traditional medicine & herbal technology

Traditional Medicine & Traditional Medicine & Herbal TechnologyHerbal Technology

COUNTRY PAPER(INDIA)

Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Dr. P. Pushpangadan, DirectorDirectorNational BotanicNational Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lual Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow – 226 001cknow – 226 001

Traditional Medicine

• The tradition of health management/ treating ailments practiced by traditional communities or medicinal practices prevalent before the emergence of modern medicine (18th/19th century) are generally termed as Traditional Medicine

• Traditional medicine has almost now dissappeared in developing countries but still a living tradition in Third World Nations.

• The biodiversity-rich Third World nations have an associated medicinal knowledge systems using the various medicinal plants of the region.

Traditional Medicine in IndiaTraditional Medicine in IndiaThe Traditonal Medicine in India function through two

streams:

1. Folk stream: Comprising mostly the oral traditions practiced by the rural villagers. The carriers of these traditons are millions of housewives, thousands of traditional birth attendants, bone setters, village practitioners skilled in acupressure, eye treatments, treatment of snake bites, and traditional village physicians/herbal healers, the ‘vaidyas’ or the tribal physicians. These streams of inherited traditions are together known as ‘local health traditions’(LHT). LHT represent an autonomous, community –supported living tradition. It is still alive and runs parallel and the great service the LHT render to the primary health care needs of the indian rural mass often goes unnotied due to the dominance of the western medicine

Traditional Medicine in India (Contd)Traditional Medicine in India (Contd)

2. Classical stream –Organized systems

(1) This comprises of the codified and organized medicinal wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundations and philosophical explanations expressed in several classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita, Bhela Samhita, and hundreds of other treatises (including some in the regional language) covering all branches of medicine and surgery. Systems like Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Amchi or Tibetan are expressions of these classical streams.

Local Health Traditions (LHT)

The folklore medicine or LHT is again at two levels:

Rural village based: This involves home remedies practiced at almost every home, mostly by the mothers and grand mothers – to specialized individuals, healers or family traditions treating single or general ailment. This system is mostly oral in tradition except in certain cases mostly in Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat where some written tradition maintained through hand written transcripts in local languages, some of which are now been available in printed form. Such village folklore medicine or LHT involve the use of about 5000 plant species with about 25,000 or more formulations for treating a variety of human ailments.

Traditional Carrier Subjects Nos.

Housewives and elders

Home remedies, Food and nutrition

Millions

Traditional birth attendants

Normal deliveries 7 lakhs

Herbal healers Common ailments 3 lakhs

Bone-setters Visha Vaidhyas (Snake, Scorpion, Dog)

Orthopedics

Natural poisons

60,000

60,000

Specialists *Nethra*Skin*Respiratory*Dental*Arthritis*Mental Diseases*Liver*GIT*Wounds*Fistula Piles

*1000 in each area

Source – Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore

Folk-medicine carriers of village-based health traditions in India

2. Tribal based: This is practiced by the tribal communities who inhabit in and around the forests. This tradition is currently fast eroding due to the change of life style of the tribal people. India has over 67.8 million tribal people belonging to 550 communities of 227 ethnic groups as per the classification made by anthropologists on linguistic basis. They inhabit in about 5000-forested villages or lead a nomadic life in the forest. Each tribal community has a distinct social and cultural identity of its own and speaks a common dialect. There are about 116 different dialects and 227 subsidiary dialects spoken by tribals in India. According to a recent study conducted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, under the “All India Coordinated Project on Ethnobiology” (AICRPE- 1992-1998; Pushpangadan 1994), over 10000 wild plants are reported to be used by tribals for meeting their primary health care, food and material requirements (Figure 1). About 8000 wild plant species are used by the Indian tribes for a variety of medicinal purposes, which cover about 1,75,000 specific preparations/applications (Pushpangadan 2002); of these 2000 species are found to be new claims and worthy of scientific scrutiny.

Local Health Traditions (Contd.)

Indian System of MedicinesThe promotive, preventive, corrective and curative approach in health care and the medicinal plants possessing such properties are indeed the strength of the Indian Systems of medicine (ISM). The ancient masters of Ayurveda and Siddha had organized, codified and synthesized the medical wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundation and philosophical explanations. They adopted the fundamental doctrines of “Darshana” philosophy, particularly the ‘Nyaya’, ‘Sankhya’ and ‘Vaiseshika’, which encompassed all sciences – physical, chemical, biological and spiritual. While ‘Darshana’ philosophers discussed and debated their theories, Ayurvedic masters put them to practical test and applied them successfully to interpret the laws governing the material objects of the universe and the dynamics of biological evolution. The modern physicists and biologists are now demonstrating the precision and exactness of many such cosmological theories and other rationale and hypothetical assumptions intuitively discovered and developed by the ancient Indian sages. It is quite logical to say that a serious and in-depth study and research on the vast treasure - trove of Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine, particularly their theoretical bases and philosophical explanations may open up new exciting avenues of knowledge in understanding diseases and health.

Indian System of Medicines (Contd)

Rasayana

Rasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy) is a speciality of Ayurveda, which mainly deals with the preservation and promotion of health. It promotes longevity and prevents or delays the aging process. Rasayana promotes rsistance against infections and other causative factors for the disease by maintaining the equilibrium of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The Rasayana, if administered at an early age, also helps the body metabolism in such a way that he genetic predisposition for a particular disease is avoided and the intensity of the symptoms of a particular disease is greatly reduced.

Panchakarma

Panchakarma (Purification Therapy) deals mainly with the removal of toxins and waste materials from the body to purify the biological system from gross channels to eradicate the disease completely. It is helpful in the prevention of disease and preservation and promotion of health, as well as the management of psychosomatic, neurological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and many other chronic, degenerative diseases and iatrogenic conditions. Panchakaram plays a vital role in Ayurvedic therapeutics and occupies an important place in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. This five-fold purification theraphy, a classical form of treatment in Ayurveda, includes Vamana (emesis), Virechana (Purgation), Asthapana (Decoction enema),

Anuvasana (Oily enema) and Nasya (Nasal Insufflation).


Indian System of Medicines (Contd)Pizhichil

In this therapeutic measure, warm medicated oil is poured all over the body followed by massage, in seven positions in a systematic manner for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system like paralysis, sciatica, osteoarthiritis, musculo-skeletal, neuro-muscular and degenerative diseases. Pizhichil is very useful as a health restorative measure for elderly persons when it is regularly used once a year or so. This treament cleanses the minute channels in the body of morbid substances.

Shirobasti

This is an oil treatment applied to the head in which a leather belt is tied to ht clean shaven scalp. The junction of scalp and leather beld is sealed with paste prepared from wheatflour or black gram. Medicated oil is then poured into it and kept for the stipulated time. This is recommended for headaches, myopial conditions, insomnia, psychiatriac illnesses, epilepsy, hair fal, etc. It improves the functioning of the sensory systems and removes exhaustion.


Shirodhara

This therapeutic measure is carried out by pouring oil or medicated liquids on the forehead for treating headaches, vertigo, insomnia, anxiety, etc. It is also useful in many psychosomatic disorders and hypertension.

Ksharasutra

This Alkaline Thread threpy is a popular herbal treatment for ano-rectal diseases likes fistula-in-Ano and haemorrhoids (piles) under the speciality of Shalyatandra are prepared from plants like Arka and Snuhi by using their milk or herbal alkaline material and typing a the site. The advantage of this therapy is that the patients may remain mobile during the treatment. It can also be carried out on patients for whom modern surgery is contra-indicated.

1. Determine PRAKRUTI (Constitution) by -history taking

-Observations

2. NIDANA (Diagnosis)

• Nature, degree and extent of imbalance of Tridoshas. Library of 5800 clinical signs and symptoms in Ayurvedic texts

3. Chronobiology: Impact of season, time and environment on Tridoshas.

4. SWASTHAVRUTA: Life style modification

5. AHARA: Dietary modifications

6. PANCHAKARMA: Purification of the body

7. AUSHADHI: "Designer Medicine" unique for the particular patient prepared from a Pharmacopoeia utilising 1200 plants, 100 minerals and 100 animal products in numerous formulations.

THE AYURVEDIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY

Some Ancient Treatise

1. Agni Purana: treatment of cattle and horse2. Garuna Purana: treatment of horse and elephants3. Shalihotra Samhita: Treatment of diseases of horse4. Matasya Purana: mentions older treatise by Pakapya

muni and Somaputra Budh for treating fishes5. Shyama Shastra: Middle ages. Treatment of birds,

specially pigeons

Veterinary Physicians in Mahabharat

Dronacharya specially trained Nakula and Sahdev in treatment of horsesNakula is said to have authored a treatise on horsesNala was an expert in treatment of horses and also called Ashwavid

[Prachin Bharat Mein Vigyan aur Shilpa; S.N. Kapur, 1998]

TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN AYURVEDA

MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES

Hospitals 3004 with 60666 beds

Dispensaries 23028

Hospitals & Dispensaries of ISM & Homeopathy in India

Medical education facilities in India

System Colleges

Undergraduate Post graduate

Ayurveda 198 55

Unani 39 5

Siddha 2 2

Homeopathy 166 17

Total 405 77

Admission capacity 16845 821

MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES (Contd.)

Number of Ayurveda colleges – Statewise

No.

Name of State No. of College No. Name of State No. of College

1. Andhra Pradesh 4 12. Karnataka 47

2. Assam 1 13. Kerala 5

3. Bihar 12 14. Madhya Pradesh 9

4. Chhattisgarh 1 15. Maharashtra 57

5. Delhi 1 16. Orissa 6

6. Goa 1 17. Punjab 11

7. Gujarat 10 18. Rajasthan 4

8. Haryana 5 19. Tamil Nadu 4

9. Himachal Pradesh

1 20. Uttaranchal 3

10. Jammu-Kashmir 1 21. Uttar Pradesh 12

11. Jharkhand 1 22 West Bengal 2

TOTAL 198

Registered practitioners of ISM & Homeopathy in India


Ayurveda 427504Unani 42445Siddha 16599Naturopathy 429Homeopathy 194147Total 681124

Acts administered in the ISM Sector

1. Central Council of Medicine Act of 1973

2. Central Council of Homeopathy Act 1973

3. Drugs & Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the rules there under

4. Medicinal & Toilet Preparation Act & Rules 1995-96.

Statutory Regulatory Bodies for ISM under Government of India

Central Council of Indian Medicine

Central Council of Homeopathy (for regulating standards of Medical Education and registering practitioners)

Drug Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) for advising on all aspects related to drug standardization and quality control of Indian Systems of Medicine

Engaged in clinical research activities on drugs of Indian Systems, survey on Medicinal Plants, drug standardization, tribal and family welfare research carried out through units setup in different parts of the country

Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha 36 unitsCentral Council for Research in Unani Medicine 32 unitsCentral Council for Research in Homeopathy 52 unitsCentral Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy

Research Councils under Central Government


National Institutes set up by Department of Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Government of India


For producing graduates and post-graduates of high quality for conducting research and to provide quality medical care National Institute of Ayurveda, JaipurNational Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore (under establishment)National Institute of Homeopathy, CalcuttaNational Institute of Naturopathy, PuneMoraji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New DelhiNational Institute of Siddha, Chennai (under establishment)Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, New DelhiPharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian MedicineGhaziabad Pharmacopoeia Laboratory, Ghaziabad

The role of herbal medicine in effectively meeting the primary health care needs of the rural people, particularly of the Third World countries is now well appreciated. This has led to the widespread interest in placing herbal medicine in a appropriate scientific framework, by assessing their safety, efficacy and quality, according to modern standards. WHO guidelines for assessment of herbals address the following:

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TRADITIONAL INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE

1. Pharmaceutical assessment (crude plant material, plant preparations, finished products, stability).

2. Safety assessment (toxicological studies, documentation of safety based on experience).

3. Assessment of efficacy and intended use (pharmacological activity, evidence required to support indication).

4. Product information to consumers.

5. Marketing

54

321

Flowering plants used in Traditional Systems of Medicine in India

Modern Medicine 30 spp.

Amchi 300 spp.

Unani 700 spp.

Siddha 800 spp.

Ayurveda 900 spp.

Compound Plant Species

Acetyl digoxin Digitalis lanata

Ajmalicine Catharanthus roseus, Rauwolfia sp.

Ajmmaline Rauvolfia serpentina

Andrographolide Andrographis paniculata

Artemissine Artemisia annua

Asiaticoside Centella asiatica

Berberine Berberis spp.

Caffeine Camellia sinensis

Caffeine Camellia sinensis

Cocaine Erythroxylum cocoa

Codeine Papaver spp.

Codiene Papaver somniferum

Colchicine Colchicum autumnale, Gloriosa superba

Curcumin Curcuma longa

Digitoxin, Digoxin, Digitoxigenin Digitalis spp.

Emetine Cephaelis ipecacuanha

Ephedrine Ephedra gerardiana

Ergometrine, Ergotamine, Ergotoxin Claviceps purpurea on Rye plants

Glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizinic acid Glycyrrhiza glabra

Hesperidin Citrus spp. Mentha spp.

Examples of some important plant derived drugs

Contd..

Hyoscine Duboisia spp.

Hyoscyamine Datura spp, Hyscyamus spp.

L-Dopa Mucuna pruriens

Menthol Mentha spp.

Morphine Papaver spp.

Papain Carica papaya

Podophyliotoxin Podophyllum emodi

Quinine, Quinidine Cinchona spp.

Reserpine & Deserpidine Rauvolfia serpentina,

Rutin Eucalyptus spp, Fagopyrum spp, Sophora japonica

Scopolamin Datura sp.

Sennosides A&B Cassia angustifolia, C. acutifolia

Silymarin Silybum marianum

Strychnine Strychnos nux-vomica

Taxol Taxus baccata

Thymol Thymus vulgarisVinblastine, Vincristine Catharanthus roseusXanthotoxin Ammi majus, Heracleum candicansChemical Intermediates Citral Lemon grassDiosgenin Dioscorea spp. Costus spp.Phytosterols (Stigmasterol & Sitosterol) Soya & Calabar Beans

Solasodine SolanumHypercin, Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum

Examples of some important plant derived drugs (Contd..)

1. Agarkar Research Institute. Pune

2. A. K. Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh

3. B. H. U. Varanasi (CCRAS Unit)

4. B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research development Centre, Thalteji, Ahmedabad

5. Capt. Srinivasmurthi Drug. Res. Instt. For Ayurveda, (CCRAS), Chennai

6. CCRAS, New Delhi

7. CCRUM, A. G. Colony, Hyderabad

8. Central Instt. Of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow

9. College of Pharmacy, New Delhi

10. Deptt. of Chemistry Univ. of Delhi

11. Deptt. of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

12. Dr. Y. B. Tripathi, B.H.U. Varanasi

13. Drug Standardisation Unit, Rishikul Ayurvedic College, Hardwar

14. Drug Testing lab. Joginder Nagar, Mandi (H. P.)

15. Drugs Standardisation Res. Project, Gujrat Ayurved University, Jamnagar

16. Faculty of Pharmacy (CCRUM) Drug Standardisation Unit Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

17. Govt. Ayurvedic & Unani Pharmacy Nanded

18. Indian Instt., of Chemical Technology (CSIR), Hyderabad

19. Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow

20. Institute of Himalayan bio-resources technology, Palampur (H. P).

21. Institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Punjab Univ., Chandigarh

22. National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow

23. National Instt. of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali

24. Pharmacognosy Research Unit (CCRAS), University of Calcutta

25. Pharmacognosy Research Unit JNMPG&H, Pune

26. Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine (CCRUM), Aligarh

27. Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine, Chennai

28. Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Bhubaneshwar

29. Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu

30. Shri Ayurveda Mahavidalaya Nagpur

31. Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Instt. Trivandrum

32. National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur

Institutions operating Central scheme for development of Pharmacopoeial standards for ASU drugs by ISM, Govt. of India

Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants and Preparation of Monographs

List of plants allocated to National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow

1. Acorus calamus Linn.

2. Albizia lebbeck Benth.

3. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd.

4. Optis teeta

5. Anogeissus latifolia Bedd

6. Arnebia nobilis Reichb.

7. Butea monospelma (Lamk.) Taub. (syn.B.frondosa Roxb.)

8. Cinnamoum tamala

9. Coscinium fenestratum

10. Allium cepa(syn.Psychotria ipecacuanha Stokes )

11. Crataeva magna (Lour) DC. (syn. C.nurvala Buch.Ham)

12. Curcuma amada Roxb.

13. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.

14. Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.) Verdoran (syn.E.littorale Blume.)

15. Euphorbia prostrata Linn.

16. Euphorbia thymifolia Linn.

17. Euphorbia tirucalli Linn.

18. Ficus lacor Buch. -Ham.

19. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.

20. Hemldesmus indicus R.Br.

21. Jatropha glandulifera Roxb.

22. Leucas cephalotes spreng.

23. Mesua ferrea Linn.

24. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ,

25. Onosma bracteatum Wall.

26. Operculina turpethum Linn.

27. Pueraria tuberosa DC.

28. Rubia cordifolia Linn.

29. Streblus asper Lour.

30. Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.)

31. Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.

32. Wedelia calendulacea Less.

List of plants allocated to National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Mohali, Punjab


1. Abutilon indicum (Linn. ) Sweet

2. Asparagus adscendens Roxb.

3. Asparagus racemosus Willd.

4. Berberis aristata DC.

5. Bergenia ligulata Engl.

6. Caesalpinia bonducella (Linn.) Roxb. (syn. C.cristata Lim1.)

7. Canscora decussata Schult.

8. Catharanthus roseus G.Don.

9. Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker

10. Cissus quadrangularis (Linn. ) Schr .

11. Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schr.

12. Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.

13. Cyperus rotundus Lim1.

14. Embelia ribes Burm.F.

15. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.

16. Hibisus rosa-sinensis Linn.

17. Hypericum perforatum Linn. lnula racemosa Hook. F .

18. Lawsonia inermis Linn.

19. Momordica charantia Linn.

20. Nigella sativa Linn.

21. Ocimum basilicum Linn.

22. Ocimum grasissimum Linn.

23. Piper longum Linn.

24. Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiem.

25. Potentilla sundaica Kuntze

26. Sida acuta Burm.

27. Sida rhombifolia Linn.

28. Syrnplocos racemosa Roxb.

29. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers ex hook f. & Thorns.

30. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.

31. Tylophora indica Burm.f. & Merill

List of plants allocated to Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram


1. Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke

2. Allium cepa Linn.

3. Allium sativum Linn.

4. Alstonia scholaris (Linn. ) R.Br.

5. Argemone mexicana Linn.

6. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. (syn. A.integra auct. non Merrill, A.integrifolia Hook. non Linn.)

7. Azadirachta indica Juss.

8. Cichorium intybus Linn.

9. Cinnamomum camphora Nees ex Eberm

10. Cinnamomum tamala Nees

11. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn.

12. Desmodium gangeticum DC.

13. Elettaria cardamomum Maton

14. Gmelina arborea Linn.

15. Hedychium spicatum Linn.

16. Mallotus philippensis Muell.-Arg

17. Melia azedarach Linn.

18. Murraya koenigii Spreng.

19. Musa paradisiaca L.

20. Myristica fragrans Houtt.

21. Myristica malabarica Lam.

22. Oroxylum indicum Vent.

23. Premna integrifolia Linn.

24. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.

25. Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f.

26. Rhus parvif1ora Roxb.

27. Santalum album Linn.

28. Sesamum indicum Linn. (syn. S.orientale Linn.)

29. Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.

30. Syzygium cuminii (Linn.) Skeels.

31. Tecomella undulata (G.Don.) Seem

32. Uraria picta Desv.

List of plants allocated to B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development Centre, Ahmedabad


1. Aristolochia indica Linn.

2. Boswellia serrata Roxb.

3. Calotropis gigantea (Linn. ) Dryand.

4. Capparis decidua Edgew.

5. Cassia angustifolia Vahl.

6. Cassia fistula Linn.

7. Cassia occidentalis Linn.

8. Cinchona officinalis Linn.f.

9. Cissampelos pareira Linn.

10. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon

11. Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.syn.C.mukul Engl.

12. Commiphora wightii Bhandari

13. Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall.

14. Leptadenia reticulata Linn.

15. Marsdenia tenacissima Wight & Am. I

16. Moringa oleifera Lam. (syn.M.pterygosperma Gaertn.)

17. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC (syn.M.prurita Hook.)

18. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn.

19. Plantago ovata Forsk.

20. Plumbago indica Linn.

21. Plumbago zeylanica Linn.

22. Punica granatum Linn.

23. Randia dumetorum Lam.

24. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.

25. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde

26. Semecarpus anacardium Linn.f.

27. Solanum indicum Linn.

28. Solanum torvum Swartz.

29. Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers.

30. Terminalia arjuna Wight & Am.

31. Terminalia bellerica Roxb

32. Terminalia chebula Retz..

List of plants allocated to Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu


1. Achillea millefolium Linn.

2. Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf. Ex Holmes

3. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.

4. Aesculus hippocastanum Linn.

5. Ammi majus Linn. ,

6. Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.

7. Anethum sowa Kurz.

8. Angelica archangelica Lilm.

9. Angelica glauca Edgew.

10. Apium graveolens Linn.

11. Argyreia nervosa (Burm F .) Bojer svn.A. speciosa Sweet

12. Artemisia annua Linn.

13. Cannabis sativa Linn.

14. Carum carvi (Linn.) DC.

15. Coptis teeta Wall.

17. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm.

18. Crocus sativus Linn.

19. Cuminum cyminum Linn.

20. Digitalis lanata Ehrh.

21. Digitalis purpurea Linn.

22. Ferula foetida Regel

23. Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke

24. Fumaria parviflora Lam.

25. Gloriosa superba Linn.

26. Mentha arvensis Linn.

27. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle

28. Psoralea corylifolia Linn.

29. Saussurea lappa Spreng.

30. Taxus baccata Linn.

31. Valeriana Wallichi DC.

32. Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.

33. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH ON AYURVEDIC DRUGS

Improved formulations and reduced number of Ayurvedic drugs Use of GMP procedures and QC Certified shelf life and improved dosage form Validated indications and contraindications Deletion of obsolete or toxic formulations

Use of Ayurvedic drugs in modern clinical practice Inclusion in essential list of drugs Adjunct to existing drugs Treatment of diseases where modern drugs not available or unsatisfactory Development of suitable formulations, standardized extracts or active

constituents IPR protection wherever feasible Inclusion in Pharmacopoeias.

New indications for Ayurvedic drugs

Development of new drugs for Ayurvedic practice Utilizing leads from other countries Study of unscreened flora, specially endemic or threatened species

Studies on Ayurvedic drugs for veterinary use

AYURVEDIC PROTOCOLS FOR DRUG EVALUATION(Yogyamapi Aoushdam Evam Pariksheta)

A. Pharmacognostical Study

1. Nama Name of the Drug2. Rupam Botanical features3. Desa jatam Habitat4. Ritu grhitam Season of collection5. Grhitam Species and part used6. Nihitam Way of storage and prevention

Sl.No. Bio-Geographic Zone Biogeographic Provinces

Estimated No. of Med. Plant spp.

1. Trans-Himalayan - 7002. The Himalayan 2A- North-West Himalaya

1,700

2B- West Himalaya 2C- Central Himalaya 2D-East Himalaya3. Desert 3A-Kutch

500 3B Thar4. Semi-Arid 4A- Punjab

1000 4B-Gujarat-Rajwar5. Western Ghats 5A-Malabar Coast

2000 5B-Western Ghats Mountains6. Deccan Peninsula 6A-Deccan Plateau South

3000

6B- Central Plateau 6C-Eastern Plateau 6D- Chhota Nagpur 6E- Central High land7. Gangetic Plain 7A- Upper Gangetic Plain

1000 7-B Lower Gangetic Plain8. North-East India 8A-Brahmaputra Valley

2000 8B-Assam Hills9. Islands 9 A - Andaman Islands

1000 9 B - Nicobar Islands 9 C - Lakshadweep Islands

10. Coasts 10-A West Coast 500

Distribution of Medicinal Plants across the biogeographic zones/provinces of India

Source FRLHT, Bangalore

1. Aquilaria malaccensis

2. Butea monosperma var. lutea

3. Chloroxylon swietenia

4. Commiphora wightii

5. Euodia lunuankenda

6. Hydnocarpus macrocarpa

7. Mangifera indica

8. Ochreinauclea missionis

9. Pinus gerardiana

10. Pterocarpus indicus

11. Pterocarpus santalinus

12. Santalum album

13. Saraca asoca

14. Tabernaemontana gamblei

15. Tabernaemontana heyneana

16. Taxus wallichiana

The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Indian Medicinal plants

Extinct (Ex): A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that its last individual has died.

Extinct in the Wild (EW): A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside the past range.

Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future (80% decline in the last 10 years, 100km2 of area of occupancy or 10 sq. km in fragmented area: estimated 250 mature individuals or subpopulation of not more than 50 individuals).

Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical, but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future (50% decline in the last 10 years; estimated <5000 km2 of area of occupancy or 500 km2 in fragmented areas; estimated 2500 individuals or subpopulation of 250 mature individuals.

Vulnerable (VU): A taxon is vulnerable when it is not Critical or Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild, in the medium term future. (50% decline in the last 20 years; estimated <20000 km2 of occupancy or <2000 km2 in fragmented population, estimated 10,000 individuals or subpopulation of 1000 mature individuals).

Conservation Dependent (CD): A taxon is under taxon-specific or habitat specific conservation programme which directly affects the taxon in question. The cessation of this program would result in the taxon qualifying for one of the threatened categories.

Data Deficient (DD): A taxon is data deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status.

Low Risk (LR): A taxon is Low Risk when it has been evaluated and does not qualify for any of the categories, Critically Endangered, Endangered Vulnerable, Conservation Dependent or Data Deficient.

Not Evaluated (NE): A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been assessed against the criteria.

Source: IUCN 1995, IUCN Red List Categories, Prepared by species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.

IUCN RED LIST CRITERIAIUCN Red List criteria (1995) include the following:


Species Name No. of Accessions

Achillea spp. 17

Andrographis paniculata 20

Cassia spp. 22

Catharanthus roseus 11

Datura spp. 26

Digitalis spp. 16

Matricaria spp. 11

Mucuna spp. 117

Ocimum spp. 187

Papaver somniferum 288

Plantago spp. 19

Psoralea corylifolia 50

Salvia spp. 11

Species Name No.of Accessions

Solanum spp. 17

Tagetes spp. 56

Trichosanthes spp. 11

Trigonella foenum-graecum 37

Withania somnifera 19

Aconitum balfourii 1

Costus speciosus 1

Eremostachys superba 1

Picrorhiza kurrooa 1

Rheum australe 3

Saussurea costus 4

Misc.Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 307

Total 1253

Sl. No.

Plants No. of accession

1. Aloe spp. (Aloe) 53

2. Asparagus spp. (Satavari.) 50

3. Cassia angustifolia (Sannsa) 5

4. Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed musli) 56

5. Commiphora wightii (Guggal) 67

6. Ocimum spp. (Tulsi) 41

7. Plantago ovata (Isabgol) 12

8. Phyllanthus spp. (Bhui amla) 12

9. Tinospora cordifolia (Gilo) 38

10. Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) 6

11. Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) 11

Total 351

Germplasm status of field gene bank at NRCM & AP

Sl. No. Variety/Cultivar Crop(Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used

1. Jawahar Isabgol Plantago ovata JNKVV, Jabalpur Seeds, husk

2. Gujarat Isabgol-1 “ “ GAU-RC, Mehsana “ “

3. G.I.-2 “ “ “ “ “ “

4. Niharika “ “ CIMAP, Lucknow “ “

5. Sona Cassia angustifolia “ “ Leaves, pods

6. ALFT-2 “ “ GAU, Anand “ “

7. Shweta Papaver somniferum

CIMAP, Lucknow Latex, seeds

8. Shyama “ “ “ “ “ “

9. Sampada “ “ “ “ “ “

10. Sanchita “ “ “ “ Straw “

11. Shubhra “ “ “ “ “ “

12. Sujata “ “ “ “ Seeds

13. Kirtiman “ “ NDUAT, Faizabad Latex, seeds

14. Trishna “ “ NBPGR, New Delhi “ “

15. Rajhans “ “ RAU, Udaipur “ “

16. NBRI-3 “ “ NBRI, Lucknow “ “

17. Jawahar Afim-16 “ “ JNKVV, Mandsaur “ “

18. Udaipur opium “ “ RU, Udaipur “ “

19. Aela Hyoscyamus niger CIMAP, Lucknow Biomass

20. Aekla “ “ “ “ “

21. IC-66 “ “ NBPGR, New Delhi “

22. NP-41 H. muticus CIMAP, Lucknow “Contd…

Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions

Sl. No. Variety/Cultivar Crop (Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used

23. HMT-1 “ “ “ “ “

24. Hansa Chysanthemum cinerariefolium

“ “ Flowers

25. Jhelum “ “ “ “ “

26. Nirmal Catharanthus roseus “ “ Roots, leaves

27. Dhawal “ “ “ “ “ “

28. Asha Artemisia annua “ “ Biomass

29. S-3 Dioscorea floribunda “ “ Rhizome

30. S-2-58 D. composita NBPGR, New Delhi “

31. FB (C) – I D. floribunda IIHR, Bangalore “

32. Arka-Upkar “ “ “ “ “

33. RS-1 Rauvolfia serpentina JNKVV, Indore “

34. Jawahar Asgandh Withania somnifera JNKVV, Mandsaur Roots

35. Poshita “ “ CIMAP, Lucknow “

36. RRL (Purple) Datura metel RRL, Jammu Biomass

37. RRL (Green) “ “ “ “ “

38. SL-831 Asparagus officinalis “ “ Spears

39. RRL-20-2 Solanum khasianum “ “ Biomass berries

40. RRL-SL-6 “ “ “ “ “

41. Glaxo S. viarum Glaxo, India Berries

42. IIHR 2n-11 “ “ IIHR, Bangalore “

43. Arka-Sanjivani “ “ “ “ “

44. Arka-Mahima “ “ “ “ “

45. EC-113465 S. lanciniatum YSPHU, Solan “

Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions (Contd.)

Source: Sharma, J.R. (2001)

Sl.No.

Crop Variety Developed by Year of Release

1 Cassia angustifolia (Senna) Anand Late Selection Anand 1989

2 Digitalis lanata (Foxglove) D. 76 Solan 1991

3Glaucium flavum (Yellow Horned Poppy)

H47-3 Solan 1991

4 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) Haryana Mulhatti-1 Hisar 1989

5Hyoscyamus muticus (Egyptian Henbane)

HMI-80-1 Indore -

6 Lepidium sativum (Cress) Anand 1998

7Papaver somniferum (Opium Poppy)

Jawahar Opium 539 Mandsur 1997


Jawahar Opium 540 Mandsur 1998


Chetak Aphim Udaipur 1994


Trisna Delhi -

11 Piper longum (Long Pepper) Viswam Trichur 1996

12 Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Haryana Isabgol-5 Hisar 1989

13 Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Jawahar Isabgol-4 Mandsur 1996

14 Solanum laciniatum NH 88-12 Solan 1991

15Withania somnifera (Aswagandha)

Jawahar Asgand-20 Mandsur 1989

16 Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) Jawahar Asgand-134 Mandsur 1998

Table 22. Improved Varieties of Medicinal Plants Developed by ICAR and SAUs

traditional medicine & herbal technology

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