
13
b)
im mTaze didi qva devs (didi adieqtivia);
didma pataras xeli gauwoda dasaxmareblad (didi adieqtivad aRar
ganixileba, igi ukve substantivia _ gasubstantivebulia; cvlileba
sintaqsuri xasiaTisaa).
rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri meqanizmis gavleniT sityvam
Seicvala klasi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sityva sabolood iqca substantivad,
meoreSi _ sityvam translacia winadadebaSi (winadadebis abstrahirebul
modelSi) dakavebuli adgilis gavleniT ganicada da substantivis
ZiriTadi funqciebiT aRiWurva konkretulad am SemTxvevaSi. modelis
gavlenis gareSe igi ver gasubstantivdeboda. Sesabamisad, aseTi
translacia poziciuri xasiaTisaa. Tqmulidan gamomdinare, translaciis
mizezisa da meqanizmis miuxedavad, translaciad kvalificirdeba
nebismieri is SemTxveva, rodesac sityva erTi klasidan gadainacvlebs
meoreSi.
translaciis rTuli bunebidan gamomdinare, misi kvleva ver moeqceva
enaTmecnierebis mxolod erTi mimarTulebis (mag., mxolod morfologiis
an mxolod sintaqsis) CarCoebSi. movlenis arss ukavSirdeba is, rom
zogjer morfologiuri cvlileba Sepirobebulia sintaqsis gavleniT,
xolo zogjer, piriqiT, morfologiis doneze ganviTarebuli procesebi
aisaxeba ama Tu im sityvis sintaqsur funqciaze. Sesabamisad, enobrivi
erTeulis formobrivi da funqciuri analizi mravali aspeqtis
gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs, amitomac mxolod erTi TvalsazrisiT
translaciis kvleva araTu srulyofili ver iqneba, aramed
SeuZlebelicaa. Tumca aqve daismis kiTxva: arsebobs erTi gramatikuli
movlenis erTdroulad ramdenime mimarTulebiT (morfologia, sintaqsi...)
ganxilvis precedenti Tu am mxriv translacia gamonakliss warmoadgens?
zogadad, enaSi garkveuli sakiTxebis Seswavlis dros
morfologiisa da sintaqsis urTierTkavSirsa da maTi mkacri gamijvnis
SeuZleblobaze araerTi mecnieri amaxvilebs yuradRebas. amis Sesaxeb
jer kidev arn. Ciqobava werda: `sintaqsi morfologiisagan sagnis
mixedviT ki ar ganirCeva, aramed mxolod TvalsazrisiT; sagani
orivesaTvis erTia _ calke sityva; mis formas morfologia swavlobs,
14
mniSvnelobas _ sintaqsi.~ (Ciqobava, 1998-b: 39). dargTa diferencirebasTan
dakavSirebul problemebze miuTiTebs misive sityvebi: `am dargebis
dakavSireba ki araa Zneli, _ kavSiri mocemulia, _ aramed gamijvnaa
rTuli. zog SemTxvevaSi es metad mwvaved igrZnoba~ (Ciqobava, 1940: 162).
T. uTurgaiZesac miaCnia, rom `morfologiuri da sintaqsuri
movlenebi gramatikaSi sakmaod mkafiod aris gamijnuli erTimeorisagan
Semadgeneli elementebisa da elementTa urTierTobis kononzomierebaTa
mixedviT saTanado doneTa farglebSi, magram m a T i a b s o l u t u r i
g a m i j v n a S e u Z l e b e l i a , radgan enis globalur sistemaSi isini
erTdroulad moqmedeben da e r T i m e o r i s f u n q c i a T a r e a l i -
z a c i a S i s r ul i a d b u n e b r i v a d i R e b e n m o n a w i l e o b a s ~
(uTurgaiZe, 2009: 146).
J. feiqriSvilic iziarebs mosazrebas morfologiisa da sintaqsis
didi siaxlovis Sesaxeb: `morfologia ganixilavs formaTsawarmoebel
anu damokidebulebis aRmniSvnel afiqsebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba
sityvaTa SekavSireba azris gamosaxatavad. sityvaTa aseT SekavSirebas ki
sintaqsi Seiswavlis. maSasadame, sakvlevi obieqtis mixedviT morfologia
erTgvari Semamzadebeli safexuria sintaqsisaTvis. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, morfologia amzadebs niadags sityvaTa SekavSirebis
Sesaswavlad. aqedan gamomdinareobs gramatikis am ori nawilis mWidro
kavSiri~, _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari (feiqriSvili, 1996: 5).
`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~ ki vkiTxulobT:
`gramatikis dayofa morfologiad da sintaqsad zogjer pirobiT xasiaTs
iZens: morfologiuri sakiTxebis garkveva sintaqsuri urTierTobebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ar moxerxdeba iseve, rogorc sintaqsuri
problemebis garkveva _ morfologiis sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
amitomac zogjer enaTmecnierebi saubroben morfosintaqsis sakiTxebze,
morfosintaqsur kategoriebze~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 5).
a. holmbergi da i. robertsi ki aRniSnaven, rom `sityvis struqturas
bevri saerTo Tviseba aqvs sintaqsur struqturasTan~ (holmbergi... 2013:
111).
15
moyvanili citatebic mowmobs, rom translacia aris ara erTaderTi,
aramed erT-erTi gramatikuli movlena, romlis Seswavlac erTdroulad
Sedis morfologiisa da sintaqsis amocanebSi.
Tavidanve davazustebT imasac, rom winamdebare naSromSi Cven
translacias (substantivaciasa da adieqtivacias) ganvixilavT rogorc
morfologiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, ise _ sintaqsuri meqanizmis
gavleniT (winadadebaSi sityvis struqturul-funqciuri datvirTvis
gaTvaliswinebiT). TavisTavad sainteresod gveCveneba translaciis
mizezTa kvlevac meore safexuris sintaqsuri translaciis (romelic
ukve rTuli winadadebis doneze gadis) dros, Tumca igi moiazrebs
sakiTxTa wyebas da didi moculobis gamo Tavisuflad SeiZleba calke
ganxilvis sagnad iqces. amitom Cveni mizani am etapisTvis ver iqneba
translaciis srulad gaSuqeba da, rogorc aRvniSneT, SemovifarglebiT I
safexuris translaciasTan dakavSirebuli morfologiuri da zogi
sintaqsuri sakiTxiT.
III. qarTuli lingvisturi azris istoria
translaciasTan mimarTebiT
translaciis kvleva qarTulSi SedarebiT axal movlenas
warmoadgens, Tumca, Tu sakiTxis arsis gaTvaliwinebiT mivadevnebT
Tvals qarTuli enaTmecnieruli azris geneziss, aRmovaCenT, rom erTi
metyvelebis nawilis meoreSi gadasvlis SemTxvevebi araerT mkvlevars
SeuniSnavs da ganuxilavs naSromebSi. marTalia, translaciis
kompleqsurad Seswavla Tanamedrove lingvistikis gamowvevaa da termin
`translaciis~ saxeliT aRniSnuli gramatikuli movlenis kvleva sul
axalia, magram aucilebelia iTqvas isic, rom am movlenasTan
dakavSirebuli Tematika jer kidev anton pirvelis gramatikaSi hpovebs
asaxvas. amitom erTiani suraTis Sesaqmnelad qarTul saenaTmecniero
16
literaturaSi translaciasTan mimarTebiT arsebul sakiTxebs
warmovadgenT qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT.
$ 1. translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
gramatikis adrindel saxelmZRvaneloebSi
anton I, romelic, al. focxiSvilis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, „ara
mxolod pirveli gramatikis avtori, aramed qarTuli enaTmecnierebis
fuZemdebelia saerTod“ (focxiSvili, 1979: 11), „qarTul RrammatikaSi“
saintereso xedvas warmoadgens Cvens sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom igi qarTuli enis mecnieruli Seswavlis
saTaveebTanaa, misi calkeuli mignebani namdvilad dasafasebelia.
anton I gamoyofs rva metyvelebis nawils: saxels, nacvalsaxels,
zmnas, mimReobas, Tandebuls, zmnizedas, kavSirsa da Sorisdebuls.
mniSvnelovania, rom misTvis zedsarTavi saxeli calke metyvelebis
nawili ki araa, aramed _ saxelis erT-erTi saxe. gramatikosi maT
Semdegnairad mijnavs: „arsebiTi ars TaviT TჳsaT mdgomare saubarsa Sina
da werilsa, xolo zed-Sesruli ars ara Tavis TჳsiT mdgomare aramed
mosruli arsebasa zeda“ (anton I, 1885: 125). rogorc ganmartebidanac Cans,
antonisTvis arsebiTi saxeli damoukidebelia, xolo zedsarTavi,
piriqiT, _ arsebiTTan dakavSirebuli. „amisTჳs ukuჱ ized-wodebian
romelnime saxelni zed-Sesrul, miT, raTa arsebasa zeda SeslჳTa
hniSunen raodenobasa, anu viTarebasa arsebisasa“, _ wers mkvlevari
(anton I, 1885: 125). aRniSnuli citatidan Cans, rom antoni sityvaTa
klasifikaciisas iTvaliswinebs maT rols winadadebaSi. mniSvnelovania,
rom sistemuri gramatikis Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebic ki xSirad
ver gvawvdian am TvalsazrisiT erTgvarovan ganmartebebs, rac SeiZleba
SemswavlelisTvis damabneveli aRmoCndes.
antons uyuradRebod arc sityvawarmoeba darCa. igi ganarCevs martiv
(„pirvelsaxe“) da nawarmoeb fuZeebs („sxmiTgardaslჳTi“) da gamoyofs
17
warmoqmnili saxelebis jgufebs. cnobilia, rom sityvawarmoeba
metyvelebis nawilTa erTmaneTSi gadasvlis saukeTeso saSualebaa.
antonis gramatikuli naazrevidan faseulia isic, rom man aseve SeamCnia
naTesaobiTSi dasmuli saxelis sxva saxelTan sintaqsuri kavSiris
arseboba.
gaioz reqtoris „qarTuli Rrammatika“ CvenTvis saintereso
sakiTxebis mxriv Tvisobrivad did sxvaobas ar iZleva anton I-is
gramatikisgan. Tumca xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom gaioz reqtori
sityvaTa warmoebaze saubrisas gamoyofs 10 jgufs da, rac CvenTvis
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, am jgufTa Soris Semoaqvs „zmnasxmiTni anu
saxelzmnani, romelnica warmoeben zmnaTagan“ (gaiozi, 1970: 56) da
magaliTebad mohyavs „wera, kiTxua“ da sxv. zmnisagan saxelebis miRebis
(translirebis) erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli SemTxveva sawyisebis
(masdaris) miRebaa. amitom, Cveni azriT, gaioz reqtoris mier sityvaTa
warmoebis jgufebSi saxelzmnebis gamoyofa arsobrivad gamarTlebul
nabijad unda CaiTvalos.
ramdenime arsebiTi sakiTxis gamo mniSvnelovan yuradRebas
imsaxurebs m. janaSvilis „qarTuli gramatikac“. mkvlevari ara marto
aRniSnavs imas, rom arsebiTi saxeli SeiZleba miviRoT sxvadasxva
metyvelebis nawilisgan, aramed cdilobs mawarmoebeli afiqsebis
gamoyofasac. mimReobisagan miRebul saxelebad igi miiCnevs srulad
gasubstantivebul iseT sityvebs, rogorebicaa: mwerali, mxatvari, nayofi,
nafoti, samarTali, samoseli, mosavali da sxv. (janaSvili, 1906: 8-9).
m. janaSvils ar gamorCenia zmnisarTebisagan miRebuli
zedsarTavebic, romlebsac igi „damokidebiT zedSesrulebs“ uwodebs:
SarSandeli, guSindeli.., aqauri, iqauri... mkvlevars amave jgufSi
Semoaqvs iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa arsebiTebisgan nawarmoebi: veluri,
TuSuri, fSauri da sxv.
mniSvnelovania isic, rom m. janaSvilma zedsarTavebTan gaaerTiana
-a mwarmoebliani Tvisebis matarebeli sityvebi (tiktika, mZinara, trabaxa,
myvirala, mkvexara...) da nacvalsaxelebisgan -ur-is darTviT miRebuli
formebic (Cemeburi, miseburi...). yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, ra Tqma unda,
imsaxurebs yuradRebas substantivacia-adieqtivaciis TvalsazrisiT.
18
$ 2. sityvaTqmnadobis istoriuli procesebi
translaciis WrilSi
qarTuli lingvisturi azris istorias Tu Tvals gadavavlebT
translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT,
aRmovaCenT, rom saenaTmecniero kvleva CvenTvis saintereso Temas
qarTuli enis ganviTarebis yvela donesTan mimarTebiT Sexebia. amjerad
gaqvavebul translirebul formaTa magaliTze mimovixilavT
sityvaTqmnadobasTan, rogorc translaciis gamoxatulebasTan,
dakavSirebul im ramdenime gamokvlevas, romlebic CvenTvis sagulisxmo
debulebebs Seicavs.
upirvelesad am TvalsazrisiT SevexebiT arn. Ciqobavas monografias
`saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi~. xsenebuli
naSromi udidesi Rirebulebisaa ara marto qarTuli enis bunebis
siRrmiseulad Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, aramed imiTac, rom masSi
ganxiluli sakiTxebi, kerZod ki, arsebiTi saxelis, zedsarTavis,
masdarisa Tu mimReobis warmoebisTvis e. w. determinanti mawarmoeblebis
gamoyofa, udides interess iwvevs translaciis istoriis kvlevis kuTxiT.
mecnieri masalis analizs mihyavs daskvnamde, rom `mimReobis
sufiqsebi imeoreben arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebis sufiqsebs~
(Ciqobava, 1942: 70). ufro metic, `mimReobidan ki ar gadasula arsebiTsa
da zedsarTav saxelebSi es afiqsebi, aramed, piruku, mimReobis
saWiroebisaTvis iReben imas, rac ukve gamoiyeneboda arsebiTsa da
zedsarTav saxelebSi. es afiqsebi pirveladia saxelebisTvis, meoreuli _
mimReobisaTvis~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 112). arn. Ciqobava miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli
afiqsebi arsebiT saxelTa fuZis mawarmoeblebi unda yofiliyo da maT
deiqturi nawilakebis funqcia unda hqonoda, xolo imave afiqsebis
zedsarTav saxelTa fuZis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebas mecnieri arsebiTisa
da zedsarTavis, rogorc morfologiuri odenobis, gaudiferencirebl-
obiT xsnis: `fuZis erTnairi determinantebis gamoyeneba zedsarTavsa da
arsebiT saxelebSi morfologiuri sabuTia substantivisa da
atributivis gaudiferencireblobisa~, _ aRniSnavs igi da iqve ganmartavs
mimReobebSi saxeluri afiqsebis gamoyenebis mizezs: `ratom aris fuZis
19
determinanti mimReobis sawarmoebeli afiqsi? imitom, rom mimReoba
nazmnari saxelia, zmnis fuZisagan nawarmoebi saxeli; fuZis determinanti
ki saxelis fuZis sawarmoebeli afiqsia~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 120). anu zmnisagan
mimReobis sawarmoeblad saxelis fuZis determinantebis gamoyeneba
bunebrivia.
nazmnar saxeladaa miCneuli masdaric (sawyisi). mecnieri SeniSnavs,
rom qarTulSi masdari modis zmnisgan da ara _ piriqiT, anu imijneba
masdari, rogorc zmnisgan miRebuli saxeli, da infinitivi, rogorc
sawyisi forma zmnisa. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTulSive gvaqvs
garkveuli raodenoba sityvebisa, romlebic zmnisgan nawarmoebi araa.
aRniSnulis dasadastureblad naSromSi damowmebulia Semdegi sityvebi
(masdarebi): grial-i, Wrial-i, frial-i, kankal-i, ZunZul-i, gugun-i, Wix-
vin-i (Ciqobava, 1942: 218) da sxv. am faqts mecnieri Semdegnairad xsnis: `es
x d e b a imitom, rom a m p i r v e l a d s s a x e l e b s u k v e a q v T i s
m n i S v n e l o b a , r o m e l T a g a m o s a x a t a v a d a c m a s d a r i
i w a r m o e b a : g r i a l - i , g u g u n - i , t i t i n - i , k a n k a l - i da
msgavsi saxelebi mdgomareoba-moqmedebis aRmniSvneli pirveladi
saxelebia~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 219). amgvar sityvebs avtori `pirvelad
masdarebs~ uwodebs.
rac Seexeba prefiqsian warmoebas, arn. Ciqobava analizis Sedegad
askvnis, rom `masdarTa prefiqsiani warmoeba a m J a m a d mkvdaria; maTi
umetesoba gasubstantivebulia jer kidev Zvel qarTulSi (siymil-i,
sikudil-i, sityua-ჲ, simRera-ჲ, saxareba-ჲ...), Tumca aqa-iq konteqstebSi
daCndeba zmnuroba (magal.: da iwyo sityuad...)~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 230).
sagulisxmoa isic, rom mecniers masdarul formebSi dadasturebuli
prefiqsebi (s-, s-i, s-a) imave bunebisad miaCnia, ra funqciasac isini
mimReobasa da sxva nawarmoeb saxelebSi avlenen. `amaSi gvarwmunebs erTi
garemoebac: amave prefiqss ena iyenebs atributivTagan ganyenebul
saxelTa sawarmoeblad~, _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari (Ciqobava, 1942: 235).
arn. Ciqobavas zemoaRniSnuli naSromi CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania
ramdenime TvalsazrisiT. kerZod, zmnisgan saxelis (mimReobis, sawyisis)
misaRebad ena istoriulad imave inventars iyenebs, rasac saxelis
sawarmoeblad. es ki TvalsaCinos xdis zmnis substantivacia-
20
adieqtivaciis istoriul da, SesaZloa, qarTuli enisaTvis ganviTarebis
yvela etapze moqmed meqanizms.
gaqvavebul translacias exeba v. Tofurias statiac _ `qarTvelur
enaTa sityvawarmoebidan~. mecnieri ne-, na-, ni- prefiqsebs gamoyofs
Semdeg sityvebSi: ne-: nerwyvi, nergi, nerCi, nestvi, neSti, nezvi, netari;
na-: natrva natvra, naTel, naxva; ni-: niCvi, nidayvi, nikapi. mkvlevari
CamoTvlil formaTa analizis Sedegad askvnis: `naTlad Cans ne-, na-, ni-s
prefiqsoba, oRond sarkvevia, Tu ra funqciiT aris aRWurvili es
elementebi. nimuSebiT esec gamoaSkaravebulia: n e - (n e z v i , n e r w y v i ,
n e S t i ...) = qarT. s e -sa da svan. l e -s. igi maadieqtivebelia,
daniSnulebis gamomxatveli. Semdeg es e. w. adieqtivebi substantivebad
qceula. xolo n a -, n i - = qarT. s a -, s i -sa da svan. l a -, l i -s. eseni
umTavresad substantivebs awarmoeben. gamodis, rom qarTulSi erTisa da
imave movaleobis Semsruleblad fonetikurad gansxvavebuli ori
TavsarTi gvqonia: s e - // n e -, s a - // n a -, s i - // n i -.~ (Tofuria, 1979-a: 71).
v. Tofuria xmovanprefiqsebs gamoyofs rig sityvebSi: a-bano, a-dgili,
a-lagi, a-Crdili; e-na, e-r-qv-an-i, e-Wv-i; i-gavi, i-dayჳ, i-dumal, i-fqli, i-Zu-
leba, i-sari, i-Rlia; sa-ocari; me-ufe... da maT saerToqarTveluri
monacemebis safuZvelze Seiswavlis. mecnieri askvnis: `xmovanTavsarTovan
saxelebs Semdgom erToda s, n, l Tu d Tanxmovanprefiqsebi... am
elementTagan xmovanTavsarTi, Tu is fonetikur niadagze araa
ganviTarebuli, awarmoebs saxelebs saxelisagan da zmnisagan da
TanxmovanTavsarTi garkveuli funqciis matarebelia, saxeldobr, s, n, l,
d prefiqsebi samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia klaskategoriis
niSnebad. uTuod am garemoebiT aixsneba, rom rogorc xmovanelementebi,
ise Tanxmovanelementebi yvela tipis warmoqmnil saxelebSi Cans~
(Tofuria, 1979-b: 99).
zmnur da saxelur fuZeTqmnadobasTan mimarTebiT translacias avT.
arabuli Seexo monografiaSi `zmnuri da saxeluri fuZeTqmnadobis
problema qarTvelur enebSi~. aRniSnul naSromSi avT. arabuli iseve,
rogorc arn. Ciqobava wignSi `saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba
qarTvelur enebSi~, enis Sinagan potencias _ gamoxatos qmedeba da
21
sagnobrioba _ istoriul WrilSi warmoaCens da im inventars Seiswavlis,
romelic xsenebuli funqciiT gamoiyeneba.
zmnur da saxelur fuZeTa urTierTmimarTebas avT. arabuli
ramdenime TvalsazrisiT ikvlevs. igi exeba rogorc `Zireul saxelebs~
(romlebsac saerTo Ziri aqvT zmnasTan da gaformebis gareSe
warmodgebian substantivebad Tu atributivebad), alternacias (rogorc
zmnuri da saxeluri Zirebis diferenciaciis saSualebas) da saxelis
fuZis zog derivaciul models. Cvens gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
imsaxurebs naSromis calke Tavi _ `mdgomareobisa da Tvisebis
semantikaTa urTierTSexvedrisa da transpoziciis procesisaTvis
istoriul masalaSi~. monografiis am nawilSi mecnieri exeba mimReoburi
warmoebis safuZvelze zedsarTav saxelTa warmoqmnas. mas miaCnia, rom
`mimReoburi Sinaarsi gulisxmobs zmnuri subieqtisa da obieqtis
mdgomareobas dasrulebuli moqmedebis (misi Sedegis) mimarT. sagnis
(movlenis) mdgomareoba ki mis `Cveulebriv viTarebas~ gamoxatavs, rac
Sesabamis saxelTan (yofil subieqtTan, obieqtTan) atributuli
mimarTebis dros niSan-Tvisebis rangSi gvevlineba~ (arabuli, 2001: 287).
mecnieri gamoyofs mimReobis funqcionirebis or models. erTSi wina
planze saxeluri, xolo meoreSi _ zmnuri semantika gamodis. pirvel
modelSi (avtori amas atributul models uwodebs) `mimReoba bunebrivad
eqvemdebareba adieqtivaciis an, ufro iSviaTad, substantivaciis
tendencias. amgvari transpoziciis (translaciis) procesi Tavs iCens
mimReobis enobrivi funqcionirebis yovel sinqroniul doneze, movlenis
Sedegebi ki gansakuTrebiT istoriul WrilSi xdeba xelSesaxebi~, _
vkiTxulobT dasaxelebul naSromSi (arabuli, 2001: 288). mimReobis
istoriuli translaciis magaliTad avtors mohyavs Semdegi magaliTebi:
tfil-i: moiRi Tavadman man dedaman fili da laknaჲ, aRsavse wylisa
mier t f i l i s a .
Txril-i: da-re-aRrmeT T x r i l i ege; mieyrdna igi T x r i l s a mas
Sina (arabuli, 2001: 289).
mecnieri miiCnevs, rom `istoriuli transpoziciis procesi mimarTu-
lia rogorc substantivaciisaken (ZiriTadad), aseve adieqtivaciisaken
(SedarebiT iSviaTad): Weri, ZRveni, kveTi, ჴari... substantivebad
22
Camoyalibda, xolo Wyeti (tansacmeli), keli (saqoneli), Wviri (saSual
gamWvirvale, mWvirobi), Wiki (viwro, Sekruli, moWerili)... fuZeebSi
atributulma mniSvnelobam iCina Tavi~ (arabuli, 2001: 294).
amas garda, mkvlevari exeba -el sufiqsian saxelur fuZeebs da
askvnis, rom maTi umetesobis _ adieqtivacia da SedarebiT mcire nawilis
substantivacia ganxorcielda. amis magaliTebia: yveli, wneli, saxeli,
beReli, dindgeli, kedeli... (substantivebi) da wiTeli, yviTeli, Txeli,
zrqeli, grZeli, vrceli, brtyeli, cxeli, mrTeli, Zueli, sueli, naTeli
(atributivebi).
rac Seexeba imas, rom `saxelzmnuri~ elementebi xan atributuli da
xan substantiuri funqciiT gvevlinebian, amas mecnieri ase xsnis: `Tu
aqcentirebulia sagnis niSan-Tviseba _ atributuli Sinaarsi dominirebs,
Tu TviT saganze gadadis nominaciis maxvili _ substantivis gageba iwevs
wina planze. es kavSiri ganapirobebs transpoziciis istoriul process
paradigmatul da sintagmatur safuZvelze. transpoziciis istoriul
logikas gamoxatavs iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi da igive forma
gvevlineba rogorc adieqtivis, ise substantivis poziciaSi~ (arabuli,
2001: 322).
amgvarad, zemoT ganxiluli naSromebi Zalian saintereso suraTs
gviCveneben translaciis istoriul-etimologiul WrilSi warmoCenisa da
gaqvavebuli translaciis formaTa analizisTvis. amas garda, isini
cxadyofen im tendencias, romelic istoriulad Tavs iCens enaSi da
mniSvnelovania, rogorc enis Sinagani potenciis gamoxatuleba;
translaciis, rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, qarTuli enis ganviTarebis
yvela etapisaTvis aqtiurobis dasturi.
23
$ 3. Zveli qarTuli enis kvleva da
translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
metyvelebis nawilTa erTmaneTSi gadasvlis unarsa da saSualebebs
Zveli qarTuli enis araerTi mkvlevari Seexo. ramdenadac Cveni mizania
translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) mecnieruli Seswavla
Tanamedrove qarTulSi, xolo enis Sinagani potenciisa da erTiani
suraTis Cvenebis TvalsazrisiT udavod Rirebulia Zveli qarTuli enis
monacemebis Cvenebac, SevecdebiT, met-naklebad warmovaCinoT Zveli
qarTuli enis mkvlevarTa mosazrebani translaciasTan dakavSirebiT.
i. imnaiSvili CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs aSuqebs monografiaSi
„saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi“. igi aRniSnavs,
rom „Zvel qarTulSi, gacilebiT ufro metad, vidre axal qarTulSi,
SeiZleba yoveli sityva ibrunos. aq, rasakvirvelia, saxelze araa
laparaki (saxeli TavisTavad brunebadi sityvaa), aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
uformo sityvebi, rogoricaa nawilakebi, zmnizedebi, Tandebulebi,
kavSirebi; aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs agreTve zmnebic; zmnaTa piriani
formebic SesaZlebelia ibrunos, mas brunvis niSnebi gauCndes (e. i. zmnis
piriani forma fuZed iqnes gagebuli da Cveulebrivi wesiT ibrunos);
bolos, aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca aseT fuZed
mTeli Sesityveba an winadadeba aris gagebuli da igi ibruneba“
(imnaiSvili, 1957: 17). Tqmuls avtori magaliTebiT adasturebs: „ara iyo he
da ara, aramed hჱ igi mas Sina iqmna“; „sada xar aw, romelman-igi
gixarodeni marqu me“ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 18) da sxv. cxadia, aRniSnul
magaliTebSi gasubstantivebuli sityvebi (Sorisdebuli da zmna)
ibrunvis. brunebis unari mxolod saxels aqvs da, Sesabamisad,
gasubstantivebis gareSe verc erTi arasaxeli ver SeZlebs amas.
i. imnaiSvili xazs usvams sawyisebis saxelebTan siaxloves brunebis
unarisa da winadadebaSi dakisrebuli msgavsi funqciebis gamo da askvnis,
rom `sawyisis saxiT Cven winaSea arsebiT saxelTa erTi frTa, erTi
jgufi, romelsac zogi niSani zmnisa aqvs, magram mTavari da gadamwyveti
_ bruneba da funqciebi _ saxelTan aerTebs“ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 422).
24
Tu sawyisebi arsebiT saxelebTan msgavsebas amJRavneben, mimReobebi
yuradRebas iqceven „zedsarTavis rolSi“ gamosvlis unariT, ris
Sesaxebac mecnieri sagangebod aRniSnavs: „arc brunebis TaviseburebiT,
arc xarisxis warmoebis unariT, arc mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebiT
mimReobebi ar gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi zedsarTavi saxelebisagan.
aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT erTnairad aris gamoyenebuli enaSi, magaliTad,
tkbili da aRwerili, axali da mTvrali, mewamuli da faruli, yჳTeli
da sawamebeli. marTalia, aq warmodgenili wyvilebis meore wevrebs
(mimReobebs) gadmoyolili aqvT zmnuri kategoriebi droisa, gvarisa,
aspeqtisa da miT mkveTrad gansxvavdebian wyvilis pirveli wevrisagan,
magram es sityvis semantikuri mxarea da mas mniSvneloba ara aqvs am
sityvaTa brunebisa da warmoqmnisaTvis“ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 437).
aRniSnuli Tamamad SeiZleba miviCnioT zmnisgan adieqtivebis miRebis
saSualebad, Tanac Zvel qarTulSi amgvar saxelTa ufroobiTi xarisxis
warmoebis unaris gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom xsenebuli
SemTxveva adieqtivaciis ufro srulyofili saxea, vidre axal qarTulSi.
mniSvnelovania agreTve i. imnaiSvilis SeniSvna nawarmoebi
zedsarTavi saxelebis gasubstantivebis tendenciasTan dakavSirebiT.
kerZod, mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom bevri amgvari saxeli Zvel qarTulSive
aRar aRiqmeba zedsarTavad da isini arsebiT saxelad aris qceuli. igi
amgvar substantivebad Semdeg sityvebs asaxelebs: safrჴჱ, saunjჱ, safasჱ,
sakrebuloჲ, samRdeloჲ, samwysoჲ, samnoჲ, samarჱ, memtilჱ, mekecჱ,
meinaჴჱ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 424)...
monografiaSi arc isaa gamorCenili, rom arsebobs sityvebi,
romlebic erTi da imave formiT gamoiyenebian zedsarTav saxeladac da
arsebiTadac da maTi diferencireba mxolod konteqstis
gaTvaliswinebiTaa SesaZlebeli. mkvlevris mtkicebiT, aseTi saxelebia:
bneli, naTeli, boroti, saZageli, samarTali da sxv. (imnaiSvili, 1957: 425-
426). ukanaskneli SemTxveva ukavSirdeba translaciis sintaqsur meqanizms
da CvenTvis gansakuTrebul faseulobas iZens, ramdenadac translirebis
aRniSnuli tendencia Tanamedrove qarTulSic sakmaod aqtiuria.
25
mecnieri yuradRebas amaxvilebs imazec, rom zogjer msazRvrelad
gamoyenebul arsebiT saxels naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani ar sWirdeba
adieqtivaciisaTvis. amgvar saxelTa jgufs ganekuTvneba sazRvrulTan
(Cveulebriv piris saxeliT gamoxatulTan) SeTanxmebuli „profesiis,
Tanamdebobis, warmomavlobisa (sadaurobisa) da sxva wodebis aRmniSvneli
sityva, rogoricaa, magaliTad: mefe (herode mefe), keisari (neron
keisari)“ (imnaiSvili, 1957: 575)...
i. imnaiSvili aseve sagangebod msjelobs rogorc saxelebis
sxvadasxva brunvis (mag., micemiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvebis) formisgan
garemoebebis miRebaze, aseve zedsarTavi saxelis substantivad
gamoyenebis SemTxvevebsa da mawarmoebeli afiqsebis meSveobiT Tu
yovelgvari mawarmoeblis gareSe sityvis adieqtivaciaze da sxv.
rogorc warmodgenili masala cxadyofs, i. imnaiSvili monografiaSi
_ „saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi“ _ Cvens
sakvlev TemasTan dakavSirebiT araerT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs Seexo da
saintereso mosazrebebi warmoadgina. rac yvelaze faseulia, xsenebul
naSromSi asaxuli enobrivi monacemebi udavod adasturebs translaciis,
rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, Zvel qarTulSi arseboba-funqcionirebas.
substantivaciasa da adieqtivaciaze msjelobisas aucileblad unda
SevexoT a. SaniZis „Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikas“. mecnieri
erTmaneTisgan mijnavs calke mdgom da msazRvrelad gamoyenebul
saxelebs. igi miiCnevs, rom zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi brunebis
TvalsazrisiT arafriT gansxvavdebian arsebiTi saxelebisgan (SaniZe,
1976: 45-46). es, ra Tqma unda, gamowveulia im roliT, romelsac isini
asruleben winadadebaSi. swored sintaqsuri datvirTvis Sedegia piruku
procesic _ substantivis adieqtivacia, romelic, rasakvirvelia,
SeumCneveli ar darCenia a. SaniZes. igi xazs usvams arsebiTi saxelebis
danarTad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebs: „sakuTari saxelis msazRvrelad
gamoyenebuli arsebiTi saxeli da masTan brunvaSi SeTanxmebuli
danarTia. danarTi Cveulebriv mosdevs sakuTar saxels. danarTis
magaliTebia: esaia winaჲswarmetyueli, iovane winamorbedi, pavle
mociquli, kirion kaTalikozi, daviT episkoposi, ჴsarTan xucesi“ (SaniZe,
1976: 165)...
26
„Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikaSi“ adgili eTmoba zmnisagan sawyisis
miRebas: „a sufiqsi awarmoebs sawyisebs gardamavali zmnebisagan, maTve
emateba n-ariani sawyisi, xolo danarCeni afiqsebi (o, ol, il, s da si)
gardauvali zmnebis sawyisis mawarmoeblebia“, _ aRniSnulia naSromSi da
iqve vkiTxulobT Semdegsac: „amasTanave unda gvaxsovdes, rom moqmedebiTi
gvaris zmnebsa da vnebiTisas erTi da igive sawyisi aqvT; mag., w e r a ჲ
sawyisia rogorc v w e r zmnisa, ise v i w e r e b i -sa; m a l v a ჲ sawyisia
v m a l a v da v i m a l v i zmnebisa, S e w u x e b a ჲ sawyisia moqmedebiTi
S e v a w u x e b zmnisa da vnebiTi S e v w u x n e b i -sac“ (SaniZe, 1976: 137).
moxmobili citata gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia sakiTxis arsisTvis _ zmnis
substantiuri translaciis dros meore planze gadadis TviT am zmnis
romelime gvarisadmi kuTvnilebis niuansi.
Cveni azriT, sainteresoa Semdegi sakiTxic: a. SaniZe erT SemTxvevaSi
naTesaobiTis sityvaTmawarmoebel funqciaze msjelobs da aRniSnavs:
„naTesaobiTis forma (sazogado saxelebSi gavrcobili) SeiZleba axali
saxelis fuZed iqnes gamoyenebuli: aseTia, mag., msazRvreli, dayenebuli
naT. brunvaSi: taZar Z e l i s a , taZar Z e l i s a ჲ , taZarman Z e l i s a m a n ,
taZarsa Z e l i s a s a , taZrisa Z elis a ჲs a , taZriTa Z elis aჲTa ,
taZaro Z elis ao “ (SaniZe, 1976: 49), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, msazRvrel-
sazRvrulis brunebis ganxilvisas, rodesac exeba arsebiTi saxelis
msazRvrelad gamoyenebas, wers: „msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli arsebiTi
saxeli daismis naTesaobiTY brunvaSi. es naTesaobiTSi dayenebuli
msazRvreli SeiZleba uZRodes sazRvruls da SeiZleba mosdevdes mas. Tu
mosdevs, maSin uTanxmdeba sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi, ris
Sedegadac warmoiSoba ormagi brunvebi: naTesaobiT-wrfelobiTi,
naTesaobiT-saxelobiTi, naTesaobiT-moTxrobiTi da sxva“ (SaniZe, 1976: 164).
meore debulebas Tu ise gavigebT, rogorc formaSi arsebul brunvis
niSanTa inventarobriv ganmartebas etimologiis gaTvaliswinebiT, maSin
sadavo araferia _ formaSi realurad warmodgenilia ori brunvis
niSani, oRond gansxvavebuli funqciiT: erTi sityvis mawarmoebelia
(derivati afiqsia), xolo meore _ mimosaxreli (anu brunvis niSani da
ara axali fuZis mawarmoebeli). magram Tu Cven aseT SemTxvevebs ormagi
27
brunvis kvalifikacias mivcemT, anu naTesaobiTi brunvis niSansac iseve
aRviqvamT moqmed formantad, rogorc _ Semdgom brunvis niSans, maSin igi
warmoqmnis elementi aRar gamova. aqtualurobis gamo e. w. marTuli
msazRvrelis sakiTxs qvemoTac SevexebiT.
mkvlevari gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs Zvel qarTulSi
sityvaTa warmoebasac. mecnieri enobriv monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT xazs
usvams zogi brunvis niSnis sityvaTmawarmoebel Zalas sailustracio
magaliTebis moxmobis fonze: „bunebiTi“ („romeli-igi bunebiTi coli ars
da Svilni, iginica esreve movaqcine Sensa Sjulsa“), „marjveniTi“,
„marcxeniTi“ _ moqmedebiTi brunva; aRorZinebadi, klvadi, mowevnadi,
yofadi, Sobadi, Wamadi _ viTarebiTi brunva (SaniZe, 1976: 49-50)...
gramatikosi saubrobs Tandebulebis derivaciul funqciazec. masve
aqvs SeniSnuli, rom „SeiZleba zmnizeda fuZed iqnes gamoyenebuli da
misgan miviRoT zedsarTavi: mun _ iq, mun-i _ iqauri; aqa _ aq, aqaჲ _
aqauri; wina _ win, wina-ჲ _ win myofi; ukuana _ ukan, ukuana-ჲ _ ukana,
ukan myofi“ (SaniZe, 1976: 51)...
zemomoyvanili masalis mravalmxrivobidan gamomdinare SeiZleba
iTqvas: miuxedavad imisa, rom a. SaniZis sagangebo interess ar
warmoadgenda substantivacia-adieqtivaciis kvleva, dasaxelebuli
naSromi CvenTvis saintereso araerT sakiTxs exeba.
Zvel qarTul enas zurab sarjvelaZemac miuZRvna specialuri
naSromi, romelSic ganixila fonetikis, morfologiisa da sintaqsis
sakiTxebi. aRniSnul gamocemaSi yuradRebas iqcevs mecnieris mosazrebani
calke mdgomi ricxviTi da zedsarTavi saxelebis substantivaciasTan
dakavSirebiT. igi wers: „sakmaod xSirad zedsarTavi saxeli arsebiTi
saxelis funqciiT gamoiyeneba (iguemnes igini sibrmiTa mciriTgan vidre
didadmde; raჲ boroti uqmnies magas...). aseT SemTxvevebSi zedsarTavi
saxeli gaarsebiTebulia; igi sagans gamoxatavs da ara mis Tvisebas.
amgvari zedsarTavi iseve ibrunvis, rogorc arsebiTi saxeli“
(sarjvelaZe, 1997: 55). amas garda, „sakmaod xSirad ricxviTi saxeli
arsebiTis funqciiT gamoiyeneba. magaliTad: sadaca iyvnen orni, gina
samni Sekrebul saxelisa CemisaTჳs; pirvelman SeirTo coli; mravali
28
mevno me CuenebiT dRes magisTჳs. cxadia, gaarsebiTebuli ricxviTi
saxeli arsebiTi saxelis msgavsad ibrunvis“, _ dasZens mecnieri
(sarjvelaZe, 1997: 61). aseve mniSvnelovania z. sarjvelaZis debuleba
Zvel qarTulSi saxelis funqciiT sawyisis gamoiyenebis Taobaze. Cveni
azriT, es swored imisi dasturia, rom sawyisi zmnisgan translirebuli
substantivia. mecnieri aqve saubrobs mimReobis umTavresad _
zedsarTavis, xolo garkveuli sixSiriT arsebiTi saxelis funqciiT
arsebobis Sesaxebac.
mkvlevars arc brunvis niSnebis sityvaTmawarmoebeli Zala darCenia
uyuradRebod. igi aRniSnavs, rom naTesaobiTis, moqmedebiTisa da
viTarebiTis niSnebi zogjer axal fuZes qmnian da magaliTebad mohyavs
Semdegi formebi: tfil-is-i, quTaT-is-i, urbn-is-i, apn-is-i, ma-is-i, ivn-is-i,
my-is-i, mamasaxl-is-i; marjuen-iT-i, mcire-d-i, did-ad-i, fer-ad-i
(sarjvelaZe, 1997: 187)...
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa z. sarjvelaZis msjeloba zmnisgan
miRebul saxelebze: „aris SemTxvevebi, roca zmnis piriani formebisganaa
saxeli nawarmoebi (ars-i, mrwams-i, Rirs-i, iyo-ჲ, iZrvis-i, iqcevis-i...)“
(sarjvelaZe, 1997: 188). xazi unda gaesvas, rom mecnieris mier moxmobili
magaliTebi warmoadgens substantivaciis bolomde misuli procesis
ilustracias.
translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) sintaqsuri meqanizmis
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia anton kizirias
naazrevic, gamoTqmuli naSromSi _ „martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba
Zvel qarTulSi“. igi aRniSnavs: „qvemdebared SeiZleba iyos arsebiTi
saxeli (masdariTurT), zedsarTavi saxeli (mimReobiTurT), ricxviTi
saxeli da nacvalsaxeli, e. i. brunvisa da ricxvis mqone yvela sityva,
romelTac winadadebaSi SeuZliaT miiRon arsebiTi saxelis gageba“
(kiziria, 1963: 114).
a. kiziria zedsarTavi saxelis qvemdebared gamoyenebis mizezs
Semdegnairad xsnis: [zedsarTavi saxeli] „qvemdebared gvxvdeba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saTanado arsebiTi saxeli dakargulia da misi
funqcia SeTvisebuli aqvs gauCinarebuli arsebiTi saxelis atributivs.
am SemTxvevaSi zedsarTavi saxeli iguebs nawevarsac, romelic mas
29
mihkedelebia arsebiTi saxelis dakargvis Semdeg. axal gagebasTan erTad,
romelic aseTma zedsarTavebma miiRes winadadebaSi arsebiTi saxelis
mniSvnelobiT xmarebisas, miCqmalulia zedsarTavi saxelis Tvisebebi“
(kiziria, 1963: 199). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am debulebis
dasasabuTeblad wignSi moyvanili magaliTebi: „wmidaჲ“ zedsarTavi
saxelia. igi Tanabrad gansazRvravs sxvadasxva tipis arsebiT saxels
(wmidaჲ adgili, wmidaჲ sjuli, wmidaჲ suli...). magram, Tu aseTi sityva
qvemdebared (an pirmimarT damatebad) iqneba winadadebSi, miiRebs
arsebiTi saxelis Sinaarss. magaliTad: moiRo wmidaman man ჴeliTa
TჳsiTa SeSaჲ“ (kiziria, 1963: 119).
mkvlevris mtkicebiT, arsebiTi saxelis gageba aqvs qvemdebared
gamoyenebul ricxviT saxelsa da nacvalsaxelsac.
adieqtivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmisTvis sainteresod gvesaxeba a.
kizirias msjeloba atributul da e.w. `marTul~ msazRvrelebze. igi
aRniSnavs, rom msazRvrelebad zedsarTavis garda SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes ricxviTi da arsebiTi saxelebi, nacvalsaxelebi da nawevari. aqedan
„atributul gansazRvrebad Cveulebrivia zedsarTavi saxeli
mimReobiTurT, ufro naklebad gvxvdeba nacvalsaxeli da ricxviTi
saxeli, iSviaTad – arsebiTi saxeli (kiziria, 1963: 216). atributul
gansazRvrebad gamoyenebuli arsebiTi saxeli a. kiziriasTanac iseve,
rogorc i. imnaiSvilTan, aris piris msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli
profesiis, Tanamdebobis, wamomavloba-sadaurobisa da wodebis
gamomxatveli sityvebi.
e. w. `marTul~ gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT mecnieri aRniSnavs,
rom igi „sazRvruls ukavSirdeba prepoziciulad... gadmoicema
naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli arsebiTi saxeliT da ucvlelia brunvisa
da ricxvis mixedviT“ (kiziria, 1963: 252). mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom zogjer
SeiZleba marTuli gansazRvreba SeeTanxmos kidec sazRvrul wevrs
brunvasa da ricxvSi. moxmobilia Semdegi magaliTebi: r e b a k a ჲ s i
Z m a ჲ iyo, romelsa saxeli erqua laban; miiRo m r o k v a l i s a m a n
m o Z R u a r m a n ukeTurebisa mis moZRurebisaTჳs samoZRurebelad;
i o v a n ჱ s s a m a s n a T l i s - c e m a s a yovelTa maT eziareboda;
30
r k i n i s a n i s a ჴ i v n i ... a. kizirias azriT, „marTuli msazRvreli
momdevno sazRvruls brunvaSi rom eTanxmeba, es meoreuli movlenaa,
romelic enam arc ki SeiTvisa“ (kiziria, 1963: 255). igi Tvisebrivad sxvad
miiCnevs „marTuli“ gansazRvrebis gadaadgilebiT (anu prepoziciidan _
postpoziciaSi) miRebul e.w. „marTul-SeTanxmebul“ gansazRvrebas.
mniSvnelovania, rom am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi naTesaobiTis fuZe
mecniers ganuyofelad miaCnia: „naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani am SemTxvevaSi
fuZis organuli nawilia, masTan Sexorcebulia da gamowveulia brunvaSi
marTviT. brunebisas gansazRvreba axal niSans irTavs da sazRvrulTan
axali sintaqsuri urTierToba myardeba, ris gamoc brunvaSi marTuli
saxeli brunvasa da ricxvSi eTanxmeba mmarTvel saxels“ (kiziria, 1963:
257). rasakvirvelia, marTalia a. kiziria, rodesac „marTul-SeTanxmebuli“
msazRvrelis Sesaxeb msjelobisas naTesaobiTbrunvisniSnian fuZes
erTian odenobad aRiqvams, oRond, sakiTxavia: Tu es forma erTi
odenobaa, maSin rogoraa SesaZlebeli sintaqsur wyvilebs Soris
erTdroulad myardebodes marTva-SeTanxmeba?! xsenebuli formis
ganuyofel nawilad miCneva im SemTxvevaSi moxerxdeba, Tu naTesaobiTi
brunvis niSans mawarmoebel elementad CavTvliT, rogoradacaa igi
kvalificirebuli a. daviTianisa da T. uTurgaiZis SromebSi.
Zveli qarTuli ena sakmaod siRrmiseulad aris Seswavlili da,
bunebrivia, araerTi naSromi exmianeba met-naklebad Cvens sakvlev Temas,
Tumca aq mxolod isinia ganxiluli, romlebic sagulisxmo mosazrebebs
Seicavdnen translaciasTan (substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan) mimarTebiT.
Tumca aucileblad unda aRiniSnos erTi _ moyvanili masala da
naazrevi (miuxedavad imisa, gaviziarebT Tu ara maT) udavod adasturebs
translaciis, rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, arsebobas Zvel qarTulSi.
es ki Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtia xsenebuli gramatikuli movlenis
diaqroniul WrilSi warmoCenisa da erTiani suraTis Seqmnis
TvalsazrisiT.
31
$ 4. Tanamedrove enaTmecnieruli azri axal qarTulSi
translaciis Sesaxeb
akaki SaniZe, romelmac axal simaRleze aiyvana qarTuli
lingvisturi azri da Seexo qarTuli enis funqcionirebis TiTqmis yvela
aspeqts, `qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ wers: „qarTul enas
SeuZlia abrunos ara marto saxeli, aramed zmnac, zmnizedac,
Tandebulic, kavSiric, nawilakic, Sorisdebulic, e. i. yovelgvari sityva,
maT Soris Cveulebrivi saxelis romelime brunvis formac. metic
SeiZleba iTqvas: qarTuls SeuZlia abrunos mTeli winadadebac ki“
(SaniZe, 1980: 76).
moyvanili citata Tanamedrove qarTulSi translaciis ueWveli
arsebobis deklarirebaa, radgan igi gasubstantivebul sityvaTa Tu erT
odenobad qceul winadadebaTa brunebas exeba. substantivacia ki, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, translaciis erT-erTi saxea. sayuradReboa naTqvamis
dasamowmeblad mecnieris mier moxmobili magaliTebic: „misma T a v o
C e m o m yurebi waiRo“, `erTi m a q v s sjobs aTas m q o n d a s “, „isev
moWoreba irCiva a r v i c i s Tqmasa“, „Tvali da guli x v a l i s k e n
migvirboda, x v a l e s velodiT, x v a l e gvaxsovda, x v a l e s
vnatrobdiT“, „v a i s gaveyare da v u i s Seveyareo“, „m e x i k i
d a g e c e s a c zed daatanda“ da a.S. (SaniZe, 1980: 77-78).
ramdenadac Cveni sakvlevi Tema swored translaciaa
(substantivacia-adieqtivacia) Tanamedrove qarTulSi da qvemoT sakiTxis
dawvrilebiTi ganxilvisas ama Tu im mecnierul mosazrebas
saWiroebisamebr warmovadgenT, aq zogadad mimovixilavT Tanamedrove
qarTul lingvistur naazrevs translaciasTan mimarTebiT.
a. SaniZe `qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ exeba translaciis
morfologiur Tu sintaqsur saSualebebs. igi ganixilavs, rogorc
sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsebs, aseve brunvis niSnebsac aRniSnuli
funqciiT. `brunvis forma SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes warmoqmnili
saxelis fuZed. Cveulebriv aseTebia: moqmedebiTisa da viTarebiTis
formebi. ad da iT upiratesad sabrunebeli afiqsebia, magram isini
32
zogjer warmosaqmneladac arian gamoyenebuli~, _ wers igi da
magaliTebad mohyavs formebi: `guladi~, `SemTxveviTi~ (SaniZe, 1980: 110)...
mniSvnelovania mecnieris migneba, rom ama Tu im metyvelebis nawils
met-naklebad aqvs tendencia `TavisTavadad~ Tu `msazRvrelad~
gamoyenebisa. Tumca sintaqsis gavleniT erTi da igive metyvelebis nawili
SeiZleba erTi funqciiTac aRiWurvos da meoriTac.
Cven zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom SesaZloa mravali mecnieris kvlevis
amocana uSualod substantivaciisa da adieqtivaciis analizi ar yofila,
magram qarTul enaSi mimdinare procesebis enaTmecnieruli Seswavlis
dros isini xSirad exebodnen CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs. amjerad
warmovadgenT arn. Ciqobavas naazrevs translaciasTan dakavSirebul
TematikasTan mimarTebiT.
naSromSi `saxelisa da zmnis analizis principebi qarTulSi~
mecnieri saubrobs qarTuli enis gramatikis swavlebisas
gasaTvaliswinebel mraval faqtorze da maT Soris sintaqsis gavleniT
morfologiuri cvlilebebis analizzec: `qarTuli brunebis erTi
sagulisxmo Tavisebureba imaSic mdgomareobs, rom saxeli calke
aRebuli sxvanairad ibrunvis da sxvanairad ibrunvis saxeli, romelic
meore saxelis msazRvrelad aris gamoyenebuli da mas win uZRvis...
movlena sintaqsuri bunebisaa; sintaqsuri movlenebis zegavleniT
morfologiurma procesma saxe icvala~ (Ciqobava, 1998-g: 10).
morfologiuri da sintaqsuri movlenebis am urTierTkavSirs
translaciis sintaqsuri saSualebis analizisTvis is mniSvneloba aqvs,
rom calke aRebuli saxeli substantivia, sxva saxelis msazRvrelad
gamoyenebuli ki _ adieqtivi. amasTanave SesaZlebelia TiToeuli maTgani
translirebis Sedegad iyos miRebuli.
substantivaciasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa `qarTuli enis zogad
daxasiaTebaSi~ arn. Ciqobavas mier SeniSnuli Semdegi faqtic: `nazmnari
arsebiTi saxeli xSirad kargavs Sinaarsobriv kavSirs zmnasTan da,
Cveulebriv, arsebiTi saxeli xdeba (substantivdeba); aseTia, magal.:
SeniSvna (Sdr. SeniSnavs), miTiTeba (Sdr. miuTiTebs)... amgvari saxelebi
mravlobiTs awarmoebs rogorc -n- sufiqsiT, ise _ -eb-iT: SeniSvnani da
33
SeniSvnebi, miTiTebani da miTiTebebi, Setevani da Setevebi~ (Ciqobava, 1998-
a: 36).
aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom translaciis vrceli da
siRrmiseuli Seswavla qarTul lingvistikaSi ukavSirdeba T. uTurgaiZis
saxels. mecnieri xsenebul sakiTxs pirvelad 1986 wels Seexo naSromSi
`qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi~. CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mecnieris mosazreba ama Tu im brunvis
niSnis warmoqmnis elementad moqcevis Sesaxeb. am mxriv yuradRebas
imsaxurebs naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis derivatuli funqcia naTesaobiT-
brunvisniSnian formaTa msazRvrelad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. T.
uTurgaiZe aRniSnavs: `-is morfemiT warmoqmnili saxeli xSirad
gaTanabrebulia naTesaobiTi brunvis formasTan brunvis niSnisa da
warmoqmnis elementis materialuri identurobis gamo, rac
gaumarTlebelia, rogorc, vTqvaT, is, rom /-ad/ miviCnioT brunvis niSnad
msazRvrelad gamoyenebul gulad formaSi. roca /-is/ warmoqmnis
elementia, brunvis niSani am derivatis Semdeg modis da xSirad nulovani
alomorfiT aris warmodgenili, rac iwvevs aRrevas~ (uTurgaiZe, 1986: 53).
man daasabuTa kidec zemoxsenebul formebSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis
warmoqmnis elementad miCnevis marTebuloba. mecnierma saxelTa formebSi
ama Tu im gramatikul kategoriaTa markerebis ganawilebis wesis
ganxilvis safuZvelze gamoyo ramdenime mTavari principi: `1.
winadadebaSi saxeli uTuod romelime brunvis formiT iqneba
warmodgenili (gamoricxulia fuZiT!); 2. saxelis erT formaSi
SeuZlebelia ori an meti brunvis niSani; 3. saxelis erT formaSi
SeuZlebelia ori an meti ricxvis niSani~ (uTurgaiZe, 1986: 109).
translacias T. uTurgaiZe Semdegdroindel naSromebSic Seexo.
statiaSi `substantiuri msazRvreli Zvelsa da Tanamedrove qarTulSi~
mecnierma uaryo damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisi saxelebisgan Semdgar
wyvilSi msazRvrel-sazRvruls Soris sintaqsuri urTierTobis
`marTvad~ an `marTva-SeTanxmebad~ kvalificirebis Taobaze. igi Zveli
qarTulis -is/-isa afiqsebs e. w. `marTul~ da `marTul-SeTanxmebul~
formebSi warmoqmnis elementebad miiCnevs. yvela enaSi msazRvreli mas
sazRvrulis brunvis, ricxvisa Tu sqesis gamomxatvelad miaCnia, amitomac
34
dasZens: `sakmarisia msazRvrelad gamoyenebulma saxelma SeiZinos
sakuTari brunva, ricxvi, sqesi, is maSinve substantivad moiqceva, gamova
msazRvrelis statusidan~ (uTurgaiZe, 2004: 171). mkvlevari gamoxatulebis
planis TvalsazrisiT substantiuri msazRvrelis formaSi sazRvrulis
Sesabamisi brunvis niSnebis materialur ararsebobas nulovani
alomorfebis arsebobiT xsnis.
translaciis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT faseulia T.
uTurgaiZis monografia _ `qarTuli enis doneTa ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebis urTierTzemoqmedebisaTvis globalur enobriv
sistemaSi~. wignis dasawyisSive mecnieri imowmebs lusien teniers da
wers: `aqtantis rolSi mxolod arsebiTi saxeli gamodis. sxva
metyvelebis nawilTaTvis aucilebelia substantivacia _ arsebiT
saxelad moqceva, rom qmedebis monawiled iqcnen~ (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 48).
amas garda, naSromSi vkiTxulobT, rom saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi da
micemiTi brunvis niSnebi `nebismier arasaxels saxelad moaqceven ise,
rom TviTon inarCuneben brunvis niSnis funqcias~ (mag.: Rir-s (zmna)
Rirs-i, Rirs-ma, Rirs-s (saxeli); pirvelad (zz.) pirvelad-i, pirvelad-
ma, pirvelad-s (saxeli) maSin, roca naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da
viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebi `translaciis dros TviTon moiqcevian
warmoqmnis elementebad da fuZis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian~ (mag.: piroba
(sax.) pirobiT (zz.), pirveli (sax.) pirvelad (zz.) (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 52-
53).
dasaxelebul naSromSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba e. w.
substantiuri msazRvrelis Temas. mecnieri monografiaSi sakmaod
vrclad saubrobs msazRvrel-sazRvrulis urTierTobis bevr
problematur sakiTxzec, maT Soris SeTanxmebuli msazRvrelis formebSi
brunvis niSnis materialuri ararsebobis mizezebze da sxvagvar
kvalifikacias aZlevs msazRvrel-sazRvrulTan dakavSirebul araerT
gramatikul movlenas.
substantivacia-adieqtivaciis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT saintereso
suraTs gviCvenebs b. jorbenaZis Sromebic, romlebsac saWiroebisamebr
davimowmebT qvemoT. axla sagangebod SevCerdebiT mis `qarTuli enis
morfologiaze~ (programa-prospeqti).
35
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, b. jorbenaZe metyvelebis nawilTa
gansxvavebul klasifikacias warmogvidgens. igi saxelebSi ganarCevs
substantivebsa da atributivebs da aRniSnavs, rom `maT Soris ar aris
mkacri semantikuri mijna: erTi da igive saxeli konteqstis Sesabamisad
SesaZloa iyos substantivic da atributivic~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 24).
Tqmulis sailustraciod moyvanilia `godori~ sityvis gansxvavebuli
funqcia SesityvebebSi: didi godori (godori substantivia) da godori
simindi (godori atributivia) (jorbenaZe, 1995: 24). mecnieri arsebiT
saxelebSi gamoyofs sagnisa da movlenis gamomxatvel saxelebs da
ukanasknelSi Seaqvs masdarebic. b. jorbenaZisTvis masdari nazmnari
substantivia, amitom miaCnia, rom misi warmoeba substantivebis
warmoebasTan erTad unda ganixilebodes.
mecnieri vrclad aSuqebs substantivaciisa da adieqtivaciis
saSualebebs da am funqciiT gamoyenebul elementebsac gamoyofs. igi
morfemebs daniSnulebis mixedviT aerTianebs or klasSi: mimarTebiTi
morfemebi (gamoiyeneba winadadebis romelime wevrisadmi mimarTebis
gamosaxatavad) da warmomqmneli morfemebi (warmoqmnian axal fuZes).
mkvlevari iqve aRniSnavs, rom `morfemebma SeiZleba icvalon
daniSnuleba~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 10) da magaliTad mohyavs -ad sufiqsis
mniSvneloba `purad~ formaSi. sagulisxmoa isic, rom brunvebs mecnieri
or jgufad yofs imis mixedviT mxolod formaTwarmoebisaTvis
gamoiyenebian isini, Tu sityvawarmoebis unaric SeswevT.
b. jorbenaZe amave naSromSi exeba winadadebaSi sityvis adgiliT
(poziciiT) gamowveul funqciur Taviseburebasac. igi aRniSnavs, rom
`atributivs aqvs potencia, iqces substantivad, anu: konstruqciaSi
daikavos is adgili, romelsac Cveulebriv ikavebs substantivi (am
rigisaa: mSobeli, maswavlebeli, mwerali, mxatvari...) da ibrunos
substantiviviT... gvaqvs piriqiTi SemTxvevebic: `nebismieri substantivi,
romelic konstruqciaSi daiWers atributivis pozicias, ibrunvis
atributivis msgavsad: erTi gabma Zafi, erTi xelada Rvino~ (jorbenaZe,
1995: 41-46)...
translaciasTan (substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan) mimarTebiT xazi
unda gaesvas a. daviTianis ramdenime mosazrebasac. erT-erTi ukve
36
warmovadgineT zemoT winadadebis modelis rolze msjelobisas.
`qarTuli enis sintaqsSi~ mkvlevari aseve Seecada aexsna sityvaTa
klasis cvlilebis meqanizmic. misi azriT, `sityvaTa klasis Senacvleba
nairgvari gziT xdeba; maTgan mTavaria ori: a) leqsikuri transformacia
(sityvawarmoeba) da b) winadadebaSi logikur-gramatikuli funqciis
Secvla... enobrivi faqti an movlena erTi fenis gankargulebaSi ar rCeba.
igi xSirad icvlis adgils modelSi, rac metyvelebaSi misi funqciis
Secvlis Sedegia~ (daviTiani, 1973: 199).
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa a. daviTianis argumentebi `xis saxlis~
tipis SesityvebebSi `xis~ sityvaformis naTesaobiTi brunvis formad
armiCnevis Taobazec. mkvlevris azriT, `brunvis niSnad unda CaiTvalos
mxolod is afiqsi, romelic icvleba brunvaTa mixedviT; winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi bevri ubrunveli sityva (magaliTad zmnizedebi) garkveuli
brunvis formad unda CagveTvala~ (daviTiani, 1973: 282).
translaciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs Seexo anton kiziriac
wignSi `martivi winadadebis Sedgeniloba qarTvelur enebSi~. igi martivi
winadadadebis Sedgenilobisa da Semadgenel elementTa (winadadebis
wevrebis) mimoxilvisas msjelobs sintaqsuri urTierTobis rolze
winadadebis wevrTa kvalifikaciis procesSi. igi vrclad ganixilavs
msazRvrelis funqciiT gamoyenebul sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawilsa da
msazRvrelTa saxeebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is, rom mkvlevars
uyuradRebod ar darCenia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac mTeli Sesityveba
SeiZleba gamovides winadadebis erTi wevris funqciiT. Tqmulis
sailustraciod naSromSi moyvanilia Semdegi magaliTebi: Tevdorem
cols `daberdi da gamotvindio~ miayvira; `mexi ki dagecesac~ zed
daatanda; maTikom SemosZaxa kvnesiT `Wmunvis maxvili gulsa msobiao~
(kiziria, 1982: 135).
translaciis Seswavlis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos
l. kvaWaZis ramdenime mosazrebac. kerZod, `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis
sintaqsSi~ igi xazs usvams enis funqcionirebis CvenTvis sayuradRebo
aspeqts _ ama Tu im metyvelebis nawilis unars Seicvalos klasi da
gamovides sxva metyelebis nawilis funqciiT. l. kvaWaZe naSromSi aseve
ganixilavs qvemdebare-damatebebad Tu msazRvrelad gamoyenebul sityvebs,
37
saubrobs e. w. marTul da marTul-SeTanxmebul gansazRvrebasa da
CvenTvis saintereso bevr sxva sakiTxzec.
translaciasTan mimarTebiT mokled unda SevexoT J. feiqriSvilis
naSromsac _ `qarTuli enis sintaqsi~. gramatikosi exmaureba araerTgzis
xazgasmul movlenas metyvelebis nawilTa klasis cvlasTan dakavSirebiT
da qvemdebaris gamoxatvis saSualebebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom
qvemdebared SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobiT
naxmari sxvadasxva enobrivi erTeuli. mkvlevari aseve sainteresod
msjelobs e.w. marTul da marTul-SeTanxmebul gansazRvrebebze. mas
miaCnia, rom aseT wyvilTa Soris myardeba SeTanxmebaze dafuZnebuli
sintaqsuri urTierToba. `Cveni azriT, orive tipis (atributulsa da
substantiur) msazRvrelsa da sazRvruls Soris aris SeTanxmeba.
Sesabamisad, maRali saxli, mwvane veli, lamaz yvavils, am saqmem, xis
saxli, mezoblis bavSvi, romlis Tvalebi…tipis sintagmebSi rogorc
prepoziciuri, ise postpoziciuri wyobis dros SeTanxmebaa sruli Tu
nulovani daboloebiT,~ _ aRniSnavs mkvlevari (feiqriSvili, 1996: 29).
substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT Cvens gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas imsaxurebs a. papiZis statia `msazRvrelTa brunebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi~. xsenebul statias translaciis saSualebaTa
ganxilvisas warmovadgenT vrclad. aq mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom
mkvlevris azriT, zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi sazRvruli wevris
gareSe, Cveulebriv, ar funqcionireben da maTi damoukideblad arseboba
mxolod substantivaciis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli. mecnierisTvis
gasubstantivebuli zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi semantikurad
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis mTlian Sesatyviss warmoadgenen.
a. papiZe aSuqebs adieqtivaciis processac da am ukanasknelis
magaliTebad zedsarTavi saxelis funqciiT gamoyenebuli arsebiTi
saxelebi mohyavs iseT SesityvebebSi, rogorebicaa: uremi SeSa, qila erbo,
kilo vaSli da a. S., sadac uremi, qila da kilo ukve `amxsneli~
sityvebia. mecnieri adieqtivaciur procesad miiCnevs agreTve e. w.
marTulmsazRvrelian SesityvebaSi arsebiTi saxelis gamsazRvrelebas da
aRniSnavs, rom `SesityvebaSi xis saxli Semadgenel komponentTa
urTierToba semantikurad iseTivea, rogoric didi saxlisa da koxta
38
saxlisa~ (papiZe, 1998: 110). msjelobidan gamimdinare a. papiZe
mizanSewonilad miiCnevs zedsarTavi Tu ricxviTi saxelebis bruneba
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebis konteqstSi iqnes ganxiluli.
sityvawarmoebas, romelic translaciis erT-erTi aqtiuri
saSualebaa, araerTi statia Tu naSromi mieZRvna. aq, ra Tqma unda, maTi
CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans, amitom xazgasmiT warmovadgenT mxolod erTs
_ m. tuskias naSroms `saxelTa afiqsuri warmoeba axal saliteraturo
qarTulsa da dialeqtebSi~. aRniSnul monografiaSi kompleqsuradaa
Seswavlili afiqsebis saSualebiT axal saxelTa miReba. Cvens
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs is tendenciebi, romlebsac
garkveuli mawarmoeblebi uCveneben saxelTa substantivacia-adieqtiva-
ciasTan mimarTebiT.
amrigad, zemomoyvanil masalaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas:
marTalia, translaciis Seswavlas arc Tu ise didi xnis istoria aqvs
qarTul lingvistikaSi, magram misi konkretuli saxeebis _
substantivaciisa da adieqtivaciis _ damoukideblad Tu sxva sakiTxebTan
erTad kompleqsuri ganxilva araerTi gramatikis Tu gamokvlevis sagani
gamxdara.
zemoT warmodgenili naSromebic mowmobs, rom translacia erT-erTi
yvelaze aqtiuri saSualebaa nairgvar formaTa misaRebad da misi
mecnieruli kvleva enis sistemis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT udavod
sainteresoa. miT umetes, rom XXI saukuneSi, rodesac prioritetulia
enis manqanuri damuSaveba da aqtualurad miiCneva morfologiuri Tu
sintaqsuri analizatorebis Seqmna, cxadia, enis struqturis
warmosaCenad, ama Tu im sityvis morfologiuri da sintaqsuri
kvalifikaciisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia sityvaformaTa funqciis dadgena-
gansazRvra, raSic, Cveni azriT, Tavis wvlils Seitans translaciis
kvleva.
39
IV. sakiTxis kvlevis meTodebi
translacia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris iseTi enobrivi movlena,
romelic Tavisi arsiT ukavSirdeba rogorc morfologias, ise _
sintaqss. sagulisxmoa isic, rom klasis cvlilebis orive meqanizmi
xSirad moiazrebs semantikur faqtorebsac. Sesabamisad, translaciis
SeswavlisTvis aucilebelia sxvadasxvagvari midgoma da meTodebi. l.
tenierTan translacia enis struqturul aRweras ukavSirdeba da
struqturuli sintaqsis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes safuZvlad ganixileba.
Tu Cven translacias sityvaTa klasebis cvlilebis, enobrivi
erTeulisTvis axali funqciis miniWebis saSualebad miviCnevT, misi
kvlevisTvis aucilebelia enobriv monacemTa aRwera, analizi, cvlilebis
arsisa da meqanizmis dadgena, xolo miRebuli Sedegebis ganzogadebiT _
saTanado daskvnebis gamotana. enis Sinagani potenciis warmoCenis
TvalsazrisiT aseve sainteresoa movlenis zogadenobriv WrilSi
warmoCenac da enis ganviTarebis istoriisTvis Tvalis midevnebac.
Tqmulidan gamomdinare, translaciis kvlevisa da Sesabamisi masalis
damuSavebisTvis Cven viyenebT aRweriT, analizisa da sinTezis meTodebs,
xolo saWiroebisamebr mivmarTavT istoriul-SedarebiT midgomasac.
monacemTa Seswavlis dros viTvaliswinebT enobriv erTeulTa funqciur
Taviseburebebsac translaciuri transformaciis sawyis da saboloo
etapebze.
kvlevis Sedegebis maqsimaluri sandoobis misaRwevad miznad
davisaxeT Segveswavla enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sfero, amitom
saanalizo masala movipoveT rogorc Tanamedrove qarTuli prozisa da
poeziis nimuSebidan, aseve presidan da qarTuli enis erovnuli
korpusidan (sailustracio magaliTebSi daculia avtorTa ena da
stili). calkeuli leqsikuri erTeulebis bazis Seqmnisas davefuZneT
qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis 8-tomeuls, terminologiur
leqsikonebs, saqarTvelos geografiuli saxelebis orTografiul
leqsikonsa da sxv. (CamonaTvali srulad warmodgenilia gamoyenebuli
literaturisa da wyaroebis nusxaSi). winamdebare naSromSi
40
saWiroebisamebr, debulebebis dasasabuTeblad, warmovadgenT
sailustracio magaliTebs.
mopovebuli masalis damuSavebis Sedegad gamoikveTa translaciis,
rogorc gramatikuli movlenis, funqcionirebis arsi da meqanizmi, rac,
Cveni azriT, sainteresoa qarTuli enis rogorc sinqroniuli, ise
diaqroniuli Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.
I Tavi
translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) morfologiuri
saSualebebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi
I. zogadi mimoxilva
translaciis arsi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sityvis klasis
cvlilebaSi mdgomareobs, Cveni sakvlevi sakiTxi ki exeba xsenebuli
gardaqmnis morfologiuri Tu sintaqsuri gzebis Seswavla-ganxilvasa da
am cvlilebis meqanizmis analizs.
naSromis winamdebare nawilSi gavaSuqebT substantivacia-
adieqtivaciis morfologiur saSualebebs da am saSualebaTa saxeebs
matranslirebel elementTa tipebisa da saxelisgan _ saxelisa Tu
zmnisagan saxelis miRebis SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
rogorc ukve aRniSnulia zemoT, sityvis translirebis sawyissa da
rezultatiur mdgomareobas gamoxatavs terminebi: satranslirebeli da
translirebuli, xolo translaciis morfologiur markers translativi
ewodeba. magaliTad, sityva `qudiani~, romelic aris zedsarTavi,
miRebulia arsebiTi saxelisgan `qudi~ masze -ian mawarmoeblis darTviT:
qud-i + -ian qud-ian-i _ satranslirebeli arsebiTi saxeli (qud-i) +
maadieqtivebeli translativi (-ian) = translirebuli sityva, adieqtivi
(qud-ian-i). translaciis es procesi SesaZlebelia grafikuladac
41
gamoisaxos. kerZod, l. tenieri amisaTvis gamoiyenebs translaciis
grafikul simbolo T-s, romlis Tavzec iwereba translirebis Sedegad
miRebuli sityva, xolo qvemoT _ satranslirebeli erTeuli da
translativi. Tu translativi aris prefiqsi, maSin jer translativi
iwereba, xolo Semdeg satranslirebeli sityva; Tu matransilebeli
elementi sufiqsia, igi mosdevs satranslirebel sityvas. mniSvnelovania,
rom T-is fexTan tenieri svams patara xazs, romelic yovelTvis
translativis mxares ketavs (tenieri, 1988: 381).
Cven mier zemoT moyvanili translaciis magaliTi tenieriseuli
meTodiT grafikulad Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:
qudiani
qud ian
Tu translativi satranslirebeli erTeulis win iqneboda, maSin T-is
fexis Camketi bolo warmodgenilis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT unda
dagvesva.
tenieri sityvaTa klasebs aRniSnavs simboloebiT, romlebic
momdinareobs xelovnuri enis _ esperantos _ sityvaTa klasebis
daboloebebisgan. arsebiTi saxelisTvis is iyenebs O-s, zedsarTavisTvis
_ A-s, xolo zmnisTvis _ I-s. translativi masTan gamoisaxeba t-Ti
(tenieri, 1988: 76). CamoTvlili simboloebidan Cven gamoviyenebT t-sa
(translativi) da A-s (adieqtivi), xolo sxva klasis sityvebisTvis
mivmarTavT saerTaSoriso terminologiis analogiiT SemuSavebul,
qarTul lingvistikaSi damkvidrebul Semdeg simboloebs:
arsebiTi saxeli, substantivi _ N
ricxviTi saxeli _ Num
zmna _ V
zmnizeda _ Adv
warmodgenili simboloebis gamoyenebiT qudiani formis
translirebis grafikuli gamosaxuleba Semdeg saxes miiRebs:
42
A
N t
qarTulSi translativebis rolSi mxolod afiqsebi ar gvaqvs. am
funqciiT gamoiyeneba prefiqs-sufiqsebic, anu konfiqsebi. amgvari
SemTxvevis grafikuli gamoxatvisTvis mizanSewonilad miviCnieT
tenieriseuli gamosaxulebis mcire modifikacia. kerZod, translirebul
sityvaSi erTi funqciis mqone ori mawarmoeblis zusti adgilis
misaTiTeblad T-is vukeTebT or fexs, romelTa boloebi ketavs
translativebs. grafikul gamosaxulebas vuCvenebT konkretuli
SemTxvevis magaliTze.
prefiqs-sufiqsi (konfiqsi) _ translativi
siTeTre (arsebiTi saxeli) si-TeTr-e
zedsarTavi saxeli
translirebasTan mimarTebiT zemoT warmodgenili procesi
gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:
siTeTre N
si TeTr e t A t
ramdenadac translaciis grafikuli gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb
saubrisas ukve SevexeT translativebad gamoyenebul afiqsTa adgils
sityvaSi, aucilebelia aqve mokled ganvixiloT maTi saxeebi qarTulSi.
zogadad afiqsebis klasifikaciisas gamoyofen ramdenime jgufs. arn.
Ciqobava ganarCevs damokidebulebis aRmniSvnel (mag., brunvis niSnebi) da
mniSvnelobis mcvlel afiqsebs (maTSi mecnieri aerTianebs
sityvaTmawarmoebel elementebs: -osan, -ovan...). amas garda, igi asaxelebs
43
e.w. gardamaval tipsac da magaliTad mohyavs mravlobiTi ricxvis
formanti -eb, romelic mxolod nawilobriv ucvlis sityvas
mniSvnelobas _ masSi Seaqvs simravlis gageba (Sdr.: cxen-i _ cxen-eb-i).
b. jorbenaZec afiqsebis sam saxes ganarCevs:
`a) mimarTebiTi morfemebi, e.i. morfemebi, romlebic gamoxataven
winadadebis romelime wevrisadmi mimarTebas. aseTebia brunvis
niSnebi: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s...
b) warmomqmneli morfemebi, e. i. morfemebi, romlebic warmoqmnian
fuZes da ar arian damokidebuli winadadebis sxva wevrebis formasa
Tu mniSvnelobaze. aseTebia: morfemebi, romlebic cvlian leqsikur
mniSvnelobas: TeTr-i a-TeTr-eb-s, wign-i wign-ian-i // wign-ier-i...
g) damazustebeli morfemebi (Tandebulebi, nawilakebi)~ (jorbenaZe,
1995: 9).
klasifikaciis igive principia gatarebuli `Tanamedrove qarTuli
enis morfologiaSic~ (gogolaSvili... 2011).
funqciis garda afiqsebis diferencireba xorcieldeba sityvaSi maTi
adgilis mixedviT. am principis gaTvaliswinebiT qarTulSi gamoiyofa
prefiqsebi, sufiqsebi, infiqsebi da a.S.
translacia, rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva klasis
sityvaTa miRebis gzaa. Sesabamisad, ena am miznisTvis mimarTavs yvela
SesaZlo saSualebas da translirebisTvis aqtiurad gamoiyenebs rogorc
sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsebs, ise brunvis niSnebsa Tu Tandebulebs.
ukanasknel or SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa mimarTebiTi da damazustebeli
morfemebis funqciuri cvlileba, rasac momdevno TavebSi dawvrilebiT
ganvixilavT.
aq kidev erTxel davazustebT, rom translaciis sxvadasxva saxidan
am etapisTvis Cvens sakvlev TemaSi Semodis mxolod substantivacia da
adieqtivacia. marTalia, saxelisgan saxelis warmoqmna da zmnisgan
saxelis miReba rezultatiuri TvalsazrisiT ar gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan (Sedegi erTia _ miRebulia saxeli), magram procesisa da
mawarmoebeli elementebis (translativebis) ukeT warmosaCenad
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia maTi cal-calke ganxilva. winamdebare naSromSi
gaTvaliswinebulia iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca translativebad
44
gamoyenebulia gansxvavebuli funqciuri elementebi: sityvaTmawarmoebeli
afiqsebi, brunvis niSnebi Tu Tandebulebi da a. S. Sesabamisad,
TiToeuli maTganis monawileobiT translacia sxvadasxva qveTavadaa
warmodgenili.
II. translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia)
sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebiT
$ 1. zogadi mimoxilva
arn. Ciqobava aRniSnavs: `qarTveluri enebis garda arc erT sxva
iberiul-kavkasiur enas ar SeuZlia saxelis fuZisgan iseTi nairnairi
axali fuZeebi awarmoos, rogorc qarTulSi gvaqvs~ (Ciqobava, 1998-a: 20).
marTlac, afiqsaciiT axali sityvebis Seqmna enis leqsikuri maragis
Sevsebis erT-erTi yvelaze produqtiuli saSualebaa saxelebisgan
saxelTa misaRebad.
a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom warmoqmniT miRebuli formebi `erTia
gramatikulad da gansxvavebulia leqsikurad~ (SaniZe, 1980: 108), Tumca
iqve SeniSnavs arsebiT sxvaobas Zireulsa da misgan nawarmoeb saxelTa
Soris: `warmoqmnili saxelebi umetesad sxva metyvelebis nawils
ganekuTvnebian, vidre maT-maTi Zireulebi~ (SaniZe, 1980: 109). moyvanili
citatebidan ukanaskneli aSkarad usvams xazs imas, rom sityvawarmoebiT
mxolod axal leqsikur erTeuls ki ar viRebT, aramed amgvari
cvlilebis Sedegad SesaZloa mogvevlinos sxva klasis sityvac.
mniSvnelobis mcvleli afiqsebi, ra Tqma unda, axal leqsikur
erTeulebs qmnian. arsebuli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT amgvar
elementebs maT mier warmoqmnili sityvebis semantikis Sesabamisad
aerTianeben sxvadasxva jgufSi. kerZod, gamoyofen kninobiT, qonebis,
uqonlobis, warmomavlobis, abstraqtul, daniSnulebis, xelobis,
geografiul da sxv. saxelTa mawarmoebel afiqsebs. amas garda, cal-
45
calke ganixilaven maT sityvis fuZeze darTvis adgilis
gaTvaliswinebiTac, anu warmomqmneli elementi prefiqsia (TavsarTia),
sufiqsia (bolosarTia) Tu konfiqsia (prefiqs-sufiqsi) da sxv. miuxedavad
imisa, rom sakiTxis arsidan gamomdinare, afiqsuri sityvawarmoeba
qarTuli enis gramatikis yvela vrcel Tu SedarebiT mokle, mimoxilviTi
xasiaTis, saxelmZRvaneloSi aris warmodgenili (jer kidev anton
pirvelis gramatikaSia amaze saubari), sxva klasis sityvaTa miRebasTan
mimarTebiT kompleqsurad arsadaa ganxiluli da dajgufebuli
sityvaTmawarmoebeli saSualebani. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
afiqsTa amgvar klasifikacias, rogorc Cans, mizanSewonilad miiCnevda b.
jorbenaZe, radgan `qarTuli enis morfologiis~ programa-prospeqtSi igi
mokled exeba xsenebul sakiTxs. mecnieri ganasxvavebs leqsikuri da
gramatikuli mniSvnelobebis cvlas da iqve azustebs axali saxelis
miRebis procesis arss: `saxelTa warmoeba gulisxmobs substantivisa da
atributivis warmoebas. amis mixedviT gamoiyofa masubstantivebeli da
maatributivebeli formantebi. formantebis am saxiT ganawileba ar aris
mkacrad daculi enaSi: erTi da igive formanti imis mixedviT, Tu ra
fuZes mierTvis, erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba masubstantivebeli iyos, meore
SemTxvevaSi _ maatributivebeli~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 48). mkvlevari
substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT aRniSnavs, rom substantivebi
miiReba TviT substantivebisgan, atributivebisa da zmnebisagan, xolo
atributivebi iwarmoeba substantivebisgan, atributivebisa da zmnebisagan.
translaciis kvlevisaTvis axal saxelTa miRebis mxolod is
SemTxvevebia saintereso, romelTa rezultatic gansxvavebuli klasis
sityvebia. mawarmoeblis darTviT odensemantikuri cvlileba CvenTvis ar
aris translacia. marTalia, ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi icvleba sityvis
mniSvneloba, magram igi rCeba imave klasSi _ ar gadadis sxva
metyvelebis nawilTa jgufSi. Sesabamisad, Cveni kvlevis sferoSi ar
Semova kninobiT-alersobiTi, xarisxis, mcenareTa krebulis, rigobiTi da
wilobiTi saxelebis warmoeba.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saxelTa mawarmoeblebs ZiriTadad
ajgufeben semantikuri niSniT. amgvarma klasifikaciam garkveuli
samsaxuri SeiZleba gauwios translaciis kvlevas, ramdenadac miRebuli
46
sityvis mniSvneloba xSirad gadamwyvetia am leqsikuri erTeulis
ZiriTadi funqciuri rolis gansazRvrisTvis. ufro konkretulad rom
vTqvaT, xSirad translirebuli sityvis semantika wyvets ama Tu im
klasisadmi misi mikuTvnebis sakiTxs, amitom saxelTa mawarmoeblebs
semantikuri jgufebis mixedviT warmovadgenT da substantivacia-
adieqtivaciis unaris TvalsazrisiT ise ganvixilavT.
$ 2. qonebis saxelebi
qonebis gamomxatveli saxelebi erT-erT sakmaod did jgufs qmnian
qarTul leqsikur maragSi. maT mawarmoeblebad sxvadasxva samecniero
literaturaSi gamoyofilia Semdegi sufiqsebi: -a, -ed, -ian, -ier, -ovan, -osan.
amgvari sityvaTqmnadobis produqtiulobis safuZveli ramdenime
mizezSi SeiZleba veZeboT. qonebis erT-erTi sufiqsi (-ian) gvarebis
sawarmoebladac gamoiyeneba (mag.: yif-ian-i, rat-ian-i, lipartel-ian-i);
misive monawileobiT Seqmnilia geografiuli punqtebis, kerZod, sofelTa
saxelebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (ZiriTadad _ kaxeTSi): mela-an-i,
maCxa-an-i, tiba-an-i (SaniZe, 1980: 123); igi gamoiyeneba mcenareTa krebulis
gamosaxatavadac (Txil-ian-i, nigvz-ian-i, lel-ian-i)...
qonebis -a afiqsi, garda imisa, rom sakmaod aqtiurad awarmoebs
qonebis saxelebs (perang-a, tuC-a, cxvir-a...), gadaazrebis safuZvelze qmnis
msgavsebisa (abreSum-a, gvirgvin-a, isar-a...) da Tvisebis (barbac-a, xamxam-a,
Srial-a...) gamomxatvel saxelebsac (tuskia, 2004: 35-38). mniSvnelovania
misi roli terminologiur sityvawarmoebaSi. r. RambaSiZis dakvirvebiT
`Cveulebrivi daniSnulebis garda, igi gamoiyeneba: a) saobieqto
mimReobisagan manqanebis, iaraRebis, xelsawyoebis da a. S. saxelwodebaTa
sawarmoeblad~ (RambaSiZe, 1986: 134), ris dasadasturebladac mkvlevars
mohyavs Semdegi magaliTebi: saTesela, sakawrela, satkepnela, sacexvela,
samsxvrevela, sapobela, safxekela, saRvenTela da sxv. mecnieri xazs
usvams imasac, rom -a sakmaod xSirad erTvis qonebis sxva afiqsiT ukve
nawarmoeb fuZesac. aRniSnuli modeli gansakuTrebiT fexmokidebulia
47
entomologiaSi mwerebis saxelwodebaTa aRsaniSnavad (frT-ian-a, far-ian-a,
crufar-ian-a, kudfex-ian-a, lorw-ovan-a, jvar-osan-a...) da aseve teqnikuri
terminologiis SenebaSi (web-ovan-a, Sard-ovan-a, frT-ovan-a, minaboWk-
ovan-a, nisl-ovan-a...) (RambaSiZe, 1986: 134).
-ovan mawarmoebeli, rogorc samecniero literaturaSia es
SeniSnuli (tuskia, 2004: 44), mqoneblobis garda gamoxatavs met simravles
(kld-ovan-i...), xolo erTi da imave fuZidan -ian da -ovan sufiqsebiT
sityvaTa paraleluri qmnadobisas `-ian mawarmoebliani saxeli qonebis
maCveneblia, -ovan sufiqsiani forma ki Tviseba-msgavsebas aRniSnavs. Sdr.:
xaverd-ian-i (xaverdis mqone) da xaverd-ovan-i (xaverdiviT rbili)~
(tuskia, 2004: 45).
aseve aqtiurad gamoiyeneba -osan sufiqsi rogorc mqoneblobis
aRsaniSnavad, ise xelobisa Tu botanikur-zoologiur terminTa SeqmnaSic
(rq-osan-i pirutyvi, park-osan-i mcenare...).
r. RambaSiZe xazs usvams biologiur mecnierebaTa dargebSi -ian, -ovan,
-osan afiqsebis monawileobiT garkveul saxeobaTa tipis, klasis, rigis,
ojaxis, gvarisa Tu qvesaxeobebis gadmocemas da mohyavs amis sakmaod
bevri magaliTi: rbilfexianebi, winalayuCebianebi, saWrelkbilianebi,
orsagdulianebi, nawlavRruianebi, xeSeSfrTianebi, Rrumkerdianebi,
badefrTianebi, mravalfexebianebi, orsafrianni, orlebnianni,
mravalSoltianni, milyvavilianni, mTliansacecebianni, kenkrovanni,
Teslovanni, erTwlovanni, firfitovanni, wiwvovanni, citrusovanni,
qolgovanni, tuCosanni, tarosanni, jvarosanni da sxv. (RambaSiZe, 1986: 137-
138).
unda aRiniSnos qonebis Zveli afiqsis, -ed-is, produqtiuloba
terminologiur sityvawarmoebaSi. i. jibuti amgvar sityvaTa kvlevis
safuZvelze adgens: `a) terminologiaSi -ed sufiqsi SedarebiT meti
intensivobiT xasiaTdeba, Tanac, b) -ed sufiqss yovelTvis ara aqvs
mqoneblobis funqcia da igi saxelis kategoriis sityvaTa sawarmoeblad
ixmareba (ConCx-ed-i, Tanavarskvlav-ed-i, wr-ed-i, grZ-ed-i, gan-ed-i) da ara
zedsarTavebisa, g) qimiis terminologiaSi -ed sufiqss sxvadasxva
marilis (kerZod, uJangbado mJavaTa marilebis) erTi jgufis
saklasifikacio niSnis gamoxatvis funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli:
48
nikeldariSxan-ed-i, nikelgogird-ed-i, urannaxSir-ed-i, liTiumkaJbad-ed-i
da sxv.~ (jibuti, 1988: 122).
saenaTmecniero literaturaSi xazgasmulia qonebis ama Tu im
afiqsTa roli sxvadasxva klasis sityvaTa warmoebisas. kerZod, Tu i. jibutis
zemoT damowmebul naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia -ed-iT arsebiT
saxelTa Seqmnaze, m. tuskia -a sufiqsis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs: `Tvisebis
aRmniSvnel saxelebSi -a maadieqtivebelia, xolo msgavsebis saxelebSi _
masubstantivebeli~ (tuskia, 2004: 40), xolo ukve warmoebul fuZeze misi
darTvis Sedegad, mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, miiReba substantivebi. Sdr.:
mtvr-ian-i _ mtvr-ian-a, kud-ian-i _ kud-ian-a, kaJ-ovan-i _ kaJ-ovan-a da sxv.
danarCeni mawarmoeblebis Sesaxeb Cven davamatebT, rom isini (-ian, -ier, -
ovan, -osan) iCenen madieqtivebel unars, gamonakliss qmnis -osan-iT
nawarmoebi profesia-xelobis gamomxatveli saxelebi, romelTac
substantivis gageba aqvT (profesiis aRmniSvnel saxelTa
substantivaciis tendencia SeniSnuli aqvs m. tuskias).
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia qonebis afiqsTa
klasifikacia maTi substantivacia-adieqtivaciis unaris gaTvaliswinebiT.
mawarmoebeli magaliTebi
-a
(awarmoebs rogorc substantivebs, ise adieqtivebs)
abreSum-a, aznaur-a, angeloz-a, zRarb-a, lamaz-a, lurjan-a, mwar-a, nacar-a, ukvdav-a, uJmur-a, anCxl-a, cimcim-a, fuCfuC-a, xraSun-a, tkacun-a, isar-a, kelaptar-a, kidoban-a, margalit-a, muzarad-a, meWeW-a, mWad-a, savarcxel-a, sanTel-a, qalaman-a
cvil-ian-a, cvr-ian-a, buSt-osan-a, krial-osan-a, fis-ovan-a, web-ovan-a, ty-iur-a
-ed (nawarmoeb erTeulebs substantivis gageba aqvT)
ujr-ed-i, wr-ed-i, ConCx-ed-i, gan-ed-i, grZ-ed-i, pwkar-ed-i, yvavil-ed-i
Svidwl-ed-i, xuTkuTx-ed-i, Tanavarskvlav-ed-i, kvercxujr-ed-i, mravalkuTx-ed-i
-ian
(awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
air-ian-i, azr-ian-i, bad-ian-i, ban-ian-i, balax-ian-i, gaz-ian-i, gogird-ian-i, disko-ian-i, tvirT-ian-i, Wal-ian-i, webo-ian-i, wvet-ian-i, fesv-ian-i, col-ian-i, efeqt-ian-i, lazer-ian-i, madn-ian-i, mank-ian-i, maril-ian-i, mil-ian-i, Jang-ian-i, yinul-ian-i, wiwv-ian-i, wver-ian-i, saxel-ian-i, Sedeg-ian-i, sevd-ian-i, susx-ian-i, suraTeb-ian-i, sxiv-ian-i, sax-ian-i xuTas-ian-i, colSvil-ian-i, wverulvaS-ian-i, sayelo-ian-i, wvrilboWko-ian-i, xSirfoTl-ian-i, fexfarfl-ian-i, fexsaxsr-ian-i, didfas-ian-i, didwon-ian-i, erTbutko-ian-i, grZelvad-ian-i, ujredeb-ian-i
49
-ier (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
sindis-ier-i, sityv-ier-i, wign-ier-i, wuT-ier-i, xan-ier-i, zec-ier-i, gan-ier-i, niW-ier-i, Ron-ier-i
svebedn-ier-i, xelRon-ier-i, pirmSven-ier-i, RvTisn-ier-i
-osan (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
abjr-osan-i, CanT-osan-i, Cliq-osan-i, cxen-osan-i, rq-osan-i, friad-osan-i, gvirgvin-osan-i, javSn-osan-i, pati-osan-i, saqm-osan-i, sxiv-osan-i
-ovan
(awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
air-ovan-i, buSt-ovan-i, balax-ovan-i, gogird-ovan-i, kunT-ovan-i, kuTx-ovan-i, mil-ovan-i, marcvl-ovan-i, saxel-ovan-i, spor-ovan-i, xel-ovan-i, Zvl-ovan-i, cvil-ovan-i, cxim-ovan-i, foTl-ovan-i, folad-ovan-i, yinul-ovan-i, web-ovan-i, wl-ovan-i arasrulwl-ovan-i, aTasfer-ovan-i, erTfer-ovan-i, erTsul-ovan-i, erTgvar-ovan-i, erTsax-ovan-i, didsul-ovan-i, orazr-ovan-i, srulfas-ovan-i, saukun-ovan-i, ujred-ovan-i, tkbilxm-ovan-i, Zvalsaxsr-ovan-i, xSirfoTl-ovan-i
cxrilSi moyvanili magaliTebi adasturebs im tendencias, romelsac
esa Tu is mawarmoebeli iCens substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTe-
biT. kerZod, gamoikveTa, rom -ian, -ier, -ovan, -osan m a a d i e q t i v e b e -
l i t r a n s l a t i v e b i a , r o d e s a c i s i n i d a e r T v i a n
a r a a d i e q t i u r i g a g e b i s s i t y v a s. meoreuli unda iyos is
SemTxvevebi, rodesac CamoTvlilsufiqsiani erTeulebi geografiuli
obieqtebis saxeldebisTvis substantivdebian. am mawarmoeblebidan
substantivaciis yvelaze met tendencias -osan afiqsiani sityvebi iCenen.
-a sufiqsi ki Wrel suraTs gviCvenebs. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos,
rom am sarTiani sityvebi raRacasTan msgavsebas, raime Tvisebis qonas
gamoxataven xolme. -a zogjer adieqtiur Sinaarss aniWebs sityvas, magram
xSirad aseTi sityvebi botanikur Tu teqnikur terminologiaSi
substantiuri gagebisani xdebian. -a-s masubstantivebeli unari kargad
ikveTeba qonebis sxva mawarmoeblian formaze misi darTvisas sityvis
arsebiT saxelad qcevaSi. amitom ufro swori iqneba, Tu ar
ganvaxorcielebT -a-s saboloo kvalifikacias substantivacia-
adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT, radgan aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT mis
funqcias yovelTvis konkretuli SemTxveva gansazRvravs.
-ed-sufiqsiani sityvebi rom substantivebia, es aSkarad Cans, magram,
misi miCneva masubstantivebel translativad uiSviaTesi SeTxvevebis
garda Wirs, radgan -ed Zalian xSirad sityvebs isedac substantivebisgan
50
awarmoebs, amitom -ed S e i Z l e b a g a n v i x i l o T r o g o r c
s u b s t a n t i u r o b i s i n d i k a t o r i ( m a C v e n e b e l i).
amrigad, udavo translativebad, kerZod, maadieqtivebel
translativebad, SeiZleba miviCnioT -ian, -ier, -ovan, -osan. ra Tqma unda,
CamoTvlilafiqsiani sityvebic SesaZloa gardaiqmnan sxva metyvelebis
nawilad am formaTa kvlav translirebis gziT.
axla TiToeuli translativisTvis warmovadgenT translaciis
grafikul gamosaxulebas.
coliani sxivosani wignieri gogirdovani A
col ian sxiv osan wign ier gogird ovan N t
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
-ian sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
ucxoeTSi gadaxvewili qarTveli qalebi _ yvelaze sevdiani emigrantebi
dedamiwis zurgze (turaSvili, 2011: 5).
guls daevana mTvariani, wynari saRamo (kalandaZe, 1987: 22).
ufrosma iatakidan Jangiani Caidani aiRo (xvedeliZe, 2010: 356).
iq riyiani da xmiani iori maswavlida qarTuli leqsis musikas! (leoniZe,
2011: 3)
Semdeg wverebiani da saTvaliani daTo gavicani (qarTveliSvili, 2010: 202).
mcxeTas vumtvrie saketurebi, vlewe taZrebi kelaptriani! (leoniZe, 2008: 57)
ar ukvnesiaT sikvdilis drosac sisxlian perangs gaSlidnen qarSi (korp.:
1).
im zafxuls beretian bebos sxva wignebi gamohqonda CemTvis (korp.: 2).
suli swuxs WuWyian qarebs, mkvradSobil ocnebebs valalebs (lebaniZe,
2006: 24).
madliani ostatis xeliTa da yalmiT iyo moxatuli saydris Sinamo (goTua,
1980: 5).
wina oTxi SemTxvevis zogadi grafikuli gamosaxuleba
51
-ovan sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
erTic vnaxoT, es wlovani kaci ukanasknelad vxedav tfiliss? (goTua, 1980:
99)
saqaleTzeRa iyo mimdgari saxelovani gvari (leoniZe, 2011: 76).
didad saxelovani mcodne gaxlavsT varskvlavTmricxvelobisa (turaSvili,
2011: 61).
da isev... Dayanebuli, yvavilovani mindvrebi (leoniZe, 2011: 4).
xelovanma sutkneinam Zalian cbierobiTa Tqva es ukanaskneli sityva (korp.:
3).
is gadaxunebul balaxovan napirebs Soris miedineba (korp.: 4).
qali mZimed wamodga, rogorc qvrivsa da asakovan adamians SeSvenis (korp.:
5).
... cecxlovan sityvebs uZvelesi anbaniT awers (CitiSvili, 2010: 87).
vityvi, Tu rogor gviyvarda guliT firosmani da Tbilisis Rame,
laJvardovani mtkvaris duduni... (asaTiani, 1988: 30)
...nulovani aTvlis wertili TavisTvis moniSna (taveliZe, 2010: 551).
-osan sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
uxaroda brolosani laJvardi, vardnari, Tavayrili yana... (leoniZe, 2011: 43)
morielebis ambavi ki im WaRaraTmianma, Savosanma qalmac daadastura (korp.:
6).
aba me ra ufleba maqvs, vinme patiosan qimikoss vtaco xeli?! (korp.: 7)
...didkacebis Torosan cxenebs daaseirnebdnen mejinibeni (korp.: 8).
samarTlian da patiosan cicikores ar uyvarda arc Rletura da
gansakuTrebiT, qlarci enis patroni... (leoniZe, 2011: 166)
dedofali darejani gaeSura Tavisi gvirgvinosani meuRlis misagebeblad
(korp.: 9).
aq mefeT mefe Tamari iyo naxati Tavisi gvirgvinosani mamaSviliTurT
(goTua, 1980: 5).
sibrZne warmodgenilia gvirgvinosan dedakacad, dedoflad, romelic
dReniadag unda axldes mefes (korp.: 10).
52
-ier sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
aq miwieri qaluroba ebrZoda angelozur zeciurobas (goTua, 1980: 14).
Zlieri tenianoba mraval avadmyofobas aCens (turaSvili, 2011: 65).
werilebSi naTlad Cans... is sulieri naTesaoba, rac maT Soris arsebobda
(turaSvili, 2011: 56).
guam madlieri da gaocebuli TvalebiT Sexeda (ergemliZe, 2010: 175).
mere yvelaze gonierma Zmam Tqva: vacaloT... sikvdili vacaloT (korp.: 11).
netav ra aqvs dasaRonebeli am yovelmxriv bednier batoniSvils, rom ese
sabralod utiris guli?! (korp.: 12)
erT mSvenier dRes rom ar daimsaxures am cixeebis cxraklitulebi
(amaRlobeli, 2011: 27).
$ 3. uqonlobis saxelebi
saenaTmecniero literaturaSi uqonlobis saxelTa mawarmoeblebad
saxeldeba u-, u_o, u_ur (//u_ul) da u_ar. miiCneva, rom CamoTvlilTagan
yvelze Zveli aris u-, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulSi `mxolod oriode
saxelSi gvxvdeba: u-ricxv-i, u-srul-i. maT SeiZleba mivamatoT o-ze
daboloebuli ramdenime saxelic: u-Sno, u-Rvino, u-samSoblo, u-saxelo~
(gogolaSvili... 2011: 217).
uaryofis yvelaze aqtiuri konfiqsia u_o. mniSvnelovania, rom
garkveuli sityvebi uaryofas awarmoeben erTdroulad u_o da u_ur
(//u_ul) prefiqs-sufiqsebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi ena miRebul sityvebs mcire
semantikur sxvaobas sZens. `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~
warmodgenilia amgvar paralelur formaTa mniSvnelobis mxriv gamijvnis
mcdeloba: `erTsa da imave fuZesTan sxvadasxva mawarmoeblis darTvisas
gvaqvs semantikuri sxvaoba: u_o sagnis uqonlobas gamoxatavs, u_ur ki _
niSan-Tvisebis uqonlobas: uwigno _ uwignuri, ukaco _ ukacuri, usaxo _
usaxuri, udabno _ udaburi~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 218)...
53
i S v i a T i g a m o n a k l i s e b i s g a r d a, r o d e s a c
u q o n l o b i s a f i q s T a d a r T v i s S e d e g a d m i R e b u l i
s i t y v a g a s u b s t a n t i v e b u l i a ( S d r . : u-dabn-o u-daba-n-o) ,
Z i r i T a d a d a m g v a r i w a r m o e b i s r e z u l t a t i a d i e q t i -
v i a, r o m e l i c a n i s e v a d i e q t i v i s g a n m o m d i n a r e o b s,
a n s u b s t a n t i v i s g a n. S e s a b a m i s a d, t r a n s l a c i i s
T v a l s a z r i s i T a m g v a r i m a w a r m o e b l e b i T a v i s u -
f l a d a a S e s a Z l e b e l i, r o m m i v i C n i o T m a a d i e q t i v e b e l
t r a n s l a t i v e b a d (sxva metyvelebis nawili zedsarTavi procesis
SemTxvevaSi) a n a d i e q t i u r o b i s i n d i k a t o r e b a d (zedsarTavi
zedsarTavi procesis dros).
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT warmovadgenT uqonlobis
aqtiur mawarmoebelTa cxrils translaciasTan (substantivacia-
adieqtivaciasTan) mimarTebiT.
mawarmoebeli magaliTebi
u_o
(awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
u-adgil-o, u-alag-o, u-amind-o, u-amis-o, u-avtor-o, u-bed-o, u-bileT-o, u-bina-o, u-fas-o, u-fer-o, u-fesv-o, u-miw-o, u-ful-o, u-mef-o, u-mizez-o, u-mizn-o, u-niW-o, u-pir-o, u-yb-o, u-qmr-o, u-tye-o, u-Tu-o, u-Tvis-o, u-Cem-o, u-Sen-o, u-zambar-o, u-Tix-o, u-inerci-o, u-saden-o, u-qar-o, u-qviS-o
u-sulgul-o, u-SvilZir-o, u-ZalRon-o, u-colSvil-o, u-Tvistom-o, u-ujred-o, u-xelfas-o, u-gemban-o
u_ur (//u_ul) (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
u-bed-ur-i, u-dab-ur-i, u-dRe-ur-i, u-fas-ur-i, u-gem-ur-i, u-mad-ur-i, u-neb-ur-i, u-saqm-ur-i, u-sax-ur-i, u-wign-ur-i, u-wmind-ur-i, u-fer-ul-i
u_ar (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
u-SiS-ar-i, u-tyu-ar-i, u-wyin-ar-i, u-Cum-ar-i, u-tif-ar-i
sainteresoa, rom uaryofiT formaTa warmoebisas dadasturda iseTi
arasrulmniSvnelovani erTeulis adieqtivaciis SemTxvevac, rogoricaa:
kavSiri Tu (u-Tu-o).
axla TiToeuli translativisTvis warmovadgenT translaciis
grafikul gamosaxulebas.
54
umiwo ugemuri uSiSari A
u miw o u gem ur u SiS ar t N t
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
u_o konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
uwigno kaci iyo, magram wignebs makiTxebda (leoniZe, 2011: 42).
dioda Jami undo da mtruli... (CitiSvili, 2010: 86)
ca lurjze lurji da uwarwero, mercxlebma kalmad frTa amoawes
(CitiSvili, 2010: 205).
veJo, sad unda sdio im unamuso maiors? _ uTxra mamam (korp.: 13).
asulic idga da amziurebuli TvalebiT mas umzerda, mas _ Soridan
mosuls, martoxelasa da sul usityvo mxatvars (goTua, 1980: 8).
ezos SuagulSi mdgar ufanjro da saxuravaxdil saxls foto gadavuRe
(xvedeliZe, 2010: 347).
RmerTs vevedrebi, gagxados kveTebuli locvis msxverpli, rom saWirvel
gaorebas, gasamebas, uboloo daxacicebas moeRos bolo! (kvaracxelia, 2010: 409)
Tavis rxeviT usiamovno fiqrebis gandevnas vcdilob (malaciZe, 2010: 168).
da marTlac umamulo, usarCoo eliozis Camongreuli miwuris win mudam
gube idga (leoniZe, 2011: 10).
u_ur konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
ai misi xma _ igi iq, dilegSi... Mis iq, ubeduri mama ki gareT (goTua, 1980:
34).
...nebismieri teqsti sityvebis, frazebis, sintaqsuri konstruqciebis
saxeldaxelod SeTiTxnil nazavs emsgavseba da sruliad uSinaarso xdeba,
uamuri suni aqvs (taveliZe, 2010: 553).
SoriSor midis Cveni cxovreba _ civi, umzeo da uamuri (CitiSvili, 2010:
50).
wina sami SemTxvevis zogadi grafikuli gamosaxuleba
55
mravali gonji qali gaTxovila koxtad SeRerebul biWze da mravali
usaxuri, magram SeZlebuli, vaJi mRvdlis imediT, lamazi qalis patroni
gamxdara (leoniZe, 2011: 225).
...cremlebi RapaRupiT Camosdis da ZaliT ylapavs ugemur fafas (korp.: 14).
kneina sdumda. uferul TvalebSi siamis naperwklebi ukrToda (korp.: 15).
ugzauri niSarZeulis wyali sofelSi CamoviyvanoT (leoniZe, 2011: 231).
mara sxvis ugunur sityvas ar avyolivar Cems dReSi (korp.: 16).
u_ar konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
uSiSarma maZiebelma mas irgvliv Semouara (korp.: 17).
omSi uSiSar mefes muxlebSi JrJolam Caurbina da sTqva... (korp.: 18)
... Seni wyalobiT momdis me eg, Sen gadamkide utifar suliers, Sen,
vaJbatono! (korp.: 19)
isini loculobdnen zevss, iupiters, cecxls, elvas da aTas cxadsa da
uCinar RmerTs (korp.: 20).
nebsiTi Tu uneblie! araviTari! _ xmamaRla irwmunebda Tavis uCumar
fiqrebs (korp.: 21).
... xolo daniSnuleba ese daakisra iseT martiv da am SemTxvevaSi uwyinar
sagans, rogoricaa sigareti (korp.: 22).
venacvale biWikosa. _ CaurTo fiqriam garsias gaxsenebaze, romelic
zaalis sasaxleSi arsenas utyuar Tvalad da yurad hyavda (korp.: 23).
$ 4. warmomavlobis saxelebi
Tanamedrove qarTulSi warmomavlobis saxelTa sawarmoeblad
yvelaze aqtiurad gamoiyeneba -el da -ur ( -ul). pirvelis darTvis
Sedegad viRebT adamianTa warmomavlobis gamomxatvel leqsikur
erTeulebs, meore ki adamianis garda yvelafris sadaurobis aRsaniSnavad
mierTvis sityvebs:
Tbilisi _ Tbilis-el-i, Tbilis-ur-i
56
gor-i _ gor-el-i, gor-ul-i
inglisi _ inglis-el-i, inglis-ur-i...
gvaqvs gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic, rodesac -ur-is darTviT miiReba
adamianis warmomavlobis gamomxatveli saxeli: guria _ gur-ul-i (gur-
ul-i Rvezeli, gur-ul-i kaci), magram Sdr.: guri-el-i (guriis
mflobelTa sagvareulos aRmniSvnelad).
-ur (-ul) sufiqsis kvlevisas T. vaSakiZem daaskvna, rom `Tanamedrove
qarTulSi -ur ( -ul) daerTvis: a) sazogado arsebiT saxelebsa da
gvarebs, agreTve _ zedwodebebs (rusTvel-ur-i, baraTaSvil-ur-i,
vaxtang-ur-i, platon-ur-i...), g) adgilis saxelebs (Tbilis-ur-i,
quTais-ur-i...), d) zedsarTav saxelebs (laCr-ul-i, gaiZver-ul-i,
axalgazrd-ul-i...), e) rigobiT ricxviT saxelebs: meore-ul-i, meoTxe-ul-i
(periodi) geol., v) wilobiT ricxviT saxelebs (meoTxed-ur-i, merved-ul-i...),
z) zmnisarTebs (aqa-ur-i, iqa-ur-i...), T) Tandebuls: Tana-ur-i~ (vaSakiZe,
2009: 103).
a. SaniZe xazs usvams imasac, rom `warmomavlobis sufiqsi -ur (-ul)
geografiul saxelTagan sadaurobas gviCvenebs, magram igive sufiqsi sxva
saxelTagan aRniSnavs Tvisebas saTanado saganTan mimarTebiT: kac-ur-i,
qal-ur-i, bavSv-ur-i, mgl-ur-i, mxec-ur-i da sxv.~ (SaniZe, 1980: 128).
Cveni azriT, Tvisebis gamomxatveli unda iyos -ur iseT terminebSic,
romlebSic igi qonebis mawarmoebel -a-sTan erTad dasturdeba: kub-ur-a,
zol-ur-a, wvet-ur-a, Rar-ul-a, gvirist-ul-a da sxv. Sdr.: kub-ur-i kub-ur-a,
zol-ur-i zol-ur-a...
adieqtivaciis TvalsazirisiT sainteresoa, rom -ur T v i s e b i s
g a m o m x a t v e l s a x e l e b s a w a r m o e b s r o g o r c a r s e b i T i
d a r i c x v i T i s a x e l e b i s g a n , i s e _ z m n i z e d e b i s g a n a c.
s u b s t a n t i v a c i a s T a n m i m a r T e b i T k i y u r a d R e b a s
i q c e v s i s, r o m -ur q a r T ul m a g a m o i y e n a g v a r e b i s
s a w a r m o e b l a d: beqa-ur-i, wikla-ur-i, gogola-ur-i, gomela-ur-i...
rac Seexeba -el-s, mas Seswevs unari sadaurobis garda gamoxatos
mimdevroba (kantian-el-i, hegelian-el-i...) an saqmianoba-profesia (razm-el-
i, kalaTburT-el-i, fexburT-el-i...). -el sufiqsi, m i s g a n
n a w a r m o e b i s i t y v e b i s s p e c i f i k i s g a T v a l i s w i n e b i T,
57
m a a d i e q t i v e b e l t r a n s l a t i v a d S e g v i Z l i a m i v i C n i o T.
Tanamedrove qarTulis doneze gamonaklisi iqneba iseTi SemTxvevebi,
rodesac -el-iT saqmianoba-profesiis gamomxatveli sityvebi miiReba:
CogburT-el-i, kalaTburT-el-i, wyalburT-el-i, fexburT-el-i, gvardi-el-i,
gimnazi-el-i, armi-el-i, seminari-el-i, parti-el-i, polici-el-i, razm-el-i,
partizan-el-i... aseT dros aRniSnuli sufiqsi masubstantivebelia, rac,
Cveni azriT, iseTive meoreuli movlena unda iyos, rogoric
sazRvrulCavardnil poziciaSi warmomavlobis sxva sityvaTa
substantivacia. gansxvaveba isaa, rom saqmianoba-profesiis semantikis
leqsikur erTeulebs Tanamedrove qarTulSi sazRvruli wevri ar
sWirdeba.
garda -el da -ur sufiqsebisa, warmomavlobas Tanamedrove qarTulSi
sxva afiqsebic awarmoebs, magaliTad, -el-is garTulebuli variantebi -del
da -mdel. a. SaniZe Tvlis, rom del-i dR-el-isgan aris miRebuli, xolo
mdel-i `mde + el~ kontaminaciis Sedegad miiCneva lingvistur
literaturaSi. -del gamoiyeneba drois semantikis saxelebTan (guSin-del-i,
axlan-del-i, xvalin-del-i), -mde sufiqsi ki `gamoxatavs drois
TvalsazrisiT warmomavlobas, vin jgufis saxelebTan aRniSnavs asaks, ra
jgufis saxelebTan _ gansazRvrul droSi arsebobas: skolamdeli asakis
bavSvebi, omamdeli ambavi~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 225).
garTulebuli varianti moepoveba -ur sufiqssac _ -iur ( -iul),
romelsac a. SaniZe -iv-ur-isgan momdinared Tvlis (SaniZe, 1980: 129). am
kontaminirebuli afiqsis gamoyenebis magaliTebia: wl-iur-i, qveyn-iur-i,
zec-iur-i, mz-iur-i da sxv.
warmomavlobis gamosaxatavad Tanamedrove qarTulSi gvxvdeba -eul
formantic. igi fuZes daerTvis an pirdapir (Cem-eul-i, Sen-eul-i, Rirs-
eul-i), an naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis Semdeg: dedaCemis-eul-i, mamis-eul-i,
rusTavelis-eul-i da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom -eul-s warmomavlobis garda,
am sityvebSi kuTvnilebiTobisa an Tvisebis niuansic Seaqvs.
`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiis~ saxelmZRvaneloSi
garCeulia arsebiT da ricxviT saxelebze -eul-is darTvis Sedegad
miRebul sityvaTa semantikac: `Tanamedrove qarTulSic arsebiT saxelTa
fuZeze darTuli -eul sufiqsi gamoxatavs krebiTobas erTi niSniT
58
gaerTianebuli sagnebisas da am funqciiT igi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad
gamoiyeneba: xil-eul-i, Tevz-eul-i, bostn-eul-i, rkin-eul-i, bewv-eul-i...
ricxviT saxelebze darTuli -eul gamoxatavs garkveuli sagnebisa da
adamianebis Semcvelobas, erTianobas: sam-eul-i, as-eul-i, aTas-eul-i~
(gogolaSvili... 2011: 227).
zemomoyvanili msjeloba erT saintereso niuanss usvams xazs _ -eul
r o d e s a c e r T v i s n a c v a l s a x e l s a d a a r s e b i T i
s a x e l i s n a T e s a o b i T i b r u n v i s f o r m a s, s i t y v a
g a n i c d i s t r a n s l a c i a s d a v i R e b T a d i e q t i v s.
r i c x v i T s a x e l s T u d a e r T v i s -eul, x d e b a s i t y v i s
s u b s t a n t i v a c i a, x o l o a r s e b i T i s a x e l i s m a r t i v
f u Z e z e -eul-i s d a r T v a t r a n s l a c i i s T v a l s a z r i s i T
a r a f e r s c v l i s.
warmomavlobis mawarmoeblad m. tuskia gamoyofs -ion-sac, magram igi
Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enaSi araproduqtiulia da amitom aq
mas ar ganvixilavT.
yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom -el,
-ur, -iur, -eul, -mdel, -del m a a d i e q t i v e b e l i s u f i q s e b i a .
gamonakliss qmnis:
1) -ur-ze mqoneblobis -a darTuli variantebi terminologiur
leqsikaSi;
2) -el-iT miRebuli profesia-xelobisa da garkveuli mimdinareoba-
mimdevrobis gamomxatveli saxelebi;
3) arsebiTi saxelis martiv fuZes mirTuli -eul sufiqsiani sityvebi,
romlebic aRniSnavs erTi niSniT gaerTianebuli sagnebis krebiTobas.
Tanamedrove qarTulis gadasaxedidan gamonaklisad ver CaiTvleba -ur
mawarmoebliT miRebuli gvarebi, radgan es sityvebi didi xania
gasubstantivda da amJamad amgvari sityaTqmnadoba ar gamoiyeneba.
substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan dakavSirebiT yovelive zemoT
aRniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia ganvaxorcieloT qonebis
mawarmoebelTa klasifikacia translaciasTan mimarTebiT.
59
mawarmoebeli magaliTebi
-el
awarmoebs adieqtivebs
ukrain-el-i, litv-el-i, amerik-el-i, azerbaijan-el-i, Cin-el-i, britan-el-i, egvipt-el-i, imer-el-i, kax-el-i, aWar-el-i
ar awarmoebs adieqtivebs
neokant-el-i, nicSean-el-i, vegetarian-el-i, wyalburT-el-i, kalaTburT-el-i, fexburT-el-i
-ur // -ul
(awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
absolut-ur-i, adekvat-ur-i, avtonomi-ur-i, abstraqt-ul-i, grafik-ul-i, zRvr-ul-i, lazer-ul-i, marwux-ul-i, sxiv-ur-i, period-ul-i, proporci-ul-i, efeqt-ur-i, statistik-ur-i, rgol-ur-i, vakuum-ur-i, molekul-ur-i, stadi-ur-i, stiqi-ur-i statik-ur-i, Semodgom-ur-i, seqci-ur-i, subieqt-ur-i, stamb-ur-i, Teori-ul-i, teqnik-ur-i, Sina-ur-i, arab-ul-i, ukrain-ul-i, somx-ur-i, spars-ul-i, Sved-ur-i, berZn-ul-i, Seneb-ur-i, Cemeb-ur-i, aqa-ur-i, iqa-ur-i induqci-ur-i, ujred-ul-i, diagonal-ur-i, antiseptik-ur-i, antifraqci-ul-i, astronomi-ul-i, stomatologi-ur-i, terminologi-ur-i, bipolar-ul-i, sociologi-ur-i, terorist-ul-i, vaJkac-ur-i, virtual-ur-i, qveSqveS-ur-i
-iur (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
dR-iur-i, zec-iur-i, zRv-iur-i, Tv-iur-i, mz-iur-i, miw-iur-i, ty-iur-i, c-iur-i, wl-iur-i
-del (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
adrin-del-i, axlan-del-i, dRevan-del-i, SarSan-del-i, dilan-del-i, guSin-del-i, gvian-del-i, uwin-del-i, weRan-del-i, wlevan-del-i, wuxan-del-i, xvalin-del-i, zegin-del-i amdilan-del-i, amJamin-del-i, bolodroin-del-i, guSinwin-del-i, imRamin-del-i, imdroin-del-i, imJamin-del-i, imdRevan-del-i, winadroin-del-i, SarSanwin-del-i
-mdel (awarmoebs adieqtivebs)
istoria-mdel-i, skola-mdel-i, wveva-mdel-i, warRvna-mdel-i, oma-mdel-i, reforma-mdel-i, revolucia-mdel-i
-eul
awarmoebs adieqtivebs
adr-eul-i, Cem-eul-i, bunebis-eul-i, bostn-eul-i, dedis-eul-i, dednis-eul-i, mamis-eul-i, mefis-eul-i, mis-eul-i, papis-eul-i, qmris-eul-i
ar awarmoebs adieqtivebs
marcvl-eul-i, funTuS-eul-i, Tevz-eul-i, xil-eul-i, xorc-eul-i
TiToeuli mawarmoeblisTvis warmovadgenT translaciis grafikul
gamosaxulebas.
amerikeli lazeruli zeciuri
amerik el lazer ul zec iur
60
istoriamdeli dediseuli A
istoria mdel ded-is eul N t
guSindeli A
guSin del Adv t
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
-el sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
patara tobis avstralieli babua samoci wlis biznesmeni iyo (korp.: 24).
baRdadSi Zveli qarTveli meomari ufro advilad Sedioda, vidre
dRevandeli amerikeli jariskaci (turaSvili, 2011: 414).
magaliTad, avstrieli sociologi gumploviCi erovnebas axasiaTebs... (korp.:
25)
rad daiviwyes isini dRevandelma qarTvelma dedebma (leoniZe, 2011: 137).
oliam yvelas CamoarTva xeli, mere axalgazrda mimtans uxmo da Sampanuri
SesTavaza amerikel stumrebs (korp.: 26).
gavixsenoT arSuSa pitiaxSi, romelic sparseTis mefis iezdiger II-is
brZanebiT sxva qarTvel, somex da albanel warCinebulebTan erTad qtesifons
Cavida (korp.: 27).
avstralieli aborigenebis religiuri warmodgenebisa da ritualebis
ganxilvisas diurkheimma daaskvna... (korp.: 28)
im qarTveli mgosnis sevdiani ambavi miambo (turaSvili, 2011: 36).
... werda erTi qarTveli aToneli hagiografi qarTveli moRvawis
gardacvalebaze (korp.: 29).
xalxo qarTvelo, Sen gaixare, bednierebis var momlocveli! (leoniZe, 2008:
116)
wina xuTi SemTxvevis zogadi grafikuli gamosaxuleba
ukanakneli SemTxvevis grafikuli gamosaxuleba
61
-ur ( ul) sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
ra aris is adamianuri grZnoba, romlis meSveobiTac osia cdilobs
Seicnos uflisa da misi eris urTierToba? (korp.: 30)
dioda Jami undo da mtruli (CitiSvili, 2010: 86).
yvela aziur mogonebas cremliT morecxavs TqveniT uzomod moxibluli
kavkasieli (korp.: 31).
Cems bavSvur Rimils sevdam uyela (CitiSvili, 2010: 86).
erTxel, TianeTSi kidec Sehyroda vaJas da Rvinoc erTad gadaekraT iqaur
duqanSi (leoniZe, 2011: 89).
... guSindeli vaJkacuri pasuxis Semdeg, kavkasiurs rom eZaxian, uaris Tqma
moerida (imedaSvili, 2010: 240).
...nebismieri teqsti sityvebis, frazebis, sintaqsuri konstruqciebis
saxeldaxelod SeTiTxnil nazavs emsgavseba... (taveliZe, 2010: 553)
isev mominda Cemi sofeli xalxur leqsebiT da sakravebiT (asaTiani, 1988:
32).
albaT, Sublic stkioda, mainc, mefur ieriT, iwva... (lebaniZe, 2006: 104)
dideba Senda, Cemo naTelo, _ qarTulo sityvav, qarTulo sityvav! (leoniZe,
2008: 11)
-iur sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
mis axalgazrduli periodis fetvebsac imTaviTve etyobodaT RvTiuri niWi
(turaSvili, 2011: 33).
meSinia, warsulis aCrdilma myudroebis dRiuri ulufa xelebidan ar
gamomglijos (taveliZe, 2010: 548).
vis, vis unda gaezomna misi dRiuri sazrunavi, sayovelTao fiqrebi
sofelze (leoniZe, 2011: 174).
axla, aq myofs, misi mWaxe sicili yurebSi midgas, rogorc yvelafer im
Rirebulis maradiuli dacinva (xvedeliZe, 2010: 349).
Semodgomamde magdanam dRiur lukmas imdeni gadaarCina, rom... (korp.: 32)
rjuli ambobda, rom xalxs ar unda hyoloda kerpebi da mxolod zeciur
ufals unda damorCileboda (korp.: 33).
... bolos mTis mwvervalze miaRwevs miwiur samoTxes (korp.: 34).
yoveldRiuri xetialisa da wanwalisaTvis mudam CanTiT, weraqviTa da
WogritiT mavals wanwalosans uwodebdnen (leoniZe, 2011: 218).
62
mSobliur baRidan gadmoyvanili, ucxo miwaze ver gavixareb (asaTiani, 1988:
39).
patarZeulo, RvTiuro vardo, SenTan sizmrebiT gadaWdobili... (leoniZe,
2008: 141)
-eul sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
iq mzrdida xalxi... iq mzrdida deda da xalxis fiqri aTaswleuli
(leoniZe, 2008: 118).
laSam pirvelma alRo auRo enis Seswavlis Cemeul meTods (taveliZe, 2010:
551).
me kvlav Cemeul bilikebs mivdev (CitiSvili, 2010: 32).
amiT avtoriseul msoflmxedvelobriv poziciasac moesinjeba niadagi
(korp.: 35).
dediseul taxtze miwva da Camaval mzes gauswora Tvali (korp.: 36).
es nusxa Cawerilia iliaseul erT xelnawerSi (korp.: 37).
axla sxva cxovrobs maikos ezoSi, magram maikoseuli bostnis kvlebi isev
sicocxliT xaroben da saamod fSvinvareben (leoniZe, 2011: 149).
ra saocaric ar unda iyos, is, rac galaktioniseul siaxled aris
miCneuli, sinamdvileSi akaki wereTlis poeziis kuTvnilebaa (korp.: 38).
im xis fesvebSi melandeboda xalxis mzis oqro da ganZeuli (leoniZe, 2008:
118).
-del sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
wlevandeli zamTari gacilebiT Tbilia, vidre wina da miT umetes _
rogorc amboben _ winiswina (turaSvili, 2011: 254).
baRdadSi Zveli qarTveli meomari ufro advilad Sedioda, vidre
dRevandeli amerikeli jariskaci (turaSvili, 2011: 414).
... guSindeli vaJkacuri pasuxis Semdeg, kavkasiurs rom eZaxian, uaris Tqma
moerida (imedaSvili, 2010: 240).
rad daiviwyes isini dRevandelma qarTvelma dedebma (leoniZe, 2011: 137).
amas garda, davalebuli gvaqvs, gTxovoT, Cvens dRevandel mitings mTeli
SemadgenlobiT daeswroT (korp.: 39).
arc erTi maTgani arc saerTo ganwyobilebiT, arc Tundac romelime
calkeuli poeturi saxiT an motiviT, ar imeorebs adrindel leqss (korp.: 40).
63
weRandel daRlasac aRar grZnobda (goTua, 1980: 186).
Sinaarsis da formis garkveuli urTierTkontrastuloba, rogorc
Taviseburi mxatvruli xerxi, ilia WavWavaZis adrindel leqsebSic SeimCneva
(korp.: 41).
kulturologiis sxvadasxva sferoSi mimdinare procesebSi TaobaTa
amgvari cvlis warmatebul magaliTebs dRevandel qarTul realobaSic
vxvdebiT (korp.: 42).
... da ra davwero, ar vici, _ wuxandel Ramis namReri? (leoniZe, 2008: 166)
-mdel sufiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
alCera istoriamdeli dro da adgilia (korp.: 43).
pirvel praqtikul ganxorcielebas sparta warmoadgens, sxvaTa Soris,
platonamdeli qalaqi-saxelmwifo (korp.: 44).
am dros miRebuli travma ki misi aracnobieris fundaments qmnis, romelic,
rogorc enamdeli STabeWdileba, enobriv struqturaSi ar iTargmneba (korp.: 45).
aq vadamdeli arCevnebis ismis gniasi... (korp.: 46)
Cveulebriv, ver xvdebian, Tu ra moculobis iyo mecnierebamdeli
sazogadoebis adamianebis gaurkvevloba imis aRsaqmelad, rasac... (korp.: 47)
sakuTari miwidan devnili afxazeTis omamdeli mosaxleobis 80%-is bedi...
(korp.: 48)
...sadac guramiSvili yofnamdeli yofnis, adamiswinare, dabadebamdeli
mdgomareobis xsovnas acocxlebs (korp.: 49).
... gavifiqre platoniseburad da warRvnamdeli veneciis Camuqebul cas
avxede (korp.: 50).
... SevecadeT, gveCvenebina islamamdeli da islamis Semdegdroindeli
arabuli kulturis zogadi suraTi (korp.: 51).
Sedegad sabWoTa kavSirSi revoluciamdeli epoqisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac
marTlmadidebel qristianobas gansakuTrebuli roli hqonda... (korp.: 52)
64
$ 5. abstraqtuli saxelebi
abstraqtuli saxelebis mawarmoeblebad Tanamedrove qarTulSi
gamoiyeneba -oba, -eba, si_e. aRsaniSnavia, rom samive gvxvdeba Zvel
qarTulSi, sxvaoba isaa, rom Zvel qarTulSi ufro produqtiuli si_e
iyo, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulSi poziciebs Tmobs sufiqsuri
warmoebis sasargeblod. amas a. martirosovi Semdegnairad xnis:
`istoriulad prefiq-sufiqsiani warmoebidan odensufiqsian warmoebaze
simZimis centris gadanacvleba da axal saliteraturo enaSi sufiqsuri
warmoebis warmoCena da gabatoneba si- prefiqsis uZvelesi funqciis
TandaTanobiTi moSlis Sedegia~ (martirosovi, 1958: 125). d. meliqiSvili
ki ioane petriwisa da efrem mciris enis Seswavlis safuZvelze erT
saintereso daskvnas akeTebs. kerZod, mecnierma masalis kvlevis
safuZvelze aRmoaCina, rom filosofiur terminTa qmnadobisaTvis ioane
petriwica da efrem mcirec aqtiurad iyeneben abstraqtulobis -oba
sufiqss. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb mkvlevari wers: `ioane petriwi -oba sufiqss
urTavs yovelgvar Zirs, Tuki amas cnebis sworad gamoxatvis saWiroeba
moiTxovs. amasTan, aRniSnul sufiqss igi urTavs arsebiT saxelebs,
zedsarTavebs, ricxviT saxelebs, nacvalsaxelebs, zmnisarTebs,
Tandebulebs, zmnis pirian formas (romelic mimReobis funqciis mqonea),
brunvian fuZes, warmoqmnil fuZes, kompozits... aseve iqceva efrem mcirec~
(meliqiSvili, 1974: 117).
amJamad abstraqtul saxelTa sawarmoeblad ufro aqtiurad -oba da
-eba gvxvdeba, vidre si_e. mniSvnelovania, rom met-naklebad gamijnulia
maTi gamoyenebis sferoebi. m. tuskias dakvirvebiT, -oba sufiqsiT
abstraqtuli saxelebi miiReba: moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris
mimReobebisgan, arsebiTi, zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebisgan,
nacvalsaxelebisgan, zmnizedebisa da nawilakebisgan. -eba ki xsenebuli
daniSnulebiT dasturdeba warsuli drois vnebiTi gvaris mimReobebTan,
zedsarTavebTan, iSviaTad, arsebiT da ricxviT saxelebsa da
nacvalsaxelebTan. aseve aRniSnulia isic, rom si_e ZiriTadad
mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebisgan awarmoebs abstraqtulobis
gamomxatvel sityvebs (tuskia, 2004: 76-80).
65
zogjer -oba awarmoebs garkveuli drois, dResaswaulis aRmniSvnel
sityvebs. magaliTad, rTvloba, atmoba, aluCoba, SoTaoba, iliaoba,
vaJaoba, alilooba, eliaoba, alaverdoba. aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi -oba ar
aris abstraqtulobis gamomxatveli da verc substantivis mawarmoeblad
CavTvliT, radgan CamoTvlil sityvebs ufro drouli gageba aqvT.
gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac -oba-Ti nawarmoebi saxeli
araa abstraqtuli da igi simravles, krebiTobas aRniSnavs. magaliTad,
`axalgazrdoba~ winadadebebSi: Cveni qalaqis axalgazrdoba xeebis
dasargvelad Seikriba (`axalgazrdoba~ aq krebiTobis gamomxatvelia);
qalbatoni qeTevani Tvalcremliani igonebda Tavis axalgazrdobas, uceb
gafrenil wlebs (aq `axalgazrdoba~ abstraqtuli saxelia). masalis
analizma dagvanaxa, rom -oba afiqsis krebiTobis semantika kidev ufro
ikveTeba -eul-iT warmoqmnil iseT sityvebze darTvisas, romlebic
erTnair saganTa erTobliobas gamoxataven: Tevz-eul-i _ Tevz-eul-oba,
xil-eul-i _ xil-eul-oba....
-oba-s mier krebiTobis niuansis gamovlenas l. bakuraZe -oba
sufiqsiani saxelebis gadaazrebiT xsnis: `-oba sufiqsis Tavdapirveli
funqciac unda iyos Tvisebis da ara simravlis, ricxvis gamoxatva. -oba
sufiqsiani krebiTi saxelebi xSirad iTxoven msazRvrelad simravlis
sisrulis maxasiaTebels mTeli, radgan, ara mxolod ricxvi, aramed
garkveuli Tvisebis, maxasiaTeblis simravlea gamoxatuli konkretuli
elementebiT~ (bakuraZe, 2009: 21).
a b s t r a q t u l o b i s a f i q s e b i d a k o n f i q s i
s x v a d a s x v a s a x e l i s g a n a w a r m o e b e n a r s e b i T
s a x e l e b s, a m i t o m a R n i S n u l i e l e m e n t e b i T a m a m a d
S e g v i Z l i a m i v i C n i o T m a s u b s t a n t i v e b e l t r a n s l a t i -
v e b a d, g a r d a i m S e m T x v e v e b i s a, r o d e s a c Z i r e u l i
s i t y v a a r s e b i T i s a x e l i a ( a s e T S e m T x v e v a S i i g i
s u b s t a n t i u r o b i s i n d i k a t o r i a ) a n m i R e b u l i
l e q s i k u r i e r T e u l i (-oba sufiqsiani forma) s e m a n t i k u r a d
d r o i s / d R e s a s w a u l i s g a m o m x a t v e l i a .
Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, warmovadgenT abstraqtulobis
mawarmoebelTa klasifikaciis cxrils translaciasTan mimarTebiT.
66
mawarmoebeli magaliTebi
-oba
awarmoebs substantivebs
albaT-oba, damwvr-oba, erT-oba, me-oba, daqancul-oba, brm-oba, brZn-oba
aqaur-oba, iqaur-oba, aqtualur-oba, madlian-oba, magier-oba, agznebad-oba, aalebad-oba, avtonomiur-oba, airian-oba, colian-oba, amorCeviT-oba, anTebad-oba, bmul-oba, arazomvad-oba, antikoroziul-oba, antifraqciul-oba, aorTqlebad-oba, araTanazomvad-oba, aramdgrad-oba, afeTqebad-oba, aqtiur-oba, benzinmedeg-oba, bipolarul-oba, burRvad-oba, gazian-oba, amosavlian-oba, gamoyenebad-oba, ganaTebad-oba, gansazRvrul-oba, ganSlad-oba, ganxorcielebad-oba, gafxvierebad-oba, deformirebad-oba, dafenad-oba, denad-oba, dnobad-oba, drekad-oba, zomvad-oba, Tbomdgrad-oba, Tbotevad-oba, TviTafeTqebad-oba, TviTanTebad-oba, induqciur-oba, krebad-oba, kumSvad-oba, madnian-oba, mankian-oba, periodul-oba, polarul-oba, proporciul-oba, stadiur-oba, tevad-oba, SeduRebad-oba, ugzo-oba, Runvad-oba, Seguebad-oba, Sevsebad-oba, Sewyobad-oba, weboian-oba, wvad-oba, wonad-oba, wrTobad-oba
ar awarmoebs substantivebs
alubl-oba, aluC-oba, elia-oba, barbar-oba, bed-oba, rTvl-oba, alaverd-oba, SoTa-oba, ilia-oba, balaxeul-oba, bambeul-oba, dedaSvil-oba
-eba (awarmoebs
substantivebs)
sam-eba, ars-eba, Tqmul-eba, Txzul-eba
abreSumovn-eba, erTsaxovn-eba, webovn-eba
si_e (awarmoebs
substantivebs)
si-advil-e, si-amay-e, si-anc-e, si-av-e, si-axl-e, si-axlov-e, si-bevr-e, si-briyv-e, si-brmav-e, si-civ-e, si-Cqar-e, si-cru-e, si-cud-e, si-Cum-e, si-did-e, si-giJ-e, si-magr-e, si-maRl-e, si-msuqn-e, si-mwvan-e, si-Rarib-e, si-yru-e, si-Rrm-e, si-Sav-e, si-wvril-e, si-wmind-e, si-xam-e, si-xSir-e
si-avkac-e, si-mSvenier-e
arsebuli masalis bazaze substantivaciasTan mimarTebiT sanimuSod
warmovadgenT translaciis grafikul gamosaxulebebs. ramdenadac
terminologiur sityvaTqmnadobaSi abstraqtuli saxelebi xSirad ukve
nawarmoebi an rTuli fuZidan miiReba, magaliTisTvis warmovadgenT
rogorc substantivis miRebis martiv, iseve rTul gzas. ufro swori
iqneba, Tu vityviT _ erTmagi da ormagi translaciis nimuSebs.
brZnoba sameba siave
brZen oba sam eba si av e
67
cnobilia, rom qarTulSi brunebisas Tu sityvawarmoebisas SesaZloa
fuZem ganicados cvlileba: SeikumSos an Seikvecos. Cven Zireul fuZes
warmovadgenT afiqsis darTvamde mdgomareobiT, anu sruli formiT.
zemoT warmodgenili gamosaxulebebi simboloebiT Semdegnair saxes
miiRebs:
N N N
A t Num t t A t
axla vuCvenebT ormagi translaciis SemTxvevebis grafikul
gamosaxulebebs.
N N
abreSumovneba aqauroba
abreSumovan eba (t) aqaur oba (t)
A A A
abreSum ovan (t) aqa ur (t)
N Adv
ormagi translaciis pirvel nimuSSi substantivisgan miviReT
adieqtivi, romlis xelaxali translirebis Sedegi kvlav substantivia,
oRond Tavdapirvelisgan gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT. meore magaliTi
gviCvenebs zmnisarTisgan _ zedsarTavis, xolo Semdeg arsebiTi saxelis
warmoebis gzas. warmodgenili grafikuli gamosaxulebebi TvalsaCinos
xdis ramdenimejeradi translaciis ganxorcilebis process.
68
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
-oba sufiqsiani sityvebi
substantivis funqciiT:
daZleul iqna simbolistebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli abstraqtuloba da sxv.
(korp.: 53).
lelaim igrZno munjis martooba (goTua, 1980: 16).
... misi uprecedento saqcielis gamo bewvze ekida misi arseboba (korp.: 54).
mizezad zneobis ucodinaroba moudes (leoniZe, 2011: 95).
waagondeboda Tavisi ukbiloba, uZlureba... (leoniZe, 2011: 95)
gaqres mzisnoba, mwvanosnoba... (leoniZe, 2011: 141)
...zedmeti realizmi ki adamians yvelaze mTavars, adamianurobas, arTmevs
(korp.: 55).
Sida mxatvrobas ki sul cota aklda (goTua, 1980: 5).
Sen rom gmirobas uwodeb, me is silaCre mgonia (CitiSvili, 2010: 104).
-eba sufiqsiani sityvebi
substantivis funqciiT:
... da amgvarad Seiqmna mzis simboluri sameba (korp.: 56).
eg WeSmariteba mec aTjer da asjer gamomicdia (korp.: 57).
ucrosi vaJis bedniereba undoda enaxa (lorTqifaniZe, 2010: 10).
ex, Sviliereba Cemi dasrulda! (leoniZe, 2011: 47)
waagondeboda Tavisi ukbiloba, uZlureba... (leoniZe, 2011: 95)
misi azris bundovaneba galaqtikis bundovanebas hgavs (korp.: 58).
odesRac naCuqar avgarozs gulSi iseTi sasoebiT ikravda, TiTqos
dakargul bednierebas dastiroda (korp.: 59).
me ki megona, rom, rac unda Sors gadge adamianebisgan, am cxovrebis
biwierebas ver gaeqcevi (korp.: 60).
am qveynad mainc arsebobs samarTali, jayo! is urmiT dasdevs-meTqi
borotebas... bolos ueWvelad wamoeweva (korp.: 61).
SeTqvirebul yanebSi rom dganan sxivmosili sitkboebiTa da idumalebiT
(leoniZe, 2011: 3).
69
si_e konfiqsiani sityvebi
substantivis funqciiT:
ras izam, Cemo maqsime! kacis buneba aseTi yofila, yvela siave male
aviwydeba (korp.: 62).
gare kamarebisa da kabadonebis gamofargvlis sizuste da simsubuqe
Seafasa (goTua, 1980: 9).
saxes atyvia simwuxare da gulSi elavs sxva tragedia (graneli, 2005: 44).
Sen rom gmirobas uwodeb, me is silaCre mgonia (CitiSvili, 2010: 104).
zRvis siaxlovem, nestma Tu qarma saxe dauSaSra (korp.: 63).
Tavi uxerxulad igrZno, rom sizarmacem lamis dajabna (korp.: 64).
Sercxva da YTavi daxara, siwiTlem gadauara... (asaTiani, 1988: 44)
maSin Cemgvari enamwarenic ver gakilavdnen Zvel silamazes... (asaTiani, 1988:
50)
... mavTulze Citi Tvlemas mieces, yvelaferi mieces nela Zils da simSvides
(amaRlobeli, 2011: 88).
$ 6. daniSnulebis saxelebi
daniSnulebis mawarmoeblebad saenaTmecniero literaturaSi
dasaxelebulia sa_o, sa_e, sa_ur, m. tuskia da `Tanamedrove qarTuli
enis morfologiis~ avtorebi am funqciiT gamoyofen sa_ar-sac. TiToeul
maTgans erTnairi produqtiuloba ar axasiaTebs. rogorc qarTuli, ise
ucxouri fuZeebidan daniSnulebis saxelTa misaRebad yvelaze aqtiuria
sa_o. igi gamoirCeva aRniSnuli SinaarsiT axal terminTa SeqmnaSic. amis
Sesaxeb m. osaZe da n. daTeSiZe weren: `sa_e da sa_o konfiqsebi
daniSnulebisa da kuTvnilebis gamomxatveli mawarmoeblebia. sa_o-s
damatebiT Tvisebis gamoxatvac SeuZlia. terminologiur sistemaSi am
konfiqsTagan ufro produqtiulia sa_o~ (osaZe... 2009: 171).
m a r T a l i a, d a n i S n u l e b i s s a x e l e b i a r s i T
a d i e q t i u r i b u n e b i s a n i a r i a n, m a g r a m i s i n i i C e n e n
g a s u b s t a n t i v e b i s Z l i e r t e n d e n c i a s. mag., sa-stumr-o, sa-
70
maj-ur-i, sa-yur-e, sa-kac-e... amitom translaciis TvalsazrisiT
aRniSnuli mawarmoeblebis kvalificireba sakmaod Wirs. xSirad erTi da
imave formis orive: adieqtiuri da substantiuri _ funqciiT gamoyenebaa
SesaZlebeli. Sdr.: es Tinas saavadmyofo furcelia da Tina
saavadmyofoSia. zogi aseTi sityvis substantivaciis mizezi, SesaZloa,
misi xSiri xmareba da sazRvruli wevris dausaxeleblobis
SesaZlebloba iyo, ramac xeli Seuwyo aseTi leqsikuri erTeulebis
arsebiT saxelad qcevas. da mainc, i s i n i a d i e q t i v e b i m e t a d
a r i a n, v i d r e _ s u b s t a n t i v e b i. m a s a l i s a n a l i z m a
d a g v a r w m u n a , r o m s u b s t a n t i v a c i a s u f r o x S i r a d
sa_ur m a w a r m o e b l i a n i l e q s i k u r i e r T e u l e b i
g a n i c d i a n. aqve unda SevniSnoTYerTic: daniSnulebis saxelTa
klasifikaciisaTvis araiSviaTad mniSvneloba eniWeba konteqsts.
warmovadgenT daniSnulebis konfiqsTa klasifikaciis cxrils,
romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia maTi substantivacia-adieqtivaciis unaric.
mawarmoebeli magaliTebi
sa_o
umetesad aqvT adieqtivis funqcia
sa-alers-o, sa-amay-o, sa-dav-o, sa-Tav-o, sa-mgzavr-o, sa-patron-o, sa-varaud-o, sa-tvirT-o, sa-aqci-o, sa-amis-o, sa-imis-o, sa-adre-o, sa-Cem-o, sa-dReis-o, sa-erT-o, sa-gare-o, sa-gund-o, sa-imaT-o, sa-iubile-o, sa-kadr-o, sa-leqci-o, sa-magaliT-o, sa-model-o, sa-mis-o, sa-mogzaur-o, sa-monastr-o, sa-mT-o, sa-Zieb-o, sa-lazer-o, sa-varaud-o, sa-magier-o, sa-muxruW-o, sa-mSenebl-o, sa-saqonl-o, sa-sistem-o, sa-sofl-o, sa-stamb-o, sa-telefon-o, sa-feiqr-o
sa-laqlaq-o, sa-konsultaci-o, sa-adgilmamul-o, sa-amdro-o, sa-imdro-o, sa-imqveyn-o, sa-bediswer-o, sa-Wirborot-o
umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia
sa-agent-o, sa-amqr-o, sa-amwyob-o, sa-bad-o, sa-elC-o, sa-lar-o, sa-mrekl-o, sa-mxerxa-o, sa-rZl-o, sa-siZ-o, sa-warm-o, sa-yel-o, sa-laparak-o, sa-Wora-o, sa-aqa-o, sa-iqi-o, sa-bed-o, sa-durgl-o
sa-avadmyof-o, sa-xelosn-o, sa-avtosaremont-o
sa_e
umetesad aqvT adieqtivis funqcia
sa-qsel-e, sa-Rved-e, sa-yuT-e, sa-cecxl-e
umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia
sa-agur-e, sa-Tav-e, sa-qusl-e, sa-yalib-e, sa-Sxap-e, sa-WurWl-e
sa_ur umetesad aqvs adieqtivis funqcia
sa-am-ur-i
71
umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia
sa-xel-ur-i, sa-yel-ur-i, sa-dgur-i, sa-fex-ur-i, sa-gz-ur-i, sa-maj-ur-i, sa-msax-ur-i, sa-cd-ur-i, sa-Ta-ur-i, sa-Tib-ur-i, sa-wveT-ur-i
sa_ar
umetesad aqvT adieqtivis funqcia
sa-fic-ar-i, sa-qeb-ar-i, sa-zizR-ar-i, sa-om-ar-i
umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia sa-gub-ar-i, sa-wvim-ar-i, sa-bud-ar-i, sa-mZim-ar-i
adieqtivaciad ver miviCnevT iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac adieqtiuri
gagebis sityvis amosavalic (Zireuli erTeulic) adieqtivia. Sesabamisad,
substantivaciis kvalifikacias ver mivcemT iseT nawarmoeb formebs,
romlebic substantividan momdinareobs.
amjerad warmovadgenT daniSnulebis konfiqsian iseT formaTa
grafikul gamosaxulebebs, romelTa translaciac eWvs ar iwvevs.
saerTo A
sa erT o t Num t
sacecxle saficari A A
sa cecxl e sa fic ar t N t
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
sa_o konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
imxanad gazeTSi vmuSaobdi. saavtoro sveti mqonda (korp.: 65).
mxatvars samgzavro kaba arc ki gauxdia, ise Seudga saqmes (goTua, 1980: 12).
SeRamda Tu ara, maxlobeli soflebidan xalxma Tavi iq moiyara, sadac
gaSlili saagarako adgili mdebareobda (korp.: 66).
mas ecva Zveli, erT dros saucxoo, SvidTumniani palto Savi ferisa da
eyrdnoboda xeljoxs (morCilaZe, 2010: 305).
vis, vis unda gaezomna misi dRiuri sazrunavi, sayovelTao fiqrebi
sofelze (leoniZe, 2011: 174).
72
iqneb saiubileo sufraze mowveuli romelime stumari siurprizs gviwyobs
(ldokoneni, 2010: 116).
sxvisi sagmiro saqmeebis gamgone Tinas meuRlis danaxva aRar undoda
(imedaSvili, 2010: 254).
amas avadmyofobis samedicino terminologiiT aRwera mohyveboda
(iaTaSvili, 2010: 77).
Cemo pawia, sabralo dedav, bedkruls, gatanjuls, gaZarcvuls gxedav
(lebaniZe, 2006: 73).
substantivis funqciiT:
es Cveni klubia, Cveni forumi, Cveni asamblea, Cveni sainformacio saagento
(korp.: 67).
sa_e konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
nakuTvnilari sabalaxe mTa ukan daebrunebinaT... (leoniZe, 2011: 47)
erTi Tvis mere im dReis swors moigo safure xbo Zroxam (korp.: 68).
xom siyvaruliT da xumrobiT SegipatiJeT: saxinkle xorci xom davkepe, xom
gagaxareT? (korp.: 69)
... erTi sityviT, ar viyavi sajare ymawvili (korp.: 70).
warmodgena ki albaT grZeldeba, gugunebs, zanzarebs sasule orkestris
akompanimentiT (korp.: 71).
droTa ganmavlobaSi gaizarda sasuraTe sibrtyis zomebi (korp.: 72).
cxel agvistos ukve dauxrukia xeivanze foToli, sasufre yurZnis
didroni, marcvlebCaCutuli mtevnebi, gamoReWili jiqnebiviT hkidia (korp.: 73).
substantivis funqciiT:
tyavis budeSi moTavsebuli saTvale... (korp.: 74)
Cemi saxli da saZvale rCeba duSmans da macilsa... (CitiSvili, 2010: 23)
ra kargi iyo Cveni wynari safutkre! (leoniZe, 2011: 4)
aleqsi marto darCa, aleqsi sacolem miatova, aleqsim wveri mouSva (korp.:
75).
sa_ur konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
oTaxSi rkinis Jangiani Rumeli davdgi, sakvamuri mili quCaSi gavayofine
(korp.: 76).
73
saRamur perangs mogcem da imaSi daiZineb (korp.: 77).
substantivis funqciiT:
es saTauri swored rom qarTulad maxsovs (korp.: 78).
ai, es samajuri, moicaT... (korp.: 79)
am kedelSi gamoWrili iyo is saTofuri, saidanac dRis Suqi aRwevda
(korp.: 80).
... Cailaparaka griSam da vagonis sami maRali safexuri aiara (korp.: 81).
mcxeTas vumtvrie saketurebi, vlewe taZrebi kelaptriani! (leoniZe, 2008: 57)
... sagzuris mixedviT sruli ufleba gvaqvs sakuTari manqanis gaCerebisa
(korp.: 82).
sa_ar konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
me vemsgavsebi sawvimar aminds, zecas Rrublians da Rrubels caze (korp.:
83).
ai, is meore ki, agre CafiqrebiT rom dascqeris im gafenil saomar rukas,
uTuod lanCelotia (korp.: 84).
.... statiis ucnobi avtori arc Tavis mxriv iSurebs saqebar sityvebs
`kavkasiis momRerlis~ TviTmyofadi niWis dasaxasiaTeblad (korp.: 85).
kaci Zalian Zvel da sazizRar manqanaSi Cajda, daqoqa, Tavi gamoyo da
Tqva... (korp.: 86)
yvelaze saSiSar yofaSi am SemTxvevaSi germaniaa (korp.: 87).
iq dResac sawyevar sityvad iTvleba `gamorCeuli~ (korp.: 88).
substantivis funqciiT:
netav ra gqondaT Sesandobari da riT vawveTeb me purze Rvinos (leoniZe,
2008: 157).
... mocecxle veli, wivis xanZari, iwvis qalaqTa gasadevari (leoniZe, 2008: 20).
axla farna Seiqna CeCnebisTvis saficari (imedaSvili, 2010: 156).
74
$ 7. wina viTarebis saxelebi
wina viTarebis saxelebs awarmoebs na_ar ( na_al), na_ev (na_eb),
na_ur konfiqsebi da na- prefiqsi. amaTgan na- _ yvelaze Zvel, xolo
na_ar da ne_ev yvelaze aqtiur mawarmoeblebad aris miCneuli. amgvari
saxelebi ZiriTadad miiReba arsebiTi saxelebisa da saxelzmnebisgan
(romlebic zmnuri warmoSobis saxelebia). Zireul fuZed naklebi
sixSiriT, magram mainc, gamoiyeneba zedsarTavi saxeli da zmnizeda.
a. SaniZem wina viTarebis saxelTa klasifikacia maTi Sinaarsobrivi
aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganaxorciela. mecnieris daskvniT, aseTi
sityvebi `aRniSnavs: a) sagans, romelic winaT igive iyo, rac ZireuliT
aRniSnuli (mwyemsi: na-mwyems-ar-i); b) adgils, sadac winaT is sagani iyo,
romelsac Zireuli aRniSnavs (sofeli: na-sofl-ar-i); g) sagans, romelic
im adgilas iyo, romelzedac Zireuli miuTiTebs (mTa: na-mT-ev-i); g) dros,
rodesac ukve gavlilia ZireuliT aRniSnuli xani (SuaRame: na-SuaRam-ev-i)~
(SaniZe, 1980: 133). mniSvnelovania, rom amgvari warmoeba zogjer
geografiuli punqtis saxelwodebaSic gvxvdeba, aseTebia: na-taxt-ar-i, na-
qalaq-ev-i da sxv.
w i n a v i T a r e b i s s a x e l T a s e m a n t i k u r i T a v i s e -
b u r e b i d a n g a m o m d i n a r e, Z n e l i a m a T i z u s t i g a m i j v n a
s u b s t a n t i v a c i a - a d i e q t i v a c i a s T a n m i m a r T e b i T,
r a d g a n z o g j e r S e s a Z l e b e l i a a m g v a r s a x e l T a
g a m o y e n e b a r o g o r c a r s e b i T i, i s e z e d s a r T a v i
s a x e l i s f u n q c i i T. Sdr.: es na-sofl-ar-i adgilia // es na-sofl-ar-
ia; na-mwyems-ar-i ivane axla Sin ijda // na-mwyems-ar-is mogonebebi... Tumca
Tu CavuRrmavdebiT wina viTarebis sityvaTa arss, SevamCnevT, rom i s i n i
i s e T i a d i e q t i u r i m n i S v n e l o b i s l e q s i k u r i e r T e -
u l e b i a, r o m e l T a c m k v e T r a d a q v T g a m o x a t u l i
g a s u b s t a n t i v e b i s u n a r i. es SesaZloa imanac gamoiwvia, rom
aRniSnuli warmoeba Zalian produqtiulia geografiul saxelTa
miRebisas. saxeldeba ki, ra Tqma unda, substantivacias moiazrebs, Tumca
aseve Wirs maTi masubstantivebel translativebad calsaxa miCneva,
gansakuTrebiT iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sawarmoebeli Ziric da
75
miRebuli sityvac substantivia. Sesabamisad, z e m o T
d a s a x e l e b u l i m a r k e r e b i a n s u b s t a n t i u r o b i s
i n d i k a t o r e b i (ars. saxeli / saxelzmna ars. saxeli SemTxvevaSi)
a n m a a d i e q t i v e b e l i t r a n s l a t i v e b i g a m o d i a n (ars.
saxeli / saxelzmna zedsarTavi saxeli SemTxvevaSi).
zemoaRniSnuli adasturebs, rom wina viTarebis saxelTa mkacri
gamijvna substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT ar xerxdeba, magram,
miuxedavad am siWrelisa, SevecadeT warmodgenil cxrilSi
mawarmoebelTa kvalifikacia SeZlebisdagvarad zustad gangvesazRvra. ra
Tqma unda, aq ar viTvaliswinebT iseT SemTxvevebs, roca wina viTarebis
saxelTa afiqsebi geografiuli terminebis SeqmnaSi monawileobs.
mawarmoebeli magaliTebi
na_ar
//
na_al
umetesad aqvT adieqtivis funqcia
na-om-ar-i, na-avadmyof-ar-i, na-baton-ar-i, na-cix-ar-i, na-giJ-ar-i, na-mwyems-ar-i, na-avazak-ar-i, na-mex-ar-i, na-Cinovnik-ar-i, na-mowaf-ar-i, na-muxl-ar-i, na-yvavil-ar-i, na-krux-al-i, na-mewyr-al-i
umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia
na-codv-ar-i, na-moRvaw-ar-i, na-fuZ-ar-i, na-eSmak-ar-i, na-Waob-ar-i, na-dedofl-ar-i, na-mef-ar-i, na-mosaxl-ar-i, na-ostat-ar-i, na-ministr-al-i, na-qalaq-ar-i, na-saxl-ar-i, na-sofl-ar-i, na-baRC-ar-i, na-Tavad-ar-i, na-venax-ar-i, na-yaCaR-ar-i, na-terf-al-i na-megobr-al-i, na-oficr-al-i, na-sadgur-al-i, na-Segird-al-i, na-sufr-al-i,
na_ev //
na_eb
umetesad aqvT adieqtivis funqcia
na-marxul-ev-i, na-mZinar-ev-i, na-abrag-ev-i, na-adr-ev-i, na-Cqar-ev-i, na-gvian-ev-i, na-iar-ev-i, na-mTvral-ev-i, na-Zalad-ev-i, na-abano-eb-i
umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia
na-anderZ-ev-i, na-azr-ev-i, na-mxr-ev-i, na-ngr-ev-i, na-qmr-ev-i
na_ur umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia
na-fex-ur-i, na-mze-ur-i, na-wib-ur-i
na- umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia
na-mxar-i, na-kbil-i, na-sisxl-i, na-setyv-i, na-sityv-i, na-buq-i, na-cvar-i, na-wvim-i, na-qaf-i, na-qar-i, na-sicx-i
warmovadgenT wina viTarebis saxelis, rogorc translirebeli
erTeulis, grafikul gamosaxulebas.
76
nayvavilari A A
na yvavil ar t N t
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
na_ar ( na_al) konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
nakuTvnilari sabalaxe mTa ukan daebrunebinaT... (leoniZe, 2011: 47)
saqarTvelo naqarali, naqorali, gaglejili, gamoglejili, _ daWrili
arwivi, vefxvi usulod danarcxebuli (leoniZe, 2011: 212).
hoda, uzers lomTaTa naomar adgilebs da usmens ucnobis kriWaSekrul
Txrobas (korp.: 89).
fifqi pirveli atmis totis naavdral suls axalisebs (korp.: 90).
aq yoveli sityva naweraqval qvasaviT quxs da xmianobs (korp.: 91).
oxero da namexaro, martoxeo ole! (leoniZe, 2008: 77)
substantivis funqciiT:
saerTod nasoflarebi, naqalaqarebi, nasaydralebi, nafuZvrebi,
nabazralebi imdenia saqarTveloSi, rom didze didi eris istoriasac yvela
xarvezs amouvsebda (goTua, 1980: 113).
vardebiani bardnari, bulbulTa naamborali... (asaTiani, 1988: 46)
mzis Casvlisas miaRwia nabanakars (goTua, 1980: 39).
vin icis, ramdens viTvli natyviars (CitiSvili, 2010: 189).
na_ev ( na_eb) konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
fermkrTal saxeze naadrevi Raruli dasdeboda (goTua, 1980: 8).
naadrevi xili mSvenieri icis dasavleTSi (korp.: 92).
Savgvremani, momRimari Wabuki nagvianeb stumars karebSi Seegeba (korp.: 93).
is Cqarobda, naadrev sikvdils Tu ugrZnobda guli (korp.: 94).
dedis werili zepirad icis, am nagvianev stumrobasac ise Sexvda, rogorc
aucilebelsa da gardauvals (korp.: 95).
nabaxusev TavSi tkbili mogonebani mware fiqrebs SeerTo (korp.: 96).
is imdenad lmobieria, rom nabaxusev TavebSi milionobiT axali idea
feTqdeba da gvewyeba Tavis tkivili (korp.: 97).
77
agondeba xevisTavs Soreuli warsuli da gulSi naadrev siberis JrJolas
grZnobs (korp.: 98).
substantivis funqciiT:
meurmem papis Sublze mxolod axla SeamCnia naiarevi (goTua, 1980: 56).
na_ur konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
mlaSe tba, nazRvauri udabno... (korp.: 99)
namzeur saxeze Tvalebi ugizgizebs kacs (korp.: 100).
substantivis funqciiT:
amis nakvalevs devis nafexuri hqvia (korp.: 101).
axal mosul Tovls, yinva-dakruls, arsad ar aCnda nafexuri adamianisa
(korp.: 102).
mucelze ganivi, grZeli naiarevi SevniSne _ sqeli nawiburi zed Wipze
gadioda (korp.: 103).
na- prefiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
efrem berma fexi rom moinacvla, nasisxli kvali darCa senakis lorfinze
(korp.: 104).
Sen SemamSrale nawvimi sevda da wiwvebgaSlil naZvs damamsgavse (korp.: 105).
...gagayoleb wvimiT nasetyv Tvalebs sagzlada... (korp.: 106)
gavixedoT da... erTxelac Camovarda Cognis burTi. naqari atamiviT ar
gagorda dibis qaTibSi?! (korp.: 107)
mzis qorwils eswreba cieri mayari, naqari foTlebis namqerSi vqrebi
(korp.: 108).
nasisxli xelebiT sxvebis dalocvac ver miyo gulma (korp.: 109).
substantivis funqciiT:
beletaJis kuTxeSi, mavTulis wnuliT Semortymuli, beberi vazis namxari
TiTqmis mTel ezos faravs (korp.: 110).
moCqefs `kometas~ Rvino Sxefebad, orTqlavs rost-bifi sisxliT nacvari
(korp.: 111).
macocxlebeli iyo siyvaruli igi, viT ukvdavebisa zeciT nacvari (korp.:
112).
78
$ 8. xeloba-profesiis saxelebi
xeloba-profesiis saxelTa mawarmoeblebad a. SaniZe gamoyofda me_e-sa
da me_ur-s ( me_ul). qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi am
daniSnulebiT damatebiT warmodgenilia mo_e konfiqsic (m. tuskia, g.
gogolaSvili...). marTalia, aRniSnuli jgufis sityvebs xelobis
saxelebad moixsenieben umetesad, magaram zogjer amgvar saxelTa
semantika scildeba xeloba-profesiis gamoxatvas da ufro Tviseba-
daniSnulebas uaxlovdeba. aseTebia, magaliTad, me-anabr-e, me-Tav-e, me-Zvir-e,
me-ocneb-e da a. S. erTi warmoebis farglebSi amdenad mravalferovani
mniSvnelobis sityvaTa arsebobam afiqrebina m. tuskias, rom `xelobis
saxelebi~ zustad ver gamoxatavs xsenebuli jfufis semantikur
specifikas da aRniSnuli warmoebisaTvis mosaZebnia axali, ufro
Sesatyvisi, termini (tuskia, 2004: 105).
xeloba-profesiis saxelebi miiReba umetesad arsebiTi saxelebisgan
(me-qaTm-e, me-nav-e, me-bad-ur-i, mo-wil-e...), iSviaTad am daniSnulebiT
gamoiyeneba zedsarTauli (me-did-ur-i), zmnisarTuli (mo-wina-v-e...) da
saxelzmnuri (me-marx-ul-e...) Zirebi.
CamoTvlili mawarmoeblebidan ufro aqtiurad gvxvdeba me_e da
me_ur, vidre mo_e. es ukanaskneli warmoebisa da mniSvnelobis mxriv did
msgavsebas iCens saSuali gvaris mimReobebTan (mo-cimcim-e, mo-cigurav-e).
mniSvnelovania, rom aseTi mimReobebi xSirad substantivdebian kidec
(tuskia, 2004).
x e l o b a - p r o f e s i i s s a x e l e b z e S e i Z l e b a i T q v a s,
r o m i s i n i Z i r i T a d a d s u b s t a n t i v e b i a r i a n. C v e n i
a z r i T, a m g v a r s a x e l T a a d i e q t i v a d g a m o y e n e b i s
S e m T x v e v e b i m e o r e u l i x a s i a T i s a a d a p i r v a n d e l i
f u n q c i a a m g v a r i s a x e l e b i s a m a i n c s u b s t a n t i u r i a.
qarTul enas rom udidesi potencia aqvs sityvaTa klasebis cvlilebisa,
es cnobili faqtia da sakvirveli namdvilad araa adieqtivis rolSi
xeloba-profesiis saxelebis gamosvla maSin, rodesac Zireuli
substantivebis adieqtivaciasac ar erideba ena saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.
Sdr.: ori Wiqa wyali, erTi godori simindi, sami boTli Rvino da a. S.
79
Tqmulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia x e l o b a -
p r o f e s i i s k o n f i q s e b i m a s u b s t a n t i v e b e l t r a n s l a -
t i v T a r i g S i S e v i y v a n o T i m S e m T x v e v e b i s T v i s,
r o d e s a c s i t y v e b i i w a r m o e b a a r s e b i T i s a g a n g a n s x v a -
v e b u l i m e t y v e l e b i s n a w i l e b i s g a n, d a n a r C e n
v i T a r e b a S i x e l o b a - d a n i S n u l e b i s m a r k e r e b i s a x e l -
T a s u b s t a n t i u r o b i s i n d i k a t o r e b i ( m a C v e n e b l e b i )
i q n e b i a n m x o l o d.
zemoT warmodgenil msjelobas emyareba xeloba-profesiis
mwarmoebelTa kvalifikacia substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT.
mawarmoebeli magaliTebi
me_e
umetesad aqvT adieqtivis funqcia
me-alilo-e, me-marcxen-e, me-marjven-e, me-ocneb-e, me-ojax-e
umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia
me-anabr-e, me-baJ-e, me-baR-e, me-buxr-e, me-Cai-e, me-Ceqm-e, me-kar-e, me-Congur-e, me-cxvar-e, me-daviTn-e, me-dol-e, me-droS-e, me-etl-e, me-ezov-e, me-futkr-e, me-kvl-e, me-manqan-e, me-mkvidr-e, me-montaJ-e, me-nav-e, me-naxir-e, me-pur-e, me-Rvin-e, me-saaT-e, me-sanTl-e, me-sazRvr-e, me-tiv-e, me-val-e, me-venax-e, me-warm-e, me-yvavil-e, me-zRapr-e, me-Zrox-e, me-agur-e, me-air-e, me-baTqaS-e, me-brZmed-e, me-eqskavator-e, me-xanZr-e
me_ur //
me_ul
umetesad aqvT adieqtivis funqcia
me-did-ur-i, me-dRe-ur-i, me-Ta-ur-i, me-rZe-ul-i
umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia
me-bad-ur-i, me-barg-ul-i, me-zRva-ur-i
mo_e umetesad aqvT substantivis
funqcia mo-Sair-e, mo-val-e, mo-nadir-e, mo-keT-e, mo-krimanWul-e
moyvanili magaliTebic adasturebs, rom xeloba-profesiis saxelebis
umravlesoba substantivia, oRond isev substantivisgan miRebuli.
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi xsenebuli
mawarmoeblebiT xdeba adieqtivaciac. warmovadgenT xeloba-profesiis
sarTebis meSveobiT ganxorcielebuli translaciis oriode magaliTis
struqturul gamosaxulebas.
80
merZeuli mealiloe A
me rZe ul me alilo e t N t
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
me_e konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
meRore yatala Roris afesvaSi rom eSveleboda Tayas, _ xelTuyari,
weliwyvetia, gamoniWuli (leoniZe, 2011: 94).
vanom naRvlianad gauRima meezove qals da gza ganagrZo (korp.: 113).
substantivis funqciiT:
oTaxis karebSi Cemi Zveli nacnobi meetle idga (korp.: 114).
... da madls arigebT sxivCamdgar muWiT TviT upovari meudabnove
(CitiSvili, 2010: 46).
metiveebi sadRac mRerian, soflis gubeSi gaCrila mTvare (leoniZe, 2008: 32).
meurmem papis Sublze mxolod axla SeamCnia naiarevi (goTua, 1980: 56).
-vaime! _ aRmoxda Cumi kvnesa meCibuxes da aTive TiTi TmebSi itaca (korp.:
115).
monadires, meTevzes, mewisqviles, poetebs xandaxan unda apatioT ocnebis
gadaduReba (leoniZe, 2011: 178).
kokam mTvarian Rames gadaayvanina daWrili kuka meTevzeebs kunZulze
nacnob qirurgTan (TabukaSvili, 2010: 16).
me_ur ( // me_ul) konfiqsiani sityvebi
adieqtivis funqciiT:
ase rom TxrobaSi aRweril angelozebs sxvas verafers vuwodebT, Tu ara
`megzur sulebs~ (korp.: 116).
sicelqis iStam isev daria medidur mgzavrs xeli (korp.: 117).
... Cems lurjTvaleba mezRvaur papas (korp.: 118).
substantivis funqciiT:
Cemodnebiani mebarguli win miuZRoda (korp.: 119).
wyals perangiani mebaduri damklavebuli misdevda (korp.: 120).
me viyav, Zmano, baRdadeli mebarguli (korp.: 121).
81
... Tavazianad mimarTa megzurma da myis dainaxa, rom misi aseTi
CarevisTanave kaci moeSva (korp.: 122).
- oh, batono morel! _ Sehyvira Tvalcremlianma axalgazrda mezRvaurma
(korp.: 123).
mezRvaurma yanCas niskartSi staca xeli da zRvis zedapirze ase SeCerda
(korp.: 124).
mesame mezRvaurs ki damiznebuli revolveri xelSi SerCenoda uazrod
(korp.: 125).
mo_e konfiqsiani sityvebi
substantivis funqciiT:
... Semdeg welSi gadaxrili moWidave isev TviTonve gaaswora da aaTamaSa
(korp.: 126).
es monadire xalxis warmomadgenelia (korp.: 127).
mxatvrebi da moqandakeebi xataven da aqandakeben panis gamosaxulebas
(korp.: 128).
maharajam brZana, saswrafod SeekribaT im mxaris saukeTeso monadireebi
(korp.: 129).
roca ganTiadma moatana, ucnaurma moWidavem uTxra iakobsa... (korp.: 130)
TviTon waiqca da sanam wamoayenebdnen, moWidaveebma icnes sastumroSi
nanaxi mamuliSvili (korp.: 131).
mociquls ki mgosans, poets, moSaires uwodebdnen (korp.: 132).
monadires, meTevzes, mewisqviles, poetebs xandaxan unda apatioT ocnebis
gadaduReba (leoniZe, 2011: 178).
ara, ugmiroba ki ar gvWirs _ Tavad martoxela gmirs... calke
mokrimanWules... yavli gauvida (goTua, 1980: 112).
gTxovT momitevoT, rom eg Tqveni moTxovna Tqveni nebiTve unda uaryoT da
Tqvens movaled unda davrCe (korp.: 133).
82
$ 9. geografiuli saxelebi
geografiul saxelTa mawarmoeblebis gamoyofisas qarTul
lingvistur literaturaSi didi sxvaoba SeiniSneba.
a. SaniZe amgvar saxelTa mawarmoeblebad Semdeg konfiqsebs
asaxelebs: sa_e, sa_o, sa_is, sa_ur. igi amave daniSnulebiT ganixilavs -ian,
-ovan afiqsebs, na_ev, na_ar, na_ur prefiqs-sufiqsebs da iqve saubrobs e.w.
nagenetivar Tu oden -eT, -iT-iTa da sa-eT sarTebiT geografiuli
saxelebis miRebaze (SaniZe, 1980: 136-140).
m. tuskia aRniSnavs, rom geografiul terminTa SeqmnisTvis ena
mimarTavs nairgvar saSualebas, amitom igi sakuTriv geografiul
saxelTa mawarmoeblebiT miRebul formebs ganixilavs. amgvar
elementebad mkvlevari gamoyofs Semdeg sarTebs: -eT, sa_eT, -nar, -ob, -o
(tuskia, 2004: 114-118).
gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis
morfologiaSic~. aq naSromis avtorebi cal-calke warmoadgenen adgilis
gamomxatvelsa da geografiul saxelebs. pirvel maTganSi SeaqvT -ob-isa
da -nar-is darTviT miRebuli sityvebi, xolo meore maTganSi aerTianeben
rogorc oden geografiul saxelTa afiqsebiT (-eT, -iT, sa_eT, sa_is), ise
sxvadasxva funqciis mawarmoeblebiT (-ian, -ovan, na_ar, na_ur, na_ev,
sa_e, sa_o, sa_is, sa_ur) Seqmnil leqsikur erTeulebs (gogolaSvili...
2011: 231-233).
miuxedavad am gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedvisa, CvenTvis principuli
mniSvneloba mxolod am mawarmoebelTa funqciur datvirTvas aqvs da ara
imas, gamoiyeneba Tu ara CamoTvlili afiqsebi sxva daniSnulebiTac.
geografiuli Tu adgilis gamomxatveli sityvebi, rasakvirvelia,
substantivebia. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogjer saxeldebisTvis gamoiyeneba
Tvisebis saxelebi, nawarmoebi -ian, -ovan, sa_e, sa_o sarTebiT da am
SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa visaubroT sityvis substantivaciaze. danarCen
viTarebaSi miRebul saxels imTaviTve substantivis gageba aqvs an
Zireuli sityvac substantivia da amdenad translaciaze aqcentireba
zedmetia.
83
Cven geografiul terminTa Sesaxeb srulyofili suraTis SeqmnisTvis
gavaanalizeT `saqarTvelos geografiuli saxelebis orTografiuli
leqsikonis~ masala. yvelaze xSirad amgvar terminTa Sesaqmnelad
gamoyenebulia Semdegi mawarmoeblebi:
sa_e: sa-batkn-e, sa-bu-e, sa-irm-e, sa-jixv-e, sa-kalmax-e, sa-naxSir-e,
sa-orb-e, sa-Tiv-e, sa-Tovl-e, sa-Tx-e
sa_o: sa-adami-o, sa-badl-o, sa-baJ-o, sa-berulav-o, sa-guram-o,
sa-imed-o, sa-imerl-o, sa-javax-o, sa-lxin-o, sa-madl-o, sa-Tavad-o,
sa-Tem-o, sa-wisqvin-o
sa_is: sa-cxen-is-i
sa_ur: sa-bad-ur-i, sa-cix-ur-i
sa_eT: sa-ber-eT-i, sa-bu-eT-i, sa-cxen-eT-i, sa-mRer-eT-i, sa-rkin-eT-i,
sa-sir-eT-i, sa-van-eT-i
-eT: abano-eT-i, alg-eT-i, argv-eT-i, baral-eT-i, beRl-eT-i, bevr-eT-i,
bJol-eT-i, bu-eT-i, dadian-eT-i, gogol-eT-i, gomar-eT-i, grigol-eT-i,
gvel-eT-i, kvern-eT-i, murman-eT-i, mzian-eT-i, nigoz-eT-i orb-eT-i, qveS-eT-i,
riy-eT-i, simon-eT-i, Tagv-eT-i, tb-eT-i, Ton-eT-i, van-eT-i, zamTar-eT-i,
zvar-eT-i
-nar: baR-nar-i, mux-nar-i, pant-nar-i, tiv-nar-i, Txil-nar-i.
mniSvnelovania, rom saxeldebisTvis, rogorc Cans, xSirad
gadamwyvetia sanominacio obieqtis garegnuli mxare, Tviseba da a.S. am
niSniT Seqmnil geografiul terminebSi, rasakvirvelia, sxvadasxva
funqciis afiqsebia gamoyenebuli. yvela mawarmoebeli, rogorc
mosalodnelic iyo, araa erTnairad produqtiuli. am daniSnulebiT
gvxvdeba Semdegi mawarmoeblebi:
qonebis afiqsebi:
-a: bosel-a, bostan-a, didmux-a, didwifel-a, kibur-a, kidegan-a, maxaT-a,
naxSir-a, Rrubel-a, ryevis-a, Tbilis-a, TeTr-a, TeTrwyal-a, Txel-a,
Txil-a, unagir-a, velis-a, velur-a, wablan-a, wiTel-a, zekar-a
-ovan da -ovan-a: citrus-ovan-i, lam-ovan-i, nar-ovan-i, Txil-ovan-i,
Wal-ovan-i, wifl-ovan-i; Svind-ovan-a, wabl-ovan-a, zurg-ovan-a
-ian da ian-a: baR-ian-i, birk-ian-i, Cit-ian-i, fiWv-ian-i, gul-ian-i,
gvimr-ian-i, javSn-ian-i, kakl-ian-i, mux-ian-i, mz-ian-i, nak-ian-i, nar-ian-i,
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pant-ian-i, qar-ian-i, qv-ian-i, Samb-ian-i, tex-ian-i, til-ian-i, wabl-ian-i;
Txil-ian-a
uqonlobis afiqsi u_o: u-dabn-o, u-saxel-o
warmomavlobis afiqsebi: -el, -ur // -ul, -eul: van-el-i; badia-
ur-i, ban-ur-i, tex-ur-i; arsena-ul-i, ser-ul-i; mzis-eul-i
wina viTarebis saxelTa mawarmoeblebi: na_ar, na_ev // na_eb,
na_ur: na-cix-ar-i, na-dikv-ar-i, na-duqn-ar-i, na-taxt-ar-i; na-bak-ev-i, na-
bosl-ev-i, na-darbaz-ev-i, na-gom-ev-i, na-maril-ev-i, na-Rvar-ev-i, na-venax-ev-i;
na-bostn-eb-i; na-dab-ur-i, na-jix-ur-i, na-xid-ur-i.
geografiul obieqtTa saxelebSi gvaqvs rogorc -eb-iani, ise
narTaniani maravlobiTis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebic: adaZe-eb-i, bag-eb-i,
bosl-eb-i, darCiZe-eb-i, diakoniZe-eb-i, gelaZe-eb-i, qv-eb-i, vel-eb-i, wyl-eb-i;
rko-n-i, Rrma-n-i, ToTiaur-n-i, akaur-Ta, bosel-Ta, buCukur-Ta, gulian-Ta,
kalo-Ta, lix-Ta, van-Ta, wyaro-Ta.
warmodgenil sailustracio maslaze zedapiruli dakvirvebiTac
kargad Cans, rom i s S e m T x v e v e b i, r o d e s a c m q o n e b l o b i s a
d a w a r m o m a v l o b i s a f i q s e b i a n i f o r m e b i g a m o i y e n e b a
g e o g r a f i u l t e r m i n T a s a w a r m o e b l a d, m a S i n a S k a r a a
a d i e q t i u r f o r m a T a s u b s t a n t i v a c i a. a s e T s a v e
S T a b e W d i l e b a s t o v e b s sa_e k o n f i q s i T m i R e b u l i
s i t y v e b i c. d a n a r C e n S e m T x v e v e b S i s u b s t a n t i v a c i a z e
s a u b a r i g a W i r d e b a. Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, struqturul
gamosaxulebas warmovadgenT mxolod qonebis afiqsian da sa_e
mawarmoebliani TiTo-TiTo SemTxvevisTvis.
N (semantikuri gadaazrebiT) N
sabue A TeTra A
sa bu e t N t TeTr a N t
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$ 10. daskvnebi
winamdebare qveTavSi warmovadgineT sityvaTmawarmoebeli morfemebi
da semantikur-funqciuri analizis Sedegad SevecadeT maT klasifikacias
substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT.
marTalia, naSromSi afiqsebi dalagebulia semantikuri niSniT,
rogorc es tradiciuladaa miRebuli, magram CvenTvis mniSvnelovani aris
ara warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli sityvis semantika (qonebis saxelia,
uqonlobis, wina viTarebis, warmomavlobis Tu sxva), aramed am erTeulis
ZiriTadi funqciuri datvirTva winadadebaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
translaciis kvlevisTvis mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu ra mimarTebas
amyarebs miRebuli sityva sxva sityvebTan, romel metyvelebis nawils
ganekuTvneba igi. translaciis arsidan gamomdinare, umTavresia, rom
warmoebis Sedegad enobrivma erTeulma Seicvalos klasi, anu Zireuli da
warmoqmnili sityvebi sxvadasxva klasis unda iyos. Sesabamisad, Tu
sityvawarmoeba ar iwvevs klasis cvlilebas, maSin ar xdeba translacia.
s u b s t a n t i v a c i a - a d i e q t i v a c i a s i t y v i s e r T i k l a s i -
d a n m e o r e S i g a d a s v l a s g u l i s x m o b s, s u b s t a n t i u r o -
b a - a d i e q t i u r o b a k i S e s a Z l o a a m a T u i m e r T e u l i s
p i r v a n d e l i n i S a n i i y o s. magaliTad, rodesac vambobT, rom sityva
`azr-ian-i~ adieqtiuri gagebis aris, es niSnavs, rom is an pirveladi
adieqtivia, an translaciis Sedegad miRebuli. am formaSi Zireuli
erTeuli arebiTi saxelia, warmoebis Sedegad miRebuli sityva ki _
zedsarTavi. anu aRniSnuli forma adieqtivi Tavidan ki ar yofila,
aramed translaciis Sedegad gamxdara, Sesabamisad, -ian maadieqtivebeli
translativi gamodis. xdeba isec, rom erTi da igive mawarmoebeli erT
sityvasTan translativia, xolo meoresTan _ ara. magaliTisTvis
ganvixiloT abstraqtulobis sufiqsi -oba sityvebSi `erT-oba~ da `ded-
oba~. orive forma substantiuri gagebisaa, oRond pirvelSi Zireuli
sityva ricxviTi saxelia, meoreSi _ arsebiTi, amitom substantivaciaze
mxolod pirvel SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia visaubroT. meore formaSi -oba
mxolod substantiurobis maCvenebelia (indikatoria).
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masalaze dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom translaciisTvis aseve
mniSvnelovania sityvis semantika. amis dasturia isic, rom, magaliTad, -eul
sufiqsi xan maadieqtivebelia, xan _ ara. wesiT marcvl-eul-i, xil-eul-i
adieqtivebi unda iyos, radgan -eul-iT miiReba adieqtivebi (Cem-eul-i,
dedis-eul-i), magram formebSi `marcvleuli~ da `xileuli~ aRniSnulma
mawarmoebelma arc warmomavloba gamoxata (rac am afiqsis semantikuri
niSania) da arc adieqtivi awarmova, aRniSnul sityvebs man mxolod
erTnair saganTa simravlis, krebiTobis niuansi SesZina. krebiTobis es
niSani kidev ufro ikveTeba aseT sityvebze -oba-s darTviT: marcvl-eul-oba,
xil-eul-oba da a.S. enobrivi erTeulis am rTul bunebasa da misi
analizisas kompleqsuri midgomis saWiroebas xazi gausva b. jorbenaZemac
Semdegi sityvebiT: `morfologiuri analizis ZiriTadi mizania sityvis
formisa da misi cvlilebis kanonzomierebaTa Seswavla. morfologiuri
analizi iTvaliswinebs: a) formis sintaqsur funqcias, b) formis
semantikas. am momentebis gaTvaliswineba TviT formis srulyofili
morfologiuri analizisTvis aris aucilebeli. sintaqsuri da
semantikuri faqtorebi moqmedeben formaTwarmoebaze~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 27).
afiqsTa zemoT warmodgenili specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT SevecadeT
warmogveCina konkretuli sityvaTmawarmoebeli sarTebis matranslire-
beli Zala. sakiTxis kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa Semdegi:
1. qarTul enas Seswevs unari nebismieri arasaxeli aqcios
saxelad, anu gaasubstantivos, xolo saxelTa klasebis
cvlilebisTvis nairgvar saSualebebs mimarTos.
2. saxelebisgan saxelTa miRebis erT-erTi yvelaze produqtiuli
saSualebaa sityvawarmoeba.
3. sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsebs aqvT translaciis unari. maT
SeuZliaT Seqmnan axali leqsikuri erTeuli axali funqciiT;
4. erTi da igive afiqsi SeiZleba erT SemTxvevaSi iyos
translativi, meore SemTxvevaSi _ ara.
5. erTi da imave sityvidan sityvawarmoebiT SesaZlebelia
miviRoT translirebuli varianti, an _ ara (Sdr.: erTi mxriv _
kac-ob-a da meore mxriv _ kac-ur-i).
87
6. translirebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia semantikuri faqtori. amas
adasturebs, magaliTad, qonebis afiqsian atributul formaTa
gasubstantiveba saxeldebisaTvis amgvar erTeulTa
gadaazrebiT: Cit-ian-i, qv-ian-i, qar-ian-i, wabl-ian-i da sxv.
7. translirebisTvis xSirad gadamwyveti ara marto sityvis,
aramed mawarmoeblis semantikacaa (anu ra mniSvnelobis,
funqciis leqsikur erTeulebs viRebT). SevadaroT ori forma:
sa-agent-o da sa-agent-e*. orive daniSnulebis konfiqsTa
darTviTaa miRebuli, magram ena pirvel formas iyenebs
aqtiurad, meores ki ugulebelyofs miuxedavad
morfonologiuri SezRudvis ararsebobisa. Sdr.: sakalte,
salente, sisxarte da a.S.
8. zogjer ena erTi sityvisgan erTi da imave semantikis afiqsTa
monawileobiT qmnis sityvebs: sa-Tav-e da sa-Tav-o. orive
leqsikuri erTeuli daniSnulebis konfiqsebis darTviTaa
miRebuli, magram enam maTi mniSvnelobisa da funqciis
diferencireba moaxdina: mdinaris saTave (substantivi), saTavo
ofisi (adieqtivi).
9. SeiZleba erTi da igive sityva konteqstSi dakisrebuli
funqciis mixedviT sxvadasxva klasis kuTvnileba iyos. Sdr.:
inglis-el-i stumari (adieqtivi) da inglis-el-ebi gvestumren
(substantivi). Tumca es mainc poziciuri xasiaTis movlenaa. -el-i
maadieqtivebeli translativia. meore SemTxvevaSi sityvis
substantivacia morfologiuri ki ara, sintaqsuri meqanizmis
meSveobiT ganxorcielda.
10. zogjer metaenis Taviseburebani gansazRvravs ama Tu im
mawarmoeblis produqtiulobas. SesaZlebelia romelime afiqsi
Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi naklebaqtiuri iyos, magram dargobriv
terminologiaSi Zalian nayofierad gamoiyenebodes.
11. ama Tu im mawarmoeblis aqtiuroba gansxvavebulia enis
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze. magaliTad, Zvel qarTulSi
abstraqtul saxelebs ufro xSirad si_e konfiqsi awarmoebda
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maSin, roca axal qarTulSi xsenebulma sarTma poziciebi
daTmo odensufiqsuri warmoebis sasargeblod.
12. mawarmoeblis produqtiuloba gulisxmobs ara marto imas, rom
igi bevr sityvaSi gvxvdeba, aramed imasac, Tu ramdenad bevr
metyvelebis nawilTan gamoiyeneba igi. magaliTad, samecniero
literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom -oba sufiqsi ufro meti
ragvarobis fuZeebTan dasturdeba, vidre _ -eba; amgvarad,
logikuria, rom produqtiul mawarmoeblebs translirebis
meti unaric aqvT, rac nairgvar fuZeebze maTi darTvis
SansiTaa ganpirobebuli.
13. nebismierma translirebulma formam SeiZleba kidev ganicados
translacia. am daniSnulebiT morfologiur saSualebad
gamoiyeneba translativebis kvlav darTva, ris Sedegadac
viRebT ormagi translaciis formebs. translirebuli formis
kvlavtranslirebis sintaqsuri meqanizmis arsi ki modelSi
gansxvavebuli rolis dakavebiT gamoixateba (aRniSnul sakiTxs
ganvixilavT translaciis sintaqsur saSualebaSi).
14. ramdenimejeradi translaciis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia yvela
jerze sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawili miviRoT an, magaliTad,
Tavdapirveli sityva da saboloo, translirebis Sedegad
miRebuli, erTeuli erTi da imave klasis iyos, Sualeduri
safexurisa ki _ sxva (ormagi translaciis orive SemTxvevis
grafikuli gamosaxuleba warmodgenilia zemoT).
15. sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebi SegviZlia davajgufoT imis
mixedviT, ZiriTadad substantivebs awarmoeben, Tu adieqtivebs.
gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT maTi
kvalificireba ar xerxdeba.
dasasrul, sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebisTvis warmovadgenT
sailustracio gamosaxulebas, romelSic elementTa ganawilebisas
gaTvaliswinebulia maT mier nawarmoebi sityvebis substantiuroba-
adieqtiuroba, rogorc aRniSnuli afiqsebiT sityvaTa ama Tu im saxis
translirebis rezultatiuri niSani.
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CamoTvlili afiqsebiT nawarmoebi sityvebi:
adieqtivebia
substantivebi da adieqtivebia
substantivebia
III. brunvis niSnebi matranslirebel elementebad
zogadad brunvis niSnebi mimarTebiTi morfemebia, romelTa ZiriTadi
daniSnuleba aris sityvis im formiT warmodgena, romelic winadadebaSi
sxva sityvebTan mimarTebisTvisaa saWiro. winadadebis struqturul
modelSi brunvaTa gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas xazs usvams C. filmori,
romelmac specialuri naSromi miuZRvna brunvebs, maTi funqciebi
sintaqsis TvalsazrisiT ganixila da isini siRrmiseul struqturul
modelSic warmoadgina (filmori, 1977). miuxedavad brunvis niSanTa
umTavresi (mimarTebiTi) daniSnulebisa, arcTu iSviaTad maT SeiZleba
Seicvalon funqcia da derivatebad mogvevlinon, amitom qarTul
saenaTmecniero literaturaSi sityvawarmoebis ganxilvisas yovelTvis
-a; sa_o, sa_e, sa_ur, a_ar;
na_ar//na_al, na_ev//na_eb;
me_ur//me_ul
me_e,
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aRniSnaven brunvis niSanTa am unars. `kargad aris cnobili saxelTa
brunvis niSnebis ormagi buneba: (1) garkveul pirobebSi brunvis niSnebi,
kargaven ra fleqsiur bunebas, translirdebian derivaciul elementebad
_ warmoqmnian sxva metyvelebis nawilebs; fleqsiur elementTa rangSi
maT aseve SeuZliaT metyvelebis sxva nawilTa saxelad moqceva. yovelive
es xorcieldeba paradigmidan amovardniT an paradigmaSi CarTviT; (2)
yovelgvari pirobis gareSe brunvis niSani maSinve derivatiul elementad
moiqceva, rogorc ki mas sityvaformaSi igive an sxva brunvis niSani
mohyveba, rac Teoriulad gamoricxavs ormag da sammag brunebas~, _ wers
T. uTurgaiZe (uTurgaiZe, 2013: 22) da xazs usvams brunvis niSanTa
sityvaTmawarmoebel da matranslirebel funqciebs.
brunvis niSnebiT axali leqsikuri erTeulebis miReba qarTuli enis
ganviTarebis yvela doneze aqtiuri Cans. magaliTad, Zvel qarTulSi aris
rigi sityvebisa, romlebic naTesaobiTbrunviani formiT gamoxataven
drois garemoebas. `zogierTi aseTi saxeli am mniSvnelobiT xSiri
xmarebis gamo zmnizedad iqca. aseTia, magaliTad, gz-is (gza _ gz-is) da
my-is (meyi _ my-is), romlebic warmoSobiT drois zmnizeda unda iyos~
(imnaiSvili, 1957: 174). Zvel qarTulSi brunvis niSanTa derivaciul unars
xazs usvams z. sarjvelaZec: `naTesaobiTis, moqmedebiTisa da viTarebiTis
niSnebi zogjer axal fuZes warmoqmnian~, _ wers mkvlevari (sarjvelaZe,
1997: 187). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ioane petriwi da efrem mcire
nayofierad iyenebdnen brunvis niSnebs axal leqsikur erTeulTa
misaRebad (meliqiSvili, 1974).
yovelive zemoTqmuli udavod adasturebs brunvis niSanTa
sityvawarmoebiTi daniSnulebis, rogorc faqtis, siZveles.
aRsaniSnavia, rom brunvis niSanTa derivaciuli unari sakmaod
aqtiuria Tanamedrove qarTulSic. magaliTad, a. SaniZe miiCnevs, rom -iT
da -ad gamoiyeneba zedsarTav saxelTa misaRebad: dadeb-iT-i, uaryof-iT-i,
Cveneb-iT-i; Tval-ad-i, tan-ad-i, fer-ad-i, pur-ad-i... (SaniZe, 1980: 145). masve
aqvs SeniSnuli amgvari warmoebis aqtiuroba terminologiur
sityvaTqmnadobaSi. m. tuskiac iziarebs azrs, rom `brunvis niSanTa
derivatebad gamoyeneba qarTuli enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa~
(tuskia, 2004: 123) da am funqciiT gamoyofs naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da
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viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebs (-is, -iT, -iv, -ad). T. uTurgaiZe ki xazs usvams
micemiTi brunvis niSnis sityvawarmoebiT daniSnulebas: `mravali
arsebiTi saxelis moqceva SeiZleba zmnisarTad ise, rom forma ar
Seecvalos; mag., zafxuls, Semodgomas, kviras... `forma Seecvalos~ exeba
gamoxatulebis plans, mxolod bgerobriv igiveobas, gramatikulad isini
(saerTo bgerobrivi Sedgenilobis arsebiTi saxeli da zmnisarTi) didad
arian gansxvavebuli: `zafxuls~ arsebiT saxelSi -s fuZeSi ar Sedis,
brunvis niSania (`zafxuls Semodgoma mosdevs~), romelic paradigmaSi
SeiZleba Canacvlebul iqnes sxva brunvis niSniT (zafxul-i, zafxul-ma...
`zafxulma kargad Ciara~ da sxv.), zmnisarT `zafxuls~ formaSi ki -s
daboloeba fuZis kuTvnilebaa, rogorc warmomqmneli elementi (`am
zafxuls zRvaze isvenebda~). zmnisarTi `zafxuls~ paradigmas
moklebulia da arc Sinaarsobrivad niSnavs arsebiTi saxelis micemiTi
brunvis `zafxulis~ formas~ (uTurgaiZe, 2005: 256). msgavs SemTxvevebs
mecnieri saxelisgan zmnisarTis translirebis kvalifikacias aZlevs.
`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~ warmoqmnis elementebad
miCneulia mxolod naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis
niSnebi, Tumca naSromSi damatebiTaa SeniSnuli, rom `Tanamedrove
saliteraturo enaSi -is, rogorc warmoqmnis elementi, ar gvxvdeba,
samecniero terminologiaSi ki xSirad gamoiyeneba: Tval-is-i, afr-is-i,
ujred-is-i, safex-is-i~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 238).
zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba SevajamoT, rom
derivaciuli daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba Semdegi brunvis niSnebi: -s
(micemiTi), -is/-s (naTesaobiTi), -iT (moqmedebiTi) da -ad/-d (viTarebiTi).
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enisTvis zemoT miTiTebuli
afiqsebis funqciebi samecniero literaturis (klasifikaciisas
veyrdnobiT `qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri elementebis
leqsikons~) Sesabamisad SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:
1. micemiTi brunvis niSani -s gamoiyeneba zmnisarTebis
sawarmoeblad (dRes, saRamos, dilas, wels, Zirs, Sors...).
2. naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani -is da misi varianti -s (aseve -Ta
daboloeba naTesaobiTis funqciiT) gvxvdeba substantiuri
msazRvrelis mawarmoeblad; -is-s, rogorc sityvaTmawarmoebel
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formants, gamoyofen pirisa da ukuqceviT saxelTagan miRebul
kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi (mis-i, imis-i, Tavis-i...) da aseve
iseT geografiul saxelebSi, romlebmac savaraudod dakarges
sazRvruli wevri (Sind-is-i; ru-is-i...) (jorbenaZe... 1988: 241)
Cveni azriT, naTesaobiTi brunvis yvela zemoCamoTvlili
funqciis arsi sityvaTa adieqtivaciaSi mdgomareobs.
3. -iT sufiqsiT iwarmoeba zmnisarTebi Semdegi metyvelebis
nawilebisgan: zedsarTavisgan (maRl-iT, dabl-iT...), drois
aRmniSvneli arsebiTi saxelebisgan (dil-iT, Ram-iT...),
masdarisgan (SemTxvev-iT, gadaWarbeb-iT). ukanaskneli saxis
zmnisarTi SeiZleba iqces zedsarTavad mTeli formis saxelis
fuZed gamoyenebiT (SemTxveviTi nacnoboba, SemTxveviTma
nacnobobam...). gvxvdeba -iT-mawarmoeblian formaTa xelaxali
warmoebac (gul-iT-ad-i) (jorbenaZe... 1988: 227).
4. -ad/-d Tanamedrove qarTulSi awarmoebs: wilobiT ricxviT
saxelebs (meore-d-i, mexuTe-d-i...), zmnisarTebs (mSvenivr-ad,
cud-ad, bednier-ad...), zedsarTav saxelebs (guliT-ad-i, Soba-d-i,
feTqeba-d-i).
zemomoyvanilis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom brunvis niSnebs
namdvilad aqvT sityvawarmoebis unari. swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT
werda b. jorbenaZe `substantivebisagan atributivebis warmoebisas
upirveles yovlisa yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom sityvawarmoebiTi
daniSnulebiT gamoyenebulia brunvis niSnebi~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 56). Cven ki
am debulebas Semdegnairad davazustebT: qarTulSi a d i e q t i v e b i s
m i s a R e b a d g v x v d e b a m x o l o d n a T e s a o b i T i, m o q m e d e b i -
T i d a v i T a r e b i T i b r u n v i s n i S n e b i, a m d a n i S n u l e b i T
a r g v x v d e b a m i c e m i T i b r u n v i s s u f i q s i.
adieqtivaciis mizniT warmoSobiT brunvis afiqsTa sityvaT-
mawarmoebeli Zala araa erTnairi. aRsaniSnavia, rom isini enis sxvadasxva
funqciur doneze gansxvavebuli aqtiurobiT xasiaTdebian. magaliTad, -ad
Zalian produqtiulia teqnikuri terminebis SeqmaSi. is aseve ifarToebs
gamoyenebis sferos Tanamedrove qarTulis zepir metyvelebaSi maSin,
rodesac saliteraturo qarTulSi SedarebiT naklebad nayofieria.
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sainteresoa derivatad gamoyenebuli TiToeuli brunvis niSnis
funqciis ganxilva substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT. Tanamim-
devrobis gaTvaliswinebiT pirvel rigSi naTesaobiT brunvas SevexebiT.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani
gamoiyeneba geografiul terminTa sawarmoeblad. amgvarad miRebuli
saxelebia: niCb-is-i, Tbil-is-i, quTa-is-i, ru-is-i, Sind-is-i, tb-is-i... rac
Seexeba e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis formebSi amave afiqsis
kvalifikacias, amis Sesaxeb qarTul lingvistikaSi araa erTgvarovani
Sexedulebebi. arsebiTi saxelis msazRvrelad gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi
Zvel qarTul enaSic aqtiurad gvxvdeboda. naTesaobiT brunvisniSnian
amgvar formaTa saxeldebisaTvis iqna SemoRebuli terminebi `marTuli~
da `marTul-SeTanxmebuli~ msazRvrel-sazRvruls Soris sintaqsuri
urTierTobis marTvad da marTva-SeTanxmebad miCnevis safuZvelze. `xis
saxlis~ tipis formebs `marTul msazRvrelebs~ uwodeben i. imnaiSvili,
c. kalaZe, a. kiziria, a. SaniZe, l. kvaWaZe, z. sarjvelaZe da sxv.
(imnaiSvili, 1957; kalaZe, 1961; kiziria, 1963; SaniZe, 1976; kvaWaZe, 1996;
sarjvelaZe, 1997) termini `marTuli msazRvreli~ ganpirobebulia
SexedulebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac sazRvruli wevri msazRvrelis mier
marTulia naTesaobiT brunvaSi. amgvar formaTa Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisi aqvT gamoTqmuli a. daviTiansa da T. uTurgaiZes.
a. daviTiani miiCnevs, rom `arsebiTi saxelis arsebiTTan
daqvemdebarebisaTvis aucileblad saWiroa daqvemdebarebulma arsebiTma
miiRos axali semantikuri datvirTva, igi Tavisi semantikiT zedsarTavs
unda dauaxlovdes da aRniSnos ara sagani, aramed niSan-Tviseba~
(daviTiani, 1973: 391). mkvlevris TvalsazrisiT, im SemTxvevaSi, roca xdeba
msazRvreli arsebiTi saxelis formis cvlileba da naTesaobiT brunvaSi
Cayeneba, `naTesaobiTi brunva misTvis aRar aris damokidebulebis forma,
aramed saderivacio (semantikurad gardamqmneli) mniSvnelobisaa, amdenad
amgvar sityvaTSexamebaSi damokidebulebis forma aris SeTanxmeba da ara
marTva an marTva-SeTanxmeba~ (daviTiani, 1973: 392).
`marTuli msazRvrelis~ gamoyofis princips ar iziarebs T. uTurgaiZec.
`radgan sazRvrulica da msazRvrelic _ orive saxelia da erTi da igive
gramatikuli kategoriebi (bruneba, ricxvi) aqvT, sazRvrulsa da
94
msazRvrels Soris Teoriulad gamoricxulia marTva... Zveli qarTulis
`marTul~ da `marTul-SeTanxmebul~ formebSi -is/-isa warmoqmnis
elementebia. swored amis gamoa SesaZlebeli maTi gameoreba brunebis
kategoriis Sepirispirebul yvela formaSi _ brunvebSi~ _ aRniSnavs
mecnieri (uTurgaiZe, 2004: 170). mkvlevari aseve dauSveblad miiCnevs e. w.
ormagi da sammagi brunebis arsebobas Zvel qarTulSi: `saerTod, ormagi
da sammagi brunebis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom isini ar arsebobs... saxelTa
formebSi brunvis niSani erTia mxolod, rac mis win dgas, yvelaferi
fuZes ganekuTvneba: Tu brunvis niSanis win sxva brunvis niSani
aRmoCndeba, warmoqmnis elementad moiqceva, aseTi SeiZleba iyos micemiTi,
naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebi~ (uTurgaiZe, 2013:
27). Tanamedrove qarTulSi amgvar substantiur msazRvrelTan brunvis
niSnebis materialur ararsebobas (roca msazRvreli postpoziciuria)
sityvis ubrunvelobiT xsnian, rac aseve umarTebulod CaTvala T.
uTurgaiZem, es faqti gamoxatulebis planSi ekonomiurobiT
ganpirobebulad miiCnia da sazRvruli wevri brunvis niSanTa nulovani
alomorfebiT warmoadgina (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 176).
warmodgenili mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, substantiuri msazRvrelis
formebisaTvis naTesaobiTi brunvis -is (-s; -Ta _ br. + mr. r.) niSani
SeiZleba miviCnioT sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsad. m i u x e d a v a d i m i s a,
r o m a R n i S n u l i m o r f ol o g i u r i c v l i l e b a s i n t a q s u r
s a f u Z v e l z e x o r c i e l d e b a, i g i -is s a r T i s s i t y v a T m a -
w a r m o e b e l f o r m a n t a d g a n x i l v a s n a m d v i l a d u W e r s
m x a r s. a s e T i -is m a a d i e q t i v e b e l i s u f i q s i a.
substantiur msazRvreliani formebi unda yofiliyo warmoSobiT is
geografiuli saxelebic, romlebic zemoT CamovTvaleT da romlebSic
sazRvrulis dakargvis gamo mxolod msazRvrelia darCenili.
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, moqmedebiTi brunvis niSani -iT aseve
gamoiyeneba sityvaTa sawarmoeblad: albaTob-iT-i, amorCev-iT-i, SerCev-iT-i,
araarseb-iT-i, gamoyeneb-iT-i, garCev-iT-i, droeb-iT-i, dro-iT-i, zebger-iT-i,
moCveneb-iT-i, odenob-iT-i, ocob-iT-i, pirob-iT-i, Jangv-iT-i, rig-iT-i,
rigob-iT-i, rxev-iT-i, Sedegob-iT-i, Semovl-iT-i da sxv. warmodgenili
magaliTebi adasturebs, rom -iT d a e r T v i s r o g o r c m a r t i v,
95
i s e w a r m o e b u l a n r T ul s i t y v e b s d a a d i e q t i u r i
S i n a a r s i s e r T e u l e b s a w a r m o e b s a r s e b i T i s a x e l e -
b i s a d a m a s d a r e b i s g a n (sawyisebisgan).
rac Seexeba warmoSobiT viTarebiTi brunvis -ad sufiqss,
sityvawarmoebis TvalsazrisiT misi gaaqtiureba araerTi samecniero
naSromisa Tu statiis Temad iqca. terminologiis SeqmnaSi -ad sarTiani
modelis produqtiulobas xazs usvams r. RambaSiZe da asaxelebs
magaliTebs: feTqeba-d-i, kleba-d-i, mileva-d-i, gamosxiveba-d-i, anTeba-d-i,
daSla-d-i, agzneba-d-i... mecnieri imasac aRniSnavs, rom xSirad aseTi
modelebi sxva afiqsebiTaa garTulebuli: aorTqleba-d-oba, gamosxiveba-
d-oba, TviTaaleba-d-oba, dasveleba-d-oba, xilva-d-oba, zomva-d-oba da
sxv. (RambaSiZe, 1986: 132).
-ad-afiqsian formebs statia miuZRvna m. kobalaZemac. man masalis
Seswavlisa da moqmedi tendenciis gaanalizebis safuZvelze daaskvna,
rom `sawyisi + -d modeliT axal-axali formebis warmoeba da maTi
gavrceleba, rogorc ityvian, Seuqcevadi procesia~ (kobalaZe, 2003: 63).
s. omiaZem ki -ad/-d mawarmoeblian sityvaTa kvlevis safuZvelze daadgina,
rom aRniSnuli yalibiT miRebuli zedsarTavi saxelebis semantika
gansxvavebulia imis mixedviT, amosavali arsebiTi saxelia Tu sawyisi:
`arsebiTTagan nawarmoebi zedsarTavebiT gamoxatuli Tviseba aRniSvnis
momentSic realizebulia, magaliTad, tanadi, Tvaladi da sxv., xolo
sawyisis fuZeze -d ( ad) sufiqsis darTviT im Tvisebis gamoxatva xdeba,
romelic aRniSvnis momentSi ar aris realizebuli, magram SesaZlebelia~
(omiaZe, 2009: 163).
-ad/-d formantiT sityvawarmoebis nimuSebia: aaleba-d-i, agzneba-d-i,
advilaaleba-d-i, advilanTeba-d-i, advilaqrola-d-i, advilaRdgena-d-i,
advildnoba-d-i, advilxsna-d-i, amortizeba-d-i, amoxsna-d-i, anTeba-d-i,
araaaleba-d-i, araafeTqeba-d-i, araacileba-d-i, aragamofitva-d-i,
aradaSla-d-i, aradasveleba-d-i, aradacementeba-d-i, aradena-d-i, arade-
formireba-d-i, aradreka-d-i, arazomva-d-i, araTanazomva-d-i, araTvla-d-i,
aramdgra-d-i, aramileva-d-i, araregulireba-d-i, araRunva-d-i, afeTqeba-d-i,
acileba-d-i, gamoxda-d-i, gamofitva-d-i, gansazRvra-d-i, ganfena-d-i,
ganSla-d-i, ganxorcieleba-d-i, gayofa-d-i, daSla-d-i, dnoba-d-i, zomva-d-i,
96
zrda-d-i, kreba-d-i, orjer-ad-i, meor-ad-i, regulireba-d-i, teva-d-i, Runva-
d-i, Segueba-d-i, SeduReba-d-i, Sekvra-d-i, SeRweva-d-i, Sewova-d-i...
moyvanili magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom warmoSobiT v i T a r e b i T i
b r u n v i s n i S a n i s i t y v a T m a w a r m o e b l a d g a m o i y e n e b a
r o g o r c m a r t i v, i s e T x z u l f u Z e e b T a n d a a m g v a r i
d e r i v a c i i s S e d e g a d m i i R e b a a d i e q t i u r i S i n a a r s i s
s i t y v e b i.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT davaskvniT:
1. brunvis niSnebi, romlebic mimarTebiTi morfemebia, SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnen warmomqmneli morfemebis funqciiT. es faqti
martivad aixsneba enis ekonomizmis principiT. kerZod, ena
axali leqsikuri erTeulebis misaRebad iyenebs ukve arsebul
inventars.
2. derivatebad qceuli brunvis niSnebi awarmoeben rogorc
zmnisarTebs, ise zedsarTavebs.
3. translaciis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania, rom
n a T e s a o b i T i, m o q m e d e b i T i d a v i T a r e b i T i
b r u n v i s n i S n e b i T i w a r m o e b a a d i e q t i v e b i.
Zireul sityvebad gamoyenebulia rogorc arsebiTi da ricxviTi
saxelebi, aseve _ masdarebi.
4. e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis formaTa analizi adasturebs,
rom amgvar formebSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani swored rom
sityvaTmawarmoebelia. aseT SemTxvevebSi substantivebisgan
miiReba garkveuli Tvisebis gamomxatveli saxeli _ adieqtivi.
5. mniSvnelovania isic, rom brunvis niSanTa warmomqmneli unari
gansxvavebulia enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, zepir
da werilobiT metyvelebaSi.
6. gramatikul morfemaTa distribuciis cxrilSi zemoT
ganxiluli brunvis niSnebi unda ganawildes rogorc
mimarTebiTi, ise _ warmomqmneli afiqsebis velSi, xolo
translaciasTan dakavSirebiT kvalifikaciisas isini
samarTlianad daikaveben adgils maadieqtivebel translativTa
Soris.
97
radgan garkveul formebSi brunvis niSnebi sityvaTmawarmoebel
morfemebad da amavdroulad matranslirebel, kerZod ki, maadieqtivebel,
translativebad miviCnieT, sanimuSod warmovadgenT ramdenime
translirebuli formis grafikul gamosaxulebas.
A
ocobiTi zrdadi A
ocoba iT (t) zrda d N t
N
O oc oba (t)
NNum
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
-is/-Ta matranslirebel elementebad (warmodgenil magaliTebSi
translaciis safuZveli sintaqsuria):
im xis fesvebSi melandeboda xalxis mzis oqro da ganZeuli (leoniZe, 2008:
118).
iq gairCeva, vina varT naTlis da bnelis mgzavrebi (CitiSvili, 2010: 48).
saxeSeSlili mivekvrebi caxcaxa karebs, gaitaceben SiSis asuls koWli
qajebi (iaSvili, 2011: 37).
... cis nams vsvam leqsis fialiT (CitiSvili, 2010: 176).
... siyvarulis seni, rad Semyare urcxvo! (gomelauri, 2010: 36)
brunviT wisqvilis borbali rom ixeTqeba sawyali (maWavariani, 1990: 165).
... susti var, magram menatreba gmirebis xmali! (iaSvili, 2011: 45)
uwin arwivTa samkvidros yvav-yornis gundi exveva (CitiSvili, 2010: 23).
98
-iT matranslirebel elementad (warmodgenil magaliTebSi translacia
morfologiuria)
adieqtivis funqciiT:
swored aq aris arsebiTi gansxvaveba Zveli aRmosavleTis (Sumeri da aqadi,
finikia, xeTebi, xuritebi, egvipte...) kulturebisagan (korp.: 134).
kacebrivi suli, romelsac Tavisi arCeviTi Tavisufleba aqvs... (korp.: 135)
...winamecnierul codnas aRweriTi xasiaTi aqvs, mecnieruls ki _ axsniTi
(korp.: 136).
mxatvroba, xelsaqme, gamoyenebiTi xelovneba _ ras aRar SeamCnevdiT
irgvliv, Tumca, binas arc simyudrove aklda (korp.: 137).
me unda mcodnoda im adamianis daaxloebiTi biografia, romelTanac
saqmian partniorobas vgegmav (korp.: 138).
eqvTime monurad ar misdevs berZnul teqsts, Seaqvs Sig sxvadasxva
wyarodan damatebiTi cnobebi, gansakuTrebiT iseTi, romelic qarTvelebs
Seexeba (korp.: 139).
eg aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi raRa SuaSia, don (korp.: 140).
SemTxveviTi da droebiTi araferi ainteresebda (korp.: 141).
sabWos winaSe aRiarebiTi CvenebiT umaRlesi msajulis Svili gamodis
(korp.: 142).
balavaris romani, rogorc araerTxel aRniSnula, yuradRebas iqcevs ara
marto filosofiuri siRrmiT, aramed Tavisi mxatvruli RirsebebiTa da
aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvnelobiTac (korp.: 143).
-ad matranslirebel elementad (warmodgenil magaliTebSi translacia
morfologiuria)
adieqtivis funqciiT:
fizikuri sivrce da dro aris grZnobadi, gazomvadi, dakvirvebadi sivrce
da dro (korp.: 144).
beRurebs cvalebadi xasiaTi aqvT... (korp.: 145)
SarSan gamocemulma ortomeulma ki es zrdadi naprali pirdafCenil
ufskrulad aqcia (korp.: 146).
es xom yvela guladi meomris Tvisebaa (korp.: 147).
maTi daxmarebiT xdeba modernizaciis gavlenis qveS momxdari mkveTrad
cvladi urbanuli garemos dakavSireba istoriul warsulTan da igiveobis
gancdis gaRviveba (korp.: 148).
99
amiT pazolini Zalauflebis struqturaTa mier marTvadi kulturis
mimTvisebluri bunebis Temas ubrundeba (korp.: 149).
...modiodnen jgrod, areulni, najaxebiTa da nedli, drekadi rtoebiT
xelSi (korp.: 150).
... gogisgan moZRvnili tevadi ubis wignaki sxvadasxva CanaweriT... (korp.:
151)
...SeeZlo cocxlad daewva nebismieri arseba an gaenadgurebina advilad da
arc ise advilad aalebadi nivTierebebisagan Seqmnili sxvadasxva obieqti am
manZilze (korp.: 152).
IV. translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia)
Tandebulebis gamoyenebiT
naSromis wina qveTavSi ganivixileT mimarTebiTi morfemebis
warmomqmnel morfemebad transformaciis SemTxvevebi, romlis drosac
gamoikveTa enis potencia axali datvirTva SesZinos enaSi sxvadasxva
funqciiT moqmed elementebs. amjerad SevCerdebiT arasrulmniSvnelovan
enobriv erTeulTa, kerZod ki Tandebulebis, mawarmoeblebis
daniSnulebiT gamoyenebaze. CvenTvis derivacia imdenadaa saintereso,
ramdenadac igi warmoadgens translirebis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis)
erT-erT saSualebas. am TvalsazrisiT Tandebulebis kvlevac udavod
imsaxurebs yuradRebas. Cven amjerad SevCerdebiT Tandebulebis erT-erT
niuansze, romelic gamoixateba Tandebulebis translativebad da
indikatorebad funqcionirebaSi.
Tandebuls tradiciulad ganmartaven rogorc `damoukidebeli
mniSvnelobis uqonel sityvas an bgeraTa kompleqss, romelic daerTvis
saxelis ama Tu im brunvis formas, rom aRniSnos mdebareoba,
mimarTuleba, daniSnuleba da sxva raime damokidebuleba dasaxelebul
saganTan~ (SaniZe, 1980: 598). maT ajgufeben imis mixedviT, Tu romeli
brunvis formasTan gvxvdebian da uSualod erTvian sityvas Tu calke
100
dganan. sakvlev sakiTxTan mimarTebiT Cven SevexebiT rogorc calke
mdgom, ise uSualod sityvaze darTul Tandebulebs.
zemoCamoTvlil funqciaTa garda SeniSnulia Tandebulebis
sityvawarmoebis unaric. mniSvnelovania, rom Tandebulebi
sityvaTmawarmoeblad gamoiyenebodnen rogorc Zvel, ise saSual
qarTulSic. magaliTad, d. meliqiSvili aRniSnavs: `ioane petriwis
sityvawarmoebis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli xerxTagani Tandebuliani
warmoqmnaa. axal sityvaTa (terminTa) sawarmoeblad igi iyenebs -gan, -ebr,
Soris, mier, mimarT, Sina, gamo, kerZo Tandebulebs~ (meliqiSvili, 1974:
119). Tandebulebis amave funqcias exeba q. goCitaSvilic, romelic
xsenebul sakiTxs saSuali qarTulis monacemTa gaTvaliswinebiT ikvlevs.
aSkaraa Tandebulebis sityvawarmoebiTi daniSnuleba Zvelsa da saSual
qarTulSi, sainteresod gvesaxeba TandebulTa xsenebuli datvirTviT
funqcionirebis sakiTxi Tanamedrove qarTulSic.
`erTi Tavisebureba qarTuli enisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas
SeuZlia TandebuldarTuli forma arsebiTi saxelis fuZed aqcios da
gamoiyenos zedsarTavis sawarmoeblad~ (SaniZe, 1980: 116), _ aRniSnavs a. SaniZe
`qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebSi~ da mohyavs Tqmulis
damadasturebeli magaliTebi: ueWvelia, TagvTagani magas ver gabedavda~,
lomiseburi, Taviseburi da sxv. saxelTa afiqsuri warmoebis Seswavlisas
amave sakiTxs Seexo m. tuskia. `TandebulTagan axal qarTul enaSi
derivatad gvxvdeba: -ebr ( ebur), -mier, -gan~ (tuskia, 2004: 127), _ wers
mkvlevari da sailustraciod imowmebs Semdeg sityvebs: jaWvisebri,
TaTisebri... vardisebrni, TuTisebrni... bagismieri, cxvirismieri...
mRvdelTagani, kacTagani... da sxv. amgvari warmoebis araerTi sityvis
moZiebaa SesaZlebeli qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis 8-tomeulSi:
badisebri (Tvalis badisebri garsi), kacebri (kacebri guli), minisebri,
farisebri, qolgisebri, xaWosebri, gonebrivi, zebunebrivi,
sazogadoebrivi, moqalaqeobrivi, magnoliasebrni, matitelasebrni,
mixakisebrni, fiTrisebrni da sxv.
garda imisa, rom moyvanili magaliTebiT kargad Cans Tandebulebis
sityvaTmawarmoebeli Zala, aseve ikveTeba Tandebulebis unari _ klasi
Seucvalon sityvas da igi metyvelebis nawilTa erTi jgufidan meoreSi
101
gadaanacvlon. amis SemCneva zemoT moxmobil sailustracio masalaze
martivi dakvirvebiTac ki SeiZleba. Sdr: jaWvi (subst.) jaWvisebri
(adieqt.), xaWo (subst.) xaWosebri (adieqt.). gansakuTrebulad
aqtiurdeba Tandebulebis es roli terminologiuri sityvawarmoebisas:
matitelasebrni, mixakisebrni da a.S.
sainteresoa, derivatebad qceuli Tandebulebi yovelTvis
translativebad unda miviCnioT Tu ara. analizisTvis aviRoT formebi:
lamazisTvis da megobrisTvis. lamazi aris adieqtivi, lamazisTvis forma
ki substantiuri gagebisaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom -Tvis
translativia?! SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sityvam (lamazi) jer ganicada
translacia, sintaqsuri meqanizmis gavleniT gasubstantivda da Semdeg
dairTo -Tvis Tandebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi -Tvis Tandebuls araviTari
saerTo ar aqvs translativTan, igi gvxvdeba ukve gasubstantivebul
sityvasTan da Tavdapirvelad arasubstantivi erTeulis gasubstantivebis
(translaciis) indikatoria mxolod. magaliTad, -gan, -ze, -Tan...
Tandebulebi substanitivaciis indikatorebia. Tu imasac
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom igive Tandebulebi gvxvdeba substantivebTanac,
maT SeiZleba substantiurobis / substantivaciis indikatorebi vuwodoT.
Tandebulian formebze dakvirvebis Sedegad irkveva, rom
n e b i s m i e r i a r a s a x e l i j e r s u b s t a n t i v d e b a m o d e l i s
g a v l e n i T d a S e m d e g i r T a v s T a n d e b u l s . a s e T
S e m T x v e v e b S i T a n d e b u l i m x o l o d t r a n s l a c i i s
i n d i k a t o r i a m a S i n , r o c a s a x e l i s a d i e q t i v a c i a
T a n d e b u l i s g a v l e n i T C v e u l e b r i v i a .
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
Tandebuli maadieqtivebeli translativia
ebr: Sen-ebr-i, sxivis-ebr-i, TaTis-ebr-i, ujredis-ebr-i, varskvlavis-ebr-i,
vazis-ebr-i, xaos-ebr-i, xaverdis-ebr-i, xaWos-ebr-i, zRvis-ebr-i,
Rrublis-ebr-i, faris-ebr-i, jaWvis-ebr-i, qolgis-ebr-i;
mier: ukanaenis-mier-i, winaenis-mier-i, wyvilbagis-mier-i, xorxis-mier-i,
Zalis-mier-i, nebis-mier-i, bagis-mier-i, cxviris-mier-i, enakbilis-mier-i;
gareSe: Stat-gareSe, klas-gareSe, TamaS-gareSe.
102
Tandebuli substantivaciis (translaciis) indikatoria
-gan:
magram gamoricxulia, rom kargisgan ukeTesis gakeTeba ar SeiZlebodes
(korp.: 153).
mas mxolod is misia gaaCnia, rom Savi TeTrisgan ganarCevinos (korp.: 154).
mesame SemTxveva wina orisgan radikalurad gansxvavdeba (korp.: 155).
-ze:
TeTrze eubnebian Saviao, Savze _ TeTriao (korp.: 156).
me is kaci var, visac yvela mwvaneze metad uyvars saqarTvelos buneba
(korp.: 157).
sul male ki oTxis ufleba-movaleobebi samze gadanawildeba (korp.: 158).
-Tan:
maxinji lamazTan yofnas mieltvis mudam (korp.: 159).
Tavis mxriv Taya sxvasTan gadadioda alaverds (leoniZe, 2011: 105).
... Tuki orTan `gauvidaT~, mesamesTanac aucileblad `gauvaT~ (korp.: 160).
-Tvis:
yvela Cemi klienti masTan mivida, raRa ucxosTvis gaesaRebinaT (korp.: 161).
... magram am samisTvis adgili ar iZebneba (korp.: 162).
pirvelisTvis codna ar eyofa (korp.: 163).
-urT:
... romelsac miuZRvis aseTi saTauri wiTliTurT (korp.: 164).
-Si:
...saocari, TeTrSi gardamavali yavisfris, TeTris, mwvanis sxvadasxva gamiT
gamoxatul xilvas mohkariT Tvali (korp.: 165).
lamazSi igulisxmeba tradiciuli ilustraciebi... (korp.: 166)
mag orSi lia ufrosia (korp.: 167).
-ken:
borotisken midrekili ufro metad borotdeboda (korp.: 168).
mere kidev ise gaiqca maRlisken, rom veRaravin miswvda (korp.: 169).
103
cisferTvaleba erT jgufs moscilda da meorisken gaemarTa
(solomanaSvili, 2010: 570).
-mde/-mdis:
mxolod daTos SeeZlo aseTi Wreli, mravalferovani sazogadoebis
Sekreba: yvelaze mdidridan yvelaze eqstravagantulamde, yvelaze uniWodan
yvelaze niWieramde, uSnodan lamazamde (korp.: 170).
ferTa diapazoni mkrTali yviTlidan yavisframde icvleba (korp.: 171).
taimis miwuruls manve angariSi oramde gazarda (korp.: 172.
garda:
am oris garda, gundSi adgilobrivi axalbeda... (korp.: 173
isini mTeli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi muxlCauxrelad ibrZodnen yvela feris
winaaRmdeg, wiTlis garda (korp.: 174).
magram pirSi vin gaubedavda oriodes garda (leoniZe, 2011: 172).
gareSe:
rogor ityodiT sxvanairad, sityva Savis gareSe? (korp.: 175)
Tumca pirveli ar arsebobs meoris gareSe (korp.: 176).
erTis aRiareba meoris gareSe SezRudulobaa (korp.: 177).
mier:
... Tu pataris mier TavSi Casafarebeli da wamosartymeli aRmoCnda... (korp.:
178)
bevris mier misi Sefaseba gardacvalebis mere moxda (korp.: 179).
icinoda da delegaciis saxeze pirvelis mier aRbeWdil SiSsa da gaocebas
anelebda (korp.: 180).
mimarT:
cudis mimarT radikalurebi davrCebiT (korp.: 181).
gaaRviZon CvenSi Tandayolili gulisxmiereba rogorc kargis, aseve cudis
mimarT (korp.: 182).
xolo ukanasknels pirvelis mimarT upiratesobis grZnoba ver daebadeba
(korp.: 183).
104
Semdeg:
...irakli labaZe jeims bleiks oTxjer Sexvedroda da wagebuli pirvelis
Semdeg misTvis zedized sami matCi moego (korp.: 184).
meore afeTqeba pirvelis Semdeg male moxda (korp.: 185).
Sesaxeb:
... pirovneba borotisa da keTilis Sesaxeb informacias iRebs ara
uSualod, aramed sxvisgan (korp.: 186).
erTis Sesaxeb ukve mogaxseneT (korp.: 187).
maTgan mxolod erTis Sesaxeb vamcnob mkiTxvels (korp.: 188).
Soris:
daRupulebs Soris oTxi gamvlelia (korp.: 189).
es aris mijna kargebsa da cudebs Soris (korp.: 190).
... am pirvelebs Soris unda iyos lideri (korp.: 191).
Sua:
TiTqos gaCxiruli xar am ors Sua (korp.: 192).
da dReidan Cven ors Sua mociquli aris tyvia (korp.: 193).
guli madlia da madli marto ors Sua hsaqmobs (korp.: 194).
aqve unda SevniSnoT erTic: e.w. calke mdgomi Tandebulebi,
magaliTad, gareSe da mier, rodesac erTvian sityvas uSualod, viRebT
adieqtivebs (anu arian maadieqtivebeli translativebi), xolo, Tu isini
calke dganan, maTTan dakavSirebuli saxeli substantivia / gasubstanti-
vebulia, xolo Tandebulebi _ substantiurobis/substantivaciis
indikatorebi.
Sdr.:
qristesmieri, kacismieri...
qalis/maRlis/meoris mier daxatuli suraTi ekida kedelze.
aseve:
klasgareSe, TamaSgareSe...
am qalebis/mwvanis/oris gareSe ar minaxavs es sofeli.
105
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze warmovadgenT TandebulTa
klasifikaciis cxrils, romelic iTvaliswinebs am TandebulTa
kvalifikacias translaciasTan mimarTebiT.
substantiurobis /
substantivaciis
indikatori
Tandebuli Sedis sityvis
SemadgenlobaSi Tandebuli dgas calke
-gan, -ze, -Tan, -Tvis, -urT,
-Si, -ken, -mde/-mdis
garda, gareSe, mier, mimarT,
momarT, Semdeg, Sesaxeb,
Soris, Sua
maadieqtivebeli
translativi -ebr, gareSe, mier
Tu zemomoyvanil cxrilSi Tandebulebis ganawilebas davakvirdebiT,
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan mimarTebiT gamovitanT ramdenime daskvnas:
1. Tandebulebi, rogorc translativebi, funqcionireben mxolod
adieqtiuri sityvawarmoebis mimarTulebiT;
2. substantivaciisaTvis ena Tandebulebs ar iyenebs;
3. gansxvavebuli funqciiT SeiZleba gamoiyenebodnen erTi da
igive Tandebulebi, rodesac uSualod mierTvian sityvas da
roca calke dganan;
4. rogorc viciT, Tandebulebi ganixileba damazustebeli
morfemebis rangSi, maTi sityvawarmoebaSi (romelsac
ukavSirdeba translaciac) gamoyeneba maT funqciur
cvlilebasac gulisxmobs. kerZod, aseT viTarebaSi
Tandebulebi damazustebeli morfemebis rangidan gadadian
warmomqmneli morfemebis jgufSi;
5. Tandebulebis translativebad gamoyeneba, marTalia, ar aris
produqtiuli, magram igi kidev erTxel usvams xazs wina
TavSi naxseneb enis ekonomiurobis princips.
Tandebulebis translativad gamoyenebis SemTxvevisTvis
warmovadgenT translaciis grafikul gamosaxulebebs.
106
vazisebri StatgareSe A
vaz-is ebr Stat gareSe N t
V. zmnisagan saxelebis translireba
Tanamedrove qarTulSi
wina qveTavebSi Cven ganvixileT sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebi,
brunvis niSnebi Tu Tandebulebi translaciasTan mimarTebiT. TiToeuli
es SemTxveva warmoaCenda saxelisagan saxelis warmoebis mravalferovan
enobriv unars. amjerad substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan dakavSirebiT
SevexebiT zmnisgan saxelis (masdarisa da mimReobis) miRebis saSualebebs.
tradiciulad, gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi masdari (sawyisi) da
mimReoba calkea gatanili `saxelzmnaTa~ jgufSi da aRniSnulia, rom
brunvis unaris gamo masdars (sawyiss) `SeuZlia iyos winadadebis wevri:
subieqti, obieqti (pirdapiri, iribi), damateba, garemoeba~ (SaniZe, 1980:
559), xolo mimReoba `ibrunvis da winadadebaSi umetesad isea
gamoyenebuli, rogorc zedsarTavi~ (SaniZe, 1980: 567). araa erTiani
pozicia masdarisa da mimReobis saxelTa Tu zmnaTa jgufisTvis
mikuTvnebis Taobaze. `saxelzmna ganekuTvneba upiro zmnebs anu
uuRlebels. upiro formebi zmnisa qarTulSi yvela brunviania da
winadadebaSi maT iseTive funqcia aqvT, rogorc saxelebs~ (SaniZe, 1980:
557). arn. CiqobavasTvis masdari da mimReoba saxelebia: `zmnisgan
iwarmoeba orgvari saxeli: 1. nazmnari arsebiTi saxeli (masdari anu
`saxelzmna~) da 2. nazmnari zedsarTavi saxeli (mimReoba)~ (Ciqobava, 1998-
a: 84). b. jorbenaZes miaCnia, rom `metyvelebis nawilebi unda gamoiyos
maTi formobrivi niSnis mixedviT, kerZod, formaTcvlilebis principebis
mixedviT~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 23) da bunebrivia, mas masdari da mimReoba
translaciis orive SemTxvevis simboluri grafikuli gamosaxuleba
107
zmnisgan nawarmoeb saxelebSi Seaqvs. ufro konkretulad ki, masdari _
substantivebSi, xolo mimReoba _ atributivebSi. azrTa am sxvadasxvaobis
erTgvari pasuxia `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~, romelSic
gatarebulia b. jorbenaZis pozicia da arsebiT saxelTa jgufSi
`moqmedebis saxelebis~ saTauris qveS ganxilulia masdari, xolo
zedsarTavebis rigSi dganan mimReobebi. `radgan am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, calke unda iTqvas, rom
yvela saxis mimReoba, rogorc sityvawarmoebis produqti, mimarTebiTi
zedsarTavi saxelebis klasSi eqceva~ _ vkiTxulobT xsenebul naSromSi
(gogolaSvili... 2011: 149). e. w. `saxelzmnebis~ am bolo kvalifikaciam,
Cveni azriT, sruliad samarTlianad daumkvidra adgili masdarsa da
mimReobas saxelTa Soris. amitom, rodesac Cven substantivebsa da
adieqtivebze vimsjelebT, bunebrivia, masdars zmnisgan miRebul
substantivebSi moviazrebT, xolo mimReobas _ adieqtivebSi.
zmnis substantivacia-adieqtivaciis analizisas Cveni kvlevis
sferoSi, rasakvirvelia, ar Semova iseTi sityvebi, romelTa saxeluri da
zmnuri formebi erTi Ziridanaa nawarmoebi da erTi meores (CvenTvis
saintereso SemTxvevaSi zmna _ saxels) amosavlad ar varaudobs. avT.
arabuli monografiaSi `zmnuri da saxeluri fuZeTqmnadobis problema
qarTvelur enebSi~ wers: `zmnur da saxelur fuZeTa istoriuli
formirebis warmosadgenad TvalsaCino ilustraciad gvevlineba wiT-s _
wiT-el- mimarTeba... formalurad zmnisTvisac da saxelisTvisac
amosavalia wiT-, romelic, erTi mxriv, gvaZlevs zmnas (wiT-s), meore
mxriv _ saxels (wiT-el-i). isini erTi sinamdvilis gamoxatvis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebia: wiTs igive wiTeli-a~ (arabuli, 2001: 303). aseTi warmoebis
sityvebi, rasakvirvelia, Cvens sakvlev masalaSi ver moeqceva.
arsebobs kidev erTi jgufi sityvebisa (maT a. SaniZe `usawyiso
zmnebs~ uwodebs), romelTac, a. SaniZis sityvebiT, sawyisis magivrobas
TviT is saxeli uwevs, romlisaganac nawarmoebia es zmnebi. aseTi zmnebia:
vlaparakob (laparak-i), vbaasob (baas-i), vsaubrob (saubar-i)... msgavsive
viTareba aqvs im saSuali gvaris zmnebsac, romlebic ebiT aris
nawarmoebi gaorkecebuli fuZeebisagan an -ial-ze gaTavebuli
108
saxelebisagan: zanzareb-s (zanzar-i), kaSkaSeb-s (kaSkaS-i), kakaneb-s (kakan-i)
(SaniZe, 1980: 656)...
ra Tqma unda, aseTi sityvebis analizic araa Cveni mizani.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom jer kidev Zvel qarTulSi iyo
SesaZlebeli zmnuri fuZis saxelad qceva raime gansakuTrebuli
mawarmoeblis gareSe. amis magaliTia geografiuli termini xerTvis-i
(xerTvis is mas _ zmna). aseTivea: ars (zmn.) _ ars-i (sax.), dgam-s (zmn.) _
dgam-i (sax. = `saerTo saxelwodeba oTaxis an binis mosawyobi nivTebisa:
skami, magida, karada _ aveji~; qegl, 1951) da sxv. zmnisgan saxelis
miRebis msgavs procesze saubrobs b. jorbenaZec da asaxelebs Semdeg
magaliTebs: `Cxer-s _ Cxir-a Cxir-i; u-mzer-s _ u-mzir-a mzir-i; a-Cen-s
_ a-Cin-a Cin-i~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 49). udavod sainteresoa aRniSnuli
magaliTebi, rogorc SemTxvevebi zmnis substantivaciisa, romelic
yovelgvari translativis gareSe xorcieldeba. aseTi magaliTebis
analizisas yuradRebas iqcevs is, rom zmnur formaSi warmodgenili
piris niSnebis Camocileba sakmarisi xdeba imisTvis, rom zmnam zmnuroba
dakargos da iguos brunvis niSnebi, rogorc saxeluri niSan-Tvisebis
gamoxatuleba. aseTi yalibiTaa miRebuli adieqtivi `cqviti~, romlis
formirebis gzas b. jorbenaZe Semdegnairad warmoaCens: cqvet-s _ cqvit-a
cqvit-i (jorbenaZe, 1995: 56). Tumca aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom amgvari
warmoeba araa aqtiuri Tanamedrove qarTulSi.
warmovadgenT zmnisgan saxelis miRebis zemoT ganxiluli SemTxvevis
grafikul gamosaxulebas. ramdenadac aseT formebSi translativi ar
gvaqvs, translaciis grafikuli simbolos (`T~-is) fexs ar eqneba
translativisTvis gankuTvnili bolo.
dgam-i N
dgam-s V
zmnisgan saxelis miRebis TvalsazrisiT Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs
masdari da mimReoba, rogorc zmnis substantivacia-adieqtivaciis
109
rezultatiuri Sedegi da zmnis saxeluri translaciis yvelaze
produqtiuli SemTxveva. ganvixiloT masdarisa da mimReobis warmoeba
cal-calke.
$ 1. masdaris warmoeba
masdari (//sawyisi) qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi
araerTgvarovnadaa kvalificirebuli. magaliTad, a. SaniZe, romelic
xazs usvams `sawyisis~ brunebis unars da winadadebis wevris gamoxatvis
mxriv mis sxva saxelebisgvar qcevas, wers, rom `sawyisi hqvia zmnis
uuRlebel formas, romelic zmnis leqsikuri mniSvnelobis matarebelia
uRlebis kategoriaTagan ganyenebulad (pirisa, droisa, kilosi da
sxvaTa)~ (SaniZe, 1980: 558). aRniSnuli ganmartebiT mecnieri `sawyisis~
`zmnurobas~ ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWebs, vidre mis `saxelur~
funqciebs. arn. Ciqobava masdars, miuxedavad misi zmnuri warmomavlobisa,
saxelebSi aerTianebs: `masdari arsebiTi saxelia. sxva arsebiTi
saxelebisagan igi gansxvavdeba rogorc warmoebiT (zmnisgan nawarmoebi
saxelia!), ise _ SinaarsiTac: masdari im moqmedebis saxelia, rasac zmna
aRniSnavs anda im viTareba-mdgomareobisa, rac zmnaSia aRniSnuli: keTeba,
Seneba, Wra, kerva, xvna, Tesva... _ moqmedebis saxelebia; kvdoma, tydoma,
skdoma, arseboba... _ viTareba-mdgomareobis saxelebia~ (Ciqobava, 1998-a: 85).
analogiur poziciaze dgas b. jorbenaZec masdaris saxelurobasTan
dakavSirebiT. `masdari nazmnari substantivia, amitomac misi warmoeba
substantivis warmoebasTan erTad unda iqnes ganxiluli~, _ aRniSnavs
mkvlevari (jorbenaZe, 1995: 50). masdari, rogorc moqmedebis saxeli,
arsebiTi saxelisadmi miZRvnil TavSia ganxiluli `Tanamedrove qarTuli
enis morfologiaSic~.
brunebis unarisa da winadadebaSi dakisrebuli rolis mixedviT
masdari namdvilad unda ganvixiloT substantivTa jgufSi. magaliTad,
`xatva~ substantivia (zmnisgan nawarmoebi) iseve, rogorc _ `webovana~
(adieqtivisgan translirebuli). Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom yvela
110
masdars ver miviCnevT zmnisgan translirebis Sedegad miRebul
substantivad, radgan yvela maTgani ar momdinareobs zmnisgan, zogi,
piriqiT, TviTonaa amosavali zmnisTvis. lingvistur literaturaSi aseT
masdarebs e. w. pirvelad masdarebs uwodeben. aseT masdarebad arn.
Ciqobava asaxelebs Semdeg sityvebs: Sriali, griali, triali, bibini,
sisini, titini, qviTini, guguni, duduni, wuwuni, burtyuni... (Ciqobava, 1998-
a: 85). Tumca aqve unda aRniSnos, rom arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebac.
kerZod, a. SaniZes `braguni~ tipis sityvebi zmnisgan momdinared miaCnia.
`moipoveba rigi saxelebisa, romlebic nawarmoebia zmnaTa fuZeebisagan un
da an sufiqsis saSualebiT. es zmnaTa fuZeebi umetesad xmovan-
monacvleebia: zmnis fuZis e saxelSi a-d gadakeTdeba. mniSvneloba aseTi
saxelebisa uaxlovdeba saTanado zmnis sawyisisas: JRar-un-i = JReris
xmna; rak-un-i = rekis xma... msgavsi saxelebia: baguni, bakuni, braguni
(=bragvani), bracuni, braxuni, glarjuni, dgafuni, zapuni, kapuni, knatuni
( kvnatuni) da misT... am saxelebisagan advilad keTdeba axali zmnebi:
fexebs abakunebs, zurgSi ubragunebs (ubagunebs)... sayuradReboa, rom aseT
zmnebs sawyisi ara aqvT (gansakuTrebiT, Tu zmna gardauvalia) da
sawyisis magivrobas zemoT moyvanili formebi eweva~, _ aRniSnavs
gramatikosi (SaniZe, 1980: 566).
Tu gavizirebT e. w. `pirveladi masdarebis~ Teorias, maSin `braguni~
tipis saxelebi zmnisgan translirebiT miRebul substantivebad ar unda
ganvixiloT.
rac Seexeba iseT saxelebs, romlebic zmnis substantivaciis Sedegad
SeiZleba miviCnioT, maTi zmnisgan saxelad translireba, bunebrivia,
garkveuli morfologiuri elementebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
zmnisgan substantivi miiReba -a translativiT, romelic daerTvis zmnis I
seriis gauvrcobel Temas.
`masdaris sawarmoeblad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes: a) Ziri, b)
awmyos fuZe, g) -n, -ol, -om formantebiT garTulebuli fuZe~ (jorbenaZe,
1995: 51).
-a translativis darTvis Sedegad garkveul fonetikur cvlilebas
ganicdian zmnur formaSi arsebuli Temis niSnebi. amis Sesaxeb a. SaniZe
wers: `inian zmnebSi ikveceba Temis niSani i, xolo av da amianebSi
111
ikargeba Temis niSnis xmovani a da rCeba v da m. amasTanave Tu avian
zmnebSi fuZe Tavdeba narnara (n, r, l) bgerebiT v gadainacvlebs da
fuZis SigniT amohyofs Tavs~ (SaniZe, 1980: 560).
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zmnisgan saxelis translirebisas zmnuri
formidan amovardeba piris, ricxvis, qcevisa da gvaris niSnebi, zmniswini
ki SenarCundeba. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT zmnis
substantiuri translaciis (masdaris warmoebis) magaliTebi grafikulad
Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:
grexa xatva N
grex-s -a xatav-s -a V t
Zveli qarTulidan SemorCenilia rigi masdarebisa, romelTa
substantivaciac -il translativis zmnaze darTvis Sedegad
ganxorcielda. aseTi masdarebi CamoTvlili aqvs a. SaniZes: duR-il-i
(duR-s), dum-il-i (dums), wux-il-i (wuxs), qux-il-i (quxs), Cxav-il-i
(Cxavis), knav-il-i (knavis)... amave jgufSi Semohyavs mecniers si- TavsarTiT
garTulebuli -il-iani da -ul-iani ( -il) formebi: si-rb-il-i (rbis),
si-kvd-il-i (kvdeba), si-xar-ul-i, si-yvar-ul-i da sxv. (SaniZe, 1980: 563).
masdarTa prefiqsiani warmoeba Tanamedrove qarTulSi produqtiuli
araa. arn. Ciqobava miiCnevs, rom masdaris mawarmoeblad mxolod -a da -l-
sufiqsi SeiZleba gamovyoT: `es -l-, -a- sufiqsebia, zmnur fuZes rom
saxelad aqceven (warmoSobiT es sufiqsebi igive determinanti sufiqsebia,
romelnic gamoiyofian saxelebSi Zm-a-, dab-a-... vaS-l-, cecx-l-...)~
(Ciqobava, 1942: 231). misive azriT, masdaris Zveli konfiqsis TavsarTs
nivTis kategoriis gamoxatvis funqcia unda hqonoda da qarTulSi nivTis
klaskategoriis niSniT iseve ganzogadebulad gadmoicemoda ama Tu im
moqmedeba-mdgomareobis saxeli, rogorc es dRes aris mTis kavkasiuri
enebidan xunZurSi _ ganyenebuli uklaso formis ararsebobis pirobebSi
xunZuri masdars zogadi mniSvnelobis gadmosacemad nivTis klasis
translaciis orive SemTxvevis simboluri grafikuli gamosaxuleba
112
niSniT aformebs da `nivTis kategoriis formas ekisreba zogadi
mniSvnelobis gadmocema~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 232).
a m g v a r a d, S e i Z l e b a i T q v a s , r o m T a n a m e d r o v e
q a r T ul i s T v i s m a s d a r T a m a w a r m o e b l a d, a n u z m n i s
m a s u b s t a n t i v e b el t r a n sl a t i v a d, S e i Zl e b a d a s a x eld e s
-a. -il translativi Zveli qarTulidan SemorCenilad miiCneva,
Tanamedrove qarTulSi is aRaraa produqtiuli elementi da mxolod
gaqvavebuli translaciis magaliTebSi dasturdeba.
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
-a:
SeumZimdaT qarTvelT Tavisuflebis dakargva (goTua, 1980: 50).
wera am samyaros gavleniT daiwyo (samadaSvili, 2010: 142).
mgoni, eSinia Cvenken zurgiT dajdoma... (nanobaSvili, 2010: 155)
Suqis anTeba ar Rirs (baxsoliani, 2010: 453).
sxvisi sagmiro saqmeebis gamgone Tinas meuRlis danaxva aRar undoda
(imedaSvili, 2010: 254).
wignis dawera marTlac hgavs saxlis aSenebas (turaSvili, 2011: 5).
me dilidan saRamomde ver avdiodi brZolis velidan mosuli werilebis
kiTxvas patronebisTvis da iqve, sapasuxo werilebis weras, radgan wera-kiTxva
bevrma ar icoda (leoniZe, 2011: 143).
si_ul:
mezareba fexiT siaruli... (javaxiSvili, 2010: 109)
113
$ 2. mimReobis warmoeba
zmnisgan saxelis miRebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
SemTxvevaa mimReobis warmoeba. mimReoba isevea zmnis saxeluri
translaciis Sedegi, rogorc _ masdari, Tumca winadadebaSi
Sesasrulebeli ZiriTadi rolis TvalsazrisiT maT Soris sxvaobaa (amis
Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi msjeloba warmodgenilia qvemoT).
aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mimReobis Sesaxebac, iseve rogorc es
masdaris SemTxvevaSi gvqonda, qarTul lingvistur literaturaSi araa
erTgvarovani pozicia. kerZod, a. SaniZe mimReobasac zmnis uuRlebel
formad miiCnevs, Tumca iqve SeniSnavs, rom [igi] `ibrunvis da
winadadebaSi umetesad isea gamoyenebuli, rogorc zedsarTavi: damweri,
dasaweri, dawerili, dauwereli~ (SaniZe, 1980: 567). arn. Ciqobava mimReobas
nazmnar saxelad ganixilavs, ufro konkretulad ki _ nazmnar zedsarTav
saxelad. b. jorbenaZec e. w. `Tvisebis saxelebs~ miakuTvnebs mimReobebs
da `gawiTlebulsa~ da `gajavrebuls~ imave sibrtyeze ayenebs, razec
dgas: `keTili~, `boroti~ da `wiTeli~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 41). saxelad
Tvlis mimReobas avT. arabulic: `mimReobis amosavali semantika zmnuria,
xolo is, rogorc sityvawarmoebiTi produqti, saxelTa klass
ganekuTvneba da misi ormagi bunebac amaSi mdgomareobs: erTdroulad
Seicavs rogorc zmnisgan namemkvidrev kategoriebs (gvari, anu
sasubieqto-saobieqto mimarTebebi, dro, gez-orientacia, aspeqti,
kontaqti); amave dros, formawarmoebis TvalsazrisiT eqvemdebareba
saxelis morfologiur sistemas (bruneba, ricxvi...). yuradReba
gansakuTrebiT eqceva imas, rom mimReoba Tavisi saxeluri bunebiT
zedsarTavis klass ekedleba~ (arabuli, 2001: 286). `Tanamedrove qarTuli
enis morfologiaSic~ gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis warmoCenis Semdeg
mimReoba saxelebSi aris Setanili. `radgan am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, calke unda iTqvas, rom yvela saxis
mimReoba, rogorc sityvawarmoebis produqti, mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi
saxelebis klasSi eqceva: mwuxare, mduRare, mSrali, mSenebeli, aRwerili,
namuSevari, saToxni, daulagebeli~, _ vkiTxulobT naSromSi. mimReobis
saxelebis klasSi gaerTianebas upirvelesad misi brunebis unari da
114
winadadebaSi Sesasrulebeli ZiriTadi roli ganapirobebs. amave niSniT
ekedleba masdari saxelebsac. rogorc Cans, enisTvis ufro
mniSvnelovania ama Tu im sityvaformis funqciuri datvirTva da enobriv
sistemaSi dakavebuli adgili, vidre misi momdinareoba romelime
konkretuli metyvelebis nawilidan. da es asea TviT zmnisgan nawarmoebi
iseTi sityvebis SemTxvevaSic, rogorebicaa masdari da mimReoba. zmnisgan
nawarmoeb sityvebs imitom gavusviT xazi, rom masdari da mimReoba
inarCuneben zmnur kategoriebs, magram funqciuri roliT isini
erTiandebian saxelebTan.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom yvela mimReoba araa zmnisgan translirebiT
miRebuli saxeli. qarTul enaSi dasturdeba masdarisgan nawarmoebi
mimReobebic. aseTebia: w-ol-a m-w-ol-i, qr-ol-a m-qr-ol-i, brZ-ol-a
me-brZ-ol-i, TrT-ol-a m-TrT-ol-i, ZR-ol-a m-ZR-ol-i...
(gogolaSvili... 2011: 255).
ra Tqma unda, masdarisgan mimReobis warmoeba ver ganixileba
zmnisgan saxelis warmoebad. es aris substantivisgan adieqtivis miRebis
procesi. translirebis xsenebuli gza (zmna saxeli: mimReoba) zemoT
damowmebuli magaliTebisTvis mxolod Sualeduri safexuris gavliT
xerxdeba. kerZod, zmna substantivi adieqtivi. anu jer xorcieldeba
zmnis substantivacia, Semdeg ki substantivis _ adieqtivacia. aseTi
mimReobebi saxeluri substantivaciis CarCoSi moeqceva, Tu amosavlad
masdars vivaraudebT: masdari (substantivi) mimReoba (adieqtivi). am
dros erTsafexuriani (erTmagi) saxeluri translacia gveqneba. xolo Tu
aRniSnuli translaciis sawyis wertilad zmnas miviCnevT, maSin miviRebT
orsafexurian (ormag) translacias zmnisgan adieqtivis miRebis
Sualeduri _ substantiuri translaciis _ rgolis gavliT: zmna
masdari (substantivi) mimReoba (adieqtivi). isic unda iTqvas, rom
zemoT CamoTvlili mimReobebis umetesoba winadadebaSi sazRvrul wevrs
ZiriTadad aRar saWiroebs da isini iCenen kvlav gasubstantivebis
tendencias.
ganxiluli magaliTebisTvis sanimuSod warmovadgenT translaciis
grafikul gamosaxulebebs:
115
A A
mwoli t N
V t
m- (t) wol-a
N
O wev-s -a (t)
N V
zemoT warmodgenili magaliTi exeba substantivisgan adieqtivis,
kerZod ki, masdarisgan mimReobis miRebas. aRniSnuli SemTxveva
winamdebare paragrafSi mxolod imitom moxvda, rom masdari, Tavis mxriv,
zmnis substantiuri translaciis Sedegia. garda xsenebulisa, mimReoba
SeiZleba aseve iwarmoos zedsarTavisa da yvelaze xSirad _ zmnisagan.
pirveli sainteresoa im mxriv, rom adieqtivisgan adieqtivis miRebisaTvis
aseve Sualeduri safexuria gamoyenebuli: adieqtivi zmna adieqtivi.
daismis kiTxva, Tu amosavali da rezultatiurad miRebuli sityvebi
erTsa da imave klass ganekuTveba, ratom mimarTavs ena aseT
translirebas?! pasuxi martivia _ aseTi adieqtivebi erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebian semantikurad. amis Sesaxeb b. jorbenaZe wers: `erTmaneTis
gverdiT SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes pirveladi atributivi da am
atributivis fuZisgan nawarmoebi zmnis mimReoba: Savi _ gaSavebuli, didi
_ gadidebuli, avi _ gaavebuli, boroti _ gaborotebuli, mSvidi _
damSvidebuli... dasaSvebia amgvari Sepirispirebac: (bedi ) bednieri _
gabednierebuli... d a p i r i s p i r e b a x d e b a s e m a n t i k u r i
n i u a n s i s m i x e d v i T : ` a v i ~ m u d m i v i T v i s e b a a v i R a c i s
T u r a R a c i s , ` g a a v e b u l i ~ _ g a r k v e u l i m o m e n t e b S i
m i s T v i s n i S a n d o b l i v i ~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 41). swored aman
116
ganapiroba, rom enaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saxelTa warmoebis xsenebuli
procesi (adieqtivi zmna adieqtivi).
ormagi translaciis ganxiluli SemTxveva grafikulad Semdegnairad
gamoisaxeba:
A A
gaTeTrebuli V t
A t
TeTrdeb-a -ul (t)
V
TeTr-i -d (t)
NA
mimReobis miRebis mesame da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yvelaze
gavrcelebuli SemTxvevaa zmnisgan mimReobis warmoeba. Tu zemoT
ganxilul orive variantSi gvqonda ramdenimesafexuriani translacia,
ukanaskneli ufro martivi translaciuri meqanizmisaa safexurebrivi
TvalsazrisiT (gamonakliss qmnis nasaxelari zmnebisgan mimReobis
miReba). zmnis saxelad translirebis aRniSnuli modeli sakmaod
mravalferovania _ erTi da imave zmnisgan sxvadasxva elementis
meSveobiT semantikurad gansxvavebuli sityvebi iwarmoeba. Sdr.: xatavs
(zmna) daxatuli // dasaxati // dauxatavi (mimR.) da sxv. ra Tqma unda,
aq CamoTvlili TiToeuli mimReoba saxelia, magram _ gansxvavebuli
semantikuri elferisa.
ganvixiloT zmnisgan adieqtivaciuri translaciiT mimReobis
warmoebis SemTxvevebi.
tradiciulad ganarCeven moqmedebiTi, vnebiTi da saSuali gvaris
mimReobebs. a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, rom `moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReoba aris
forma, romelic moqm. gvaris zmnis subieqturi piris moqmedebas
117
warmogvidgens ganyenebulad uRlebis kategoriebisagan... vnebiTi gvaris
mimReoba aris forma, romelic moqm. gvaris pirdapir-obieqtur pirze
damarTul moqmedebas warmogvidgens uRlebis kategoriebisagan
ganyenebulad~... da sxv. (SaniZe, 1980: 570-572).
`Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~ ki mimReobebi dayofilia
or jgufad: sasubieqto da saobieqto mimReobebad. isini Semdegnairadaa
ganmartebuli: `sasubieqtoa mimReoba, romelic aRniSnavs moqmeds,
subieqts, anu im pirs, romelic saTanado zmnur formaSi subieqtis
niSnebiTaa gadmocemuli~ (gogolaSvili... 2011: 256), `saobieqtoa mimReoba,
romelic aRniSnavs samoqmedo sagans, anu im pirs, romelic saTanado
zmnur formaSi obieqtis niSnebiTaa gadmocemuli~ (gogolaSvili... 2011:
259). miuxedavad imisa mimReobebis klasifikaciis romel princips
avirCevT (terminologiurad), zmnis saxelad translirebisTvis amas
principuli mniSvneloba ar eqneba. Sesabamisad, translaciis
kvlevisaTvis sainteresoa zmnis adieqtivaciis saSualebebi da ara
miRebuli sityvebis (mimReobebis) Semdgomi dajgufeba ama Tu im
kriteriumebis mixedviT. amitom Cven aq SevexebiT zmnisgan mimReobis
(adieqtivis) miRebis meqanizms.
mimReobebis mawarmoeblebia:
prefiqsebi
m-: da-m-wer-i, da-m-xat-av-i; me-: me-ryev-i, me-rxev-i; mo-: mo-zard-i, mo-kvdav-i;
na-: mo-na-ber-i, mo-na-xev-i; sa-: ga-sa-xev-i, da-sa-wer-i;
u-: u-nax-av-i, da-u-xat-av-i
sufiqsebi
-il: da-wer-il-i, da-Tes-il-i; -ul: a-mRer-eb-ul-i, da-dum-eb-ul-i
prefiqs-sufiqsebi
m _ el: m-Tl-el-i, m-xvn-el-i; ma _ el: ga-ma-TeTr-eb-el-i, ga-ma-did-eb-el-
i; m _ e: mo-m-won-e; mo _ ul: mo-yvar-ul-i; mo _ e: mo-kakan-e, mo-rakrak-e;
m _ are: m-qux-are, m-dum-are; m _ ar-i: m-xatv-ar-i, da-m-dn-ar-i;
na _ ar: na-Cuq-ar-i; na _ el: gamo-na-cvl-el-i; sa _ el: sa-keT-eb-el-i,
mo-sa-Tl-el-i; u _ el: ga-u-keT-eb-el-i, a-u-Sen-eb-el-i (gogolaSvili...
2011: 256-262)
118
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
riyeze meTevze idga da marcxena xeliT sasroli badis lanZvebs, Cangis
simebiviT, TiTebSi ikrefda (goTua, 1980: 78).
im abjarSi udreki mebrZoli ki aRar ijda, aramed gaTelili da
gzadaxSuli tyve am abjrisa (goTua, 1980: 36).
Sefenili tyis mwvane bolqvebian xaliCaze qvemodanve gamoCnda amayad
aziduli gumbaTi (goTua, 1980: 8).
iqneb sulac ver gaego maTi udroo daRupva, qveynis waxdena _ misi
uZleveli mefis damarcxeba (goTua, 1980: 58).
amas gardacvlilis qamarSi garWobili galesili culic adasturebda da
jibeSi CarCenili aryis boTlic (imedaSvili, 2010: 235).
zemodan dalewili SuSis namsxvrevebi alesili kbilebiviT hqonda
Casmuli... (solomanaSvili, 2010: 578)
kokam mTvarian Rames gadaayvanina daWrili kuka meTevzeebs kunZulze
nacnob qirurgTan (TabukaSvili, 2010: 16).
akakis ar uyvarda zamTarSi wowiali, magram mTels qalaqSi yvelaze
ganTqmuli da gamocdili msesxebeli iyo (morCilaZe, 2010: 306).
... raRaciT mainc unda gamemxnevebina nawvalebi almera (sulakauri, 2010:
318).
mSromeli xalxis interesTa pirveli damcveli da pirveli qarTveli
revolucioneri swored jinsebiT gaecilebinaT ukanasknel gzaze (turaSvili,
2010: 414).
ukvirda am ori mokamaTe kacis... (TabukaSvili, 2010: 16)
imave wams muxruWebis saSineli RrWiali Semomesma (javaxiSvili, 2010: 597).
Seecoda uqoneli gogo (megreliSvili, 2010: 437).
didad saxelovani mcodne gaxlavsT varskvlavTmricxvelobisa (turaSvili,
2011: 61).
gamofxizlebuli Turme xelis faTuriT eZebda sizmrad nanax sarCos
(leoniZe, 2011: 51).
axla quCaSi SevCivle nacnobsa Tu ucnobs (leoniZe, 2011: 227).
eliozis Tvalwin... Aayvavebuli xe idga da sxvas veRaras xedavda...
(leoniZe, 2011: 11)
... qlarci eniT mkmevarma, krZaluli da Tavaziani laparaki icoda (leoniZe,
2011: 204).
gza daxeTqili, mtvriani... (leoniZe, 2011: 22)
119
ucxoeTSi gadaxvewili qarTveli qalebi _ yvelaze sevdiani emigrantebi
dedamiwis zurgze... (turaSvili, 2011: 5)
win sayvareli qalaqi da sofeli eloda, ukve asakovani deda da aSlili
qveyana (turaSvili, 2011: 109).
siCumes mxolod orRobeSi WriWinobelas damRleli WriWini arRvevs
(leoniZe, 2011: 150).
magram soflis damcinar Tvals ra daemaleboda (leoniZe, 2011: 41).
oriveni ucolSviloni iyvnen SeZlebuli mamis danatovar samkvidroze
(leoniZe, 2011: 154).
sainteresoa, rom zogjer erTi zmnisgan mimReoba iwarmoeba
sxvadasxva, TiTqos erTi da imave daniSnulebis, mawarmoebliT, magram
miRebuli sityvebi semantikurad gansxvavebulia. b. jorbenaZes aseT
magaliTebad mohyavs: damaxasiaTebeli (rac visme an rasme axasiaTebs,
visime an risame arsebiTi niSan-Tvisebis maCvenebeli) da damxasiaTebeli
(is, vinc sxvas axasiaTebs, sxvas daxasiaTebas aZlevs), masesxebeli (vinc
asesxebs, raimes valad aZlevs sxvas) da msesxebeli (vinc isesxa an
sesxulobs, sesxis amRebi) da sxv. (jorbenaZe, 1985: 176). aRniSnuli
movlena sainteresoa ara marto imitom, rom igi warmoaCens enis unars,
zmnisgan saxelebi awarmoos met-naklebad gansxvavebuli niuansiT, aramed
translaciasTan mimarTebiTac. kerZod, zogi aseTi sityva
gasubstantivebis met unars iCans, vidre _ wyvilis meore cali.
warmovadgenT zmnisgan mimReobis (adieqtivis) miRebis grafikul
gamosaxulebebs:
A A
damxatavi (da)mRleli
m- (t) xatav-s (t) m- Rli-s -el (t)
V V
120
zogadad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mimReobebi zmnis adieqtivaciuri
translaciis Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT winadadebaSi maTi ZiriTadi
rolis gamo, Tumca isini garkveul SemTxvevebSi iCenen substantivaciis
tendenciasac. aseTi movlenebi rom bunebrivia enaSi, amas mowmobs b.
jorbenaZis Semdegi sityvebic: `atributivs aqvs potencia, iqces
substantivad, anu: konstruqciaSi daikavos is adgili, romelsac
Cveulebriv ikavebs substantivi (am rigisaa: mSobeli, maswavlebeli,
mwerali, mxatvari...) da ibrunos substantiviviT~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 41).
dRes winadadebaSi masdari ZiriTadad substantivis funqciiT Tu
gamoiyeneba, xolo mimReoba _ adieqtivis, es meoreuli movlena unda iyos
(gamoTqmulia mosazreba istriulad masdarisa da mimReobis
gaudiferencireblobis Sesaxeb). Tavdapirvelad mniSvnelovani mxolod
zmnisgan saxelis miReba unda yofiliyo. `mimReobisa da masdaris
diferenciacia mermindelia. es apriori cxadia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra
sawarmoeblebi gaaCnda masdarsa da mimReobas istoriulad: prefiqsica da
sufiqsic orives moepoveboda. sufiqsi fuZis determinanti iyo, e. i. iseTi
afiqsi iyo, rasac ekisreboda zmnuri fuZis saxelad gaformeba: -a, -al, -el,
-ur... sufiqsebi masdarsa da mimReobas saziaro hqonda pirvelads
saxelebTan (Zm-a, Zu-al-, -ჴ-el-, y-ur-...)~ (Ciqobava, 1953: 47). rogorc Cans,
Tavdapirvelad mTavari iyo zmnisgan saxelis miReba, es saxeli ki xan
substantiur funqcias iZenda, xan _ adieqtiurs. amis Sesaxeb vrclad
msjelobs avT. arabuli, romelic askvnis: `amgvar arqaul warmoebebSi
upirvelesad unda davinaxoT saxelis fuZis warmoqmnis derivaciuli
meqanizmi, romelic saxeldebis etapze, rogorc Cans, unda gaviazroT,
rogorc mxolod sagnis (movlenis) saxeli da masSi saxelzmnuri
Sinaarsis aqtualizacia da Sesabamisi morfologiur-semantikuri
diferenciacia mxolod enis Semdgomi ganviTarebis bunebriv Sedegad
SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli~ (arabuli, 2001: 174).
sainteresoa is faqtic, rom zmnisgan saxelTa sawarmoeblad igive
elementebi gamoiyeneba, romlebic istoriulad aRdgeba saxelTa
formirebisTvis. `mimReobis sufiqsebi imeoreben arsebiTi da zedsarTavi
saxelebis sufiqsebs~, _ aRniSnavs arn. Ciqobava (Ciqobava, 1942: 70).
mawarmoebelTa analizis Sedegad ki mecnieri askvnis, rom `mimReobidan
121
ki ar gadasula arsebiTsa da zedsarTav saxelebSi es afiqsebi, aramed,
piruku, mimReobebis saWiroebisaTvis iReben imas, rac ukve gamoiyeneboda
arsebiTsa da zedsarTav saxelebSi. es afiqsebi pirveladia
saxelebisTvis, meoreuli _ mimReobisTvis~ (Ciqobava, 1942: 112).
sainteresoa, rom masdaris marker -a-sac saxelis mawarmoeblad miiCnevs
avT. arabuli: `SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sawyisis -a sufiqsi istriulad
ukavSirdeba masubstantivebel -a elements; kerZod, is, rac saxeluri
derivaciis arqaul etapze gamoyenebuli iyo zmnuri Ziris
masubstantivebel elementad, Semdegi periodis morfologiur inventarSi
mogvevlina funqciur-semantikurad monaTesave poziciaSi: zmnuri
fuZisagan saxelzmnis (igive _ saxelis), kerZod, masdaris mawarmoeblis
rolSi~ (arabuli, 2001: 85).
yuradRebas iqcevs wina viTarebis saxelTa da warsuli drois
mimReobis formebis semantikuri da mawarmoebelTa msgavseba: na-sofl-ar-i,
na-sauzm-ev-i _ na-val-i, na-sauzm-eb-i... es msgavseba maTi aRrevis mizezic
xdeba.
zemoTmoxmobili mosazrebebi gansakuTrebul Rirebulebas iZens
translaciasTan mimrTebiT. saxelis (arsebiTisa Tu zedsarTavis)
mawarmoebel elementTa igiveobrivoba zmnisgan saxelis (mimReobisa Tu
masdaris) miRebis SemTxvevaSic kidev erTxel usvams xazs imas, rom ena
saxeluri translaciisTvis erTsa da imave markerebs iyenebs. is
magaliTebi ki, rodesac mimReoba substantivdeba, meoreuli movlena Cans
da xSir SemTxvevaSi Sepirobebuli unda iyos warmoqmnili saxelis
semantikuri niuansiT. gansakuTrebiT xSirad substantivdeba e. w.
moqmedebiTi gvaris (anu aqtiuri Sinaarsis) mimReobebi: maswavlebeli,
matarebeli da sxv.
122
$ 3. daskvnebi
aRniSnul qveTavSi warmodgenili masala cxadyofs, rom qarTul enas
Seswevs unari substantivi da adieqtivi morfologiuri translaciis
gziT iwarmoos ara mxolod saxelisgan, aramed _ zmnisganac. zmnisgan
saxelis (substantivisa Tu adieqtivis) miRebis saSualebebis Seswavlisas
gamoikveTa ramdenime ZiriTadi debuleba:
1. winadadebSi Sesrulebuli ZiriTadi rolis mixedviT masdari
SegviZlia miviCnioT zmnis substantivaciis, xolo mimReoba _
adieqtivaciis Sedegad. ra Tqma unda, TiToeul warmoebas aqvs
Tavisi matranslirebeli elementebi.
2. zmnis substantiuri translaciis saxeliT ver ganvixilavT
iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac zmisgan ki ar miiReba masdari,
aramed is TviTon warmoadgens zmnisTvis amosaval formas:
laparaki, baasi, saubari, zanzari, kaSkaSi, kakani, Sriali,
griali, triali, bibini, sisini, titini, qviTini, guguni, duduni,
wuwuni, burtyuni da sxv.
3. samecniero literaturaSi SemCneulia zmnis saxelad qcevis
iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac araa gamoyenebuli raime
mawarmoebeli. ukanasknelis magaliTebad SeiZleba
davasaxeloT: xerTvis (zmn.) xerTvis-i (subst.), ars (zmn.)
ars-i (subst.), dgams (zmn.) dgam-i (subst.), Cxers, Cxira (zmn.)
Cxir-i (subst.), aCens, aCina (zmn.) Cin-i (subst.), cqvets,
cqvita (zmn.) cqvit-i (adieqt.).
4. zmnisgan substantivi (masdari) ZiriTadad miiReba -a
translativis meSveobiT. Relavs (zmn.) Relv-a (subst.), wers
(zmn.) wer-a (subst.), xatavs (zmn.) xatv-a (subst.)... es -a
elementi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saxeluri translaciisTvisac
rogorc substantivaciis, ise adieqtivaciis mimarTulebiT.
barbac-a (Sdr.: barbac-i (subst.) barbac-a (adieqt.) barbac-a
(semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), farian-i (adieqt.)
farian-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), lorwovan-i
123
(adieqt.) lorwovan-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.),
webovan-i (adieqt.) webovan-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _
subst.)... mniSvnelovania, rom CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi webovani
da webovana iseve, rogorc lorwovani da lorwovana da sxv.
mcire semantikuri sxvaobisa Cans. kerZod, -a
m a w a r m o e b l i a n i v a r i a n t e b i T v i s e b i s m u d m i v
m q o n e b l o b a s u n d a g a m o x a t a v d n e n , a m e l e m e n -
t i s g a r e S e a r s e b u l i f o r m e b i k i _ T v i s e b i s
k o n k r e t u l S e m T x v e v a S i m q o n e b l o b a s.
sainteresoa, rom -a t r a n s l a t i v i T v i s e b i s m u d m i v i
m q o n e b l o b i s u n a r s u n d a s Z e n d e s e. w. p i r v e -
l a d i m a s d a r e b i s g a n d a -il/-ul-iani (si_il-iani //
si_ul-iani) s a w y i s e b i s a g a n n a w a r m o e b T v i s e b i s
s a x e l e b s a c . Srial-i (subst.) Srial-a (adieqt.), sisin-i
(subst.) sisin-a (adieqt.), titin-i (subst.) titin-a (adieqt.),
wuwun-i (subst.) wuwun-a (adieqt.), wuxil-i (subst.) wuxil-
a (adieqt.), sikvdil-i (subst.) sikvdil-a (subst.), sixarul-i
(subst.) sixarul-a (adieqt.). Tvisebis mudmivi mqoneblobis
niuansi ganapirobebs imasac, rom xSirad aseTi sityvebi aRar
saWiroebs sazRvrul wevrs, kargavs mas da winadadebaSi
damoukideblad gamoiyeneba. Tvisebis es eqspresia igrZnoba im
SemTxvevaSic, roca -a niSan-Tvisebis qonaze ufro metad am
niSnis intensiurobas usvams xazs. es kargad Cans iseT
saxelebSi, rogorebicaa: lurj-a (Zalian lurji, lurji
ferisa), cxvir-a (didi cxviris mqone), mucel-a (visac bevri Wama
uyvars = `didi muceli aqvs~)... udavoa, rom kninobiTi formebis
gverdiT, romelTa erT-erT mawarmobelad aseve -a elementi
gvevlineba, am -a-s Tvisebis intensiurobis / mudmivi mqoneblo-
bis niuansic SeuZlia SesZinos sityvas da zmnisgan
substantivi, substantivisgan ki adieqtivi awarmoos.
5. zmnisagan substantivis (masdaris) misaRebad aseve gvxvdeba -il
translativic, Tumca es ukanaskneli Tanamedrove qarTulSi
124
araa produqtiuli. -il SeiZleba garTulebuli iyos si-
TavsarTiTac: dum-il-i, wux-il-i, si-rb-il-i...
6. zmnis adieqtivaciuri translaciisTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
mawarmoebeli. esenia: m- (da-m-wer-i, da-m-xat-av-i), me- (me-ryev-i,
me-rxev-i), mo- (mo-zard-i, mo-kvdav-i), na- (mo-na-ber-i, mo-na-xev-i),
sa- (ga-sa-xev-i, da-sa-wer-i), u- (u-nax-av-i, da-u-xat-av-i); -il (da-
wer-il-i, da-Tes-il-i), -ul (a-mRer-eb-ul-i, da-dum-eb-ul-i), m _ el
(m-Tl-el-i, m-xvn-el-i), ma _ el (ga-ma-TeTr-eb-el-i, ga-ma-did-eb-el-i),
m _ e (mo-m-won-e), mo _ ul (mo-yvar-ul-i), mo _ e (mo-kakan-e, mo-
rakrak-e), m _ are (m-qux-are, m-dum-are), m _ ar (m-xatv-ar-i, da-m-
dn-ar-i), na _ ar (na-Cuq-ar-i), na _ el (gamo-na-cvl-el-i), sa _ el
(sa-keT-eb-el-i, mo-sa-Tl-el-i), u _ el (ga-u-keT-eb-el-i, a-u-Sen-
eb-el-i). es mravalferovneba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom erTi da
imave Zirisgan SesaZlebelia Sinaarsobrivad gansxvavebuli
adieqtivebis warmoeba. magaliTad, daxatuli, danaxati,
damxatavi, dasaxatavi, mxatvari... sainteresoa isic, rom aqtiuri
Sinaarsis mimReobebi iCenen gasubstantivebis tendencias, magram
es, rogorc Cans, am mimReobebis semantikuri niuansiT unda
aixsnas da meoreuli movlena Cans.
7. yvela mimReoba ar miiReba uSualod zmnisgan, ramdenadac
zogjer mimReobis amosavlad masdari iTvleba. es masdari
TavisTavad zmnisgan nawarmoebi saxelia, amitom aseT
SemTxvevebSi zmnis adieqtiuri translacia Sualedur safexurs
(zmna substantivi (masdari) adieqtivi (mimReoba)
saWiroebs. aseTi mimReobebia, magaliTad: mdgomi, mwoli,
mqroli, mebrZoli, mTrToli, mZRoli...
8. Tu mimReobas translirebiT miRebul adieqtivad ganvixilavT,
aRmoCndeba, rom zogjer gvaqvs iseTi adieqtiuri wyvilebi,
romelTa erTi cali Tvisebas zogadad gamoxatavs, meore ki _
konkretul situaciaSi SeZenil am Tvisebas. Sdr.: Savi _
gaSavebuli, didi _ gadidebuli, boroti _ gaborotebuli...
CamoTvlili adieqtivebis meore cali warmoadgens pirveladi
125
adieqtivisgan zmnis gavliT nawarmoeb adieqtivebs (Savi
(adieqt.) _ aSavebs (zmn.) _ gaSavebuli (adieqt.).
9. xdeba isec, rom erTi zmnisgan mimReoba iwarmoeba sxvadasxva,
TiTqos erTi da imave daniSnulebis, afiqsebiT, magram
miRebuli sityvebi semantikurad gansxvavebulia. aseT
wyvilebad b. jorbenaZe asaxelebs Semdeg formebs:
damaxasiaTebeli _ damxasiaTebeli, masesxebeli _ msesxebeli...
aRniSnuli movlena sainteresoa ara marto imitom, rom igi
warmoaCens enis unars, zmnisgan saxelebi awarmoos met-
naklebad gansxvavebuli niuansiT, aramed translaciasTan
mimarTebiTac. kerZod, zogi aseTi sityva gasubstantivebis met
unars iCans, vidre _ wyvilis meore cali.
10. gamoTqmulia mosazreba masdarisa da mimReobis Tavdapirveli
gaudiferencireblobis Sesaxeb. samecniero literaturaSi
xazgasmulia is faqtic, rom mimReobis misaRebad saxelis
mawarmoebeli afiqsebi gamoiyeneba. es ki sainteresoa
translaciasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, ikveTeba, rom saxeluri
fuZis qmnadobisaTvis saWiro elementebi enam zmnisgan saxelis
warmoebisTvisac gamoiyena. gamodis, rom ganurCevlad
amosavlisa, ena saxelis misaRebad mimarTavs erTsa da imave
translativebs.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom masdarisa
da mimReobis warmoeba erT saintereso Strixs sZens translaciis
Seswavlas zmnisgan saxelis miRebisa da saxelTa warmoebis erT WrilSi
warmoCenis kuTxiT.
126
VI. ZiriTadi daskvnebi morfologiur translaciasTan
(substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan) dakavSirebiT
naSromis dasawyisSive aRvniSnavdiT, rom ena, kerZod ki am
konkretuli SemTxvevisTvis _ qarTuli, sityvaTa translaciisTvis
(klasis cvlilebisTvis) mimarTavs rogorc morfologiur, ise sintaqsur
saSualebebs. morfologiuri translaciis arsi sityvis klasis
cvlilebis iseT SemTxvevas gulisxmobs, rodesac translirebisTvis ena
iyenebs garkveul translativebs. am translativebs SesaZloa hqondeT
sxvadasxva daniSnulebac. magaliTad, sakiTxis Seswavlisas gamovlinda,
rom qarTulSi translativebis funqciiT gvxvdeba sityvaTmawarmoebeli
afiqsebi, brunvis niSnebi, Tandebulebi da sxv. miuxedavad imisa, rom
CamoTvlili morfemebi sxvadasxva gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri
daniSnulebisaa, translaciisTvis amas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. ufro metic,
isini am TvalsazrisiT asruleben erT ZiriTad rols _ sityvas ucvlian
klass da metyvelebis nawilTa erTi jgufidan meoreSi gadaanacvleben.
matranslirebel elementebs, miuxedavad Tavdapirveli gansxvavebuli
funqciisa, aerTianebT sityvisTvis klasis cvlilebis unari.
translaciis morfologiuri saSualebebis Seswavlis Sedegad
ikveTeba ramdenime ZiriTadi daskvna:
1. qarTul enas aqvs unari nebismieri arasaxelis saxelad
qcevisa, risTvisac mimarTavs mravalferovan enobriv
saSualebebs: sityvamawarmoebel afiqsebs, brunvis niSnebs,
Tandebulebs da sxv.
2. aRmoCnda, rom ena zmnisgan saxelis miRebisTvisac imave
elementebs iyenebs, romlebic istoriulad saxelTa
mawarmoeblebi iyo. es xazs usvams enis ekonomizmis princips.
3. erTi da imave semantikuri jgufis sityvaTmawarmoebel afiqsTa
matranslirebeli Zala gansxvavebulia. zogjer gadaWriT
SeuZlebelia imis mtkicebac esa Tu is mawarmoebeli ZiriTadad
romeli saxis translativia: masubstantivebeli Tu
maadieqtivebeli. xSirad es Tu is translativi metad aqtiuria
romelime dargis terminologiaSi, vidre, zogadad, enaSi.
127
translativis produqtiulobaze rodesac vsaubrobT, ar unda
dagvaviwydes isic, rom maTi sityvawarmoebis unari SeiZleba
gansxvavebuli iyos enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva etapisaTvis.
magaliTad, si_e translativi ufro aqtiuri iyo Zvel
qarTulSi, TanamedroveSi ki moqmedebis asparezi -oba-sa da -eba-s
sasargeblod daTmo.
4. xdeba isec, rom erTi da imave sityvisagan msgavsi
daniSnulebis mawarmoebelTa darTviT viRebT or variants,
romelTagan erTi substantivad gamoiyeneba, meore _ adieqtivad.
Sdr.: mdinaris saTave (saTave _ substantivi), saTavo ofisi
(saTavo _ adieqtivi).
5. sakvlev masalaze dakvirvebam cxadi gaxada, rom xSirad
translaciisTvis mniSvnelovania sityvis semantika. mag.,
sityvebSi: marcvl-eul-i, xil-eul-i _ -eul sufiqsi adieqtiuri
Sinaarsis sityvebs ki ar awarmoebs substantivebisgan (rogorc
es mosalodneli iyo. Sdr.: Cem-eul-i, dedis-eul-i _
adieqtivebi), aramed krebiTobis niuansi Seaqvs aRniSnul
leqsikur erTeulebSi maTTvis klasis yovelgvari cvlilebis
gareSe.
6. rogorc cnobilia, brunvis niSnebi mimarTebiTi morfemebia,
magram maT SeswevT unari gadainacvlon warmomqmnel afiqsTa
jgufSi da axali leqsikuri erTeulebi awarmoon. amis
magaliTebia: dadeb-iT-i, Cveneb-iT-i, tan-ad-i, fer-ad-i... brunvis
niSnebiT miiReba rogorc zmnisarTebi, ise _ zedsarTavebi.
substantivebis mawarmoeblad isini ar gamoiyeneba da, Tu
brunvisniSniani forma substantivis funqciiT dasturdeba, es
meoreuli unda iyos: ru-is-i, Sind-is-i, Tbil-is-i da sxv.
CamoTvlili sityvebi sazRvrulCavardnili wyvilis
msazRvrelebi unda yofiliyvnen Tavdapirvelad.
7. e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis formaTa analizis Sedegad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom SesaZlebelia am formebSi naTesaobiTi
brunvis niSani sityvaTmawarmoebel elementad miviCnioT,
128
ramdenadac misi gamoisobiT substantivebisgan miiReba
adieqtiuri Sinaarsis sityvebi.
8. maadieqtivebel translativebad gvxvdeba naTesaobiTi,
moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebi.
9. garda sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebisa da brunvis niSnebisa
(romlebic am SemTxvevaSi derivaciul elementebad gvevlineba),
translativebad SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes Tandebulebic.
TandebulebiT axali sityvebis miRebis unari gansakuTrebiT
aqtiuria specialur terminologiaSi: minis-ebr-i, faris-ebr-i,
gon-ebr-iv-i, sazogado-ebr-iv-i, matitelas-ebr-n-i, mixakis-ebr-n-i
da sxv.
10. Tandebulian formebze dakvirvebis Sedegad irkveva, rom jer
xdeba nebismieri arasaxelis gasubstantiveba modelis
gavleniT da Semdeg Tandebulis darTva (aseT SemTxvevebSi
Tandebuli mxolod translaciis indikatoria) maSin, roca
saxelis adieqtivacia Tandebulis gavleniT Cveulebrivia.
11. e.w. calke mdgomi Tandebulebi, magaliTad, gareSe da mier,
rodesac uSualod erTvian sityvas, viRebT adieqtivebs (anu
arian maadieqtivebeli translativebi), xolo, Tu isini calke
dganan, maTTan dakavSirebuli saxeli substantivia / gasub-
stantivebulia. am SemTxvevaSi maT SeiZleba vuwodoT
substantiurobis/substantivaciis indikatorebi. Sdr.:
qristes-mier-i, kacis-mier-i da qalis/maRlis/meoris mier
daxatuli suraTi ekida kedelze; klas-gareSe, TamaS-gareSe da
am qalebis/mwvanis/oris gareSe ar minaxavs es sofeli.
12. substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas
iqcevs zmnisgan masdarisa da mimReobis, rogorc substantivisa
da adieqtivis, miReba. Sesabamisad, masdarisa da mimReobis
mawarmoeblebi ganixileba masubstantivebel da maadieqtivebel
translativebad. mniSvnelovania, rom masdaris -a
gansakuTrebul siaxloves iCens saxelur sityvawarmoebaSi
aqtiurad gamoyenebul -a-sTan. sainteresoa, rom zogjer -a-s
Seswavs Zala adieqtiuri Sinaarsis sityvis warmoebisac:
129
Srial-a, sisin-a, titin-a, wuwun-a, braxun-a, mucel-a, cxvir-a da
a.S. gamodis, rom -a zmnisgan awarmoebs substantivebs (xatv-a,
Tesv-a, wer-a), xolo substantivebisgan _ adieqtivebs (ix. zemoT
CamoTvlili magaliTebi).
13. qarTulSi erTmaneTis gverdiT SeiZleba Segvxvdes erTi da
imave Zirisa da msgavsi semantikis iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa:
mwvane _ ga-mwvan-eb-ul-i, civ-i _ ga-civ-eb-ul-i da a. S. am
adieqtivTa pirveli cali pirveladia, meore _ adieqtiuri
translaciis gziT nawarmoebi. rogorc samecniero
literaturaSi (jorbenaZe, 1995: 41) aris SeniSnuli, aseTi
pirveladi adieqtivebi Tvisebis mudmiv qonas gamoxataven,
meoreni ki _ konkretuli momentisTvis SeZenil am Tvisebas.
14. SesaZlebelia morfologiurad translirebulma sityvam kvlav
ganicados morfologiuri an sintaqsuri translacia. meore
jerze morfologiur translacias iwvevs axali
matranslirebeli elementi, sintaqsurs ki _ winadadebis
abstrahirebul modelSi am erTeulis mier dakavebuli adgili.
Tqmulis magaliTebia:
a)
vaJkac-ur-i saqcieli (vaJkac-i (subst.) + -ur (maadieqtiv.
translativi) _ vaJkac-ur-i (adieqt.)
vaJkac-ur-oba gamoiCina (vaJkac-i (subst.) + -ur (maadieqtiv.
tranlativi) + -oba (masubstant. translativi) _ vaJkac-ur-oba
(subst.)
b)
Tbilis-el-i eqimi movida. (Tbilis-i + -el _ Tbilis-el-i:
morf. translacia adieqtivaciis mimarTulebiT)
Tbilis-el-i movida. (sintaqs. translacia, modelis gavleniT
adieqtivis substantivacia).
15. ormagi morfologiuri translaciis Sedegad SesaZloa
miviRoT rogorc pirvelad satranslirebeli sityvis klasis
sityva (qal-ur-oba: substantivi adieqtivi substantivi),
130
aseve misgan gansxvavebuli (aqa-ur-oba: zmnizeda adieqtivi
substantivi).
16. Seswavlili masalis, substantivacia-adieqtivaciis meqanizmis,
masubstantivebeli da maadieqtivebeli translativebis
analizis Sedegad SeiZleba warmovadginoT translativebis
cxrili, romelSic maT gavaerTianebT miuxedavad imisa, isini
saxelebs saxelebisgan awarmoeben Tu zmnisgan. dajgufebis
mTavar principad miviCnevT rezultatiurad miRebuli sityvis
ama Tu im klasisadmi kuTvnilebas. aqve unda iTqvas erTic:
marTalia, garkveuli mimReobebi iCenen gasubstantivebis
tendencias, magram es mainc meoreuli movlena unda iyos
(ganpirobebuli am sityvaTa xSiri gamoyenebiT da sazRvruli
wevris dasaxelebis aucileblobis ararsebobiT), amitom
mimReobis mawarmoeblebs maadieqtivebel translativTa rigSi
SevitanT. cxrilSi gaTvaliswinebulia mimarTebiTi da
damazustebeli morfemebis translativebad gamoyenebic unaric.
sax
elis
gan
masubstantivebeli translativebi
masubstantivebeli da
maadieqtivebeli translativebi
maadieqtivebeli translativebi
-eba; -ed; -el (g); na_ur; -oba; si_e
-a; me_e; me_ur//me_ul; na_ar//na_al; na_ev//na_eb; sa_ar; sa_o; sa_ur; -eul; -eul (g); -ian; -ian (g); -ovan; -ovan (g); sa_e; sa_e (g); -ur//-ul; -ur//-ul (g)
-a; -el; -ier; -iur; -del; -mdel; -osan; sa-; sa_el; u_ar; u_ur//u_ul; -ad/-d; -is/-s; -iT; -ebr; -viT; gareSe; mier
zmnis
gan si_il//si_ul -il m; m_are; m_ar-i; m_e; m_el;
ma_el; me-; u-; u_el; mo-; mo_e; mo_ul; na-; na_ar; na_el
sax
elis
gan/
zmnis
gan -a (g.); -a -ul
131
translaciis morfologiuri saSualebebis Seswavlis Sedegad
ikveTeba, rom qarTuli ena sxvadasxva klasis sityvaTa qmnadobisaTvis ar
izRudeba translativebis gamoyenebisas da am mizniT Tavisuflad
mimarTavs enaSi moqmed sxvadasxva funqciis elementebs. es faqti, rogorc
ukve araerTgzis aRvniSneT, xazs usvams enis moqnilobasa da ekonomizmis
princips.
II Tavi
translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) sintaqsuri
saSualebebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi
I. zogadi mimoxilva
translaciis saxeebis Seswavlisas ukve ramdenjerme SevexeT sityvis
klasis cvlilebis im meqanizmebs, romlebic qarTul enaSi moqmedebs.
wina TavSi vrclad ganvixileT translaciis morfologiuri saSualebebi
da iqve mivuTiTeT, rom ena klasis cvlilebisTvis iyenebs sintaqsur
berketsac. amjerad swored am ukanasknels gavaSuqebT.
zogadad, translirebis procesi ase unda warmovidginoT: nebismieri
sityva ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT miekuTvneba ama Tu im klass,
magram enas aqvs unari mosaubris survilisamebr, saTqmelis ukeT
gamoxatvis mizniT, es sityva Semosos iseTi saburveliT, rom sxva klasSi
gadaanacvlos. magaliTad, sityva `yvavili~ substantivia, `yvaviliani~ _
adieqtivi. substantivisgan -ian translativis meSveobiT adieqtivi
miviReT. miRebuli sityva `yvaviliani~ amjerad ukve aRWurvilia
adieqtivis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiT, Tumca mas inerciis ZaliT
garkveulwilad SerCenili aqvs satranslirebeli sityvis semantikac.
analogiuradaa SesaZlebeli adieqtivis substantivad gadaqceva.
132
magaliTad, `TeTri~ adieqtivia, xolo `siTeTre~ _ substantivi. adieqtivi
substantivad gardaiqmna masubstantivebeli translativebis _ prefiqs-
sufiqsis (si_e) meSveobiT da SeiZina substantivis maxasiaTeblebi.
`siTeTres~ ukve cnebiToba axasiaTebs, TvisebasTan mimarTeba ki mas
satranslirebeli sityvidan inerciiT SerCenia. substantiuri
translaciis Sedegad miRebul sityvas mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebisa
(Tu, ra Tqma unda, semantikuri SezRudva ar gvaqvs) da msazRvreli
wevris gaCenis unaric Seswevs. igi winadadebaSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes yvela
im funqciiT, romelic damaxasiaTebelia substantivisTvis.
naSromSi araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli, rom morfologiuri translaciis
gziT SesaZlebelia erTma sityvam translacia ramdenjerme ganicados.
magaliTad, `aqauroba~ aris substantivi, romelic miRebulia
adieqtivisgan (aqauri), is ki Tavis mxriv momdinareobs zmnizedisgan (aqa).
xsenebul sityvaSi translaciis TiToeuli saxe erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebulia, Tumca dasaSvebia, ase arc momxdariyo. Sdr.: wign-ier-eba
(subst.) wign-ier-i (adieqt.) + -eba wign-i (subst.) + -ier.
n e b i s m i e r m a s u b s t a n t i v m a a n a d i e q t i v m a ,
m i u x e d a v a d i m i s a , p i r v e l a d i a T u t r a n s l i r e b u l i ,
S e i Z l e b a k v l a v g a n i c a d o s t r a n s l a c i a r o g o r c
m o r f ol o g i u r i , i s e s i n t a q s u r i m e q a n i z m i s
m e S v e o b i T. morfologiuri translaciis buneba wina TavSi sakmaod
vrclad iyo warmodgenili, amjerad warmovaCenT im sintaqsur
saSualebebs, romelTa daxmarebiTac sityva (an sityvasTan gaTanabrebuli
erTeuli) translirdeba (an kvlav, meored/mesamed... translirdeba).
magaliTad, SesityvebaSi `wiTeli vaSli~ wiTeli adieqtivia, magram
winadadebaSi `wiTlebi Sevidnen qalaqSi~ wiTeli (wiTlebi) substantivia.
rogorc vxedavT, sityvam `wiTeli~ yovelgvari mawarmoeblis gareSe
SeZlo gasubstantiveba da winadadebaSi aqtantis funqciiT gamosvla.
amis mizezi sintaqsuria. kerZod, sityvam `wiTeli~ struqturul modelSi
daikava is adgili, romelic gankuTvnili iyo substantivisTvis.
`adgilSi~ ar vgulisxmobT winadadebaSi sityvaTa rigs, pozicias, es
ufro funqciuri `adgilis~ Sesabamisia. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, xSirad es
`adgili~ poziciuradac ar aris xolme SemTxveviTi. Sdr., substantivis
133
adieqtivaciis Semdegi magaliTi: `Wiqa Rvino~. am SemTxvevaSi `Wiqa~
poziciurad Sepirobebul adgilze, sazRvrulis win, dgas. sxvagvarad igi
ver gaxdeboda adieqtivi.
winadadebis modelis rolze Cven vrclad visaubreT naSromis
dasawyisSi da davimowmeT araerTi mecnieris mosazreba. amjerad
aRniSnul sakiTxs aRar mivubrundebiT, mxolod SevecdebiT warmovaCinoT
translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi substantivacia-adieqtivaciis
ganmapirobebeli sakiTxebis ganxilvis gziT.
erTs ki aRvniSnavT: rogorc Cans, translacia, rogorc sityvaTa
klasebis cvlilebis saSualeba, imdenad rTuli bunebisaa, rom igi
moiTxovs sakiTxis morfologiur da sintaqsur WrilSi erTdroul
ganxilvas. ramdenadac `morfologiursa da sintaqsur movlenebs Soris
mWidro kavSiri maTs urTierTSepirobebulobaSi gamoixateba~ (daviTiani,
1973: 38), sityva aris morfologiisa da sintaqsis Seswavlis sagani,
mxolod gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom `sityva
morfologiis ZiriTadi erTeulia, imave dros igi winadadebis
Semadgeneli nawilic, zRvruli sintaqsuri erTeulicaa~ (daviTiani, 1973:
116). ufro metic, `morfologiuri da sintaqsuri movlenebi gramatikaSi
sakmaod mkafiod aris gamijnuli erTimeorisgan Semadgeneli
elementebisa da elementTa urTierTobis kanonzomierebaTa mixedviT
saTanado doneTa farglebSi, magram maTi absoluturi gamijvna
SeuZlebelia, radgan enis globalur sistemaSi isini erTdroulad
moqmedeben da erTmaneTis funqciaTa realizaciaSi sruliad bunebrivad
iReben monawileobas~ (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 146).
amrigad, translacia, rogorc sityvaTa klasebisa da maTi
gramatikuli kategoriebis cvlilebis, axal leqsikur erTeulTa Seqmnisa
da gadaazrebis saSualeba, morfologiasTan erTad sintaqsis kvlevis
saganicaa.
winamdebare TavSi, ra Tqma unda, srulad ver gavaSuqebT
translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmis yvela niuanss, magram SevecdebiT
warmovadginoT is ZiriTadi meqanizmi, romelsac qarTuli ena
substantivacia-adieqtivaciisTvis mimarTavs.
134
sintaqsuri translaciis ganxilvamde aucilebelia aRiniSnos
Semdegic: morfologiurisgan gansxvavebiT, sintaqsuri translacia
iZleva imis saSualebas, rom translirdes ara mxolod sityva, aramed
mTeli fraza, Sesityveba da winadadebac ki. miuxedavad imisa, rom
sintaqsuri translaciis zemoCamoTvlili yvela SemTxvevisTvis
gamoiyeneba erTi da igive meqanizmi (vrclad _ qvemoT), migvaCnia, rom
mxolod erTi sityvisa da sxva enobrivi odenobis (frazis, Sesityvebis,
winadadebis...) translaciis SemTxvevebi cal-calke unda warmovadginoT.
II. sityvaTa klasebi da maTi ZiriTadi sintaqsuri funqciebi
zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom sityvas swavlobs morfologiaca da
sintaqsic, magram gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT: morfologiisTvis sityva
sainteresoa rogorc avtonomiuri erTeuli, misi formacvalebis unari
da gramatikuli kategoriebi. sintaqsis sagani ki sityvis sxva sityvebTan
mimarTebebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom morfologiasa da sintaqss Seswavlis
mizani gansxvavebuli aqvT, isini erTmaneTisgan mkacrad ver imijneba
sakvlevi obieqtis (sityvaformis) identurobis gamo. sityvis esa Tu is
forma, rogorc formacvalebis Sedegi, SeiZleba arsebobdes imdenad,
ramdenadac is saWiroa sxva sityvebTan mimarTebis dasamyareblad,
dasakavSireblad. es mimarTebebi ki, rogorc ukve iTqva, sintaqsis
kvlevis sferoa. gamodis, rom sintaqsuri urTierTobani ganapirobebs
sityvis formas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, morfologiis Seswavlis sagania.
bunebrivia, ar gvaviwydeba semantikis rolic ama Tu im sityvaformis
arsebobis doneze. amdenad, gramatikul-semantikuri da funqciuri
erToblioba warmoadgens sityvis, rogorc ama Tu im klasis erTeulis,
ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs. sityva Tu icvlis am maxasiaTeblebs, is ukve
sityvaTa sxva jgufSi gadadis.
Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom `enaSi
specialuri leqsikuri klasis arseboba, kerZod, leqsikuri klasisa,
135
romlis wevrebi ukavSirdebian erT sintaqsur rols, nakleb saWiros
xdis am enaSi xsenebuli rolisa da frazis, romelSic es roli gvxvdeba,
sintaqsuri an morfologiuri markirebis aucileblobas~ (hengeveldi...
2004: 546). Sesabamisad, `fleqsiuri leqsemebis~ SemTxvevaSi gardauvalia
am erTeulebis morfologiuri an sintaqsuri markireba. `rodesac
fleqsiuri leqsema warmoiTqmis, msmenelma unda gansazRvros, rogor
gamoiyeneba es leqsema, magaliTad, rogorc frazis mTavari wevri
(arsebiTi saxelis funqciiT), Tu rogorc msazRvreli (zedsarTavis
funqciiT)~ (hengeveldi... 2004: 547). jer kidev a. SaniZe werda, rom `erTi
da igive saxeli SeiZleba TavisTavadadac vixmaroT da msazRvreladac~
(SaniZe, 1980: 49), Tumca qarTulSi sityvaTa klasebs mainc mkafiod aqvT
gamoxatuli ZiriTadi funqciebi, romlebsac isini umTavresad avlenen
winadadebebSi. sityvaTa klasebis ZiriTadi da meoreuli funqciebis
Sesaxeb a. daviTiani wers: `imisda mixedviT, Tu ra adgils ikaveben esa
Tu is sityvebi saerTod winadadebis an misi struqturuli nawilebis
(konstruqciis, Sesityvebis, sityvaTSexamebis) modelSi, vlindeba maTi
funqciac, e. i. mTqmels SeuZlia models Seuxamos garkveuli sityva da
amis mixedviT igi winadadebis garkveul wevrad warmogvidginos; magram
sityvaTa klass, garda nebismieri funqciisa, aqvs specifikuri niSan-
Tviseba, romlis mixedviTac is ufro xSirad asrulebs garkveul
funqcias; e.i. yovel sityvas moepoveba ZiriTadi, specifikuri da
meoreuli (sxvadasxva mizezis gamo Semdgom SeZenili) funqcia,
ukanasknels, Cveulebriv, sityvaTa klasis Secvla mohyveba xolme~
(daviTiani, 1973: 119). amitomac xazgasmiT aRvniSnavdiT translaciis arsis
ganxilvisas, rom sityvaTa klasis cvlileba upirvelesad misi ZiriTadi
funqciuri rolis, misi maxasiaTeblebis SecvlasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sxva klasisadmi sityvis mikuTvneba mxolod rezultatis kvalifikaciaa.
Sesabamisad, substantivacia-adieqtivaciis sintaqsur saSualebaTa
Seswavlamde saWiroa dazustdes xsenebuli klasis sityvaTa ZiriTadi
funqciebi winadadebSi, raTa Semdeg visaubroT am funqciaTa cvlilebasa
da, Sesabamisad, sintaqsur translaciaze.
rogorc aRvniSneT, sityvebi garkveul jgufebSi erTiandeba
ZiriTadi morfologiur-semantikuri (formacvalebis saerTo principi,
136
saerTo gramatikuli kategoriebi da semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi) da
funqciuri (winadadebaSi Sesasrulebeli ZiriTadi roli) aspeqtebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. am jgufebs Cven `sityvaTa klasebs~ vuwodebT.
rogorc cnobilia, substantivi ibrunvis, aqvs ricxvis gramatikuli
kategoria da winadadebaSi SeiZleba iyos zmna-SemasmenliT gamoxatuli
qmedebis monawile _ aqtanti. mniSvnelovania, rom a q t a n t a d
w i n a d a d e b S i S e i Z l e b a i y o s m x o l o d d a m x o l o d
s u b s t a n t i v i a n g a s u b s t a n t i v e b u l i s i t y v a (T u
s i t y v a s T a n g a T a n a b r e b u l i e n o b r i v i o d e n o b a).
saxelebidan mxolod substantivi gvxvdeba `TavisTavad~ sityvad,
romelsac aqvs brunvisa da ricxvis gramatikuli kategoriebi. a. SaniZis
cnobili gamonaTqvami (`garkveul SemTxvevebSi qarTulSi SeiZleba
vabrunoT zmnis piriani formebic da `forma-ucvalebeli~ sityvebic~
(SaniZe, 1980: 44) zmnis piriani formebisa Tu formaucvleli sityvebis
brunebis Sesaxeb sxva araferia, Tu ara gasubstantivebuli erTeulebis
brunebis unarze miTiTeba. unda iTqvas isic, rom substantivisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sagnobrioba an cnebiToba (miuxedavad imisa, igi,
rogorc sityva, konkretul aRsaniSns miemarTeba Tu abstraqtuls).
adieqtivi ki SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc sityva, romelic axlavs
sxva sityvas da mis niSan-Tvisebas, rogorobas da a.S. gamoxatavs.
adieqtivs brunva da ricxvi damoukideblad ar gaaCnia. igi mxolod
sazRvruli wevris brunvasTan mimarTebiT (sintaqsuri urTierTobidan
gamomdinare) gamoxatavs ama Tu im brunvis formas. magaliTad, a. papiZe
samarTlianad aRniSnavs Semdegs: `bunebrivia, rom zedsarTavi saxeli,
rogorc saxelis niSan-Tvisebis gamomxatveli, arsebobs imdenad,
ramdenadac arsebobs sagani, gansasazRvri, asaxsneli saxeli... misi
gramatikuli kategoriebic aRniSnuli semantikiT aris gansazRvruli...
semantikuri niSnidan gamomdinare, zedsarTav saxels ar unda (ar
SeiZleba!) hqondes ricxvis kategoria... amave kuTxiT SeiZleba SevxedoT
brunvis problemasac... bruneba substantivis ZiriTadi morfologiuri
maxasiaTebelia da brunvis srulyofili sistemac qarTulSi (Tumca ara
marto qarTulSi!) mxolod substantivs moepoveba... amosavali debuleba
am sakiTxze msjelobisTvis unda iyos is, rom arc zedsarTavi da arc
137
ricxviTi saxeli damoukideblad, sazRvrulis gareSe, Cveulebriv ar
funqcionireben~ (papiZe, 1998: 94-99). unda iTqvas, rom adieqtivi, rogorc
aqtanti, ar SeiZleba winadadebaSi ukavSirdebodes zmna-Semasmenels
gasubstantivebis gareSe. i g i T v i s e b i s g a m o m x a t v e l i
s i t y v a a, r o m e l s a c a q v s u n a r i u C v e n o s m a s T a n
s i n t a q s u r m i m a r T e b a S i m y o f i s a x e l i s T v i s e b a
( s a W i r o e b i s a m e b r _ T v i s e b i s x a r i s x i c ), b r u n v a d a,
S e s a Z l o a, r i c x v i c, S e p i r o b e b u l i s i n t a q s u r
u r T i e r T o b a S i m y o f i s a x e l i s b r u n v i T a d a r i c x v i T.
Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: substantivsa da
adieqtivs (iseve, rogorc sxva jgufis sityvebs) aqvT TavianTi
morfologiur-sintaqsuri Tu semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi da es
maxasiaTeblebi wyvets substantivebisa Tu adieqtivebisadmi sityvis
mikuTvnebis sakiTxs. maxasiaTeblebis Secvla ki ganapirobebs sityvis
gamosvlas konkretuli jgufidan da sxva klasisadmi mikedlebas. sityvis
klasis cvlileba translaciaa, xolo am cvlilebis meqanizmis Seswavla
translaciis arsis garkvevas ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad,
s u b s t a n t i v a c i a d g a n i x i l e b a n e b i s m i e r i e n o b r i v i
e r T e u l i s s u b s t a n t i v a d m o q c e v a, x o l o a d i e q t i v a -
c i a w a r m o a d g e n s s i t y v i s a d i e q t i u r i f u n q c i i T
a R W u r v a s.
Tu morfologiuri translaciis ganxilvisas vexebodiT im
elementebs (translativebs), romlebic uzrunvelyofen sityvis klasis
cvlilebas, sintaqsuri translaciis kvleva aseTi cvlilebis sintaqsuri
bunebis gamoaSkaravebas isaxavs miznad.
naSromis Semdeg qveTavebSi cal-calke warmovadgenT
substantivaciisa da adieqtivaciis sintaqsur saSualebebs translaciis
SesaZlo mizezebis miTiTebiT, Tumca aqve aRvniSnvT, rom sintaqsuri
translacia imdenad masStaburia, rom mas aq srulad, ra Tqma unda, ver
ganvixilavT. mxolod warmovaCenT sityvaTa klasis cvlilebis im
ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebsac qarTuli ena mimarTavs substantiuri da
adieqtiuri translaciisTvis.
138
III. sityvis substantiuri translaciis
sintaqsuri meqanizmi, buneba da gamomwvevi mizezebi
s i t y v i s s u b s t a n t i v a c i i s s i n t a q s u r i m e q a n i z m i
g u l i s x m o b s a m s i t y v i s a R W u r v a s s u b s t a n t i v i s T v i s
d a m a x a s i a T e b e l i y v e l a f u n q c i i T. amaTgan umTavresi misi
aqtantad (e.w. `TavisTavad saxelad~) gamoyenebis unaria. ra Tqma unda,
aqtantobisTvis translacia ar sWirdeba sityvebs, romelTa ZiriTadi
funqcia isedacaa aqtantoba. T. uTurgaiZe aRniSnavs: `aqtantis rolSi
mxolod arsebiTi saxeli gamodis. sxva metyvelebis nawilTaTvis
aucilebelia substantivacia _ arsebiT saxelad moqceva, rom qmedebis
monawiled iqcnen~ (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 48). Cveni mxridan davamatebdiT, rom
is nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic SeiZleba winadadebaSi aqtantebad
gamoviyenoT, faqtobrivad saxelTa monacvleebs warmodgenen.
nacvalsaxelis am bunebis gamo zogi mecnieri mas calke metyvelebis
nawilad arc ki gamoyofs. `nacvalsaxeli calke metyvelebis nawilad ar
gamoiyofa, radgan nacvalsaxeli, romelic cvlis substantivs, rogorc
metyvelebis nawili _ substantivia (misi ganzogadebuli saxeoba),
nacvalsaxeli, romelic cvlis atributivs, rogorc metyvelebis nawili
_ rCeba atributivad, rac Seexeba I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs,
sinamdvileSi isini arc arian nacvalsaxelebi: `me~ aris mosaubre piris
saxeli, misi saxeldeba da ara romelime saxelis Semcvleli, `Sen~ _
saubris adresatis saxeli (da ara nacvalsaxeli)~ (jorbenaZe, 1995: 25).
marTalia, `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiaSi~ nacvalsaxelis
ganmartebisas gaziarebulia b. jorbenaZis Sexeduleba, magram
nacvalsaxeli mainc damoukideblad aris gatanili metyvelebis nawilTa
CamonaTvalSi. `kidev ufro gansxvavebulia enobrivi daniSnuleba im
ganzogadebuli (arakonkretizebuli) Sinaarsis sityvebisa, romlebic arc
konkretul sagnobriv semantikas Seicaven (rogorc arsebiTi saxelebi) da
arc gansazRvrul niSan-Tvisebas gadmoscemen (rogorc zedsarTavebi),
magram erTi klasis sityvebis Canacvlebac SeuZliaT da meorisac; am
`CanacvlebiTi~ daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, maT substitutebsac
uwodeben (laT. substitutum substitutio Senacvleba, substitucia). am klasis
139
sityvebs qarTulSi aerTianebs termini `nacvalsaxeli~, _ vkiTxulobT
xsenebul naSromSi (gogolaSvili... 2011: 64).
rac Seexeba zedsarTav da ricxviT saxelebs, maTi ZiriTadi funqcia
substantivebis Tviseba-raodenobis gamoxatvaa, amitom isini
gasubstantivebis gareSe ver iqnebian aqtantebi.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare da nacvalsaxelebis
Taviseburebis (`substitutiurobis~) gaTvaliswinebiT namdvilad
safuZvliania T. uTurgaiZis mosazreba mxolod arsebiTi saxelebis
aqtantobis unarze.
T u a q t a n t o b a s u b s t a n t i v a c i a s a v t o m a t u r a d
g u l i s x m o b s, g a m o d i s, r o m a q t a n t i s r o l S i g a m o s v l a
n e b i s m i e r i e n o b r i v i e r T e u l i s g a s u b s t a n t i v e b a s a c
u n d a u d r i d e s. es marTlac asea. Cven mier damowmebul magaliTebSi,
rodesac erTi sityva (mag., wiTeli) xan adieqtivia (wiTeli vaSli) da xan
_ substantivi (wiTlebi Sevidnen qalaqSi), meore SemTxvevaSi sityva
`wiTlis~ aqtantad gamoyeneba swored substantiuri translaciiT unda
aixsnas.
yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom qarTuls aqvs unari aqtantad aqcios
nebismieri arasaxeli, maT Soris formaucvleli sityvebi da
winadadebebic ki. es mxolod maTi gasubstantivebis Sedegadaa
SesaZlebeli. ra Tqma unda, gasubstantivebis yvelaze meti unari aqvs
brunebis unaris mqone sityvebs, anu saxelebs (zedsarTav, ricxviT
saxelebsa da nacvalsaxelebs).
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
gasubstantivebulia zedsarTavi saxeli:
avi ar makadriano, kargi ar maRirsiano (saxokia, 2012: 21).
lurjad dabindda, lurji edo aCalul yanebs (kalandaZe, 1987: 100).
isev mominda Cemi sofeli xalxur leqsebiT da sakravebiT, ezoSi _ mwvane
da uSobeli da mokuntruSe TeTri kravebi (asaTiani, 1988: 32).
TeTrze is ityvis Savs, aras magivrad _ xo-s (gomelauri, 2010: 78).
hyidis yvela: Tavadi, mRvdeli, vaWari, avazaki, didi da patara, Wkviani da
suleli... (lorTqifaniZe, 2010: 13)
140
pirvelive TaTbiris dros vTqviT da movilaparakeT, rom axali sezonidan
raRac axali da gansxvavebuli SevTavazoT mayurebels (praimtaimi, 2011: 3).
xeli auqnia maRalma bavSvs (solomanaSvili, 2010: 576).
mamasa da maRalTan cisferTvaleba kaci mivida (solomanaSvili, 2010: 568).
gasubstantivebulia ricxviTi saxeli:
bevri rad unda dedasa, erTi jobs saxelovani (saxokia, 2012: 41).
Tumca bevrs ukve arsebuli preparatebiT mkurnalobis SesaZleblobac ar
aqvT (kviris palitra, 2012: 36).
cisfer kafeSi SevdivarT orni, cisfer magidas SemovusxdebiT (asaTiani,
1988: 59).
Cven ori ram miveciT kacobriobas... yvelaze mtkice da yvelaze
aRmafrTovanebeli _ rkina da Rvino!.. da me vfiqrob, qarTul xasiaTSi orive
darCa (goTua, 1980: 114).
misma megobarma gogonebma orive gadaarCines (praimtaimi, 2011: 19).
oqro da kidev samni waiyvanes, saiT waiyvanes, isic ar vicodi (sulakauri,
2010: 320).
aviReT farnebi da wavediT samiveni saZebnelad (SataiZe, 2010: 28).
mariams arasodes gaurCevia erTmaneTisgan bavSvebi, erTi jamidan aWmevda
oTxives (megreliSvili, 2010: 444).
xuTives xarisxiani, moduri fexsacmeli ecva (amirejibi, 2010: 560).
skamebze orni isxdnen da RimiliT Semomyurebdnen. erTi odnav WaRara iyo,
meore _ Cemi asakis. orives samxedro forma ecvaT (xvedeliZe, 2010: 355).
erTi uSvelebel vercxlisfer burTs naZvis qveda totebze hkidebda,
meores makrateli eWira da wiTel lents Tanabari sigrZis naWerebad Wrida,
mesame saRebavebiT saxemoxatul, frTafarfata angelozs xis kenweroze
amagrebda (taveliZe, 2010: 555).
es imitom, rom meore pirveli ar aris da verc gaxdeba, garda im
SemTxvevisa, rodesac meore ukanaskneli ar aris, radgan mxolod ukanasknelebi
gaxdebian pirvelebi (qarTveliSvili, 2010: 221).
gasubstantivebulia nacvalsaxeli:
Tu SevecdebiT, gavigoT es kerZo `me~, igi sakuTar TavSi unda veZioT...
(naipoli, 2011: 6)
hm, aseTma Tu moawera xeli, uaresad ayefdeba (kikaCeiSvili, 2010: 531).
141
da rom uyvarda, sxva rom uyvarda arasdros uTqvams Tavis colisTvis
(amaRlobeli, 2011: 14).
sxvas ufro bevrs vTxovT, vidre sakuTar Tavs (kviris palitra, 2012: 15).
taZris misavalSi sxvebic idgnen, magram igi mxolod `angelozs~ xedavda
(goTua, 1980: 10).
gonierTa msgavsad sxvebis gamocdilebas gaviTvaliswinebT (kviris
palitra, 2012: 25).
zogi ukve davardniliyo, zogic davardnaze iyo misuli (goTua, 1980: 39).
RmerTo, micocxle Cemi ded-mama, kargad mimyofe yvela Cemebi! (asaTiani,
1988: 78)
...dedamTili yovel kviras Cems Zvel saxlSi rekavs da saSinelebebs uyveba
Cemebs (kakulia, 2010: 64).
imaT saxls Cvenebis bombi jer kidev pirveli areulobisas deeca...
(lomouri, 2010: 11).
Cvenebsac CaeSvelnen mcire marqafni (goTua, 1980: 66).
gasubstantivebulia formaucvleli sityva:
ara _ aras, me vismendi mxolod ho-s (tabiZe, 1973: 136).
Camomiara sikvdilma, arc `ho~ vuTxari, arc _ `ara~ (CitiSvili, 2010: 60).
rasac ar mTxov, getyvi xo-s... ra moxda, rom eWvi mWams (gomelauri, 2010: 41).
erTxel vixile da veRar vTqvi Tamami `ara~ (iaSvili, 2011: 80).
Tavdapirvelad iyvnen `Tu~ da `an~ da mere `anu~ (amaRlobeli, 2011: 170).
anu `Tu~ iyo, Tu rame iyo Tavdapirvelad. da `Tu~-Si iyo sicocxle da
`Tu~ gaxda sinaTle, anu `Tu~-m gamoiwvia `an~ da `an~-ma `anu~... (amaRlobeli,
2011: 170)
giyvarda vinme, uyvardi vinmes? _ `au~! _ elodi pasuxad `aus~? (lebaniZe,
2006: 65)
xolo rodesac `bravos~ `bisic~ da `vaSac~ uerTdeba, murmani ikmarebs
`auh!~-s... (lebaniZe, 2006: 114)
mudam viZaxi `amin~-s, saWiroa Tu ara (gomelauri, 2010: 134).
a R s a n i S n a v i a, r o m m o r f ol o g i u r a d t r a n s l i -
r e b u l m a s i t y v a m S e i Z l e b a m r a v a l j e r g a n i c a d o s
t r a n s l a c i a (rogorc kvlav morfologiuri, ise _ sintaqsuri),
x o l o s i n t a q s u r i t r a n s l a c i a e r T j e r a d i a.
142
morfologiurad translirebuli sityvebis sintaqsuri meqanizmiT
substantivaciis arsis naTelsayofad warmovadgenT sailustracio
magaliTebs da Semdeg nimuSisTvis erT-erTs ganvixilavT.
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
rad minda mivswvde miuwvdomels, vrcels da usazRvros? (tabiZe, 1973: 38)
Semdeg awowilma xeli jibisken waiRo (babunaSvili, 2010: 376).
gansakuTrebiT kusparas moyolilebi uyvars (nanobaSvili, 2010: 152).
gaeclebodnen is gasawyvetlebi, Sesxdebodnen, Seixorxlebodnen TuTaze...
(SataiZe, 2010: 25)
iaraRSemarTuls orRobisgan nabijiRa aSorebda (xvedeliZe, 2010: 346).
mis kenweroze Semomjdars fexebSi SiSis qari mivlida (arCuaSvili, 2010:
427).
umwobisagan daRlili adamianis saxe hqonda jvarze gakruls
(megreliSvili 2010: 441).
wamsvlels da momsvlels, uSecdomod, TiTqmis uklebliv, erTmaneTSi rom
aRricxaven Wirisuflebi (amaRlobeli, 2011: 78).
Tavs ar moiklavs qarTveli, ara... (asaTiani, 1988: 43)
aRaraa `Sinauri~ da aba, midi, mouare! (gigaSvili, 2010: 5)
sTqvi naRvliani Zveli qarTliviT, an aznauris qalze vimReroT (leoniZe,
2008: 32).
`volvo~ gaCerda, saidanac swrafad gadmoxta sami niRbosani (mosuliSvili,
2010: 275).
isini Zlierni aRmoCndnen (kakulia, 2010: 40).
Tavisi xeliT swiraven kurats urjulos sulis mosaxsenieblad
(arganaSvili, 2010: 504).
es is saqarTvelo iyo, sadac uRirss Rirseuli salams ar aZlevda (kviris
palitra, 2012: 17).
mere omsa da xetialSi upatronos Turme Wleqi Sehparvoda (leoniZe, 2011:
41).
marnisaebi mTvralebi arian ukve (fxakaZe, 2010: 481).
quCis landma sagani CabRuja, Semdeg dabla dado, Toki Sexsna da
farjrisas niSani misca (babunaSvili, 2010: 368).
143
ganvixiloT erTi magaliTi (rad minda mivswvde miuwvdomels,
vrcels da usazRvros?) translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmis axsnis
mizniT.
mi-u-wvd-om-el-i zmnisgan translirebiT miRebuli adieqtivia,
u-sazRvr-o ki _ saxelisgan. orive maTgani winadadebis modelSi
dakavebuli adgilis gamo gasubstantivebulia da aqtantebadaa
gamoyenebuli. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs ormagi translacia, pirveli _
morfologiuri da translativebiT markirebuli (u_el, u_o), meore _
sintaqsuri. formebSi arsebuli micemiTi brunvis niSani SegviZlia
translaciis indikatorad davasaxeloT. T. uTurgaiZe aRniSnavs:
`warmoqmnis unari yvela brunvis niSans aqvs, magram amas gansxvavebulad
axorcieleben pirmimarTi da pirmiumarTavi aqtantebis brunvis niSnebi,
kerZod: pirmimarTi aqtantebis (sax., moTx., mic.) brunvis niSnebi nebismier
arasaxels saxelad moaqceven ise, rom TviTon inarCuneben brunvis niSnis
funqcias, sxvanairad: pirmimarTi aqtantebis brunvis niSanTa win sxva
metyvelebis nawilTa forma saxelis fuZed moiqceva~ (uTurgaiZe, 2009: 54).
Cven viziarebT mecnieris mosazrebas sityvebis aqtantad moqcevisas
saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi da micemiTi brunvis niSnebis mier brunvis
niSnis funqciis SenarCunebis Taobaze, Tumca migvaCnia, rom arasaxelebis
gasubstantivebisa da aqtantad gamoyenebis mizezi winadadebis modelSi
dakavebuli adgilia da xsenebul brunvis niSnebs mxolod
substantivaciis indikatorebad vTvliT. kidev erTxel gavusvamT xazs,
rom modelSi dakavebul adgilze rodesac vsaubrobT, vgulisxmobT
sityvis funqciur rols. substantivaciis indikatorebad SeiZleba
miviCnioT mravlobiTi ricxvis niSanic, romelic `TavisTavad~ saxels
brunebis mTel paradigmaSi mihyveba. ra Tqma unda, aseT indikatorebad
ver ganvixilavT mravlobiTi ricxvis im niSnebs, romlebic sazRvruli
wevris ricxviTaa Sepirobebuli ama Tu im formaSi. a. papiZe aRniSnavs:
`brunva da ricxvi ar aris sakuTriv zedsarTavi saxelisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli kategoriebi. zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi, rogorc
formacvalebadi metyvelebis nawilebi, iReben brunvisa da rig
SemTxvevaSi mravlobiTi ricxvis niSnebs, rogorc sazRvrulTan
SeTanxmebuli sintaqsuri kavSiris maCvenebels~ (papiZe, 1998: 109). SeiZleba
144
davaskvnaT: Tu sityvaformaSi brunvisa da ricxvis (mr. r.) niSnebis
arseboba ar aris gamowveuli sxva saxelis brunviTa da ricxviT
sintaqsuri mimarTebis bazaze, maSin es brunvisa da ricxvis niSnebi
SeiZleba substantiuri translaciis indikatorebad kvalificirdes.
daismis kiTxva: ra aris formaucvleli sityvebisa da
arasubstantivebis translativebis gareSe gasubstantivebas mizezi?!
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema principulia translaciis sintaqsuri
bunebis warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT.
lingvistur literaturaSi sintaqsis sakiTxTa kvlevisas yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia frazis/winadadebis struqturuli modelis rolze
sityvaTa klasifikaciis saqmeSi. a. daviTianTan modeli ganmartebulia
Semdegnairad: `winadadeba aris metyvelebis gramatikulad gaformebuli
erTeuli, romelic obieqturi sinamdvilis raime nawils gamoxatavs.
obieqturi realobis gamoxatva ara marto cnebebiT SeiZleba, aramed _ am
cnebaTa Soris arsebuli mimarTebebiTac. mimarTeba logikuri cnebaa,
magram misi gamoxatva saTanado gramatikuli kategoriiT xdeba.
kategoriaTa erTianoba winadadebis struqturul konfiguracias, mis
modelsa da modelis variantebs qmnis. winadadebis modeli enaSi mza
formiT arsebobs da adamians ubnobis momentSi mxolod misi Sevseba,
sarealizacio leqsikur-semantikuri erTeulebis gamoZebna da azris
logikuri gegmisTvis maTi Sexameba sWirdeba~ (daviTiani, 1973: 107).
rogorc Cans, swored winadadebis abstrahirebul modelSi sityvis
mier dakavebuli adgili wyvets am enobrivi erTeulis, rogorc ama Tu im
klasis sityvis, kvalifikaciis sakiTxs. s i n t a q s u r i t r a n s l a c i a
w i n a d a d e b i s s t r u q t u r u l m o d e l S i s i t y v i s a r a Z i -
r i T a d a d g i l z e g a n T a v s e b i T x o r c i e l d e b a d a
a m i t o m p o z i c i u r i x a s i a T i s a a. substantivaciis, rogorc
sintaqsuri translaciis, modelismier meqanizmTanaa dakavSirebuli e. w.
`Sesityvebis SekumSvis~ iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac struqturul
modelSi gabatonebuli wevris adgilze jdeba daqvemdebarebuli da
Sesabamisad, aRiWurveba damqvemdebareblis unarebiTac (brunva, mr.
ricxvi), `amitomaa, rom yvelaze xSiria substantivaciis iseTi
SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebiTis rolSi metyvelebis is nawilebi
145
gvevlinebian, romelTa ZiriTadi sintaqsuri funqcia gansazRvrebis
gamoxatvaa~ (daviTiani, 1973: 185). msazRvreli saxelis gasubstantivebis
(elifsis) gzas a. papiZe Semdegnairad warmoaCens: `winadadebis
mosalodneli wevris gamotoveba stiluri Tu sxva daniSnulebiT Tavis
kvals tovebs Sesityvebis struqturaze. formobrivad gauCinarebuli
wevri semantikurad isev winadadebSi rCeba, metic, misi gramatikuli
SesaZleblobani SenarCunebulia romelime wevris bazaze (sazRvruli
sityvis gamotovebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi wevri, rasakvirvelia,
msazRvrelia) (papiZe, 1998: 109).
sazRvruli wevris ararseboba zogjer ganpirobebulia mosaubris
stilistikuri gadawyvetilebiT, anac winadadebiT gamoxatuli
SinaarsisaTvis meti eqspresiulobis miniWebis surviliT. xdeba isec, rom
sazRvruli sityva arcaa saWiro, radgan igi zmna-SemasmenliT
igulisxmeba. aseTi viTareba xSirad iqmneba maSin, rodesac msazRvreli
wevri miemarTeba an mosaubres (I pirs) an msmenels (II pirs).
amrigad, substantivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:
winadadebis struqturul modelSi substantivisTvis gankuTvnil
adgilas Tu aRmoCndeba nebismieri arasubstantiuri erTeuli, is maSinve
SeiZens im unars, romelic substantivisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da,
Sesabamisad, gasubstantivdeba. mniSvnelovania, rom brunvisa da
mravlobiTi ricxvis niSnebi, romlebic araa ganpirobebuli sxva saxelis
brunviTa da ricxviT, SeiZleba miviCnioT sityvis gasubstantivebis /
substantiurobis indikatorebad.
IV. sityvis adieqtivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi,
buneba da gamomwvevi mizezebi
adieqtivis gansazRvrisas zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom igi gamoxatavs
masTan sintaqsur mimarTebaSi myofi saxelis niSan-Tvisebas. adieqtivis
ZiriTadi sintaqsuri funqcia msazRvrelobaa. Sesabamisad, adieqtivaciis,
rogorc sintaqsuri translaciis, arsi sityvis adieqtiuri unariT
146
aRWurvisaTvis sintaqsuri meqanizmis gamoyenebaSi gamoixateba. `aRWurva~,
ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs, rom Tavdapirvelad es sityva adieqtiuri
niuansis ar unda iyos.
mniSvnelovania, rom rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri
saSualebebiT translirebisas sityvam klasi Seicvalos. cnobilia, rom
`sityvaTa klasis Senacvleba nairgvari gziT xdeba; maTgan mTavaria ori:
a) leqsikuri transformacia (sityvawarmoeba) da b) winadadebaSi
logikur-gramatikuli funqciis Secvla~ (daviTiani, 1973: 199). pirveli
translaciis morfologiur saSualebas ganekuTvneba, meore _
sintaqsurs.
sintaqsuri berketis gamoyenebiT yvelaze xSirad adieqtiur
translacias ganicdis substantivi, Tumca gvxvdeba sxva metyvelebis
nawilebis adieqtivaciis SemTxvevebic.
sintaqsuri gziT substantivis adieqtiuri translacia xorcieldeba:
(1) yovelgvari mawarmoeblis gamoyenebis gareSe da (2) garkveuli
translativebis, kerZod ki, naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis, meSveobiT.
ramdenadac translaciis ukanaskneli SemTxvevis mizezi sintaqsuria,
xolo matranslirebeli elementi _ morfologiuri odenoba,
translirebis aRniSnuli tipi morfologiuri translaciis farglebSic
SevitaneT da sintaqsuri translaciis saTauris qveSac unda ganvixiloT.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, substantivi adieqtiuri translaciis
wyalobiT SeiZleba mogvevlinos sxva sityvis msazRvrelad. sintaqsis
saxelmZRvaneloebSi aseT sityvas `atributul gansazRvrebad~
moixseneben. `atributul gansazRvrebad Cveulebrivia zomis saxeli
(santimetri, metri, mtkaveli, adli, kilometri, heqtari, qceva...), wonisa
(grami, misxali, kilogrami, tona, fuTi...); sawyaosi (kodi, kasri, Wiqa,
abga, boTli, Cafi, doqi, ormo, uremi, vagoni, godori, gideli...),
profesiisa (eqimi, vaWari, mebaRe, maswavlebeli...), wodebaTa da
TanamdebobaTa saxelebi (glexi, aznauri, Tavadi, profesori, docenti,
direqtori...), agreTve mimarTvis dros saxmarebeli sityvebi (Zia, deida,
mamida, amxanagi, batoni...) da bevri sxvac (xeli, Reri, Ziri, frTa, uReli,
cali, wyvili, Tofi, komli...)~, _ aRniSnavs l. kvaWaZe (kvaWaZe, 1996: 195).
mniSvnelovania, rom adieqtivad translirebuli aseTi substantivi ukve
147
brunebis iseTive paradigmas gviCvenebs, rogoric aqvs msgavsi fuZis mqone
zedsarTavs. samecniero literaturaSi zemoT CamoTvlil arsebiT
saxelebs danarTebsac uwodeben. `Tu danarTi mosdevs sazRvruls
(Cveulebriv, sakuTar arsebiT saxels), igi ibrunvis, sazRvruli ki
ucvleli rCeba, ganurCevlad imisa, TanxmovanfuZiani saxelia Tu
xmovanfuZiani... Tu danarTi uswrebs sazRvruls da boloxmovniania, igi
ucvleli rCeba yvela brunvaSi (magaliTad: rkina kaci, rkina kacma, rkina
kacs...); boloTanxmovniani ki ibrunvis~ (cqitiSvili, 1983: 114). rogorc
Cans, adieqtivad moqceuli aseTi substantivi (danarTi saxeli) ara marto
semantikurad amJRavnebs saerTos sxva adeiqtiur msazRvrelebTan, aramed
formacvalebiTa da sintaqsuri roliTac maT gverdiT dgas.
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
mimwuxrisas, mzei roca dacxra, Tamar mefe locvad idga taZrad...
(kalandaZe, 1987: 51)
atenis cixeSi mefis deda _ mariam dedofali iyo Sexiznuli (goTua, 1980:
74).
mxolod saba moZRvari dadioda xalxSi... (goTua, 1980: 80).
magram grigol bers araferi ugrZvnia (goTua, 1980: 169).
efrem beri axla xelze emTxvia Tavis did maswavlebels (goTua, 1980: 175).
sigeli xom erekle mefis dros iyo dawerili (leoniZe, 2011: 63).
es RmerTma Cvens batons, mefe erekles gaumarjos (goTua, 1980: 63).
rodesac misi pirmSo _ mefe luarsabi damarcxda da qveda qarTlisken
gaiWra axali jaris saSovnelad, mariam dedofalma Tavad uTava, mTeli goris
mxare daxizna (goTua, 1980: 75).
beri gogia didxans dahyurebda miwaze ganrTxmuls (lorTqifaniZe, 2010: 15)
vera da ver gaego baton yadors... (leoniZe, 2011: 48)
gacecxlnavTebuli mama zaqaria ki xoTxoTiTa da wveris glejiT dabrunda
saxlSi (leoniZe, 2011: 279).
moyvanili magaliTebidan winadadebaSi _ `mimwuxrisas, mzei roca
dacxra, Tamar mefe locvad idga taZrad~ _ sityva `mefes~ SeZenili aqvs
`Tvisebis~ saxelTa niuansi da adieqtiuri translaciis Sedegad
warmogvidgeba sxva saxelis (aq: Tamaris) msazRvrelad.
148
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, substantivis sintaqsuri adieqtivaciis erT-
erTi SemTxvevaa agreTve naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis gamoyenebiT axali
sityvaformis warmoeba, romelSic es naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani
amovardnilia sxva brunvis niSnebTan paradigmatuli mimarTebidan,
gadasulia sityvaTmawarmoebeli elementis rangSi da awarmoebs
adieqtiuri Sinaarsis sityvebs. -is/-s (aseve mravlobiTis formaSi
gamoyenebuli -Ta) aseT dros kvalificirdeba rogorc translativi.
zemoaRniSnuli adieqtivacia morfologiuri elementebis gamoyenebiT
xorcieldeba, translaciis mizezi ki sintaqsuria, amitom adieqtivaciis
amgvari faqtebi morfologiisa da sintaqsis Seswavlis sagania
erTdroulad.
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
ise brwyinavda vercxlis xexili, gaocdebodiT ferTamxilveli (asaTiani,
1988: 22).
... cerissimsxo oqros jvari tyavze Tavmomwoned amoigdo (metreveli, 2010:
509).
oqros sabados ar eZebda sxvasaviT (leoniZe, 2011: 54).
erTi suli mqonda, rodis gavcdebodi amxela rkinis kars... (melaSvili,
2010: 191)
gaSale... yvela furceli aris foladis nacari... (leoniZe, 2008: 59)
xis kubos nela vexebi (kakulia, 2010: 41).
moSorebiT Jamisagan ganacrisferebuli xis ulamazesi saydaric moCanda
(sulakauri, 2010: 319).
saxli gvedga TeTri aguris, orsarTuliani (fxakaZe, 2010: 460).
brunviT wisqvilis borbali rom ixeTqeba sawyali (maWavariani, 1990: 165).
quCis landma sagani CabRuja... (babunaSvili, 2010: 368)
iqneb Cveneburi vazis Zirebi gamomigzavnoT (turaSvili, 2010: 419).
saxeSeSlili mivekvrebi caxcaxa karebs, gaitaceben SiSis asuls koWli
qajebi (iaSvili, 2011: 37).
gamoCnda rkali axali mTvarisa... vercxlis lumba... (leoniZe, 2011: 55)
ise moewona moazrovne bavSvi, rom maxsovs, Tavisi saidumloTa wigni aCuqa
mas (turaSvili, 2011: 17).
149
rogorc cnobilia, qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi aseT
msazRvrelebs marTul an marTul-SeTanxmebul msazRvrelebs uwodeben
msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli saxelis prepoziciuri Tu postpoziciuri
mdebareobis Sesabamisad. aseve gamijnulia erTmaneTisgan da
sxvadasxvanairi sintaqsuri kvalifikacia eniWeba naTesaobiTbrunvis-
niSnian saxels imis mixedviT is arsebiT saxels gansazRvravs Tu
masdars. kerZod, tradiciulad pirveli msazRvreladaa (substantiur
msazRvrelad) miCneuli, meore ki _ ubralo damatebad. magaliTad, l.
kvaWaZis `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsSi~ vkiTxulobT: `formis
TvalsazrisiT... gansazRvrebasa da ubralo damatebas Soris gansxvaveba
ar aris, xolo Sinaarsis mixedviT isini sxvadasxvaa. saxelTan Sewyobili
saxeli (amxanagis wigni, wignma amxanagisam) aRniSnavs kuTvnilebas da
gansazRvrebaa, saxelzmnasTan... Sewyobili saxeli realuri subieqtia
(amxanagis mosvla, mosvlam amxanagisam), an obieqti (amxanagis wayvana,
wayvanam amxanagisam), e. i. damatebaa~ (kvaWaZe, 1996: 217).
orive mosazrebis sapasuxod unda iTqvas, rom arsebobs
gansxvavebuli Sexedulebani xsenebul formaTa sintaqsuri mimarTebebisa
da kvalifikaciis Taobaze. magaliTad, a. daviTiani aRniSnavs:
`Tavdapirvelad naTesaobiTis formiT fuZed qceul saxels mxolod
kuTvnilebis mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. kuTvnilebis kategoria
naTesaobiTi brunvis formiTaa gamoxatuli TiTqmis yvela (rogorc Zvel,
ise axal) enaSi. kuTvnileba gamoxatulia sityvaTSexamebiT, romelTagan
erTi asaxelebs sagans, romelsac ekuTvnis, xolo meore _ sagans,
romelic miekuTvneba (qalis Tma, saxli amxanagisa da misT.).
rasakvirvelia, rig SemTxvevaSi aseT sityvaTSexamebebs aRara aqvT
konkretulad kuTvnilebis Sinaarsi. isini ufro xSirad ganzogadebul
semantikur damokidebulebas qmnian... vinaidan kuTvnilebis semantika ukve
ara sagnobriobis, aramed niSan-TvisebaTa wyebas ganekuTvneba, bunebrivia,
rom `naTesaobiTis forma~ ukve zedsarTavis funqciiT gvevlineba...
naTesaobiTi brunvisfuZian msazRvrels sintaqsuri damokidebuleba
zustad iseve aqvs gaformebuli, rogorc _ Sesabamisi fuZis mqone
atributul msazRvrels... amrigad, e. w. `marTuli~ msazRvreli iseTsave
viTarebas gviCvenebs, rogorsac _ Cveulebrivi atributuli: igi
150
SeTanxmebulia. marTalia, sityvaSi gamoiyofa brunvis ori niSani, magram
mimarTebas qmnis mxolod bolo morfi, mis win mdgomi naTesaobiTis
morfi ki aRar qmnis mas~ (daviTiani, 1973: 275-282). mecnieri ara marto
damajereblad xsnis naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis mqone msazRvrelis
adieqtivaciis sintaqsur meqanizms, aramed msjelobs arsebiT saxelsa da
masdarTan Sewyobili aseTi formebis sintaqsur definiciazec. igi
v. Tofurias mosazrebis damowmebis safuZvelze wers: `nanaTesaobiTari
msazRvrelis Taviseburebas gviCvenebs e. w. ubralo damateba
naTesaobiTSi... saxelTa Soris leqsikur-morfologiuri urTierToba
SeTanxmebaa. amitom sruliad Tavisuflad SeiZleboda gansazRvrebad
CagveTvala naTesaobiTis formebi iseT sityvaTSexamebebSi, rogoricaa:
xis moWra, nukris naambobi da sxv.~ (daviTiani, 1973: 283).
J. feiqriSvilic mxars uWers `xis saxli~ da `xis moWra~ tipis
SesityvebebSi formis `xis~ gansazRvrebad miCnevas. igi wers: `rogorc
TviTon mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, transformaciis (gardaqmna-gadakeTebis)
gziT yovelTvis advili ar aris ubralo damatebis warmoSobis dadgena.
isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sintaqsuri damokidebulebisaTvis amas
araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs. zRvis Relva da zRvis wyali tipis
sintagmebi sintaqsurad ar gansxvavdebian~ (feiqriSvili, 1996: 104). igi
damatebiT aRniSnavs, rom `uxerxuloba advilad moixsneba, Tuki
naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmul yovelgvar msazRvrels gansazRvrebad
miviCnevT~ (feiqriSvili, 1996: 146). mniSvnelovania, rom a. daviTianis
msgavsad isic e. w. substantiur gansazRvrebas (magaliTad, `xis~ forma
sintagmaSi `xis saxli~) marTul ki ara, SeTanxmebul msazRvrelad
Tvlis: `Cveni azriTac, yovelgvari msazRvreli SeTanxmebuli wevria~, _
askvnis mecnieri (feiqriSvili, 1996: 147).
a. papiZec SeTanxmebad miiCnevs msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sintaqsur
urTierTobas naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis mqone msazRvrelian
konstruqciaSi. igi adieqtivaciis procesad Tvlis e. w. marTul-
msazRvrelian SesityvebaSi arsebiTis monawileobas da aRniSnavs: `aq
naTesaobiT brunvas ufro sityvawarmoebiTi funqcia aqvs, vidre
gramatikuli. amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom postpoziciuri wyobisas
fuZed aRebulia naTesaobiTis forma da Semdeg xdeba SeTanxmeba
151
brunvaSi... dReisaTvis patara saxlisa da xis saxlis wevrebs Soris
sintaqsuri kavSiri erTnairia~ (papiZe, 1998: 110).
naTesaobiTi brunvisniSniani msazRvrelis kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb
vrclad msjelobs T. uTurgaiZe. igi aseT formebSi -is/-isa morfebs
warmoqmnis elementebad Tvlis da `xis saxlis~ tipis konstruqciebSi
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis sintaqsur urTierTobas SeTanxmebad miiCnevs.
mecniers miuReblad miaCnia mosazreba ormagi da sammagi brunebis
Sesaxebac. `saxelTa formebSi brunvis niSani erTia mxolod, rac mis win
dgas, yvelaferi fuZes ganekuTvneba: Tu brunvis niSnis win sxva brunvis
niSani aRmoCndeba, warmoqmnis elementad moiqceva~, _ aRniSnavs igi
(uTurgaiZe, 2013: 27). rac Seexeba aseTi saxelebis adieqtivaciis meqanizms,
mkvlevari mas Semdegnairad warmogvidgens: `(a) msazRvreli substantivi
adieqtivad translirdeba, raTa sazRvruli substantivis Tvisebis
gamomxatvelad moiqces. derivacia Cveulebriv xdeba brunvis niSanTa
warmoqmnis elementebad translirebiT sazRvrulTan SemaTanxmebeli
brunvis niSnis win... (b) SeTanxmebisTvis msazRvrelisaTvis aucilebelia
brunvis igive niSani, romelic sazRvruls aqvs~ (uTurgaiZe, 2013: 25).
Cven viziarebT T. uTurgaiZis zemoT warmodgenil Sexedulebas
substantivis adieqtiuri translaciis gzis Sesaxeb da migvaCnia, rom
w i n a d a d e b i s m o d e l S i a d i e q t i v i s a T v i s g a n k u T v n i l
a d g i l a s (msazRvrelis rols vgulisxmobT) s u b s t a n t i v i
S e i Z l e b a C a j d e s r o g o r c f o r m i s S e u c v l e l a d, i s e
f o r m i s S e c v l i T. a m g v a r v a r i a n t e b s S o r i s s x v a o b a
S e i Z l e b a s e m a n t i k u r i i y o s. Sdr.: `rkina kaci~ da `rkinis
kaci~. m i u x e d a v a d s e m a n t i k u r i d a f o r m o b r i v i
s x v a o b i s a (pirveli formis Seucvlelad iqca adieqtivad, meore _
formis SecvliT, translativiT), s i n t a q s u r a d i s i n i
e r T m a n e T i s t o l f a r d i a.
mniSvnelovania, rom substantivis adieqtiuri translaciis orive
zemoaRniSnuli variantis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs l. tenieri: `enebSi,
romelTac aqvT bruneba, adieqtiuri translaciis markerad Cveulebriv
gamoiyeneba genetivi~ (tenieri, 1988: 454). is aseve dasaSvebad miiCnevs
substantivis umarkerod adeiqtivacias.
152
amrigad, warmodgenili mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom qarTul enaSi sintaqsuri saSualebebiT substantivis
adieqtivacia xorcieldeba rogorc formis Seucvlelad, ise formis
SecvliT (warmomqmneli morfemis saSualebiT, romelic warmoSobiT
naTesaobiTi brunvis niSania) modelSi adieqtivisaTvis gankuTvnil
adgilas sityvis ganTavsebiT. zemoT Cven ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom
sityvaTa kvalifikaciisaTvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens sityvis
funqcia winadadebaSi.
substantivis adieqtivaciis mizezad SeiZleba dasaxeldes
sazRvruli wevris Cavardna, mosaubris stilistikuri gadawyvetileba,
naTqvamisaTvis meti eqspresiulobis miniWebis survili da sxv., ris
Sedegadac, magaliTad, adeiqtivisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilas substantivis
CasmiT viRebT adieqtiuri Sinaarsis sityvebs. qila erbo, mze qali da a.S.
a. daviTiani e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis miRebis gzas ki Sesityvebis
SekumSvis safuZvelze Semdegnairad warmogvidgens: `sityvaTSexamebebi:
i l i a s l e q s i , f a l i a S v i l i s m u s i k a , s a q m i s k a c i da
misT. Sesityvebis SekumSvis Sedegadaa miRebuli. Sdr.: i l i a s
d a w e r i l i l e q s i , f a l i a S v i l i s S e q m n i l i m u s i k a ,
s a q m i s g a m k e T e b e l i k a c i da misT.~ (daviTiani, 1973: 180).
miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvis klasis cvlilebis mizezi SeiZleba
mravalgvari (Sesityvebis SekumSva, elifsi, mosaubris stilistikuri
ganzraxva...) iyos, translaciis TiToeuli SemTxvevis sintaqsuri meqanizmi
ukavSirdeba winadadebis struqturul modelSi enobrivi erTeulis mier
misTvis araZiriTadi, sxva wevrisTvis gankuTvnili adgilis dakavebas.
unda iTqvas isic, rom qarTulSi substantivis adieqtiuri
translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi axal funqciur erTeulTa Seqmnis
erT-erTi sakmaod produqtiuli saSualebaa.
153
V. sintaqsuri translaciis ramdenime
specifikuri SemTxvevisaTvis
translacia rom enobriv formaTa funqciur-semantikuri Tu
gramatikuli modifikaciis moqnili saSualebaa, amis Sesaxeb winamdebare
naSromSi ukve aRvniSneT da sailustracio magaliTebic warmovadgineT.
visaubreT imis Taobazec, rom translaciis meSveobiT SesaZloa ara
marto erTi sityvis klasis Secvla, aramed, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, _
mTeli frazisa Tu winadadebisa. ra Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli
SemTxvevebi ufro rTuli bunebisaa. Cveni mizani ar aris translaciis
yvela saxeobis dawvrilebiTi analizi, magram mizanSewonilad migvaCnia,
rom ramdenime sityviT SevexoT sintaqsuri translaciis am metad
saintereso saxes.
samecniero literaturaSi winadadebis wevrebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas
araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli is faqti, rom winadadebis wevrad SeiZleba
mogvevlinos ara mxolod sityva, aramed mTeli fraza an winadadebac.
magaliTad, l. kvaWaZesTan vkiTxulobT: `qvemdebare SeiZleba gadmoices
yovelgvari sityviT, romelic arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobiT aris
gamoyenebuli. igi SeiZleba gadmoices agreTve sityvaTa SekavSirebiTa da
mTeli winadadebiT~ (kvaWaZe, 1996: 85). J. feiqriSvilic SeniSnavs, rom
`SesaZlebelia winadadebis wevri sityvaTa SeerTebiT an mTeli
winadadebiTac gadmoices~ (feiqriSvili, 1996: 60). igi aRniSnavs imasac,
rom `winadadeba SeiZleba gadmoices sityvaTa myari SexamebiT _
frazeologizmebiT: ara, zedmetjer TvalSi SeCxireba ar SeiZleba. aseT
qvemdebares SeiZleba ewodos `frazeologiuri qvemdebare~ (feiqriSvili,
1996: 75). a. daviTiani ki miiCnevs, rom `saxeldebiTs winadadebas
uaxlovdeba nawarmoebis, wignis, dawesebulebis, sawarmos an sxva raime
dasaxeleba-saTaurebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, konkretul winadadebaSi
myar erTeulebad (leqsikalizebul Sesityvebebad) gvevlinebian,
sityvaTSexamebaSi erTi wevris rols asruleben da amdenad struqturul
Taviseburebebs ar qmnian~ (daviTaini, 1997: 138).
154
faqtia, rom amgvari enobrivi erTeulebi mosaubrisa da msmenelis
mier erT odenobad aRiqmeba azrobrivad da isini winadadebis sxva
wevrebTan sintaqsur mimarTebebs ise amyareben, rogorc _ erTi sityva.
s a i l u s t r a c i o m a g a l i T e b i
erT odenobad gaigeba
winadadeba / winadadebis ekvivalenti zmna-Semasmeneli:
da roca mamam `qriste aRsdga~ gviTxra mesamed _ mec `WeSmaritad~ vupasuxe
mowafesaviT (amaRlobeli, 2011: 53).
`gviboZesi~ ara gvinda rao! _ jiquri siamayiT iTmenda siRaribes (leoniZe,
2011: 17).
`daRamda~ fiqriT Sin iyo da sufridan bare orjer gaipara colis
Sesamowmeblad (leoniZe, 2011: 108).
rom giyvars `gagviZex, bero mindiao~, mere? (leoniZe, 2011: 173)
yovels winadadebaze aucileblad daatanda `Tu giyvardes~-s, `modi,
makoce~-s (leoniZe, 2011: 251).
sityvis Tavze `Cemi xar batoni~ ar daaviwydeboda (leoniZe, 2011: 262).
warmodgenil magaliTebSi winadadeba/winadadebis ekvivalenturi
zmna-Semasmeneli substantivis funqciiT aris gamoyenebuli, misi
Sesatyvisia.
myari gamoTqma:
dedas yovelTvis sjeroda, rom Zlierni ama qveynisani Cveulebriv
adamianebze zrunaven (ldokoneni, 2010: 112).
Zlieri ama qveynisa (semantikuri transformaciiT) Zalauflebiani
(adieqt.) sintaqsuri translaciiT _ substantivi.
Cveni erTi muWa jari da saqme ganwiruli iyo (goTua, 1980: 69).
erTi muWa = patara (adieqtivi)
TeTrad natexi Rameebi wiTlad uferavdnen TvalTa kiloebs (goTua, 1980:
76).
TeTrad natexi = uZilo (adieqtivi)
155
dasaxeleba-saxelwodebebi:
kiloc gaarkvia _ `gafrindi, Savo mercxalos~ mRerodnen pyrobilni
(goTua, 1980: 34).
ai _ Satberduli `oTxTavi~, banas gadawerili `wmindaTa cxorebani~ da
saxareba (goTua, 1980: 175).
rodesac Zalian daRlili xar, grZeli sizmris naxva iseTive marazmia,
rogoric `qaRaldis tyviis~ orjer yureba (baxsoliani, 2010: 449).
`mTebis ena~ mxolod 20 wuTs grZeldeba, magram is SesaZloa ganuwyvetliv
mimdinareobdes... (pinteri, 2011: 63)
axali sezonidan `nanukas Sous~ axali prodiuseri eyoleba (praimtaimi,
2011: 3).
`darCi CemTan~ paatas kinodebiutia (praimtaimi, 2011: 26).
zaza uruSaZis `sami saxli~ Cemi sayvareli filmia (praimtaimi, 2011: 27).
`kviris palitra~ daukavSirda qimiis maswavlebels (kviris palitra, 2012:
32).
Sesityveba:
amden xans arc mohgonebia mxatvari, axla ki etkina es `gzaze davardnili~
(goTua, 1980: 26).
daismis kiTxva: ra uzrunvelyofs winadadebisa Tu frazis erT
odenobad gamoyenebasa da mis organul Casmas mTeli winadadebis jaWvSi
yovelgvari orazrovnebis gareSe. mniSvnelovania, rom msmenelisaTvis
aseT enobriv erTeuliani winadadebis azri gaugebari ki ara, bundovanic
ki ar aris. amas igi enobrivi kompetenciis wyalobiT axerxebs.
magaliTad, citataSi _ `da roca mamam `qriste aRsdga~ gviTxra mesamed _
mec `WeSmaritad~ vupasuxe mowafesaviT~ _ winadadeba `qriste aRsdga~
erT erTeuladaa qceuli, substantivis gageba (cnebiToba) aqvs SeZenili
da pirdapiri obieqtis fard odenobadaa gamoyenebuli.
sainteresod gveCveneba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac
frazeologizmebi jer semantikurad translirdeba erT erTeulad da
Semdeg isini sintaqsuri translaciis meqanizmis wyalobiT (modelSi
dakavebuli adgilis gamo) winadadebis romelime wevris rols asrulebs.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom `idiomatur gamoTqmas zedmiwevniT iseTive
sintaqsuri siRrmiseuli struqtura aqvs, rogoric mis saliteraturo
156
Sesatyviss~ (fraseri 1970: 26), amitom gasakviri ar unda iyos, rogor
axerxebs msmeneli mosaubris mier idiomiT gadmocemuli azris
zedmiwevniT gagebas. samecniero literaturaSi mocemulia Tvalsazrisi
frazeologizmiT gadmocemuli wevrisaTvis gansxvavebuli terminiT
aRniSvnis Taobazec. aseTi terminebia, magaliTad: frazeologiuri
qvemdebare, damateba, gansazRvreba da a. S. frazeologizmis, rogorc
sintaqsurad erTi odenobis, gamoyenebis mizezs, J. sordiac imiT xsnis,
rom frazeologiuri erTeulis komponentebi erTmaneTSi azrobrivad
Rrmad iWrebian da semantikurad erT mTlian cnebad aRiqmebian (sordia,
1986: 83). mkvlevars aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi specialurad miZRvnil
statiaSi mohyavs winadadebis wevrebis frazeologizmebiT gadmocemis
SemTxvevebis magaliTebi da iqve gvawvidis ganmartebebs. magaliTad., `ara,
zedmetjer TvalSi SeCxireba mainc ar varga... TvalSi SeCxireba
semantikurad igivea, rac `Sexvedra~... (kikoliki) polonel studentebTan
SedarebiT tyidan gamosuls hgavda. tyidan gamosuls = velurs (iribi
damateba)~ (sordia, 1986: 80)...
translirebis ukanaskneli gza sakmaod rTuli bunebisaa da aseT
SemTxvevebSi sintaqsuri translacia semantikuri gardaqmnis Semdgomi
safexuria.
winadadebaSi aseve erT odenobas udris da erTi wevris rolSi
gamodis araerTsityviani saxelwodebebi Tu dasaxelebebic. faqtia, rom
amgvari saxelwodeba/dasaxeleba mosaubrisa da msmenelis mier
mTlianobaSi aRiqmeba azrobrivad. amgvari erTeulebi: frazeologizmebi,
idiomebi leqsikalizebul Sesityvebebad miiCneva. leqsikalizaciis
process a. daviTiani Semdegnairad warmoadgens: `SesityvebaSi
erTmaneTTan axlos ganlagebul wevrebs Soris zogjer mWidro
semantikuri kavSiri myardeba, ris Sedegadac xdeba an mTliani
Sesityvebis, an misi komponentis leqsikalizeba. am dros, rogorc wesi,
Sesityvebis danawevrebuloba iSleba da Sesityveba erT sintaqsur
erTeulad gvevlineba. am movlenis mizezi logikur-gramatikulia~
(daviTiani, 1973: 365).
garda imisa, rom sityvaTa myari Sexamebani da frazeologizmebi
emociur-azrobriv doneze winadadebas met eqspresiulobas sZenen,
157
CvenTvis isini sainteresoa imiT, rom dasaxelebuli enobrivi odenobebi
(miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramden sityviania esa Tu is konkretuli sityvaTa
myari Sexameba, frazeologizmi, winadadeba...) winadadebaSi erTi wevris
rols asruleben. faqtia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSic jer xorcieldeba am
enobrivi masalis semantikuri gaazreba erT odenobad, mTlianobad,
Semdeg ki SesaZloa am erTeulma translaciac ganicados da
winadadebaSi Seasrulos substantivis, adieqtivis, zmna-Semasmenlisa Tu
sxv. funqciebi. amrigad, sityvasTan gaTanabrebuli aseTi enobrivi
erTeulebis substantivisa Tu adieqtivis funqciiT aRWurvis mizezic maT
mier winadadebis struqturul modelSi substantivisTvis/adieqtivisTvis
gankuTvnili adgilis dakavebiT unda aixsnas. anu aseTi sintaqsuri
translaciac poziciuria.
translaciis specifikur, semantikur-funqciuri gardaqmnis
SemTxvevaTa Soris saintereso suraTs gviCvenebs agreTve gansazRvrebiTi
damokidebuli winadadebac, romelic gansasazRvr wevrs raime niSan-
Tvisebis mixedviT iseve warmoaCens, rogorc erTsityviani msazRvreli
wevri...
funqciuri analogiis TvalsazrisiT saintereso suraTs gviCveneben
amxsnel-damazustebeli wevrebic. aseTi erTeulebi winadadebaSi iseTsave
sintaqsur rols asruleben, rogorsac is sityvebi, romelTa amxsnel-
damazustebelnic arian da a. S.
sintaqsuri translaciis zemoT CamoTvlili SemTxvevebi, vfiqrobT,
sainteresoa translaciis meqanizmis srulyofili warmoCenisaTvis, Tumca
aRniSnuli sakiTxis didi moculobis gamo misi srulad ganxilva
winamdebare naSromis farglebs scildeba. Sesabamisad, isini samomavlo
Seswavlis sagnad gvesaxeba. ubralod gvsurda, am qveTavSi gveCvenebina is
mravalferovani problematika, romelic ukavSirdeba sintaqsur
translacias.
158
VI. ZiriTadi debulebebi translaciis sintaqsur
saSualebebTan dakavSirebiT
translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmis kvlevis Sedegad ikveTeba
ramdenime ZiriTadi debuleba, romelsac warmovadgenT qvemoT:
1. sityvis translaciisTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos rogorc
morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri saSualebebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
morfologiurad ukve translirebuli sityva SeiZleba
sintaqsuradac translirdes.
2. Tu morfologiurad erTma da imave erTeulma ramdenjerme
SeiZleba ganicados translacia (anu erT formaSi
dasturdebodes translaciis ramdenime markeri), sintaqsuri
translacia erTjeradi movlenaa.
3. sityvaTa klasebis klasifikaciisaTvis semantikurTan erTad
saWiroa formobriv-funqciuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswine-
bac. Sesabamisad, sityvebi klasebSi erTiandeba ZiriTadi
morfologiur-semantikuri (formacvalebis saerTo principi,
saerTo gramatikuli kategoriebi da semantikuri
maxasiaTeblebi) da funqciuri (winadadebaSi Sesasrulebeli
ZiriTadi roli) aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnuli
kriteriumebis erToblioba warmoadgens sityvis, rogorc ama
Tu im klass mikuTvnebuli erTeulis, ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs.
sityva Tu icvlis am maxasiaTeblebs, is ukve sxva jgufSi
gadadis.
4. Tu morfologiuri translacia erTi sityvis klasis
cvlilebas gulisxmobs, translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmis
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia frazisa da winadadebis
translirebac. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is faqti, rom
sintaqsurad translirebuli fraza Tu winadadeba winadadebis
erT wevrs udris, erTi wevris funqciiT gamoiyeneba.
5. sintaqsurad substantivacia gulisxmobs nebismieri sityvis (an
sityvasTan gaTanabrebuli odenobis: frazis, winadadebis...)
159
aRWurvas aqtantad gamoyenebis unariT. adieqtivacia ki
araadieqtivi sityvebis adieqtivad translirebaSi gamoixateba.
6. ama Tu im erTeulis substantivaciisa da aqtantad gamoyenebis
mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos: Sesityvebis SekumSva, elifsi
da sxv., Tumca meqanizmi erTia da igi struqturul modelSi
substantivisTvis gankuTvnil adgilze am erTeulis
ganTavsebiT xorcieldeba.
7. Tu sityvaformaSi brunvisa da ricxvis (mr. r.) niSnebis
arseboba ar aris gamowveuli sxva saxelis brunviTa da
ricxviT sintaqsuri mimarTebis bazaze, maSin es brunvisa da
ricxvis niSnebi SeiZleba substantiuri translaciis
indikatorebad kvalificirdes.
8. substantivis adieqtivacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc
yovelgvari mawarmoeblis gareSe, ise garkveuli
translativebiT.
9. adieqtivs, miuxedavad imisa pirveladia Tu translirebis gziT
miRebuli, sazRvrul saxelTan mxolod SeTanxmebis saxis
sintaqsuri urTierToba aqvs.
10. Tu adieqtivi brunebis srul paradigmas gviCvenebs, an/da
mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani aqvs (romelic ar aris
ganpirobebuli sazRvruli wevris mravlobiTi ricxviT),
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is gasubstantivebulia.
11. sintaqsuri translaciis ZiriTadi meqanizmi winadadebis
struqturul modelSi ama Tu im wevrisaTvis gankuTvnil
adgilas iseTi sityvis Casmaa, romlisTvisac es adgili
araZiriTadia. amdenad, sintaqsuri translacia poziciuria.
amrigad, qarTul enas aqvs unari nebismieri enobrivi erTeulis
gasubstantivebisa Tu adieqtivaciisa, risTvisac igi mimarTavs rogorc
morfologiur, ise sintaqsur saSualebebs da saWiroebisamebr moqnilad
iyenebs maT.
160
translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia) Tanamedrove
qarTulSi
d a s k v n e b i
translaciis, rogorc sityvaTa formobriv-funqciuri cvlilebis,
enobriv erTeulTa axali unariT aRWurvis saSualebis, kvleva
gulisxmobs yvela im meqanizmis warmoCenas, romelsac enis mflobeli
translaciisTvis mimarTavs. winamdebare naSromis mizani iyo
translaciis saSualebebis gamovlena-analizi, magram translacia Tavisi
arsiT imdenad masStaburia (potenciurad SeiZleba nebismier enobriv
erTeuls Seexos), rom, bunebrivia, misi srulyofili kvleva ver
moeqceoda erTi naSromis farglebSi. miuxedavad amisa, Cven SevecadeT
gveCvenebina yvelaze ZiriTadi aspeqtebi translaciasTan dakavSirebiT da
warmogveCina is morfologiuri Tu sintaqsuri saSualebebi, romlebic
Tanamedrove qarTulSi am mizniT gamoiyeneba.
translacia SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc sityvaTa klasisa da,
Sesabamisad, funqciis cvlileba, xolo TviT movlena enis potenciisa da
struqturis gamovlenis saukeTeso saSualebad Sefasdes.
translaciis kvlevis Sedegad gamokveTili sakiTxebi vrclad
ganxilulia wina Tavebsa da qveTavebSi, amjerad aq ZiriTadi daskvnebis
saxiT mxolod yvelaze arsebiT debulebebs warmovadgenT.
1. Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlevis validurobis mizniT
SevecadeT SevxebodiT enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sferos da
ise warmogveCina sityvaTa translirebis meqanizmebi, amitom
saanalizo masalad aviReT Tanamedrove qarTuli proza-poeziis
nimuSebi, presa, qarTuli enis erovnuli korpusi, qarTuli enis
ganmartebiTi leqsikonis (8-tomeuli), saqarTvelos geografiuli
saxelebis orTografiuli leqsikonisa da sxvadasxva dargis
terminologiuri leqsikonebis monacemebi. translaciis kvlevisa
da Sesabamisi masalis damuSavebisTvis Cven viyenebT aRweriT,
analizisa da sinTezis meTodebs, gramatikuli movlenis
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diaqroniul WrilSi warmosaCenad saWiroebisamebr mivmarTavT
istoriul-SedarebiT midgomasac.
2. marTalia, translaciis saxeliT am gramatikuli movlenis
mecnierul Seswavlas arcTu xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, magram
TviT movlenas misi arsidan gamomdinare araerTi gramatikosi Tu
mkvlevari Seexo. qarTuli enis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturis
safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom translacia qarTuli enis
ganviTarebis yvela etapze funqcionirebda.
3. translacia aris gramatikuli movlena, romlis meSveobiTac
sityva/enobrivi erTeuli icvlis klass. Sesabamisad, substantiur
translaciad ganvixilavT Tavdapirvelad arasubstantivi sityvis/
enobrivi erTeulis substantivis funqciiT gamoyenebas, xolo
adieqtiuri translaciis kvalifikacias vaniWebT araadieqtiv
erTeulTa adieqtivis fuqciiT aRWurvas.
4. sityvis, rogorc ama Tu im klasis erTeulis, ZiriTad
maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgens gramatikul-semantikur da funqciur
TaviseburebaTa erToblioba, romelsac igi umTavresad
warmoaCens winadadebaSi. sityva Tu icvlis am maxasiaTeblebs, is
ukve sxva jgufSi gadadis. substantivi xsenebuli kriteriumebis
gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc brunebadi
sityva, romelsac aqvs ricxvis gramatikuli kategoria,
winadadebaSi aris zmna-SemasmenelTan dakavSirebuli wevri _
aqtanti da gamoxatavs sagans an cnebas. adieqtivi ki axlavs sxva
sityvas da mis niSan-Tvisebas, rogorobas gviCvenebs. mas brunva
da ricxvi damoukideblad ar gaaCnia. igi mxolod sazRvruli
wevris brunvasTan mimarTebiT (sintaqsuri urTierTobidan
gamomdinare) gamoxatavs ama Tu im brunvis formas. adieqtivi,
rogorc aqtanti, ar SeiZleba winadadebaSi zmna-Semasmenels
ukavSirdebodes gasubstantivebis gareSe. aRniSnuli
Taviseburebani wyvets substantivebisa Tu adieqtivebisadmi
sityvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxs. maxasiaTeblebis Secvla ki
ganapirobebs sityvis gamosvlas ama Tu im jgufidan da sxva
klasisadmi mikedlebas.
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5. translaciisTvis qarTuli ena iyenebs rogorc morfologiur,
ise sintaqsur saSualebebs. translaciis morfologiuri
meqanizmi sityvis morfologiuri elementebiT, translativebiT,
klasis SecvlaSi gamoixateba, sintaqsuri gziT
sityvis/sityvasTan gaTanabrebuli enobrivi odenobis
translireba ki modelis gavleniT mis gadaazrebaSi da
araZiriTadi funqciiT aRWurvaSi mdgomareobs, amitom
morfologiuri translacia srulia, xolo sintaqsuri _
poziciuri.
6. morfologiuri gziT translacia SeiZleba iyos erTjeradic da
mravaljeradic. es imas niSnavs, rom translativebis meSveobiT
ukve translirebuli sityva SeiZleba Tavidan aRmoCndes
satranslirebeli erTeuli da kvlav Seicvalos klasi.
sintaqsuri translacia ki, am saxeobis specifikidan gamomdinare
(translireba modelis gavleniT), mxolod erTjeradia. anu
morfologiurad translirebuli sityva SeiZleba kvlav
translirdes rogorc morfologiuri, ise sintaqsuri
meqanizmebis gavleniT, xolo sintaqsurad translirebuli sityva
aRar translirdeba.
7. Tu morfologiuri translacia erTi sityvis farglebs ar
scildeba, sintaqsuri translirebis gziT frazisa da mTeli
winadadebis funqciuri gadaazrebacaa SesaZlebeli.
8. ramdenimejeradi translaciis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
translirebis pirveli da saboloo erTeulebi erTsa da imave
klass miekuTvnebodes, Sualeduri ki _ sxva klasisa iyos, Tumca
aseve xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac translaciis TiToeul
safexurze miRebuli sityva sxvadasxva klasis sityvaa.
9. morfologiuri translaciis ganxilvisas erTmaneTisgan vmijnavT
saxelisgan _ saxelisa da zmisgan saxelis miRebis SemTxvevebs.
saxeluri substantivacia-adieqtivaciis saSualebebad gamoiyeneba
sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebi, brunvis niSnebi da Tandebulebi.
ukanaknel or SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa mimarTebiTi da damazustebeli
morfemebis funqciuri cvlileba.
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10. substantivaciad ver miviCnevT iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac
substantiuri gagebis sityvis amosavalic (Zireuli erTeulic)
substantivia. Sesabamisad, adieqtiuri translaciis kvalifikacias
ver mivcemT iseT nawarmoeb formebs, romelic adieqtivisgan
mimdinareobs. amgvar erTeulebTan masubstantivebeli an
maadieqtivebeli translativebi mxolod substantiurobis an
adieqtiurobis indikatorebia. anu erTi da igive elementi
SeiZleba erT SemTxvevaSi masubstantivebeli/maadieqtivebeli
translativi iyos, sxva SemTxvevaSi mxolod substantiuro-
bis/adieqtiurobis indikatori. xSirad translirebisTvis
gadamwyvetia semantikuri faqtoric.
11. translaciis faqtis SefasebisTvis mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu
ra mimarTebas amyarebs miRebuli (nawarmoebi) sityva sxva
sityvebTan, romel klass ganekuTvneba igi. translaciis arsidan
gamomdinare umTavresia, rom warmoebis Sedegad enobrivma
erTeulma Seicvalos klasi, anu Zireuli da warmoqmnili sityva
sxvadasxva klasis erTeulebs warmoadgendnen. Sesabamisad, Tu
sityvawarmoeba ar iwvevs klasis cvlilebas, maSin ar xdeba
translacia.
12. morfologiuri translirebisTvis qarTulSi gamoiyeneba
prefiqsebic, sufiqsebica da konfiqsebic.
13. zogjer SesaZlebelia afiqsTa klasificireba imis
gaTvaliswinebiT konkretuli afiqsi ZiriTadad substantivebs
awarmoebs, Tu adieqtivebs, magram zogjer translativTa amgvari
diferencireba Wirs. aRsaniSnavia, rom mawarmoebelTa
produqtiuloba gansxvavebulia enis ganviTarebis periodebisa da
enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sferos mixedviT. mawarmoeblis
produqtiuloba gulisxmobs ara marto imas, rom igi bevr
sityvaSi gvxvdeba, aramed imasac, Tu ramdenad bevr metyvelebis
nawilTan gamoiyeneba igi. xdeba isec, rom erTi da igive afiqsi
romelime konkretul erTeulTan translativia, sxvasTan ki _
ara.
164
14. erTi da imave sityvidan sityvawarmoebiT SeiZleba miviRoT an ar
miviRoT translirebuli erTeuli. es damokidebulia
satranslirebeli erTeulis klassa da translativis mier ama Tu
im klasis sityvis warmoebis unarze.
15. zogjer erTi sityvisgan identuri semantikis afiqsTa meSveobiT
Seqmnili sityvebi translaciis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavebuli
klasis erTeulebs warmoadgenen.
16. sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebi, imis mixedviT ufro xSirad
romeli klasis sityvebs awarmoeben, SeiZleba davajgufoT
Semdegnairad:
substantivebs awarmoeben: -ed, -oba, -eba, si_e, na_ur; geografiul
saxelebSi: sa_e, -a, -ian, -ovan, -el, -ur//-ul, -eul;
adieqtivebs awarmoeben: -ian, -ier, -osan, -ovan, u_o, u_ur//u_ul,
u_ar, -el, -ur//-ul, -iur, -del, -mdel, -eul;
awarmoeben substantivebsac da adieqtivebsac: -a, sa_o, sa_e,
sa_ur, sa_ar, na_ar//na_al, na_ev//na_eb, me_ur//me_ul, me_e.
17. brunvis niSnebi zogjer sityvawarmoebiTi daniSnulebiT
gamoiyenebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini aRar ganixilebian
mimarTebiTi morfemebis rangSi. maTi warmomqmneli unari
gansxvavebulia enis funqcionirebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, zepir da
werilobiT metyvelebaSi. garda imisa, rom brunvis niSnebs axali
mniSvnelobis sityvis qmnadobis unari aqvT, isini amavdroulad
gvxvdebian translativebis rolSic.
18. translaciasTan mimarTebiT warmoSobiT naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi
da viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebi ganixileba maadieqtivebel
translativebad. aseT SemTxvevebSi Zireul sityvebad gamoiyeneba
rogorc arsebiTi da ricxviTi saxelebi, aseve _ masdarebi.
19. e. w. substantiuri msazRvrelis formaTa analizi adasturebs,
rom amgvar formebSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis funqcia
sityvawarmoebaa. am gziT SesaZlebelia substantivebisgan
garkveuli Tvisebis gamomxatveli saxelis _ adieqtivis _ miReba.
20. brunvis niSnebis garda, Tandebulebic iCenen translativebad
funqcionirebis unars. amgvar SesaZleblobas isini mxolod
165
adieqtiuri sityvawarmoebis mimarTulebiT gviCveneben.
substantivaciisTvis ena Tandebulebs ar iyenebs. isini mxolod
sityvis substantiurobis/substantivaciis indikatorebi SeiZleba
iyvnen.
21. substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan mimarTebiT gansxvevebul
funqcias avlens zogi Tandebuli, rodesac is uSualod mierTvis
sityvas da roca calke dgas.
22. zmnisgan saxelis miRebis TvalsazrisiT Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs
masdari da mimReoba, rogorc zmnis substantivacia-adieqtivaciis
rezultatiuri Sedegi da zmnis saxeluri translaciis yvelaze
produqtiuli saSualebis realizacia. im mcire SemTxvevebis
garda, rodesac masdari an mimReoba ar momdinareobs zmnisgan,
isini, Cveulebriv SegviZlia miviCnioT zmnisgan translirebul
saxelebad, ufro konkretulad ki, substantivebad da
adieqtivebad.
23. zmnis substantiuri translaciis saxeliT ver ganvixilavT iseT
SemTxvevebs, rodesac zmnisgan ki ar miiReba masdari, aramed,
piriqiT, is TviTonaa amosavali zmnisTvis. verc yvela mimReobas
miviCnevT zmnisgan translirebul adieqtivad, ramdenadac zogjer
mimReobis amosavlad masdari iTvleba. marTalia, es masdari
TavisTavad zmnisgan miRebuli saxelia, magram Sualeduri
safexuris (zmna substantivi (masdari) adieqtivi (mimReoba)
gavliT.
24. SesaZlebelia zmnisgan saxeli miviRoT yovelgvari mawarmoeblis
gareSe: xerTvis (zmn.) xerTvis-i (subst.), ars (zmn.) ars-i
(subst.), dgams (zmn.) dgam-i (subst.), Cxers, Cxira (zmn.) Cxir-i
(subst.), aCens, aCina (zmn.) Cin-i (subst.), cqvets, cqvita (zmn.)
cqvit-i (adieqt.).
25. zmnisgan substantivi (masdari) ZiriTadad miiReba -a
translativis meSveobiT. Relavs (zmn.) Relv-a (subst.), wers
(zmn.) wer-a (subst.), xatavs (zmn.) xatv-a (subst.)... es -a
elementi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba saxeluri translaciisTvisac
166
rogorc substantivaciis, ise adieqtivaciis mimarTulebiT.
barbac-a (Sdr.: barbac-i (subst.) barbac-a (adieqt.) barbac-a
(semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), farian-i (adieqt.) farian-a
(semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), lorwovan-i (adieqt.)
lorwovan-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.), webovan-i
(adieqt.) webovan-a (semantikuri gadaazrebiT _ subst.)...
mniSvnelovania, rom CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi webovani da
webovana iseve, rogorc lorwovani da lorwovana da sxv.
semantikurad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi aris. kerZod, -a
mawarmoebliani variantebi Tvisebis mudmiv, xolo am elementis
gareSe arsebuli formebi _ Tvisebis konkretul SemTxvevaSi
mqoneblobas unda gamoxatavdnen. sainteresoa, rom -a
translativi Tvisebis mudmivi mqoneblobis unars unda sZendes
e. w. pirveladi masdarebisgan da -il-iani (si_il-iani // si_ul-iani)
sawyisebisagan nawarmoeb Tvisebis saxelebsac: Srial-i (subst.)
Srial-a (adieqt.), sisin-i (subst.) sisin-a (adieqt.), titin-i
(subst.) titin-a (adieqt.), wuwun-i (subst.) wuwun-a (adieqt.),
wuxil-i (subst.) wuxil-a (adieqt.), sikvdil-i (subst.)
sikvdil-a (subst.), sixarul-i (subst.) sixarul-a (adieqt.).
Tvisebis mudmivobis niuansi ganapirobebs imasac, rom xSirad
aseTi sityvebi aRar saWiroebs sazRvrul wevrs, kargavs mas da
winadadebaSi damoukideblad gamoiyeneba. Tvisebis es eqspresia
igrZnoba im SemTxvevaSic, roca -a niSan-Tvisebis qonaze ufro
metad, am niSnis intensiurobas usvams xazs. es kargad Cans iseT
saxelebSi, rogorebicaa: lurj-a (Zalian lurji, lurji ferisa),
cxvir-a (didi cxviris mqone), mucel-a (visac bevri Wama uyvars =
`didi muceli aqvs~)... udavoa, rom kninobiTi formebis gverdiT,
romelTa erT-erT mawarmoeblad aseve -a elementi gvevlineba,
am -a-s Tvisebis intensiurobis / mudmivi mqoneblobis niuansic
SeuZlia SesZinos sityvas da zmnisgan substantivi, substan-
tivisgan ki adieqtivi awarmoos.
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26. zmnisagan substantivis (masdaris) misaRebad aseve gamoiyeneba -il
translativic, Tumca es ukanaskneli Tanamedrove qarTulSi araa
produqtiuli. -il SeiZleba garTulebuli iyos si- TavsarTiTac:
dum-il-i, wux-il-i, sirb-il-i...
27. zmnis adieqtivaciuri translaciisTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
afiqsi. es mravalferovneba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom erTi da
imave Zirisgan SesaZlebelia semantikurad gansxvavebuli
adieqtivebis miReba. magaliTad, daxatuli, danaxati, damxatavi,
dasaxatavi, mxatvari...
28. SesaZlebelia romelime konkretuli zmnisgan erTi da imave
daniSnulebis mawarmoeblebiT miRebuli mimReobebi semantikurad
gansxvavebuli iyos: damaxasiaTebeli _ damxasiaTebeli,
masesxebeli _ msesxebeli...
29. gvaqvs iseTi adieqtiuri wyvilebic, romelTa erTi cali Tvisebas
zogadad gamoxatavs, meore ki _ konkretul situaciaSi SeZenil
am Tvisebas: Savi _ gaSavebuli, didi _ gadidebuli, boroti _
gaborotebuli... CamoTvlili adieqtivebis meore cali
warmoadgens pirveladi zedsarTavi saxelebisgan zmnis gavliT
nawarmoeb adieqtivebs (Savi (adieqt.) aSavebs (zmn.)
gaSavebuli (adieqt.).
30. gasubstantivebis tendencias ZiriTadad aqtiuri Sinaarsis
mimReobebi iCenen, magram es, rogorc Cans, am mimReobebis
semantikuri niuansiT unda aixsnas da meoreuli movlena Cans.
31. Tu gaviziarebT masdarisa da mimReobis Tavdapirveli
gaudiferencireblobis Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss da imasac, rom
saxelis formirebisTvis saWiro elementebs ena zmnisgan saxelis
warmoebisTvisac iyenebs, dadasturdeba, rom ganurCevlad
amosavlisa, ena saxelis qmnadobisaTvis mimarTavs erTsa da imave
saxelur translativebs.
32. zmnisa da saxelisgan translirebiT miRebul sityvaTa analizis
safuZvelze SesaZlebelia substantivacia-adieqtivaciasTan
mimarTebiT mawarmoebelTa Semdegnairi klasifikacia:
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saxelTa masubstantivebeli translativebia: -eba, -ed, -el (g),
na_ur, -oba, si_e;
saxelTa maadieqtivebeli tranlativebia: -a, -el, -ier, -iur,
-del, -mdel, -osan, sa-, sa_el, u_ar, u_ur//u_ul, -ad/-d, -is/-s,
-iT, -ebr, -viT, gareSe, mier;
zmnis masubstantivebeli translativebia: si_il//si_ul;
zmnis maadieqtivebeli translativebia: m-, m_are, m_ar-i, m_e, m_el,
ma_el, me-, u-, u_el, mo-, mo_e, mo_ul, na-, na_ar, na_el;
saxelis masubstantivebel-maadieqtivebeli translativebia: -a,
me_e, me_ur//me_ul, na_ar//na_al, na_ev//na_eb, sa_ar, sa_o, sa_ur, -eul,
-eul (g), -ian, -ian (g), sa_e, sa_e (g), -ur//-u, -ur//-ul (g);
zmnis masubstantivebel-maadieqtivebeli translativia: -il;
saxelisa da zmnis masubstantivebeli translativebia: -a (g), -a
saxelisa da zmnis maadieqtivebeli translativia: -ul.
33. translaciis morfologiuri saSualebebis garda qarTuli ena am
mizniT mimarTavs sintaqsur meqanizmsac. morfologiuri
translaciisgan gansxvavebiT, sintaqsuri translacia iZleva imis
saSualebasac, rom translirdes ara marto sityva, aramed mTeli
fraza, Sesityveba da winadadebac ki. ukanaskneli SemTxveva
semantikuri gadaazrebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. sintaqsuri
translaciis gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZleba bevri iyos, saSualeba ki
erTia: winadadebis struqturul modelSi, romelic mentalurad
arsebobs, substantivis an adieqtivisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilas
sityvis Casma. adgilze rodesac vsaubrobT, Cven funqciur
adgils (modelSi gankuTvnil adgils) vgulisxmobT, Tumca xdeba
isec, rom es adgili poziciuradac Sepirobebulia.
34. sityvis substantivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: winadadebis modelSi substantivisTvis gankuTvnil
adgilas Tu aRmoCndeba arasubstantivi sityva, is maSinve SeiZens
im unarebs, romlebic substantivisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (misi
aqtantad gamoyeneba da zmna-SemasmenelTan kavSiri...) da,
Sesabamisad, gasubstantivdeba. mniSvnelovania, rom brunvisa da
mravlobiTi ricxvis niSnebi, romlebic araa ganpirobebuli sxva
169
saxelis brunviTa da ricxviT, SeiZleba miviCnioT sityvis
gasubstantivebis/substantiurobis indikatorebad.
35. adieqtivaciis, rogorc sintaqsuri translaciis, arsi sityvis
adieqtiuri unariT aRWurvisaTvis sintaqsuri meqanizmis
gamoyenebaSi gamoixateba. `aRWurva~, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs,
rom Tavdapirvelad es sityva adieqtiuri niuansis ar unda iyos.
36. yvelaze xSirad sintaqsuri berketebis gamoyenebiT adieqtiur
translacias ganicdis substantivi. qarTul enaSi sintaqsuri
saSualebebiT substantivis adieqtivacia xorcieldeba rogorc
formis Seucvlelad, ise formis SecvliT (warmoSobiT
naTesaobiTi brunvis warmomqmneli morfemis saSualebiT)
modelSi adieqtivisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilas sityvis
ganTavsebiT. substantivis adieqtivaciis mizezad SeiZleba
dasaxeldes sazRvruli wevris Cavardna, mosaubris stilistikuri
gadawyvetileba, naTqvamisaTvis meti eqspresiulobis miniWebis
survili da sxv.
37. adieqtivs, miuxedavad imisa, pirveladia Tu translirebis gziT
miRebuli, sazRvrul saxelTan SeiZleba mxolod SeTanxmebis
saxis sintaqsuri urTierToba hqondes.
38. Tu adieqtivi brunebis srul paradigmas gviCvenebs, an/da
mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani aqvs (romelic ar aris ganpirobebuli
sazRvruli wevris mravlobiTi ricxviT), SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
is gasubstantivebulia.
39. gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac frazeologizmebi jer
semantikurad translirdeba erT erTeulad da Semdeg igi,
rogorc erTi odenoba, sintaqsuri translaciis meqanizmis gamo
(modelSi konkretuli adgilis dakavebiT) romelime wevris
fardad gamoiyeneba winadadebaSi. translirebis ukanaskneli gza
sakmaod rTuli bunebisaa da aseT SemTxvevebSi sintaqsuri
translacia semantikuri gardaqmnis Semdgomi safexuria.
winadadebaSi aseve erT odenobas udris da erTi wevris rolSi
gamodis araerTsityviani saxelwodebebi Tu dasaxelebebic.
faqtia, rom amgvari saxelwodeba/dasaxeleba mosaubrisa da
170
msmenelis mier mTlianobaSi aRiqmeba azrobrivad da is
winadadebis sxva wevrebTan sintaqsur mimarTebebs ise amyarebs,
rogorc erTi sityva. amgvari erTeulebi: frazeologizmebi,
idiomebi _ leqsikalizebul Sesityvebebad miiCneva.
40. translacia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT da naSromSic araerTgzis
gamoCnda, aris gramatikuli movlena, romlis wyalobiTac
SesaZlebelia nebismieri sityvidan funqciurad gansxvavebuli
erTeulis miReba, enobriv erTeulTa gadaazreba da zogjer maTi
moulodneli `saburveliTac~ warmoCena. enis ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva etapze moqmedi translaciis mravalferovani
saSualebebi xazs usvams am enobrivi movlenis istoriul xasiaTs
da amavdroulad gamokveTs qarTuli enis moqnilobasa Tu
simdidres. translaciis mecnieruli Seswavla umniSvnelovanesia
enis bunebisa da potenciis gamosavlenad. amavdroulad is
saWirocaa morfologiur-sintaqsuri analizis srulyofili da
uSecdomo ganxorcielebisaTvis. zemoT ukve ganvixileT is
sakiTxebi, romlebic warmoiWreba morfologiurad Tu
sintaqsurad formaTa calmxrivi gaSuqebis dros (am problemaze
miuTiTebda jer kidev arn. Ciqobava). translaciasTan mimarTebiT
gadasaxedia (Cveni azriT, saerTod amosaRebia) qarTuli enis
gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli msjelobebic `calke
mdgomi~ ricxviTi da zedsarTavi saxelebis amgvarive fuZis
arsebiTi saxelebis msgavsad brunebis Taobazec. Tu saxelis
brunva da ricxvi (mravlobiTi) araa Sepirobebuli sxva, masTan
sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli saxelis (sazRvruli wevris)
brunviTa da ricxviT, maSin es sityva gasubstantivebulia.
sruliad zedmetia `calke mdgomi~ saxelis cnebis arseboba,
ramdenadac `calke mdgomi~ sityva aseT SemTxvevaSi substantiuri
translaciis rezultatis gamoxatulebaa.
igive problema dgeba bunebriv enaTa kompiuteruli
damuSavebis drosac. visac am mimarTulebiT umuSavia, yvelasTvis
udavoa is faqti, rom enobriv monacemTa aRwera morfologiur-
sintaqsuri analizatorebis Seqmnisa Tu sxva mizniT yovelTvis
171
saWiroebs Zalian mkafio da skrupulozur midgomas. `manqana~
enas ar flobs mentalurad, amitom sityvaTa kvalificireba
translaciis gauTvaliswineblad SeiZleba bundovanebisa da,
ufro metic, Secdomis safuZvelic gaxdes. ramdenadac
translacia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes rogorc sityvisaTvis
formis SecvliT, iseve formis Secvlis gareSec, sityvaformis
swori analizi SeuZlebelia am gramatikuli movlenis
ugulebelyofiT. enis aRwera saWiroa zusti, mkafio da erTiani
midgomiT.
naSromze muSaobisas kidev erTxel SevexeT `metyvelebis
nawilTa~ gamoyofa-dajgufebis kriteriumebs da miuxedavad imisa,
rom tradiciulad gaziarebul Tvalsazriss davafuZneT Cveni
naSromi, aq kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom `metyvelebis
nawilTa~ definicia-dajgufebis sakiTxi seriozul damuSavebas
saWiroebs (an unda Seicvalos `metyvelebis nawilTa~
ganmartebebi, erTiani kriteriumebiT ganxorcieldes sityvaTa
kvalificireba, an unda gadaixedos is safuZvlebi, romelTa
mixedviTac xorcieldeba sityvaTa dajgufeba `metyvelebis
nawilebad~).
Tu vityviT, rom enaTmecniereba aris erT-erTi yvelaze
`zusti~ dargi humanitarul mecnierebebs Soris (da es marTlac
asea), maSin yovlad dauSvebelia raime bundovaneba enis
swavlebisa Tu damuSavis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT arsebobdes.
dasasrul, xazi unda gaesvas erTs: naSromis dasawyisSi Cven
aRvniSnavdiT, rom translacia aris globaluri enobrivi movlena, igi
exeba enis funqcionirebis yvela dones. winamdebare kvleva warmoadgens
translaciis Seswavlis cdas enis sistemis analizTan mimarTebiT. ra
Tqma unda, translaciis yvela problemis ganxilva sakiTxis didi
moculobis gamo erT naSromSi SeuZlebelia, amitom translaciasTan
dakavSirebul sxva sakiTxTa Semdgomi damuSaveba momavlis saqmed
gvesaxeba.
172
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179
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`palitra L~, 2010
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L~, 2010
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1987
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96. kviris... 2011: kviris palitra, #38 (894), Tb., 2011
97. kikaCeiSvili, 2010: kikaCeiSvili m., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,
`palitra L~, 2010
98. ldokoneni, 2010: ldokoneni m., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra
L~, 2010
99. lebaniZe, 2006: lebaniZe m., 100 leqsi, Tb., `inteleqti~, 2006
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t. 15, Tb., `palitra L~, 2010
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2010
180
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`nakaduli~, 1990
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`palitra L~, 2010
107. melaSvili, 2010: melaSvili T., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra
L~, 2010
108. metreveli, 2010: metreveli z., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra
L~, 2010
109. morCilaZe, 2010: morCilaZe a., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra
L~, 2010
110. mosuliSvili, 2010: mosuliSvili m., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,
`palitra L~, 2010
111. naipoli, 2011: naipoli v., leqciebi wakiTxuli nobelis premiis
miRebisas literaturis dargSi, Tb., `inteleqti~, 2011
112. nanobaSvili, 2010: nanobaSvili m., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,
`palitra L~, 2010
113. pinteri, 2011: pinteri h., leqciebi wakiTxuli nobelis premiis
miRebisas literaturis dargSi, Tb., `inteleqti~, 2011
114. praimtaimi, 2011: praimtaimi, #37 (131), Tb., 2011
115. saxokia, 2012: saxokia T., qarTuli andazebi, Tb., `siesta~, 2012
116. samadaSvili, 2010: samadaSvili z., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,
`palitra L~, 2010
117. solomanaSvili, 2010: solomanaSvili b., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,
`palitra L~, 2010
118. sulakauri, 2010: sulakauri g., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra
L~, 2010
119. tabiZe, 1973: tabiZe g., rCeuli, Tb., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1973
120. taveliZe, 2010: taveliZe i., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~,
2010
121. turaSvili, 2011: turaSvili d., axali qarTuli literatura, t. I,
gurji xaTuni da TerTmeti moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~, 2011
181
122. turaSvili, 2010: turaSvili d., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra
L~, 2010
123. fxakaZe, 2010: fxakaZe T., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~, 2010
124. qarTveliSvili, 2010: qarTveliSvili d., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,
`palitra L~, 2010
125. SataiZe, 2010: SataiZe n., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra L~, 2010
126. CitiSvili, 2010: CitiSvili m., mainc saqarTvelo erqva, Tb.,
`inteleqti~, 2010
127. xvedeliZe, 2010: xvedeliZe b., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb., `palitra
L~, 2010
128. javaxiSvili, 2010: javaxiSvili d., 39 rCeuli moTxroba, Tb.,
`palitra L~, 2010
eleqtronuli resursi
qarTuli enis erovnuli korpusi, vebgverdi: http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/corpus-
list?session-id=237916832845054
1. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=79251740
(14.01.15, 21:30)
2. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=79180994
(14.01.15, 21:33)
3. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59349982
(14.01.15, 21:35)
4. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=70629595
(14.01.15, 21:36)
5. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60144017
(14.01.15, 21:38)
6. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=76224643
(14.01.15, 21:40)
7. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58390132
(14.01.15, 21:42)
8. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=62571820
(14.01.15, 21:44)
182
9. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=61630860
(14.01.15, 21:46)
10. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59082122
(14.01.15, 21:47)
11. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=62915704
(14.01.15, 21:50)
12. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59481830
(14.01.15, 21:52)
13. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58691736
(14.01.15, 21:53)
14. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=72621435
(14.01.15, 21:55)
15. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58560396
(14.01.15, 21:57)
16. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59650324
(14.01.15, 22:00)
17. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=73493989
(14.01.15, 22:03)
18. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58699289
(14.01.15, 22:06)
19. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59650674
(14.01.15, 22:08)
20. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58929635
(14.01.15, 22:09)
21. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63193815
(14.01.15, 22:10)
22. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=74350320
(14.01.15, 22:12)
23. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58626059
(14.01.15, 22:15)
24. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=77627663
(14.01.15, 22:18)
25. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=73362122
(14.01.15, 22:22)
26. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63443991
(14.01.15, 22:25)
183
27. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=64654710
(14.01.15, 22:28)
28. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=70362528
(14.01.15, 22:30)
29. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59057685
(14.01.15, 22:34)
30. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59096037
(14.01.15, 22:36)
31. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75730409
(14.01.15, 22:38)
32. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=61602225
(14.01.15, 22:39)
33. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59070728
(14.01.15, 22:40)
34. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=69949497
(14.01.15, 22:42)
35. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63902654
(14.01.15, 22:43)
36. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75953560
(14.01.15, 22:44)
37. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=70560853
(14.01.15, 22:45)
38. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=74912179
(14.01.15, 22:46)
39. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63016835
(14.01.15, 22:46)
40. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=65770503
(14.01.15, 22:47)
41. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=65733770
(14.01.15, 22:49)
42. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63902623
(14.01.15, 22:50)
43. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=78567581
(14.01.15, 22:51)
44. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=76427369
(14.01.15, 22:52)
184
45. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=72805242
(14.01.15, 22:55)
46. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=73030689
(14.01.15, 22:57)
47. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=78239662
(14.01.15, 23:00)
48. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=77058473
(14.01.15, 23:05)
49. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75912348
(14.01.15, 23:08)
50. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60825127
(14.01.15, 23:10)
51. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=69169573
(14.01.15, 23:15)
52. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75883756
(14.01.15, 23:18)
53. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=74745966
(14.01.15, 23:20)
54. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=66459940
(14.01.15, 23:21)
55. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=74874067
(14.01.15, 23:22)
56. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=69634447
(14.01.15, 23:23)
57. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58956787
(14.01.15, 23:25)
58. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=67170486
(14.01.15, 23:26)
59. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=61890872
(14.01.15, 23:28)
60. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=76279034
(14.01.15, 23:29)
61. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58955843
(14.01.15, 23:31)
62. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=61936839
(14.01.15, 23:32)
185
63. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75846098
(14.01.15, 23:34)
64. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63464240
(14.01.15, 23:35)
65. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=62129100
(14.01.15, 23:38)
66. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63006336
(14.01.15, 23:40)
67. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63045543
(14.01.15, 23:41)
68. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=76137736
(14.01.15, 23:44)
69. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=68712522
(14.01.15, 23:46)
70. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=77120930
(14.01.15, 23:50)
71. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60980473
(14.01.15, 23:53)
72. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=71349953
(14.01.15, 23:58)
73. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=78369091
(15.01.15, 00:01)
74. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63513254
(15.01.15, 00:04)
75. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=77613935
(15.01.15, 00:07)
76. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=73123243
(15.01.15, 00:10)
77. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=71014263
(15.01.15, 00:15)
78. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=70618395
(15.01.15, 00:18)
79. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=61961414
(15.01.15, 00:20)
80. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=73461702
(15.01.15, 00:22)
186
81. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=41428358
(15.01.15, 00:24)
82. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=64120336
(15.01.15, 00:26)
83. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75273804
(15.01.15, 00:28)
84. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60047999
(15.01.15, 00:29)
85. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60860581
(15.01.15, 00:30)
86. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60049275
(15.01.15, 00:31)
87. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=77712340
(15.01.15, 00:32)
88. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=78996213
(15.01.15, 00:33)
89. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63154395
(15.01.15, 00:35)
90. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=68767185
(15.01.15, 00:37)
91. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63174987
(15.01.15, 00:38)
92. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=64115916
(15.01.15, 00:39)
93. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75838566
(15.01.15, 00:41)
94. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60341749
(15.01.15, 00:43)
95. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=71833591
(15.01.15, 00:44)
96. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=62003553
(15.01.15, 00:45)
97. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75582586
(15.01.15, 00:46)
98. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58951969
(15.01.15, 00:47)
187
99. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=71371266
(15.01.15, 00:48)
100. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=71835540
(15.01.15, 00:49)
101. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=61490618
(15.01.15, 00:49)
102. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59396180
(15.01.15, 00:50)
103. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=72448659
(15.01.15, 00:50)
104. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63189329
(15.01.15, 00:51)
105. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=67092477
(15.01.15, 00:52)
106. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=67780713
(15.01.15, 00:53)
107. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75951122
(15.01.15, 00:53)
108. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75253417
(15.01.15, 00:54)
109. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63189579
(15.01.15, 00:55)
110. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=78369078
(15.01.15, 00:56)
111. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=68147320
(15.01.15, 00:57)
112. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59592260
(15.01.15, 00:57)
113. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60442208
(15.01.15, 00:58)
114. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=74390918
(15.01.15, 00:59)
115. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58599242
(15.01.15, 00:59)
116. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=66355230
(15.01.15, 01:00)
188
117. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=62794535
(15.01.15, 01:01)
118. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=71864161
(15.01.15, 01:03)
119. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60621013
(15.01.15, 01:04)
120. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=61199649
(15.01.15, 01:05)
121. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60033503
(15.01.15, 01:06)
122. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60177549
(15.01.15, 01:07)
123. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=73406897
(15.01.15, 01:07)
124. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=69127283
(15.01.15, 01:08)
125. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63018672
(15.01.15, 01:08)
126. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=58551486
(15.01.15, 01:09)
127. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59126240
(15.01.15, 01:09)
128. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=74092915
(15.01.15, 01:10
129. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=68456662
(15.01.15, 01:10)
130. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=67252938
(15.01.15, 01:11)
131. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75168149
(15.01.15, 01:11)
132. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=69148667
(15.01.15, 01:12)
133. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=66718058
(15.01.15, 01:13)
134. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59042149
(15.01.15, 01:14)
189
135. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=69798372
(15.01.15, 01:16)
136. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=64043600
(15.01.15, 01:18)
137. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=72071643
(15.01.15, 01:19)
138. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=77053461
(15.01.15, 01:20)
139. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=65046513
(15.01.15, 01:21)
140. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=62462600
(15.01.15, 01:24)
141. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=60036880
(15.01.15, 01:26)
142. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=78996151
(15.01.15, 01:28)
143. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=65813582
(15.01.15, 01:28)
144. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63956731
(15.01.15, 01:30)
145. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63110128
(15.01.15, 01:32)
146. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63351003
(15.01.15, 01:33)
147. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59261672
(15.01.15, 01:34)
148. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75809488
(15.01.15, 10:25)
149. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=69202590
(15.01.15, 10:27)
150. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=64068838
(15.01.15, 10:30)
151. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=77123480
(15.01.15, 10:33)
152. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=70864033
(15.01.15, 10:36)
190
153. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=11596391
(15.01.15, 10:41)
154. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=36271934
(15.01.15, 10:50)
155. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=56720410
(15.01.15, 10:57)
156. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=4011203
(15.01.15, 10:58)
157. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=38794303
(15.01.15, 10:59)
158. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=6319431
(15.01.15, 11:03)
159. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=41775068
(15.01.15, 11:06)
160. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=3917139
(15.01.15, 11:08)
161. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=57132193
(15.01.15, 11:09)
162. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=9432669
(15.01.15, 11:10)
163. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=22710947
(15.01.15, 11:12)
164. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=65788549
(15.01.15, 11:15)
165. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=11087947
(15.01.15, 11:17)
166. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=86063702
(15.01.15, 11:18)
167. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=13063209
(15.01.15, 11:19)
168. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=78563098
(15.01.15, 11:20)
169. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=47824422
(15.01.15, 11:21)
170. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=24478054
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171. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=4981862
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172. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=209818
(15.01.15, 11:24)
173. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=33828
(15.01.15, 11:24)
174. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=3084045
(15.01.15, 11:25)
175. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=76259423
(15.01.15, 11:26)
176. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=13290347
(15.01.15, 11:27)
177. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=21037518
(15.01.15, 11:28)
178. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=13103943
(15.01.15, 11:29)
179. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=43357154
(15.01.15, 11:29)
180. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63017258
(15.01.15, 11:30)
181. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=33667341
(15.01.15, 11:31
182. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=63855277
(15.01.15, 11:31)
183. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=72636739
(15.01.15, 11:32)
184. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=53252375
(15.01.15, 11:34)
185. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=93607819
(15.01.15, 11:37)
186. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=74828053
(15.01.15, 11:38)
187. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=6496051
(15.01.15, 11:41)
188. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=31348583
(15.01.15, 11:42)
192
189. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=96153770
(15.01.15, 11:43)
190. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=75904001
(15.01.15, 11:44)
191. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=39931239
(15.01.15, 11:45)
192. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=13783990
(15.01.15, 11:46)
193. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=13978534
(15.01.15, 11:47)
194. http://clarino.uib.no/gnc/document-element?session-id=237903878374351&cpos=59393784
(15.01.15, 11:48)
193
S i n a a r s i
Sesavali ............................................................................................................................. ............................................................ 1
I. sakiTxis arsi da aqtualuroba ................................................................................................................ 2
II. translaciis saxeebi da saSualebebi ............................................................................................... 11
III. qarTuli lingvisturi azris istoria translaciasTan mimarTebiT ............... 15
$ 1. translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi gramatikis adrindel
saxelmZRvaneloebSi .................................................................................................................................................... 16
$ 2. sityvaTqmnadobis istoriuli procesebi translaciis WrilSi ........................ 18
$ 3. Zveli qarTuli enis kvleva da translaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23
$ 4. Tanamedrove enaTmecnieruli azri axal qarTulSi translaciis Sesaxeb
............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 31
IV. sakiTxis kvlevis meTodebi ........................................................................................................................... 39
I Tavi _ translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) morfologiuri
saSualebebi Tanamedrove qarTulSi ............................................................................................................... 40
I. zogadi mimoxilva .................................................................................................................................................. 40
II. translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia) sityvaTmawarmoebeli afiqsebiT
............................................................................................................................... ..................................................................... 44
$ 1. zogadi mimoxilva ............................................................................................................................................. 44
$ 2. qonebis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................................... 46
$ 3. uqonlobis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................. .......... 52
$ 4. warmomavlobis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................ 55
$ 5. abstraqtuli saxelebi ................................................................................................................................. 64
$ 6. daniSnulebis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................. .. 69
$ 7. wina viTarebis saxelebi ............................................................................................................................ 74
$ 8. xeloba-profesiis saxelebi ................................................................................................................... 78
$ 9. geografiuli saxelebi ................................................................................................................................ 82
$ 10. daskvnebi ............................................................................................................................. ...................................... 85
III. brunvis niSnebi matranslirebel elementebad ....................................................................... 89
IV. translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia) Tandebulebis gamoyenebiT ........ 99
V. zmnisagan saxelebis translireba Tanamedrove qarTulSi ..................................... 106
$ 1. masdaris warmoeba ........................................................................................................................................... 109
$ 2. mimReobis warmoeba ......................................................................................................................................... 113
$ 3. daskvnebi .................................................................................................................................................................... 122
194
VI. ZiriTadi daskvnebi morfologiur translaciasTan (substantivacia-
adieqtivaciasTan) dakavSirebiT ........................................................................................................... 126
II Tavi _ translaciis (substantivacia-adieqtivaciis) sintaqsuri saSualebebi
Tanamedrove qarTulSi ................................................................................................................................................ 131
I. zogadi mimoxilva ...................................................................................................................... .......................... 131
II. sityvaTa klasebi da maTi ZiriTadi sintaqsuri funqciebi .................................... 134
III. sityvis substantiuri translaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi, buneba da
gamomwvevi mizezebi ............................................................................................................................................ 138
IV. sityvis adieqtivaciis sintaqsuri meqanizmi, buneba da gamomwvevi mizezebi
.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 145
V. sintaqsuri translaciis ramdenime specifikuri SemTxvevisaTvis .................... 153
VI. ZiriTadi debulebebi translaciis sintaqsur saSualebebTan dakavSirebiT
.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 158
translacia (substantivacia-adieqtivacia) Tanamedrove qarTulSi (daskvnebi)
................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 160
damowmebuli literatura ......................................................................................................................................... 172
wyaroebi ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 178