traffic & road safety research group, department of psychology, university of waikato, private...
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Traffic & Road Safety Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New ZealandTransport Engineering Research New Zealand Ltd., PO Box 97846, South Auckland Mail Centre, New Zealand
Driving while conversing Cell phones that distract and passengers who react
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Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Participants
Sample : 119 participant.
Remove 7 participant.Mechanical failures(5)Eyestrain or dizziness(2)
Of the 64 participants.(the other 48 served as conversors for the drivers)87% indicated they owned a cell phone.Converse as they drove :78.6% (51.8% used it weekly or more often)Cell phone to send and receive text messages while they drove:66.1% (51.8% used it weekly or more often)
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Apparatus
Complete automobile.(BMW 314i)Three angled projection surface.Four speaker located inside the car.A digital video camera.
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Simulation scenario
5 Hazard1 overtaking lane
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Experiment design
Between subjects.Independent Variable4 Group (16 Participants, 50% male)
Randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups.Dependent VariableMean seedMean deceleration RT(sec)Mean deceleration TTC(sec)Mean utterance lengthMean number of pausesMean % SA utterancesMean % hazards recalled Driving DifficultyTotal number of crashesPercent of drivers
1.Control2.Passenger3.Cell phone4.Remote passenger
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Procedure
[Step1] Introduction
[Step2] Consent agreement
[Step3] Brief questionnaire about background and cell phone use.
[Step4] Short practice.
[Step5] Participants in Groups 2 to 4 then self-selected which the pair. Can any topics,conversation card be used of no topics.
[Step6] experiment(24min)
[Step7] asked to rate the difficulty of driving the simulated on a 7-point scale1=easy 7=extremely
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-Vehicle speeds(1/3)
Significant difference
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-Vehicle speeds(2/3)
Unuivariate analyses at each hazard site showed significant group differences:Hazard 1(busy intersection)Hazard 3(one-lane bridge)Hazard 4(road works)Hazard 5(landslip)
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-Vehicle speeds(3/3)
Post hoc pair-wise Significantly lower than Marginally lower than
Hazard1Passenger <cell phone
remote passenger
Control <cell phone(p<0.06) remote passenger
(p<0.07).
Hazard3
Hazard4 Control < cell phone
Passenger <cell phone (p<0.055)
Hazard2 No significant
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-Reaction time and time-to-collision(1/3)
Mean deceleration RT Mean deceleration TTC
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-Reaction time and time-to-collision(2/3)
One-way multivariate analysis id variance for four group.
Four remaining hazard sites(Hazards2-5) indicated a significant effect.(p<0.01)
Univariate analyses of the two deceleration measures significant differences:Hazards3Hazards4Hazards5
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-Reaction time and time-to-collision(3/3)
Significantly
Good=>long
Good=>shortNo Significantly
Significantly
22 1133
Significantly
A
BB
ABB
A>B
A
BB
A>B
A
BB
A>B
AA
B
B
AA
B
BA>B
A>B
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-Discourse measures愛
Post hoc comparisonsSignificantly
A > B > C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
BA
B
A
B
A>B
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-Difficulty ratings, hazard recall, and crashes
No Significantly
Post hoc comparisonsSignificantly
Post hoc comparisonsSignificantlyA
BMost memorable hazard for the
participants was the landslip.
Perhaps this was the last to appear.
A>B
A>B
A
B
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-Difficulty ratings, hazard recall, and crashesoccurring at Hazard 3(one-lane bridge) – 61.9%Hazard 2(parked car entering traffic)-33.3%
Chi-square analysis .Significant difference between the four groups.
AB A>B
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab
Experiment 1
Results
-OvertakingNo significant differences in speeds measured at four point.(control 、 passenger 、 cell phone 、 Remote passenger)
Optimal number that could be safely overtaken was two vehicles.
68.8%50%
Chi-square analysis .Marginally Significant difference
Driving Behavior Simulation Lab