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Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights

CODISSIA

Trade Related

Intellectual Property

Rights


CODISSIA

1. Trade Related Intellectual property Rights 1

2. Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 3

3. TRIPS - What are IPRs? 8

4. Intellectual Property : Protection and Enforcement 9

5. Trips : A more detailed overview of the TRIPS Agreement 13

6. Patenting an Invention 20

7. What are “Intellectual Property Rights” 29

8. Trips : Agreement on Trade Trade Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights

Part - ! General Provisions and Basic Principles 35

Part - II Standards concerning the availability, scope and useof Intellectual Property Rights 37

Part - III Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights 45

Part - IV Dispute Prevention and Settlement 51

Part - V Institutional arrangements; final provisions 53

9. Built in Agenda for Review of the TRIPS Agreement 55

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TRADE RELATED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION

India and IPR

We were always taught that India was a land of sadhus and sanyasis. India was also the land of scientists, technologists,inventors and physicians among many other intellectual groups known anywhere in the world. India was the birthplace of many important inventions. From ayurveda to decimal system, from agriculture to wootz steel, India pioneeredinventions in all the areas of life. The 350 A.D. ayurvedic text susruta samhita mentions 300 different plastic surgeryoperations using more than 120 surgical instruments. Even in 1700 India’s share in the gross products of the worldwas 22.6% and ours was the largest civilisational group in the world. But the Indian system believed that ‘knowledgeis not for sale’. That is the reason why for thousands of years we have allowed our wisdom to go everywhere withoutrestrictions.

But now things have changed with the advent of WTO. Intellectual property, meaning all the creation of the intellect,have rights – rights to exclude everybody from using a product unless they pay the price to the one who registers itfirst. Many consider Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) to be the single most disadvantageousagreement for India. Even the noted free trade supporter Prof. Jagadish Bagawati has pointed out the biased natureof the present IPR agenda.

Why should we be aware of TRIPs?

a) It is going to affect all of us. For example, increase in the prices of drugs. Even common curesbecome costly. 5 million South Africans suffering from HIV are not able to get medicine as the pricesare very high. Battles are going on between the government and the multinational companies inSouth Africa.

b) For a country like ours, where we have been following traditional healing system for thousands ofyears, the new IPR systems might make us aliens in our own society. Global corporations havealready started snatching our system from us. For example, patents for Ginger remedies of India.

c) Community resources are under threat. International NGOs have documented a number of instanceswhere ‘bio-piracy’ has taken place without even any recognition or reward to the communities.

d) It will seriously affect agriculture, where about 70% of our people depend upon for their livelihood.Millions of people may find it impossible to continue their vocation.

e) Food security is threatened. It is feared that it will not be possible to get food at nominal rates forcommon man.

f) TRIPS agreements is certainly not a fair agreement. The present reports say $ 1.5-2 millions arerequired for countries to build an infrastructure for TRIPs. Many countries cannot afford this andflight with a country like America, whose Patent and Trademark office with an annual budget of $1billon and a staff of more than 3000 highly trained Scientists, Engineers and Legal experts.

Origin of TRIPS

With the signing of the Final Act of GATT, the emerging relation in international trade have become highly significant.WTO should ensure freer trade regime. The Agreements on services, Textiles, Agriculture, Trade Related InvestmentMeasures (TRIMS), Trade related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) would have profound effects on pattern ofcomparative advantage.

Out of eight rounds of multi lateral trade negotiations under GATT, the first six rounds concentrated almost exclusivelyon reducing tariffs while the seventh i.e., Tokyo Round, focused on non-tariff barriers, apart from tariff reduction. Theeight round known as the Uruguay Round, in terms of coverage was the most extensive as well as ambitious. It tookGATT into areas which are not within the traditional preserve. These include services. TRIPS, TRIMS and focusedon agriculture also. These new areas were included in the GATT negotiations primarily at the instance of USA. TheFinal Act included as many as 19 new instruments constituting multilateral agreement on Trade in goods, four PlurilateralTrade Agreements, an agreement each on TRIPS and services, an understanding on Dispute Settlement, an Agreementon Trade Policy Review Mechanism and Numerous decisions and declarations.

The underlying theme of TRIPS being free trade as provided in the WTO / GATT, countries are required to preparenecessary legal frame work spelling out the scope and standards of protection for rights in regard to the intellectural

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property. The WTO covers nine types of intellectual property – copy right, trademarks, trade secrets, geographicalindications, industrial designs, integrated circuits, plants, micro-organisms and plant varieties. Many disadvantagesare attributed to the IPR provisions of WTO, such as technological dependence on Foreign firms, increased outflowof foreign exchange due to commitments undertaken in the field of TRIPS, TRIMS and services, increasing intrusionin domestic sovereignty, etc.

The TRIPs with provisions for product patenting, process patenting, provisions for exclusive marketing rights, recognitionof IPRs as private property right, etc. confirms the belief that trade flows in the GATT – 1994 Scenario would be moretechnology – driven than ever before. The Character of World Trade has undergone profound structural changes inrecent years exhibiting the following characteristics:

• Intra – industry trade: Countries engage in both exporting and importing in the same product groupsuch as textiles for textiles, chemicals for chemicals, etc. Intra – industry trade among developedcountries of Western Europe Measured as the bilaterally balanced proportions of total trade turnoveris more than 60 to 70 per cent for the product groups, such as chemicals, textiles and non-electricalmachinery. Product diversification, process – wide decomposition of the final product into componentsand intermediate goods, product – differentiation with slight changes in designs, packaging, brands.Etc. have changed the profile of structural characteristics of the products that enter into trade.

• There is evidence of close intra-firm and intra-industry linkages in regard to the identification ofproduction runs, designs, packaging etc. This has prompted the Multi-National Corporations (MNCs)to spread across the globe. The corporate decisions of the MNCs for location of their plants forspecialization of different stages of production are governed by complex factors, such as the profit –tax policies of the countries, credit rating of a country, policies towards foreign investment, convertibilityof currency, exchange rate policies, labour laws etc. Factor – endowments has become one of thefactors, of lesser significance.

•· The emergence of many new frontier technologies, such as biotechnology, photovoltaics, micro-electronics, etc. has revolutionized the world production and trade; these developments carry potentialsof limitless opportunities and threats.

• The share of services in the GNP has been sharply increasing both in the developing and the developedcountries. USA has been fast losing its comparative advantage in goods sector and it is expandingthe market space for its service sectors.

• Now issues have come to the forefront to influence the trade patterns – environment, human rights,child labour – to mention a few; these defy traditional theories of trade. The world in witnessingtransfer of polluting industries to the developing countries.

• The large debt burden in the indebted developing countries, have also generated unprecedentedforces which influence the production and trade patterns in the world as a whole. However, theeconomic power centers are also getting shifted and re-structured.

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TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS.

CHAPTER - 2

The Agreement on Trade – Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) provides for minimum norms andstandards in respect of the following categories of intellectual property rights –

(a) Copyrights and related rights(b) Trademarks(c) Geographical Indications(d) Industrial Designs(e) Patents(f) Lay out designs of integrated circuits(g) Protection of undisclosed information (trade secrets)

The Agreement sets out minimum standards to be adopted by the parties, though they are free to provide higherstandards of protection. A transition period of five years is available to all developing countries to give effect to theprovisions of the TRIPS Agreement. This period ended on 1.1.2000. No transitional period is available, however, forgrant of national treatment and most – favoured – nation treatment. Countries that did not provide product patents incertain areas of technology as on 1.1.1995, can delay the grant of product patents in those areas for another fiveyears ie., upto 1.1.2005.

Where a country does not make available patent protection for pharmaceutical and agricultural chemical products ason 1.1.1995, they have to provide a means for accepting applications for such inventions (mailbox), apply applicablepriority rights and provide exclusive marketing rights (EMRs) for such products. The EMRs have to be provided inIndia only if a set of conditions have been met, i.e. where a patent application has been filed after 1.1.1995 in anyWTO member, patent and marketing approval granted in that Member country, an application has been filed in themailbox in India and marketing approval obtained in India. The EMR is available for five years from grant or till thepatent is granted or rejected, whichever is earlier. The Patent (Amendment) Act, 1999 was passed in March 1999 toprovide for mailbox and EMR facility.

The state of play of India’s obligations under TRIPS arising as on 1.1.2000 in respect of the seven IPRs coveredunder TRIPS is briefly given below.

(a) Copyrights and related rights

Copyright

Copyright is the exclusive right given by law to the creators of literacy, musical and artistic worlds, films and records.The creators of literacy works and artistic works such as writer, poets, composers of music and artists have rights ofownership of their works. These rights are afforded legal protection to prevent unlawful re-protection of such works.Copyright is an exclusive right to dispose sell and commercially exploit an intellectual work, by means of printing,lithography, graphic protection, copying, moulds, casts, photography, a cinematography film, gramophone record, orrolls for mechanical instruments, concerts, oral delivery or recitation, the clerical representation, translation, adapta-tion, performance, broadcast transmission or any other form of reproduction, multiplication of copies or dissemina-tion. It is a monopolistic right to reproduce a work and for certain works, right of public performance. It offersprotection to those who produce intellectual works in the field of literature, music and fine arts including photographs,films and performance of artists. The law on the subject products the skill, labour and capital employed by the author.

The object of the Copyright Act is to protect the writer and the artist from unlawful re-production, plagiarism, piracyand imitation. However, production of an identical item through independent creative research is not prohibited andthere can be no liability for infringement in such cases. The law in essence is concerned with the negative right ofpreventing the copyright of physical material, existing in the field of literature and art. The copyright enables theauthor to claim authorship of the work as well as to restrain or claim damages in respect of distortion or othermodifications in the work or any other action which is prejudicial to his honour or reputation in relation to that work.While in case of patents, designs and trademarks, the rights can be acquired only by registration, in case of copyrightregistration is not necessary and it subsists automatically.

Like all the intellectual property rights, copy rights protection as obtained by the domestic law of a country and theadequacy of the present copyright Act, 1957 (The copyright (Amendment) Act, 1999. in force in India to meet therequirements of minimum protection sought by the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement, requires analysis.

Section I of Part II of TRIPS Agreement is related to copyright and related matters. Article 9 to 14 of the TRIPSAgreement deal with copyright and related matters.

In the area of copyright and related rights (i.e., rights of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting

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organizations), the Agreement enquires compliance with the substantive provisions of the Berne Convention. Com-puter programmes are to be protected as literary works, the term of protection for copyrights and right of performersand producers of phonograms is to be no less than 50 years. In case of broadcasting organizations, however, theterm of protection is to be at least 20 years. India is already a signatory to the Berne Convention and our lawsconform to the provisions of the Convention. India’s copyright law has been amended and in some ways exceeds therequirements of the TRIPS Agreement, for example, on the period for copyright protection (which is 60 years inIndia). The law was amended in December 1999 to grant 25 – year term of protection for neighbouring rights.

(b) Trade marks

Trade mark is an identification symbol which is used in the course of trade to enable the purchasing public to distin-guish one trader’s goods from similar goods of other traders. The word “Mark” includes a device, brand, heading,label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter or numeral or any combination thereof. A trade mark which is distinctiveidentification of manufactured produce or of a service taking the form of a name, sign motto, device or emblem,identifies them with a particular trader or with his successor as the owner of the particular business. A trade markperforms three functions – it identifies the product and its origin, it guarantees its unchanged quality and it helps inadvertisement of the product.

The trade marks give the consumer of final buyer a guarantee of identity of origin of marked product, by enabling himto distinguish the product, with no risk of confusion, from products of different origin. The owner of the mark, whetherregistered or unregistered gets a long term right to the exclusive use of it in relation to particular goods in respect ofwhich it is registered or used.

A trade mark is a commercial asset intended to be used commercially by businessmen. It is considered to be a typeof property, the owner of which gets a perpetual right to its exclusive use in relation to his goods and services.

Trade Mark Law:

When a person gets his trade mark registered under law, he acquires valuable rights by reason of such registration.Registration of his trade mark gives him the exclusive right to the use of the trade mark in connection with the goodsin respect of which it is registered and if there is any invasion of this right by any other person using a mark which isthe same or deceptively similar to his trade mark, by an action for infringement in which he can obtain injunction,damages, or an account of profit made by the other person.

TIPS Agreement of the WTO:-

Section 2 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement is concerned with the “Trade Marks”. WTO member countries areobliged to grant full protection to the registered trade marks.

The purpose of a trade mark is to indicate the source of origin of goods or such source of a service, in respect of whichalso a mark may be applied for, now that the new Trade Marks Act, 1999 has provided for the registration of servicemark also.

In course of time, the mark came to represent to the customers a certain quality relating to the goods in relation towhich the marks were used. Today, a trade mark is a powerful tool to move goods and the basis of that power is thecustomer’s preference for a brand, which a trade mark has helped the supplier of the goods to built over a period oftime. For all these reasons a trademark, which it is well established, is a property of considerable value to the ownerof the mark. TRIPS aims that the members provide the maximum protection to this mark, in accordance with thisAgreement (Article 15 to 21) and other relevant conventions on trade marks, to everyone carrying on business in aMember’s territory, whether he is a national of that Member, or otherwise.

(c) Geographical Indication

Certain geographical names have acquired a lot of importance in the commercial market, particularly with regard tothe goods uniquely associated with such names.

In respect of any agricultural goods, natural goods or manufactured goods, or any goods of handicraft or goods ofindustry including food stuff, generally, bears the geographical indications to attracts the attention of the consumers.

Traders attach considerable value to the public recognizing the source, particularly the place of origin of the goods,especially when the name of that place is taken as a synonym necessarily after long and continuous use, for somespecial quality associated with the product originating from that place. Example are: Darjeeling tea, Kanjeevaramsilk, etc.

There is every possibility of misusing such geographical names and wrongly applying to even those goods or prod-ucts, not associated with such names.

Persons producing such articles will, justifiably, claim an exclusive right to use such geographical appellations in thedescription of their products, which implies that they would seek to prevent traders producing those goods elsewhere

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from appending these applications to their products for the simple reason that those description are not true and itwould be misleading the public as to the true suppliers of those goods.

To prevent unauthorized person from misusing geographical indications, protection should be provided. Such protectionhelps the consumer from deception. It also adds to the economic prosperity of the producers of such goods.

Hence, the international community has taken note of the necessity to protect the ‘indications of source and appellationsof origin’ i.e., geographical indication.

However, it should be remembered that no individual would be able to claim this right, but it would inhere in all thosecarrying on their business in that area. The Geographical Indications of Good (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999is now the law in India.

TRIPS Agreement also provided the protection of geographical indications. Section 3 of the Part II of TRIPS Agreementdeals with the Geographical Indications.

The Agreement contains a general obligation that parties shall provide the legal means for interested parties toprevent the use of any means in the designation or presentation of a good that indicates or suggests that the good inquestion originates in a geographical area other that the true place of origin of the good. We currently provideprotection to geographical indications through passing off action in courts or through certification marks. However, toprovide better protection to geographical indications a new law “The Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration& Protection) Act, 1999 has since been enacted.

(d) Industrial Designs

Consumers are influenced by the appearance of the article in their choice. Many people blindly choose the articlewhich catches their eye by appearance. At the time of purchase, people are attracted by a design which has anartistic merit. Some articles with a particular design may attract the public and within a short period, the whole stockmay be sold in the market. Hence, design of goods increases profits by attracting customers. Producers hunt for anattractive design which will increase sales. Some intellectuals do hard work by pulling much thought, time andexpense to find a design for a particular article which will increase sales. The object of design registration is to seethat the creator of a profitable design is not deprived of his reward by others applying it to their goods without hispermission.

The development of a design for commercial purposes involves considerable expenditure on research, time andcreative skills. The value of a design as an intellectual property right direct proportion to originality, novelty and eye-appeal. Under the Design Act, 1911, Creation for registration of a design is that it should be new or original. It shouldnot also have been previously published.

“Design” means only the features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament applied to any article by any industrialprocess or means, whether manual, mechanical or chemical, separate or combined, which in the finished articleappeal to and are judged solely by the eye; but does not include any more or principle of construction or anythingwhich is in substance mere mechanical device, and does not include any trade mark.

A design is something which is applied to an article and is not the article itself. An article to which the design is to beapplied must be something which is to be delivered to the purchaser as a finished goods. The buildings and structureare not articles within the definition of design. But portable structures or models which are sold as finished articlesmay subject matter for registration of design.

Design right is a new intellectual property right which applies to original, non-common place designs of the shape orconfiguration of articles. It is not a monopoly right but a right to prevent copying and lasts until five years from thedate of registration, which is extendable for a further period of five years, and for another period of five years onpayment of requisite fee. A design right is a property, which like any other business commodity, may be bought, soldor licensed. All applications for registration of design are to be made to the controller of patents by a person claimingto be proprietor to the design.

There are four features relevant to an industrial or product design. They are shape, configuration, pattern andornament. The shape and configuration refer to the form of an article and is usually three dimensional in nature.Pattern and ornament are decorative features ordinarily applied to be surface of the article and they are in the natureof two-dimensional.

The design refer to features of shape which appeal to the eye should be judged solely by the eye and not by anyfunctional considerations. A design in order to be registered must be both new and original and not previouslypublished. The words ‘new’ or ‘original’ involves the idea of novelty either in the pattern, shape, or ornament itself. Indeciding the question of novelty or originality evidence of experts in the trade is admissible. The design for registrationshould not be published previously. Publication may be of two types –

i) Publication in prior documents, and ii) Publication by prior use

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If a copy of the publication is available in a public library that may be sufficient to constitute publication.

Section 4 of the part II of TRIPS Agreement covers Industrial Design.

Obligations envisaged in respect of industrial designs are that independently created designs that are new or originalshall be protected. There in an option to exclude from protection, designs dictated by technical or functional consid-eration, as against aesthetic consideration, which constitutes the coverage of industrial designs. The Bill to amendIndustrial Design Act was passed early this year.

(e) Patents

A patent is a legal monopoly granted to the owner of a new invention which is capable of use, for a limited period oftime. It is a statutory privilege granted by the Government to inventors and other persons deriving their rights fromthe inventor; Under patent system, useful proprietary knowledge moves physically across borders constantly. Underthe concept of exclusive right, an inventor may exclude all others from the manufacture, use and sale of a qualifyinginvention. With regard to the duration of the exclusive right, there is a length of time, whether fixed, adjustable,renewable or indefinite. In some cases, the patent life may be for 17 to 20 years.

A patent is a form of industrial or intellectual property. A patent being a creation of statute is territorial in extent. Apatent granted in one state cannot be enforced in another state unless the invention concerned is also patented in thatstate.

Mainly states that the concept of patent and its essential ingredients like novelty, invent step, lack of obviousness andsufficiency of description have remained the same ever since was conceived over four hundred years ago.

A patent is not granted for an idea or principle as such, but for some article or the process of making some articleapplying the idea.

A patent is to encourage and develop new technology and industry. An inventor has exclusive right to keep it secretly.The patent is granted for a statutory period and after the expiry of monopoly period others can use the invention orimprove upon it.

Patents have assumed an international character. The international convention for the protection of Industrial Prop-erty (i.e., Paris Convention) and the TRIPS Agreement of WTO provided patent rights for industrial property in all thecountries of the union for the protection of industrial property. In India, the rights conferred on a patentee are purelystatutory rights conferred by the Patent Act 1970 and as amended from time to time.

India has had a patent system since 1856, and the present Patent Act, 1970 is a successor to the Indian Patent andDesign Act, 1911. The 1970 Act made a significant depature from the previous Act in removing the scope in the 1911Act for obtaining product patents for drugs and medicines and certain classes of chemicals, by expressly prohibiting,through section 5 of the Act, as it stood before the 1999 Amendment, the issue of a patent in respect of claim for thesubstance itself where:

(a) The invention claimed that the substance was one intended for use, or capable of being used, as food or asmedicine or drug, or

(b) The invention related to a substance prepared or produced by chemical processes (including alloys, opticalglass, semi-conductors and intermetallic compounds).

Section 5 of Part II of TRIPS Agreement relate to the patent.

The basic obligation in the area of patents is that, inventions in all fields of technology whether products or processesshall be patentable if they meet the three tests of being novel, involving an inventive step and being capable ofindustrial application. In addition to the general security exception, which applies to the entire TRIPS Agreement,specific exclusions are permissible from the scope of patentability. These are available in the areas of inventionswhose commercial exploitation is to be prevented to protect public order or morality, human, animal plant life orhealth or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment. In addition, we can exclude from patentability diagnostictherapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of human and animals, plants and animals other than microorgan-isms, and essentially biological process for the production of plants and animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes.

To meet our TRIPS obligations as on 1.1.2000, the Patents (Second Amendment) Bill, 1999 has been introduced inthe Parliament in December 1999 and is before the Joint Committee of the Houses.

In respect of plant varieties, there is an obligation to provide for protection either by patents or by an effective suigeneris system or by any combination thereof. The Agreement dos not spell out the elements of an effective suigeneris system and it is left to each Government to determine the elements, which could be deemed to be providingeffective protection. A decision has been taken to put in place a sui generis system as it is perceived to be in ournational interest. A Bill in this regard is before the Joint Committee of the Houses of the Parliament.

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(f) Layout Designs (Topographics) of Integrated Circuits

Modern age is the electronic age. All the modern products are having transistors and other circuity elements whichare inseparably formed on a semiconductor material and these semiconductors are intended to perform an electronicfunction. Layout designs of integrated circuits are considered as intellectual property. Infringement of these layoutdesigns is punishable. The protection of the integrated circuits and layout designs was internationally recognized andthe Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated circuits was made at Washigton D.C. on May 26, 1989. Itwas brought into existence in response to laws enacted in several countries for protection of integrated circuits andlayout designs. The protection is conferred on the basis of national treatment.

The nature of the subject matter of protection would, it seems, appropriately be covered by the copyright Act, 1957,as an artistic work, defined under sec. 2C, which definition includes: “ A drawing (which would include a diagram,map, chart or plan)…” or “any other work of artistic craftsman ship”.

However, the nature of the work, the value it would gain in certain applications and other related matters, mightrequire separate treatment under some specific law. And to confirm fully to the requirements of the different Articlesof the TRIPS Agreement relating to layout designs (topographics) of integrated circuits, special provisions coveringthem such as the definition of the right, the limits of the right, the procedure for registration, the condition therefore,the duration of the right and what are not infringements have been incorporated into the special enactment, ‘Thesemiconductor Integrated circuits layout Design Bill 1999’ now before the parliament.

The TRIPS Agreement of WTO also protected the rights of layout designs. Section 6 (Art – 35 to 38) of Part II of theTRIPS Agreement covers the right of the layout design (Topographics) of integrated circuits.

India is a signatory to the international agreement administered by WIPO on this subject known as the WashingtonTreaty. The main obligations of the Washington Treaty are also incorporated in the TRIPS Agreement with someenhancement and cover the protection of the intellectual property in respect of lay-out designs that are original in thesense of being result of their creator’s own intellectual efforts. The obligations include national treatment to foreignright holders and a term of protection for 10 years. A Bill in this regard was introduced in the Parliament in December1999 and is awaiting passage.

(g) Undisclosed information (Confidential Information)

People in business, trade and manufacture prepare to keep the information relating to their financial management,inventive administrative procedures which contribute to efficiency in production and value addition undisclosed. Thedisclosure of such information might help his competitors and predators of knowledge. Secrecy and a belief in itsefficiency and utility are the factors which make the information undisclosed. If the undisclosed information is alreadyknown or is in common use or ceases to be of any utility the information loses its characteristics of undisclosure orconfidentiality.

The right in undisclosed information is a civil right. It is inherent in every person acquire, retain and protect undis-closed information about his business, trade and manufacture.

The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of WTO protects the undisclosed informationglobally.

Section 7 part II of TRIPS covers undisclosed Information.

The Agreement provides in this area that natural and legal persons shall have the possibility of preventing informa-tion lawfully within their control from being disclosed to, acquired by or used by others without their consent in amanner contrary to honest commercial practices. Further, parties are required to protect against unfair commercialuses, undisclosed or other data obtained as a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or of agricul-tural chemical products.

In India we do not have a separate legislation dealing with trade secrets. Common law on the subject is evolving andthe courts have provided relief where allegations of wrongful disclosure have been proven. It is not felt necessary tohave a separate legislation on the subject.

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TRIPS : WHAT ARE IPRs

What are intellectual property rights?

CHAPTER - 3Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations of their minds. They usually give thecreator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creation for a certain period of time.

Intellectual property rights are customarily divided into two main areas:

(i) Copyright and rights related to copyright.

The rights of authors of literary and artistic works (such as books and other writings, musical compositions, paintings,sculpture, computer programs and films) are protected by copyright, for a minimum period of 50 years after the deathof the author.

Also protected through copyright and related (sometimes referred to as “neighbouring”) rights are the rights of performers(e.g. actors, singers and musicians), producers of phonograms (sound recordings) and broadcasting organizations.The main social purpose of protection of copyright and related rights is to encourage and reward creative work.

(ii) Industrial property.

Industrial property can usefully be divided into two main areas:

* One area can be characterized as the protection of distinctive signs, in particular trademarks (whichdistinguish the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings) and geographicalindications (which identify a good as originating in a place where a given characteristic of the good isessentially attributable to its geographical origin).

The protection of such distinctive signs aims to stimulate and ensure fair competition and to protectconsumers, by enabling them to make informed choices between various goods and services. Theprotection may last indefinitely, provided the sign in question continues to be distinctive.

* Other types of industrial property are protected primarily to stimulate innovation, design and the creation oftechnology. In this category fall inventions (protected by patents), industrial designs and trade secrets.

The social purpose is to provide protection for the results of investment in the development of newtechnology, thus giving the incentive and means to finance research and development activities.

A functioning intellectual property regime should also facilitate the transfer of technology in the form offoreign direct investment, joint ventures and licensing.

The protection is usually given for a finite term (typically 20 years in the case of patents).

While the basic social objectives of intellectual property protection are as outlined above, it should also be noted thatthe exclusive rights given are generally subject to a number of limitations and exceptions, aimed at fine-tuning thebalance that has to be found between the legitimate interests of right holders and of users.

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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY : PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT

CHAPTER - 4Ideas and knowledge are an increasingly important part of trade. Most of the value of new medicines and other hightechnology products lies in the amount of invention, innovation, research, design and testing involved. Films, musicrecordings, books, computer software and on-line services are bought and sold because of the information andcreativity they contain, not usually because of the plastic, metal or paper used to make them.

Many products that used to be traded as low-technology goods or commodities now contain a higher proportion ofinvention and design in their value — for example brandnamed clothing or new varieties of plants.

Creators can be given the right to prevent others from using their inventions, designs or other creations. These rightsare known as “intellectual property rights”. They take a number of forms. For example books, paintings and filmscome under copyright; inventions can be patented; brandnames and product logos can be registered as trademarks;and so on.

Origins: into the rule-based trade system

The extent of protection and enforcement of these rights varied widely around the world; and as intellectual propertybecame more important in trade, these differences became a source of tension in international economic relations.New internationally-agreed trade rules for intellectual property rights were seen as a way to introduce more order andpredictability, and for disputes to be settled more systematically.

The 1986-94 Uruguay Round achieved that. The WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Prop-erty Rights (TRIPS) is an attempt to narrow the gaps in the way these rights are protected around the world, and tobring them under common international rules. When there are trade disputes over intellectual property rights, theWTO’s dispute settlement system is now available.

· The agreement covers five broad issues:· How basic principles of the trading system and other international intellectual property agreements should be

applied· How to give adequate protection to intellectual property rights· How countries should enforce those rights adequately in their own territories· How to settle disputes on intellectual property between members of the WTO· Special transitional arrangements

Basic principles: national treatment, MFN, and technological progress

As in GATT and GATS, the starting point of the intellectual property agreement is basic principles. And as in the twoother agreements, non-discrimination features prominently: national treatment (treating one’s own nationals andforeigners equally), and most-favoured-nation treatment (equal treatment for nationals of all trading partners in theWTO). National treatment is also a key principle in other intellectual property agreements outside the WTO.

When an inventor or creator is granted patent or copyright protection, he obtains the right to stop other people makingunauthorized copies. Society at large sees this temporary intellectual property protection as an incentive to encour-age the development of new technology and creations which will eventually be available to all. The TRIPS Agree-ment recognizes the need to strike a balance. It says intellectual property protection should contribute to technicalinnovation and the transfer of technology. Both producers and users should benefit, and economic and social welfareshould be enhanced, the agreement says.

How to protect intellectual property: common ground-rules

The second part of the TRIPS agreement looks at different kinds of intellectual property rights and how to protectthem. The purpose is to ensure that adequate standards of protection exist in all member countries. Here the startingpoint is the obligations of the main international agreements of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)that already existed before the WTO was created:

Some areas are not covered by these conventions. In some cases, the standards of protection prescribed werethought inadequate. So the TRIPS agreement adds a significant number of new or higher standards.

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Copyright

The TRIPS agreement ensures that computer programmes will be protected as literary works under the BerneConvention and outlines how databases should be protected. It also expands international copyright rules to coverrental rights. Authors of computer programmes and producers of sound recordings must have the right to prohibit thecommercial rental of their works to the public. A similar exclusive right applies to films where commercial rental hasled to widespread copying, affecting copyright-owners’ potential earnings from their films.

The agreement says performers must also have the right to prevent unauthorized recording, reproduction and broadcastof live performances (bootlegging) for no less than 50 years. Producers of sound recordings must have the right toprevent the unauthorized reproduction of recordings for a period of 50 years.

Trademarks

The agreement defines what types of signs must be eligible for protection as trademarks, and what the minimumrights conferred on their owners must be. It says that service marks must be protected in the same way as trademarksused for goods. Marks that have become well-known in a particular country enjoy additional protection.

Geographical indications

Place names are sometimes used to identify a product. Well-known examples include “Champagne”, “Scotch”, “Tequila”,and “Roquefort” cheese. Wine and spirits makers are particularly concerned about the use of place-names to identifyproducts, and the TRIPS agreement contains special provisions for these products. But the issue is also important forother types of goods.

The use of a place name to describe a product in this way — a “geographical indication” — usually identifies both itsgeographical origin and its characteristics. Therefore, using the place name when the product was made elsewhere orwhen it does not have the usual characteristics can mislead consumers, and it can lead to unfair competition. TheTRIPS agreement says countries have to prevent the misuse of place names.

For wines and spirits, the agreement provides higher levels of protection, i.e. even where there is no danger of thepublic being misled.

Some exceptions are allowed, for example if the name is already protected as a trademark or if it has become ageneric term. For example, “cheddar” now refers to a particular type of cheese not necessarily made in Cheddar. Butany country wanting to make an exception for these reasons must be willing to negotiate with the country which wantsto protect the geographical indication in question. The agreement provides for further negotiations in the WTO toestablish a multilateral system of notification and registration of geographical indications for wines.

Industrial designs

Under the TRIPS agreement, industrial designs must be protected for at least 10 years. Owners of protected designsmust be able to prevent the manufacture, sale or importation of articles bearing or embodying a design which is acopy of the protected design.

Patents

The agreement says patent protection must be available for inventions for at least 20 years. Patent protection mustbe available for both products and processes, in almost all fields of technology. Governments can refuse to issue apatent for an invention if its commercial exploitation is prohibited for reasons of public order or morality. They canalso exclude diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methods, plants and animals (other than microorganisms), andbiological processes for the production of plants or animals (other than microbiological processes).

Plant varieties, however, must be protectable by patents or by a special system (such as the breeder’s rights providedin the conventions of UPOV — the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants).

The agreement describes the minimum rights that a patent owner must enjoy. But it also allows certain exceptions. Apatent-owner could abuse his rights, for example by failing to supply the product on the market. To deal with thatpossibility, the agreement says governments can issue “compulsory licences”, allowing a competitor to produce theproduct or use the process under licence. But this can only be done under certain conditions aimed at safeguardingthe legitimate interests of the patent-holder.

If a patent is issued for a production process, then the rights must extend to the product directly obtained from theprocess. Under certain conditions alleged infringers may be ordered by a court to prove that they have not used thepatented process.

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What’s the difference?

Obviously, copyrights, patents, trademarks, etc apply to different types of creations or inventions. They are alsotreated differently.

Patents - and in many cases, industrial designs, integrated circuit designs, geographical indications and trademarks— have to be registered in order to receive protection. The registration includes a description of what is beingprotected — the invention, design, brandname, logo, etc — and this description is public information.

Copyright and trade secrets are protected automatically according to specified conditions. They do not have to beregistered.

Other conditions may also differ, for example the length of time that each type of protection remains in force.

Integrated circuits layout designs

The basis for protecting integrated circuit designs (“topographies”) in the TRIPS agreement is the Washington Treatyon Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits, which comes under the World Intellectual PropertyOrganization. This was adopted in 1989 but has not yet entered into force. The TRIPS agreement adds a number ofprovisions: for example, protection must be available for at least 10 years.

Undisclosed information and trade secrets

Trade secrets and other types of “undisclosed information” which have commercial value must be protected againstbreach of confidence and other acts contrary to honest commercial practices. But reasonable steps must have beentaken to keep the information secret. Test data submitted to governments in order to obtain marketing approval fornew pharmaceutical or agricultural chemicals must also be protected against unfair commercial use.

Curbing anti-competitive licensing contracts

The owner of a copyright, patent or other form of intellectual property right can issue a licence for someone else toproduce or copy the protected trademark, work, invention, design, etc. The agreement recognizes that the terms of alicensing contract could restrict competition or impede technology transfer. It says that under certain conditions,governments have the right to take action to prevent anti-competitive licensing that abuses intellectual propertyrights. It also says governments must be prepared to consult each other on controlling anti-competitive licensing.

Enforcement: tough but fair

Having intellectual property laws is not enough. They must be enforcable. This is covered in Part 3 of TRIPS. Theagreement says governments have to ensure that intellectual property rights can be enforced under their laws, andthat the penalties for infringement are tough enough to deter further violations. The procedures must be fair andequitable, and not unnecessarily complicated or costly. They must not entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranteddelays. People involved should be able to ask a court to review an administrative decision or to appeal a lower court’sruling.

The agreement describes in some detail how enforcement have to be handled, including rules for obtaining evidence,provisional measures, injunctions, damages and other penalties. It says courts must have the right, under certainconditions, to order the disposal or destruction of pirated or counterfeit goods. Wilful trademark counterfeiting orcopyright piracy on a commercial scale must be criminal offences. Governments have to make sure that intellectualproperty rights owners can receive the assistance of customs authorities to prevent imports of counterfeit and piratedgoods.

Transition arrangements: 1, 5 or 11 years to fall into line

When the WTO agreements took effect on 1 January 1995, developed countries were given one year to ensure thattheir laws and practices conform with the TRIPS agreement. Developing countries and (under certain conditions)transition economies are given five years. Least developed countries have 11 years.

If a developing country did not provide product patent protection in a particular area of technology when the TRIPSAgreement came into force (1 January 1995), it has up to 10 years to introduce the protection. But for pharmaceuticaland agricultural chemical products, the country must accept the filing of patent applications from the beginning of thetransitional period, though the patent need not be granted until the end of this period. If the government allows therelevant pharmaceutical or agricultural chemical to be marketed during the transition period, it must — subject to

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certain conditions — provide an exclusive marketing right for the product for five years, or until a product patent isgranted, whichever is shorter. Subject to certain exceptions, the general rule is that obligations in the agreementapply to intellectual property rights that exist at the end of a country’s transition period, as well as to new ones.

A Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights monitors the working of the agreement andgovernments’ compliance with it.

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TRIPS : A MORE DETAILED OVERVIEW OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT

Overview: the TRIPS Agreement

CHAPTER - 5

The TRIPS Agreement, which came into effect on 1 January 1995, is to date the most comprehensive multilateralagreement on intellectual property.

The areas of intellectual property that it covers are: copyright and related rights (i.e. the rights of performers, producersof sound recordings and broadcasting organizations); trademarks including service marks; geographical indicationsincluding appellations of origin; industrial designs; patents including the protection of new varieties of plants; thelayout-designs of integrated circuits; and undisclosed information including trade secrets and test data.

The three main features of the Agreement are:

· Standards. In respect of each of the main areas of intellectual property covered by the TRIPS Agreement, theAgreement sets out the minimum standards of protection to be provided by each Member. Each of the mainelements of protection is defined, namely the subject-matter to be protected, the rights to be conferred andpermissible exceptions to those rights, and the minimum duration of protection. The Agreement sets thesestandards by requiring, first, that the substantive obligations of the main conventions of the WIPO, the ParisConvention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Paris Convention) and the Berne Convention for the Protectionof Literary and Artistic Works (Berne Convention) in their most recent versions, must be complied with. With theexception of the provisions of the Berne Convention on moral rights, all the main substantive provisions of theseconventions are incorporated by reference and thus become obligations under the TRIPS Agreement betweenTRIPS Member countries. The relevant provisions are to be found in Articles 2.1 and 9.1 of the TRIPS Agreement,which relate, respectively, to the Paris Convention and to the Berne Convention. Secondly, the TRIPS Agreementadds a substantial number of additional obligations on matters where the pre-existing conventions are silent orwere seen as being inadequate. The TRIPS Agreement is thus sometimes referred to as a Berne and Paris-plusagreement.

· Enforcement. The second main set of provisions deals with domestic procedures and remedies for the enforcementof intellectual property rights. The Agreement lays down certain general principles applicable to all IPR enforcementprocedures. In addition, it contains provisions on civil and administrative procedures and remedies, provisionalmeasures, special requirements related to border measures and criminal procedures, which specify, in a certainamount of detail, the procedures and remedies that must be available so that right holders can effectivelyenforce their rights.

· Dispute settlement. The Agreement makes disputes between WTO Members about the respect of the TRIPSobligations subject to the WTO’s dispute settlement procedures.

In addition the Agreement provides for certain basic principles, such as national and most-favoured-nation treatment,and some general rules to ensure that procedural difficulties in acquiring or maintaining IPRs do not nullify thesubstantive benefits that should flow from the Agreement. The obligations under the Agreement will apply equally toall Member countries, but developing countries will have a longer period to phase them in. Special transitionarrangements operate in the situation where a developing country does not presently provide product patent protectionin the area of pharmaceuticals.

The TRIPS Agreement is a minimum standards agreement, which allows Members to provide more extensive protectionof intellectual property if they so wish. Members are left free to determine the appropriate method of implementingthe provisions of the Agreement within their own legal system and practice.

Certain general provisions

As in the main pre-existing intellectual property conventions, the basic obligation on each Member country is toaccord the treatment in regard to the protection of intellectual property provided for under the Agreement to thepersons of other Members. Article 1.3 defines who these persons are. These persons are referred to as “nationals”but include persons, natural or legal, who have a close attachment to other Members without necessarily beingnationals. The criteria for determining which persons must thus benefit from the treatment provided for under theAgreement are those laid down for this purpose in the main pre-existing intellectual property conventions of WIPO,applied of course with respect to all WTO Members whether or not they are party to those conventions. Theseconventions are the Paris Convention, the Berne Convention, International Convention for the Protection of Performers,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Rome Convention), and the Treaty on Intellectual Propertyin Respect of Integrated Circuits (IPIC Treaty).

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Articles 3, 4 and 5 include the fundamental rules on national and most-favoured-nation treatment of foreign nationals,which are common to all categories of intellectual property covered by the Agreement. These obligations cover notonly the substantive standards of protection but also matters affecting the availability, acquisition, scope, maintenanceand enforcement of intellectual property rights as well as those matters affecting the use of intellectual property rightsspecifically addressed in the Agreement. While the national treatment clause forbids discrimination between a Member’sown nationals and the nationals of other Members, the most-favoured-nation treatment clause forbids discriminationbetween the nationals of other Members. In respect of the national treatment obligation, the exceptions allowed underthe pre-existing intellectual property conventions of WIPO are also allowed under TRIPS. Where these exceptionsallow material reciprocity, a consequential exception to MFN treatment is also permitted (e.g. comparison of terms forcopyright protection in excess of the minimum term required by the TRIPS Agreement as provided under Article 7(8)of the Berne Convention as incorporated into the TRIPS Agreement). Certain other limited exceptions to the MFNobligation are also provided for.

The general goals of the TRIPS Agreement are contained in the Preamble of the Agreement, which reproduces thebasic Uruguay Round negotiating objectives established in the TRIPS area by the 1986 Punta del Este Declarationand the 1988/89 Mid-Term Review. These objectives include the reduction of distortions and impediments to internationaltrade, promotion of effective and adequate protection of intellectual property rights, and ensuring that measures andprocedures to enforce intellectual property rights do not themselves become barriers to legitimate trade. Theseobjectives should be read in conjunction with Article 7, entitled “Objectives”, according to which the protection andenforcement of intellectual property rights should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to thetransfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledgeand in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations. Article 8,entitled “Principles”, recognizes the rights of Members to adopt measures for public health and other public interestreasons and to prevent the abuse of intellectual property rights, provided that such measures are consistent with theprovisions of the TRIPS Agreement.

Substantive standards of protection

Copyright

During the Uruguay Round negotiations, it was recognized that the Berne Convention already, for the most part,provided adequate basic standards of copyright protection. Thus it was agreed that the point of departure should bethe existing level of protection under the latest Act, the Paris Act of 1971, of that Convention. The point of departureis expressed in Article 9.1 under which Members are obliged to comply with the substantive provisions of the ParisAct of 1971 of the Berne Convention, i.e. Articles 1 through 21 of the Berne Convention (1971) and the Appendixthereto. However, Members do not have rights or obligations under the TRIPS Agreement in respect of the rightsconferred under Article 6bis of that Convention, i.e. the moral rights (the right to claim authorship and to object to anyderogatory action in relation to a work, which would be prejudicial to the author’s honour or reputation), or of the rightsderived therefrom. The provisions of the Berne Convention referred to deal with questions such as subject-matter tobe protected, minimum term of protection, and rights to be conferred and permissible limitations to those rights. TheAppendix allows developing countries, under certain conditions, to make some limitations to the right of translationand the right of reproduction.

In addition to requiring compliance with the basic standards of the Berne Convention, the TRIPS Agreement clarifiesand adds certain specific points.

Article 9.2 confirms that copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods ofoperation or mathematical concepts as such.

Article 10.1 provides that computer programs, whether in source or object code, shall be protected as literary worksunder the Berne Convention (1971). This provision confirms that computer programs must be protected under copyrightand that those provisions of the Berne Convention that apply to literary works shall be applied also to them. Itconfirms further, that the form in which a program is, whether in source or object code, does not affect the protection.The obligation to protect computer programs as literary works means e.g. that only those limitations that are applicableto literary works may be applied to computer programs. It also confirms that the general term of protection of 50 yearsapplies to computer programs. Possible shorter terms applicable to photographic works and works of applied art maynot be applied.

Article 10.2 clarifies that databases and other compilations of data or other material shall be protected as such undercopyright even where the databases include data that as such are not protected under copyright. Databases areeligible for copyright protection provided that they by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constituteintellectual creations. The provision also confirms that databases have to be protected regardless of which form theyare in, whether machine readable or other form. Furthermore, the provision clarifies that such protection shall not

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extend to the data or material itself, and that it shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data ormaterial itself. Article 11 provides that authors shall have in respect of at least computer programs and, in certaincircumstances, of cinematographic works the right to authorize or to prohibit the commercial rental to the public oforiginals or copies of their copyright works. With respect to cinematographic works, the exclusive rental right issubject to the so-called impairment test: a Member is excepted from the obligation unless such rental has led towidespread copying of such works which is materially impairing the exclusive right of reproduction conferred in thatMember on authors and their successors in title. In respect of computer programs, the obligation does not apply torentals where the program itself is not the essential object of the rental.

According to the general rule contained in Article 7(1) of the Berne Convention as incorporated into the TRIPSAgreement, the term of protection shall be the life of the author and 50 years after his death. Paragraphs 2 through 4of that Article specifically allow shorter terms in certain cases. These provisions are supplemented by Article 12 of theTRIPS Agreement, which provides that whenever the term of protection of a work, other than a photographic work ora work of applied art, is calculated on a basis other than the life of a natural person, such term shall be no less than50 years from the end of the calendar year of authorized publication, or, failing such authorized publication within 50years from the making of the work, 50 years from the end of the calendar year of making.

Article 13 requires Members to confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which donot conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of theright holder. This is a horizontal provision that applies to all limitations and exceptions permitted under the provisionsof the Berne Convention and the Appendix thereto as incorporated into the TRIPS Agreement. The application ofthese limitations is permitted also under the TRIPS Agreement, but the provision makes it clear that they must beapplied in a manner that does not prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.

Related rights

The provisions on protection of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations are included inArticle 14. According to Article 14.1, performers shall have the possibility of preventing the unauthorized fixation oftheir performance on a phonogram (e.g. the recording of a live musical performance). The fixation right covers onlyaural, not audiovisual fixations. Performers must also be in position to prevent the reproduction of such fixations.They shall also have the possibility of preventing the unauthorized broadcasting by wireless means and thecommunication to the public of their live performance.

In accordance with Article 14.2, Members have to grant producers of phonograms an exclusive reproduction right. Inaddition to this, they have to grant, in accordance with Article 14.4, an exclusive rental right at least to producers ofphonograms. The provisions on rental rights apply also to any other right holders in phonograms as determined innational law. This right has the same scope as the rental right in respect of computer programs. Therefore it is notsubject to the impairment test as in respect of cinematographic works. However, it is limited by a so-called grand-fathering clause, according to which a Member, which on 15 April 1994, i.e. the date of the signature of the MarrakeshAgreement, had in force a system of equitable remuneration of right holders in respect of the rental of phonograms,may maintain such system provided that the commercial rental of phonograms is not giving rise to the materialimpairment of the exclusive rights of reproduction of right holders.

Broadcasting organizations shall have, in accordance with Article 14.3, the right to prohibit the unauthorized fixation,the reproduction of fixations, and the rebroadcasting by wireless means of broadcasts, as well as the communicationto the public of their television broadcasts. However, it is not necessary to grant such rights to broadcasting organizations,if owners of copyright in the subject-matter of broadcasts are provided with the possibility of preventing these acts,subject to the provisions of the Berne Convention.

The term of protection is at least 50 years for performers and producers of phonograms, and 20 years for broadcastingorganizations (Article 14.5).

Article 14.6 provides that any Member may, in relation to the protection of performers, producers of phonograms andbroadcasting organizations, provide for conditions, limitations, exceptions and reservations to the extent permittedby the Rome Convention.

Trademarks

The basic rule contained in Article 15 is that any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing thegoods and services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings, must be eligible for registration as a trademark,provided that it is visually perceptible. Such signs, in particular words including personal names, letters, numerals,figurative elements and combinations of colours as well as any combination of such signs, must be eligible forregistration as trademarks.

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Where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services, Member countries areallowed to require, as an additional condition for eligibility for registration as a trademark, that distinctiveness hasbeen acquired through use. Members are free to determine whether to allow the registration of signs that are notvisually perceptible (e.g. sound or smell marks).

Members may make registrability depend on use. However, actual use of a trademark shall not be permitted as acondition for filing an application for registration, and at least three years must have passed after that filing datebefore failure to realize an intent to use is allowed as the ground for refusing the application (Article 14.3).

The Agreement requires service marks to be protected in the same way as marks distinguishing goods (see e.g.Articles 15.1, 16.2 and 62.3).

The owner of a registered trademark must be granted the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having theowner’s consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identicalor similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered where such use would result in a likelihood ofconfusion. In case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or services, a likelihood of confusion must bepresumed (Article 16.1).

The TRIPS Agreement contains certain provisions on well-known marks, which supplement the protection requiredby Article 6bis of the Paris Convention, as incorporated by reference into the TRIPS Agreement, which obligesMembers to refuse or to cancel the registration, and to prohibit the use of a mark conflicting with a mark which is wellknown. First, the provisions of that Article must be applied also to services. Second, it is required that knowledge inthe relevant sector of the public acquired not only as a result of the use of the mark but also by other means, includingas a result of its promotion, be taken into account. Furthermore, the protection of registered well-known marks mustextend to goods or services which are not similar to those in respect of which the trademark has been registered,provided that its use would indicate a connection between those goods or services and the owner of the registeredtrademark, and the interests of the owner are likely to be damaged by such use (Articles 16.2 and 3).

Members may provide limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark, such as fair use of descriptive terms,provided that such exceptions take account of the legitimate interests of the owner of the trademark and of thirdparties (Article 17).

Initial registration, and each renewal of registration, of a trademark shall be for a term of no less than seven years.The registration of a trademark shall be renewable indefinitely (Article 18).

Cancellation of a mark on the grounds of non-use cannot take place before three years of uninterrupted non-use haselapsed unless valid reasons based on the existence of obstacles to such use are shown by the trademark owner.Circumstances arising independently of the will of the owner of the trademark, such as import restrictions or othergovernment restrictions, shall be recognized as valid reasons of non-use. Use of a trademark by another person,when subject to the control of its owner, must be recognized as use of the trademark for the purpose of maintainingthe registration (Article 19).

It is further required that use of the trademark in the course of trade shall not be unjustifiably encumbered by specialrequirements, such as use with another trademark, use in a special form, or use in a manner detrimental to itscapability to distinguish the goods or services (Article 20).

Geographical indications

Geographical indications are defined, for the purposes of the Agreement, as indications which identify a good asoriginating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or othercharacteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin (Article 22.1). Thus, this definitionspecifies that the quality, reputation or other characteristics of a good can each be a sufficient basis for eligibility asa geographical indication, where they are essentially attributable to the geographical origin of the good.

In respect of all geographical indications, interested parties must have legal means to prevent use of indicationswhich mislead the public as to the geographical origin of the good, and use which constitutes an act of unfair compe-tition within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention (Article 22.2).

The registration of a trademark which uses a geographical indication in a way that misleads the public as to the trueplace of origin must be refused or invalidated ex officio if the legislation so permits or at the request of an interestedparty (Article 22.3).

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Article 23 provides that interested parties must have the legal means to prevent the use of a geographical indicationidentifying wines for wines not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication. This applies evenwhere the public is not being misled, there is no unfair competition and the true origin of the good is indicated or thegeographical indication is accompanied be expressions such as “kind”, “type”, “style”, “imitation” or the like. Similarprotection must be given to geographical indications identifying spirits when used on spirits. Protection againstregistration of a trademark must be provided accordingly.

Article 24 contains a number of exceptions to the protection of geographical indications. These exceptions are ofparticular relevance in respect of the additional protection for geographical indications for wines and spirits. Forexample, Members are not obliged to bring a geographical indication under protection, where it has become a genericterm for describing the product in question (paragraph 6). Measures to implement these provisions shall not prejudiceprior trademark rights that have been acquired in good faith (paragraph 5). Under certain circumstances, continueduse of a geographical indication for wines or spirits may be allowed on a scale and nature as before (paragraph 4).Members availing themselves of the use of these exceptions must be willing to enter into negotiations about theircontinued application to individual geographical indications (paragraph 1). The exceptions cannot be used to diminishthe protection of geographical indications that existed prior to the entry into force of the TRIPS Agreement (paragraph3). The TRIPS Council shall keep under review the application of the provisions on the protection of geographicalindications (paragraph 2).

Industrial designs

Article 25.1 of the TRIPS Agreement obliges Members to provide for the protection of independently created industrialdesigns that are new or original. Members may provide that designs are not new or original if they do not significantlydiffer from known designs or combinations of known design features. Members may provide that such protection shallnot extend to designs dictated essentially by technical or functional considerations.

Article 25.2 contains a special provision aimed at taking into account the short life cycle and sheer number of newdesigns in the textile sector: requirements for securing protection of such designs, in particular in regard to any cost,examination or publication, must not unreasonably impair the opportunity to seek and obtain such protection. Membersare free to meet this obligation through industrial design law or through copyright law.

Article 26.1 requires Members to grant the owner of a protected industrial design the right to prevent third parties nothaving the owner’s consent from making, selling or importing articles bearing or embodying a design which is a copy,or substantially a copy, of the protected design, when such acts are undertaken for commercial purposes.

Article 26.2 allows Members to provide limited exceptions to the protection of industrial designs, provided that suchexceptions do not unreasonably conflict with the normal exploitation of protected industrial designs and do notunreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the owner of the protected design, taking account of the legitimateinterests of third parties.

The duration of protection available shall amount to at least 10 years (Article 26.3). The wording “amount to” allowsthe term to be divided into, for example, two periods of five years.

Patents

The TRIPS Agreement requires Member countries to make patents available for any inventions, whether products orprocesses, in all fields of technology without discrimination, subject to the normal tests of novelty, inventiveness andindustrial applicability. It is also required that patents be available and patent rights enjoyable without discriminationas to the place of invention and whether products are imported or locally produced (Article 27.1).

There are three permissible exceptions to the basic rule on patentability. One is for inventions contrary to ordre publicor morality; this explicitly includes inventions dangerous to human, animal or plant life or health or seriously prejudicialto the environment. The use of this exception is subject to the condition that the commercial exploitation of theinvention must also be prevented and this prevention must be necessary for the protection of ordre public or morality(Article 27.2).

The second exception is that Members may exclude from patentability diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methodsfor the treatment of humans or animals (Article 27.3(a)).

The third is that Members may exclude plants and animals other than micro-organisms and essentially biologicalprocesses for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. However,any country excluding plant varieties from patent protection must provide an effective sui generis system of protection.Moreover, the whole provision is subject to review four years after entry into force of the Agreement (Article 27.3(b)).

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The exclusive rights that must be conferred by a product patent are the ones of making, using, offering for sale,selling, and importing for these purposes. Process patent protection must give rights not only over use of the processbut also over products obtained directly by the process. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transferby succession, the patent and to conclude licensing contracts (Article 28).

Members may provide limited exceptions to the exclusive rights conferred by a patent, provided that such exceptionsdo not unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the patent and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimateinterests of the patent owner, taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties (Article 30).

The term of protection available shall not end before the expiration of a period of 20 years counted from the filing date(Article 33).

Members shall require that an applicant for a patent shall disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear andcomplete for the invention to be carried out by a person skilled in the art and may require the applicant to indicate thebest mode for carrying out the invention known to the inventor at the filing date or, where priority is claimed, at thepriority date of the application (Article 29.1).

If the subject-matter of a patent is a process for obtaining a product, the judicial authorities shall have the authority toorder the defendant to prove that the process to obtain an identical product is different from the patented process,where certain conditions indicating a likelihood that the protected process was used are met (Article 34).

Compulsory licensing and government use without the authorization of the right holder are allowed, but are madesubject to conditions aimed at protecting the legitimate interests of the right holder. The conditions are mainly containedin Article 31. These include the obligation, as a general rule, to grant such licences only if an unsuccessful attempthas been made to acquire a voluntary licence on reasonable terms and conditions within a reasonable period of time;the requirement to pay adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case, taking into account the economicvalue of the licence; and a requirement that decisions be subject to judicial or other independent review by a distincthigher authority. Certain of these conditions are relaxed where compulsory licences are employed to remedy practicesthat have been established as anticompetitive by a legal process. These conditions should be read together with therelated provisions of Article 27.1, which require that patent rights shall be enjoyable without discrimination as to thefield of technology, and whether products are imported or locally produced.

Layout-designs of integrated circuits

Article 35 of the TRIPS Agreement requires Member countries to protect the layout-designs of integrated circuits inaccordance with the provisions of the IPIC Treaty (the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits),negotiated under the auspices of WIPO in 1989. These provisions deal with, inter alia, the definitions of “integratedcircuit” and “layout-design (topography)”, requirements for protection, exclusive rights, and limitations, as well asexploitation, registration and disclosure. An “integrated circuit” means a product, in its final form or an intermediateform, in which the elements, at least one of which is an active element, and some or all of the interconnections areintegrally formed in and/or on a piece of material and which is intended to perform an electronic function. A “layout-design (topography)” is defined as the three-dimensional disposition, however expressed, of the elements, at leastone of which is an active element, and of some or all of the interconnections of an integrated circuit, or such a three-dimensional disposition prepared for an integrated circuit intended for manufacture. The obligation to protect layout-designs applies to such layout-designs that are original in the sense that they are the result of their creators’ ownintellectual effort and are not commonplace among creators of layout-designs and manufacturers of integrated circuitsat the time of their creation. The exclusive rights include the right of reproduction and the right of importation, saleand other distribution for commercial purposes. Certain limitations to these rights are provided for.

In addition to requiring Member countries to protect the layout-designs of integrated circuits in accordance with theprovisions of the IPIC Treaty, the TRIPS Agreement clarifies and/or builds on four points. These points relate to theterm of protection (ten years instead of eight, Article 38), the applicability of the protection to articles containinginfringing integrated circuits (last sub clause of Article 36) and the treatment of innocent infringers (Article 37.1). Theconditions in Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement apply mutatis mutandis to compulsory or non-voluntary licensing ofa layout-design or to its use by or for the government without the authorization of the right holder, instead of theprovisions of the IPIC Treaty on compulsory licensing (Article 37.2).

Protection of undisclosed information

The TRIPS Agreement requires undisclosed information — trade secrets or know-how — to benefit from protection.According to Article 39.2, the protection must apply to information that is secret, that has commercial value becauseit is secret and that has been subject to reasonable steps to keep it secret. The Agreement does not require undisclosed

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information to be treated as a form of property, but it does require that a person lawfully in control of such informationmust have the possibility of preventing it from being disclosed to, acquired by, or used by others without his or herconsent in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices. “Manner contrary to honest commercial practices”includes breach of contract, breach of confidence and inducement to breach, as well as the acquisition of undisclosedinformation by third parties who knew, or were grossly negligent in failing to know, that such practices were involvedin the acquisition.

The Agreement also contains provisions on undisclosed test data and other data whose submission is required bygovernments as a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or agricultural chemical products whichuse new chemical entities. In such a situation the Member government concerned must protect the data againstunfair commercial use. In addition, Members must protect such data against disclosure, except where necessary toprotect the public, or unless steps are taken to ensure that the data are protected against unfair commercial use.

Control of anti-competitive practices in contractual licences

Article 40 of the TRIPS Agreement recognizes that some licensing practices or conditions pertaining to intellectualproperty rights which restrain competition may have adverse effects on trade and may impede the transfer anddissemination of technology (paragraph 1). Member countries may adopt, consistently with the other provisions of theAgreement, appropriate measures to prevent or control practices in the licensing of intellectual property rights whichare abusive and anti-competitive (paragraph 2). The Agreement provides for a mechanism whereby a country seekingto take action against such practices involving the companies of another Member country can enter into consultationswith that other Member and exchange publicly available non-confidential information of relevance to the matter inquestion and of other information available to that Member, subject to domestic law and to the conclusion of mutuallysatisfactory agreements concerning the safeguarding of its confidentiality by the requesting Member (paragraph 3).Similarly, a country whose companies are subject to such action in another Member can enter into consultations withthat Member (paragraph 4).

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PATENTING AN INVENTIONCHAPTER - 6

1. IntroductionIntellectual Property like any other property owned by an individual, gives him an exclusive right on that property afterregistering the same with the concerned government authority. A patent therefore, is a document on intellectualproperty issued by a government office, upon application which describes an invention, and creates a legal situationin which the patented invention can normally only be exploited with the authorization of the owner of the patent.

It is a government guarantee to the discoverer or inventor of some new and useful process or product that he willhave exclusive rights to the production, use, sale of his work for a specified period of time. The patent is granted inreturn for the patentee’s disclosure in his patent application of the details of the invention or discovery. The govern-ment grants this right for exclusive use and profit in order to provide an incentive for the advancement of science andthe useful arts.

Patents are frequently referred to as “monopolies”, but nowhere, in most laws, is the inventor or the owner of apatented invention given the right to make, use or sell anything straightway. The effects of the grant of a patent arethat the patented invention may not be exploited in the country by persons other than the owner of the patent unlessthe owner agrees to such exploitation.

Thus, while the owner is not given a statutory right to practice his invention, he is given a statutory right to preventothers from exploiting his invention, which is frequently referred to as right to exclude others from making, using orselling this invention. The right to take action against any person exploiting the patented invention in the countrywithout his agreement constitutes the patent owner’s most important right. It permits him to derive the materialbenefits to which he is entitled as a reward for his intellectual effort, work and compensation for the expenses incurredin research and experimentation leading to the invention.

Though the right to exclude all others from exploiting the potential product operates to invest the patentee with amonopolistic franchise to make, use or sell the potential invention, it may happen, particularly when the patent of oneperson improves on the patent of another, that neither patentee will be able to merchandise or utilize the improvedproduct without the consent of the other as illustrated in the following cases:

a) The Human race has been in search of a time keeping device, which could provide them proper and correcttime. This search came to an end to a grant extent when a mechanical watch was invented in the year 1327 byRichard of Wallingford but unfortunately the description was not complete. This gave an opportunity to GiovanniDondi, a professor at the universities of Padova and of Florence to invent and produce a mechanical watch in theyear 1369. The instinct to improve it further, carried on and a significant advancement came through by providingelectric – power instead of manual power, keeping the basic principle of the mechanical watch intact. This electricpower driven clock was patented and Alexander Bain, a Scotman became the first patentee of the invention.

Had the earlier person who invented the basic clock acquired a patent for his invention, both the inventors wouldprevent anyone else from making, use or selling the clocks. This sets up the necessity and importance of licensing.Under these circumstances the original inventor of the mechanical clock would require a license from Alexander Bainto make an Electric clock and on the other hand the Electric clock patentee would require a license from the originalpatentee of mechanical clock in order to use or sell the clock.

(b) When Alexander Graham Bell received his patent for the telephone, he had the power to prevent anyone elsemaking, using or selling a telephone. Assume that someone else later invented a dial telephone for which that personalso received a patent as an improvement on Bell’s telephone, this second person would then be able to preventanyone else, including Bell, from making, using or selling a dial telephone in accordance with that patent. This setsup the necessity and importance of licensing. In these circumstance, Bell would need a license from the owner of thedial telephone patent and who in turn would need a license from Bell under Bell’s basic telephone patent in order tomake, use or sell the dial telephone.

It should be emphasized, however, that while the State may grant patent rights it does not automatically enforce themand it is up to the owner of patent to bring an action, usually under civil law, for any infringement of his patent rights.The patentee must therefore be his own “policeman”.

2. Patentability Criteria

In most countries of the world, an invention must meet the following criteria if it is to be eligible for patent protection:

(a) The invention must consists of patentable subject matter

(b) It must be new (novel)(c) It must exhibit a sufficient “inventive step” (be non-obvious)

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(d) It must be industrially applicable / useful(e) The disclosure of the invention in the patent application must meet certain standards.(a) Patentable subject Matter

In order to be eligible for patent protection, an invention must fall within the scope of patentable subject matter.Patentable subject matter is established by statue and is usually defined in terms of the exceptions to patentability,the general rule being that patent protection shall be available for inventions in all fields of technology.

Examples of fields of technology which may be excluded from the scope of patentable subject matter include thefollowing:

- discoveries of material or substances existing in nature- Scientific theories or mathematical methods;- Plant, animal varieties, or essential biological processes for the production of such plant or animal varieties,

other than microbiological processes;- Schemes, rules or methods, such as those for doing business, performing purely mental acts or playing games;- Methods of treatment for humans or animals, or diagnostic methods practiced on humans or animals (but not

products for use in such methods).

In addition, temporary exclusions from patent protection may be provided for certain kinds of products or processesfor reasons of public interest, such as for example, pharmaceutical, agricultural chemicals or inventions in the nuclearfield. The current trend is away from such temporary exclusions.

(b) Novelty

Novelty is a fundamental requirement in any examination as to substance and is an undisputed condition of patent-ability. It must be emphasized, however, that novelty is not something which can be proved or established; only itsabsence can be proved.

An invention is new if it is not anticipated by ‘prior art’. ‘Prior art’ simply stated is the total comprehensive knowledgethat existed prior to the relevant filing or priority date of a patent application, whether it existed by way of written ororal disclosure. He question of what should constitute ‘prior art’ at a given point in time is one which is the subject ofdebate.

One viewpoint is that ‘prior art’ should be established against a back ground of what is known only in the protectingcountry. This would exclude knowledge from other countries, if it was not imported into the country before theinvention, even if that knowledge was available abroad before the said date.

Another viewpoint is based on the differentiation between printed disclosures / publications and other disclosuressuch as oral and prior use.

The disclosure of an invention should be so, that it becomes a part of ‘prior art’ and may be established in three ways,namely:

- by description of the invention in a published writing or document on, in other tangible form;- by a description of the invention in spoken words uttered in public; such a disclosure being termed an oral

disclosure;- by the use of the invention in public, or by putting the public in a position where any member of the public may

access it. Such a disclosure being a ‘disclosure by use’.

Publication in tangible form requires that there be some physical carrier for the information, a document in the broadsense of the term. The document must have been published, that is, made available to the public in any manner, byoffering for sale to deposit in a public collection. Publications include issued patents or published patent applications,writings (whether they be manuscript, typescript, or printed matter), pictures including photographs, drawings or films,and recording, whether they be discs or tapes in either spoken or coded language.

Oral disclosure, as the expression suggests, implies that the words or form of the disclosure are not necessarilyrecorded as such and includes lectures and radio broadcasts.

Disclosure by use is essentially a public, visual disclosure such as by display, sale, demonstration, unrecordedtelevision broadcasts and actual public use.

A document will only destroy the novelty of any invention claimed if the subject matter is explicitly contained in thedocument. The subject matter set forth in a claim of an application under examination is thus compared element byelement with the contents of each individual publication. Lack of novelty can only be found if the publication by itselfcontains all the characteristics of that claim, that is, if it anticipates the subject matter of the claim.

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(c) Inventive Step

In relation to the requirement of inventive step (also referred to as “non-obviousness”), the question as to whether ornot the invention “would have been obvious to a person having ordinary skill in the art” is perhaps a difficult standardto determine in the examination as to substance.

The inclusion of a requirement like this in patent legislation is based on the premise that protection should not begiven to what is already known as part of the ‘prior art’, or to anything that the person with ordinary skill could deduceas an obvious consequence thereof.

The person having ordinary skill in the art, is a person with appropriate technical training and practical experience.The expression “ordinary skill” is intended to exclude the ‘best’ expert that can be found. It is intended that the personbe limited to one having the average level or skill reached in the field in the country concerned.

It should be noted that novelty and inventive step are different criteria. Novelty exists if there is any differencebetween the invention and the prior art. The question, “is there an inventive step?” The question only arises if thereis novelty. The expression “inventive step” conveys the idea that it is not enough that the claimed invention is new,that is, different from what exists in the state of the art, but that this difference must have two characteristics.

Firstly, it must be “inventive”, that is, the result of a creative idea and, it must be a step that is noticeable. There mustbe a clearly noticeable difference between the state of the art and the claimed invention. This is why, in somejurisdictions, the concept is to look for an “advance” or “progress” over the prior art.

Secondly, it is required that this advance or progress be significant and essential to the invention.

In order to assess the nature of the differences, which are relied upon as constituting an inventive step, account hasto be taken of “prior art” as a whole. Thus, as distinct from the assessment of novelty, the subject matter of the claimunder examination is compared not with each publication or other disclosure separately, but with the combinationsthereof, in so far as each such combination is obvious to the person having ordinary skill in the art. The combinationmay be global, whereas the claim may define a set of subject matter known separately; for instance a new form ofwashing machine including a particular type of motor coupled to a particular type of pump. For inventive step to bedestroyed, it is necessary that not only the combination, but also the choice of the combined elements, is obvious. Itis the sum of the differences that have been discovered which must be compared with “prior art” and judged as toobviousness, and not each of the new elements taken individually, except where there is no technical link betweenthem.

The evaluation of the differences should not neglect any of the three aspects that typifies all inventions, namely:

(a) a problem to be solved;(b) a solution to that problem; and(c) a result guaranteed by the application of that solution.

If the problem is known or obvious, the examination will bear on the originality of the solution claimed. If no inventivestep is found in the solution, the question arises whether or not the result is obvious or whether it is surprising eitherby its nature or by its extent. If a person having ordinary skill in the art would have been able to pose the problem,solve it in the manner claimed, and foresee the result, the incentive step is lacking.

Design patents too must show originality and exercise of inventive faculty. To be patentable, the design must bemore than some thing merely new and pleasing enough to catch the trade. Here, particularly the standard is neces-sarily vague and generally difficult of application. Women’s were design patents for example, when granted by thepatent and Trademark Office, have generally been invalidated in the courts on the ground that they involved no morethan the skill of a good dressmaker.

(d) Industrial Applicability / Utility

An invention, in order to be patentable, must be of a kind which can be applied for practical purposes. In other words,the invention cannot be purely theoretical. It must be an invention that can be carried out in practice and applicablefor the benefit of mankind. If the invention is intended to be a product or part of a product, that product must becapable of being made. And if the invention is intended to be a process or part of a process, that process must becapable of being carried out – “used”, as it is said-in practice.

It is the possibility of making or manufacturing in practice and, this possibility of carrying out or using in practice, thatare reflected in the word “applicability” in the expression “industrial applicability.”

The word “industrial” in the same expression has a very special meaning in the terminology of patent laws. Incommon language, an “industrial” activity means a technical activity on a certain scale, and, “industrial” applicabilityof an invention means the application (making use) of an invention by technical means on that certain scale.

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(e) Disclosure of the Invention

An additional requirement of patentability is whether or not the inventions is sufficiently disclosed in the application.

A disclosure in an application, to be complete, must contain such description and details as to enable any personskilled in the art to which the invention relates, to make and use the invention as on the filing date of the application.

While the prior art setting may be mentioned in general terms in the description, the essential novelty, the essence ofthe invention, must be described in such detail, including proportions and techniques where appropriate, so as toenable persons skilled in the art to make and use the invention.

Specific operative embodiments or examples of the invention must be set out in the description. Examples and otherdescriptive passages should be of sufficient scope as to justify the scope of the claims.

3. Opposition

Whether or not there is an examination as to substance, some jurisdictions provide for an opposition procedure whichmay be instituted either before or after the grant of a patent. An opposition procedure is designed to allow thirdparties to present objections to the grant of a patent. So that oppositions may be filed, the public must be informedof the content of the application, and this is done by the patent office by publication of a notice in an official journal orgazette to the effect that

- the application is open to public inspection; and / or- the Patent Office will, unless opposition is filed within a prescribed period, grant a patent; or- a patent has been granted on the application.

The grounds upon which an opposition may be filed are limited by relevant legislation. Generally speaking, it shouldbe possible for an opposition to be based on non-compliance with any substantive requirement. However, the law insome countries only allows an opposition to be based on non-compliance with certain substantive requirements.Typically, these grounds are lack of novelty, inventive step or industrial applicability, insufficient disclosure of theinvention, or the fact that an amendment made to a Patent application has gone beyond the original disclosure in theapplication as filed. Some jurisdictions make it possible to file an opposition on the ground that the applicant has noright to a patent.

An example of such a conflict arose in relation to the validity of an attempt to patent a device used to light cigars andcigarettes that could be installed in the dashboard of motor cars. Although the patentee in a case, brought before theSupreme Court of the United States, was acknowledged to be the first to apply the technique of Thermostatic electriccircuit breakers to this use, lighting cigars and cigarettes and other purposes outside motor cars and the improvementmade by the patentee, specifically that of making it suitable for use while driving did not qualify as an invention.

4. Drafting and Filing a Patent Application

Before actual drafting of the patent application is carried out, the identification of the invention is a must. The draftingof a patent application can therefore, be divided into two parts:

(a) Identification of the invention(b) Practical aspects of drafting patent applications(a) Identification of the Invention:

The first task in drafting a patent application is the identification of the invention. This involves:

- summarizing all the necessary features which in combination solve a particular technical problem; and

- an examination of this combination to determine whether it would, according to one’s own judgement, fulfillthe requirements for patentability, especially inventive step.

It is during this process that a full comprehension of the essence of the invention is obtained, as this is important inhelping to draft the description and claims.

Generally speaking, an inventor may be so involved in his own considerations that he may be prejudiced in regard tothe direct result of his work. The result of this is a limited understanding by the inventor of his own invention,particularly the specific problem which he attempted to solve and all the specific features which lead to the mosteffective solution. On the other hand there are sometimes inventors who consider their invention in such a broad lightthat it easily covers the state of the art.

Often the invention contains many new features. It is essential to identify the critical feature or features and elaborateas to how they contribute to an effective solution of the problem. There are two important reasons for this. First, theclaims should be as broad as possible; the broadest claim is the one restricted by the least number of features.Second, having identified the critical features and their effect, it is necessary to ask how else may this effect beachieved; can the specific features be substituted or altered while still achieving the end result. This is important notonly in drafting the claims, which must be wide enough to cover these substitutes or alternatives, but also in the

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description of the invention which must include details of the substitutes or alternatives so that the broad claim can besupported by the description.

(b) Practical Aspects of Drafting Patent Applications:

Drafting practices and requirements differ from country to country. However, there are typically three basic require-ments to be complied with in drafting of a patent application.

Firstly, there is a requirement that the application should relate to one invention only, or to a group of inventions solinked as to form a single general inventive concept. This requirement, referred to as “unity of invention”, is particu-larly important when claims are being drafted.

Secondly, the description should disclose the invention in a sufficiently clear and complete manner for the inventionto be evaluated and to be carried out by a person having ordinary skill in the art. This is of fundamental importancesince one of the main functions of the description is to provide new technical information to third parties. An impor-tant phrase to note in this requirement is “a person having ordinary skill in the art”. This allows for a simplifieddescription since it can be assumed that the reader will be an informed reader having the background knowledgewhich makes it unnecessary to describe every basic detail of the invention.

Thirdly, the application must contain claims which determine the scope of the protection. The claims must be clearand concise and fully supported by the description. This third basic requirement is important since the claims are thebasis of interpretation of paten protection. It is from the claims that third parties are able to know what they may doand what they may not do. The claims may not be significantly broader or different from that which has beendescribed.

The first section of the description typically contains two elements namely, the title of the invention and a briefstatement of the technical field in which the invention lies. Usually this statement is in the form of a short introductoryparagraph which commences with the phrase “This invention relates to ….”

In the second section, the background of the invention is described. In drafting this section, the patent agent usuallysets out any existing problems or difficulties which the invention overcomes. Previous solution to those problems ordifficulties should be described, preferably in a way which clearly sets out the difference between the present inven-tion and the previous solutions. This section may also describe the object of the invention, that is to say, what theinvention sets out to achieve. The second section of the description is important to provide a good understanding ofthe invention and to put it into perspective against “prior art”.

The third section of the description provides a summary of the invention in terms that it may be readily understood.The patent agent will normally describe the invention first in general terms which correspond to those he intends touse in the main claim. By using this technique, the agent can avoid any disputes that might arise based on differ-ences between the invention described and the invention as defined in the claims. This description of the inventionin general terms is usually followed by a series of paragraphs which set out different preferred features of the inven-tion. These paragraph usually form the basis for dependent claims which follow the broad main claim.

In the fourth section of the description, two elements are generally found namely a brief description of the drawing, ifdrawings are appropriate and, a detailed description of one or more embodiments of the invention. Extensive use ofdrawings can assist in describing details of the invention. If the invention relates to some form of mechanical object,for example, drawings illustrating plan, elevation and sectional views of that object, could be used. Elements of thedrawings which are described are numbered in the drawings and these numbers utilized in the description of theembodiment.

Where the invention is an electrical circuit, drawings can be used effectively to show the connections between thevarious elements or components of the circuit. Again these elements or components should be numbered for ease ofreference. Normally the drawings should contain no textual matter. Exceptions, however, may be made when singledescriptive words can be used where they do not interfere with the lines of the drawings. Thus in any drawingillustrating an electrical circuit, for example, standard components may be indicated in the drawings by boxes whichmay be labeled. Similarly, where the invention relates to a process, drawings may show block, schematic or flowsheet diagram, and blocks or boxes contained therein may be labeled as appropriate.

Where the invention is in the chemical field, the drawing may be graph, and, more specifically, where the invention isof a metallurgical nature, the drawing may be a diagram such as a phase diagram.

It is usual for the description of the embodiment to include a passage which briefly describes the actual operation ofthe invention. If the device, for example, is a machine or an electrical circuit, the manner in which the machine orelectrical circuit operates is extremely helpful in understanding the invention.

The claims are the center or the heart of any granted patent because hey define the protection which is the purposeof the patent, the scope of the exclusive right provided by the patent. Therefore, it is the most important task withinthe work of the patent agent when preparing the application, to produce a wording of the claims which defines the

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invention in terms of the technical features disclosed in the description and which do not contain any reference tocommercial advantages.

The series of claims drafted by the patent agent generally commences with a broad main claim followed by a numberof claims of narrower scope. The broad claim is drafted so as to avoid the “prior art” known at the time of preparingthe application. The patent agent drafts the succeeding claims more narrowly and hopefully this results in a strongerclaim which could withstand any anticipation by more relevant prior art which might be produced by a patent officeduring examination, or by third parties during any opposition or invalidation proceeding. It should be emphasized thatthere must be some element of additional invention in each succeeding claim for it to be stronger.

The narrower claims following the broad main claim usually refer back to one or more of the preceding claims.Because of this they are usually called dependent claims. The features introduced in each of the dependent claimsmust find some basis in the description. There it is usually explained that these are preferred features which producea better technical form of the invention.

The last element of a patent is the abstract. The abstract presents a short summary of the description and the claims.It serves the purpose of enabling third parties to obtain quick information about the essential contents of the inven-tion. It must be emphasized that it is not used to interpret the scope of protection.

The guiding principle is that the abstract should be so drafted that it can efficiently serve as a scanning tool forpurposes of searching in the particular art. Thus the abstract has to be as concise as the disclosure permits contain-ing between 50 to 150 words.

5. Processing of New Application

As soon as the application form is submitted in the patent office, the application is checked to ensure that all therequirements necessary to accord the application a filing date have been satisfied. This is a fundamental check sinceif a filing date is not established, the application will not be treated as filed and it proceeds no further. The filing dateis important in the general scheme of things since it constitutes the date from which certain actions are calculatedsuch as the term of the patent and where appropriate, determines the priority date of any subsequent application inanother country under the terms of the Paris convention for the protection of Industrial Property (Paris convention).The filing date or priority date is also relevant to the evaluation of novelty and inventive step.

The priority date is also important in the general scheme of things. The right of priority may be based on a national,regional and international application filed less than twelve months earlier. Its effect is to substitute the date of theearlier filing for the date of the national filing and this is particularly important with respect to the relevant “prior art” forevaluating novelty and inventive step.

It must be emphasized that the right or priority is only available in those countries which are party to the ParisConvention. It should be noted however, that under some national laws, priority rights are granted on a bilateral basisof reciprocity for countries not parties to the Paris Convention.

The right of priority offers great practical advantages to an applicant who seeks protection in several countries. Theapplicant is not required to present all applications in his own country and in foreign countries at the same time, sincehe has up to twelve months to decide in which foreign countries he desire protection. The applicant can use thatperiod to organize with due care, the steps to be taken to secure protection in the various countries of interest to him.

After having decided on the filing date and priority date, the patent office starts processing of the application andconcentrates mainly on the following points:

(a) Examination as to form(b) Search(c) Examination as to substance

In each of these areas of activity, the normal procedure is for a dialogue to be carried out in writing, between anexaminer in the patent office and, the applicant. The patent agent acts as a go-between in the sense that he receivescommunications from the Patent Office, advises the applicant as to the appropriate course of action, takes theapplicant’s instruction and responds accordingly to the patent office’s communications.

(a) Examination as to Form

Examination as to form is normally carried out as soon as an application has been accorded a filing date. Basicallythis covers the following points; representation, content of the request, statement concerning the inventor, physicalrequirements governing the description, claims and drawings and the inclusion of an abstract. The applicant is givenan opportunity to correct any defects identified during examination as to form, and if such defect are not correctedwithin a specified time, the patent office rejects the application.

(b) Search

Depending on the examination procedure provided in the relevant law, the search will be conducted either separate

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from and prior to, or at the same time as, the examination as to substance. In either case, the objective of the searchis to determine the “prior art” in the specific field to which the invention relates. In conducting the search the patentoffice checks its documentation holdings to ascertain whether any documents exist which describe a solution whichis same or similar to that, described in the application.

If the search is conducted separately to the examination as to substance, a search report will be forwarded to theapplicant setting out.

- a list of the documents located during the search, which disclose subject matter the same as or closelyresembling the invention; and- the claims in the application that should be compared with each of those documents

The report may also give an indication of the scope of the search, that is the type of documents which may have beensearched, the time span covered, and the specific areas of technology searched.

The search itself is a documentary search in a collection of patent documents that are primarily arranged for searchpurposes according to the specific areas of technology. These patent documents may be supplemented by articlesfrom technical journals and other so-called non-patent documents. This total collection of documents is usuallyreferred to as “the search file”.

The patent office conducts the search only in respect of documents in the search file. The search does not extend todisclosure other than publication and in particular, does not seek to determine whether disclosure had taken place bypublic use. This type of disclosure if any, will only be taken into account during the examination as to substancephase, and then only if that use has been brought to the attention of the patent office by some third party’s action.

The search itself will first cover all directly relevant technical fields and may then have to be extended to analogousfields; but the need for such extension must be judged by the examiner in each individual case, taking into accountthe outcome of the search in the directly relevant areas of technology. It must be realized that whilst completenessis the ideal of the search, this ideal may not necessarily be obtained because of such factors as the inevitableimperfections of any classification and information retrieval system, and may not be economically justified if the costis to be kept within reasonable bounds.

(c) Examination as to substance:

The aim of the examination as to substance procedure is to ensure that the application satisfies certain conditions ofpatentability. In essence, this is to prevent the grant of a patent where:

- the invention is excluded from patent protection by specific provisions in the legislation;- the invention is not new, does not involve an inventive step and / or is not industrially applicable;- the invention is not sufficiently disclosed in a clear and complete manner in the documents filed; or- some other physical requirements of the application have not been met.

As with examination as to form, the applicant is given the opportunity to remove any objections raised during theexamination as to substance phase, and if he fails to do so within a specified time, the patent office will refuse thegrant of a patent.

It is in the interest of both the applicant and the public that there exists the possibility to amend the application. Notonly can deficiencies be eliminated and thus a better patent grant secured but also, amendments to clarify thedisclosure will result in a better description of the invention and a precise definition of the scope of protection.

Not all amendments are permissible. As a general rule, an amendment is not allowable if it goes beyond the originaldisclosure in the application.

It should be noted that since the purpose of any patent law is to protect inventions, the paten office will only refuse togrant a patent if the result of the examination clearly preclude the grant. Any doubt is resolved in the applicant’sfavour, since final adjudication on the validity or otherwise of a patent is usually possible via the courts.

6. Grant and Publication

If and when the examination process has reached a conclusion favourable to the applicant, that is to say all thenecessary requirement as to form and substance have been fulfilled, and assuming no opposition has been filed orthat any opposition has been unsuccessful, the patent office will grant a patent on the application. This involvescertain action on the part of the patent office.

Firstly, when the patent is granted, the details of the patent are entered into the Patent Register. The Register usuallycontains bibliographic data such as the patent number, the name and address of the applicant / patentee, the nameof the inventor, the original application number, the filing date, certain priority application details and the title of theinvention. It does not contain any technical information.

Additionally, in countries where annual fee payments are required in order to maintain the patent in force, the Register

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will contain details of when such fees have been paid, and may also list any details of licenses or assignments whichmay have been recorded.

The Register can thus be very useful to third parties especially competitors of the patentee, because it reveals theactual status of the patent. In some countries the courts accept a certified copy of the extract from the Register asbeing proof of the correctness of the position recorded in respect of the patent.Secondly, the patent office publishes in an official gazette, a reference to the grant of the patent with the prescribedbibliographic data. The entry in the official gazette may also contain the abstract or the main claim, and if there aredrawings, the most illustrative drawing.

Thirdly, a Certificate of Grant is issued to the applicant, which is the legal document establishing his ownership of thepatent. A copy of the granted patent is also issued at the same time.

Lastly, the patent office publishes the patent document itself in printed form. Copies of the patent document are madeavailable by the patent office for use by patent libraries, as a source of technical information and to third parties,subject to the payment of a fee.

As stated above, in order to keep the patent in force each year, for the term of the patent, a prescribed renewal ormaintenance fee, has to be usually paid to the patent office. In some countries, where a deferred examination systemexists, the maintenance fee is payable even before the patent is granted. In some countries the maintenance fee isnot required annually but may be paid, for example, say every three to five years. A small number of countries do notrequire the payment of maintenance fees.

Having discussed various aspects of patenting an invention it would be of interest to discuss a few examples byapplying patentability criteria. Two such examples are given in the Annexure I and II.

7. First page of a Patent Document

Patent Office in each country do publish information about the patent after granting the same. Each country has itsown prescribed format for presenting it. International orgaizations like WIPO or the European Patent Office dopublish information on inventions after their research is completed. Some of the data bases also have adoptedtypical formats to give specific details for the patents. Often the title page in such data bases give very valuableinformation. Typical first page of patent from USPTO (US), EPO, PCT is provided here for information.

7.1 US Patent:

The front page (page No 1) contains the following information:

(a) US Patent no, Inventors name and the date of issue.(b) The title of the patent(c) Abstract – brief description of the invention(d) Name of the inventor, assignee, Application no., date of filing(e) Related US Application Data(f) References cited(g) US National Classification as well as International Patent Classification.

7.2 PCT

The title page contains the following details:

(a) International patent classification, publication number and date(b) International application number(c) International filing date(d) Priority date(e) Name of the applicants and inventors(f) Designated states(g) International search report – only reference(h) Title of the patent(i) Abstract along with drawing giving brief description with reference to the drawing.

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7.3 EP – Title Page

(a) Title of the patent(b) Patent number(c) Publication date(d) Name of the inventor(e) Name of the applicant(f) Application number(g) Priority number and date(h) International publication classification(i) Name of the representative(j) Designated contracting states(k) Designated extension states(l) Brief description of the patent and drawing of the same

7.4 Japan

An abstract page (page – 22) for Japanese patent is also given. It will be noticed that the presentation brings out the“The Problem” and its “Solution” in a patent invention.

7.5 Gazette of India

Part III Section 2 of the Gazette of India deals with Notifications and Notices issued by the Patent Office relating topatents and designs. A copy of the front page of a copy of the Gazette is given on page 23. It generally contains thefollowing information:

(a) Addresses and jurisdiction of the patent office – It provides details about the main office, head – quarters atCalcutta and branch offices at Mumbai, Delhi and Chennai.

(b) Application for patents filed at the patent office – It provides details about filing the application in the headoffice and the branch offices. It also provides details of national phase application filed under PCT.

(c) Complete specification accepted – It provides details about the classification in respect of each specificationaccording to Indian classification and international classification system. It also issues a notice to the gen-eral public stating that if any person is interested in opposing the grant of application which he should do itwithin four months from the date of issue of the gazette.

(d) Opposition Proceedings – It provides details of opposition filed by any person on application for patentbefore the same is granted.

(e) Cessation of Patents – It provides the details of cessation of patens due to non-payment of fees.

(f) Restoration proceedings – It provides the details of restoration of any patent which was ceased due to non-payment of renewal fees within the prescribed time. It also issues a notice for opposition if any persondesires to do so for this restoration.

(g) Amendment proceedings – This provides details of amendments on the patent application submitted by thepatentee. It also indicates that any person can inspect the amendment and submit his opposition, if any.

(h) Patent sealed / granted – This provides the numbers of the patents which have been approved and sealed.

(i) Registration of Designs – It provides the details of the design registered. It also mentions that these designcan not be inspected for a specific period, generally two years from the date of issue except under specialpermission as per the provision of Design Act.

Refusal proceedings – It provides details of the rejection of the applications submitted for examination to thepatent office.

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WHAT ARE “INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS”?

CHAPTER - 7

Intellectual property rights can be defined as the rights given to people over the creations of their minds. They usuallygive the creator an exclusive right over the use of his/her creations for a certain period of time.

Intellectual property rights are traditionally divided into two main categories:

Copyright and rights related to copyright: i.e. rights granted to authors of literary and artistic works, and the rights ofperformers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations. The main purpose of protection of copyrightand related rights is to encourage and reward creative work.·Industrial property: This includes (1) the protection of distinctive signs such as trademarks and geographical indications,and (2) industrial property protected primarily to stimulate innovation, design and the creation of technology. In thiscategory fall inventions (protected by patents), industrial designs and trade secrets.

For the purposes of the TRIPS Agreement, “intellectual property” refers to:

... all categories of intellectual property that are the subject of Sections 1 through 7 of Part II of the agreement (Article1:2). This includes copyright and related rights, trademarks, geographical indications, industrial designs, patents,integrated circuit layout-designs and protection of undisclosed information.

Does the TRIPS Agreement apply to all WTO members?

All the WTO agreements (except for a couple of “plurilateral” agreements) apply to all WTO members. The memberseach accepted all the agreements as a single package with a single signature — making it, in the jargon, a “singleundertaking”.

The TRIPS Agreement is part of that package. Therefore it applies to all WTO members. (More on the singleundertaking.)

But the agreement allows countries different periods of time to delay applying its provisions. These delays define thetransition from before the agreement came into force (before 1 January 1995) until it is applied in member countries.The main transition periods are:

·Developed countries were granted a transition period of one year following the entry into force of the WTO Agreement,i.e. until 1 January 1996.

Developing countries were allowed a further period of four years (i.e. to 1 January 2000) to apply the provisions of theagreement other than Articles 3, 4 and 5 which deal with general principles such as non-discrimination.·Transition economies, i.e. members in the process of transformation from centrally-planned into market economies,could also benefit from the same delay (also until 1 January 2000) if they met certain additional conditions.

Least-developed countries are granted a longer transition period of a total of eleven years (until 1 January 2006), withthe possibility of an extension.

Which countries are using the general transition periods?

1. Developing Countries

WTO members can make use of the general transition periods without having to notify the WTO and fellow-members.The TRIPS Council reviews the legislation of members after their transition periods have expired. In 2000 and 2001,it is reviewing the legislation of the following members whose transition periods expired on 31 December:

Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Cameroon,Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador,Estonia, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, China, India, Indonesia, Israel,Jamaica, Kenya, Korea, Kuwait, Macau, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria,Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland (areas which were not reviewed in ’96–’98),Qatar, Saint Lucia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Suriname, Swaziland,Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Venezuela, Zimbabwe

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Please note, nonetheless, that many of these members put into effect national legislation to implement much of theTRIPS Agreement before 1 January 2000.

2. Least Developed Countries

In the WTO, least developed country members are those recognized as least developed countries by the UnitedNations. A list of WTO members in question can be found here. At present, this webpage says:

The WTO recognizes as least-developed countries those countries which have been designated as such by theUnited Nations. There are currently 48 least-developed countries on the UN list, 29 of which to date have becomeWTO Members. These are:

Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Djibouti, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Haiti, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania,Mozambique, Myanmar, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia

Several additional least-developed countries are in the process of accession to the WTO. Details here.

3. New Members

The general transitional periods apply to the original members of the WTO, i.e. governments that were members on1 January 1995. Since the WTO came into being, a number of countries have joined it. These countries have generallyagreed in their membership agreements (their “accession protocols”) to apply the TRIPS Agrement from the datewhen they officially became WTO members, without the benefit of any transition period.

The latest list of countries (and “customs territories”) applying to join the WTO can be found here, as can the list of allWTO members, and their dates of joining the WTO.

Do members have any obligations under the agreement during the transition period?

All members, even those availing themselves of the longer transitional periods, have had to comply with obligationson national treatment (equal treatment for foreign and domestic individuals and companies, Article 3) and most-favoured-nation treatment (non-discrimination between foreign individuals and companies, Article 4) from 1 January1996.

Special transition rules apply in the situation where a developing country does not provide product patent protectionin a given area of technology.

More specifically, if a developing country did not provide product patent protection in a particular area of technologywhen the TRIPS Agreement came into force (1 January 1995), it has up to 10 years (to 1 January 2005) to introducethe protection (Art 65.4).

But for pharmaceutical and agricultural chemical products, the country must accept the filing of patent applicationsfrom the beginning of the transitional period, even though the decision on whether or not to grant any patent itselfneed not be taken until the end of this period (Art 70.8). This is sometimes called the “mailbox” provision.

If the government allows the relevant pharmaceutical or agricultural chemical product to be marketed during thetransition period, it must — subject to certain conditions — provide the patent applicant an exclusive marketing rightfor the product for five years, or until a decision on granting a product patent is taken, whichever is shorter (Art 70.9).

In addition, Article 65.5 of the TRIPS Agreement says countries using the transition period should not backslide —members availing themselves of a transitional period (under paragraphs 1, 2, 3 or 4 of Article 65) must ensure thatany changes in their laws, regulations and practice made during the transition period do not result in a lesser degreeof consistency with the provisions of the agreement.

Were intellectual property rights covered under the old GATT (GATT 1947) before the TRIPSAgreement came into being?

Before the 1986–94 Uruguay Round negotiations, there was no specific agreement on intellectual property rights inthe framework of the GATT multilateral trading system.

However, some principles contained in the GATT had a bearing on intellectual property measures taken on imports orexports.

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Article XX(d) of GATT 1947 (now Article XX(d) of GATT 1994) specifically referred to intellectual property rights.Under this provision, measures which would otherwise be inconsistent with the General Agreement could be taken(subject to certain conditions) to secure compliance with laws or regulations relating, among other things, tointellectual propertyrights. What is the place of the TRIPS Agreement in th e multilateral trading system?

One of the fundamental characteristics of the TRIPS Agreement is that it makes protection of intellectual propertyrights an integral part of the multilateral trading system, as embodied in the WTO.

The TRIPS Agreement is often described as one of the three “pillars” of the WTO, the other two being trade in goods(the traditional domain of the GATT) and trade in services.

The TRIPS Agreement is part of the “single undertaking” resulting from the Uruguay Round negotiations. That impliesthat the TRIPS Agreement applies to all WTO members. It also means that the provisions of the agreement aresubject to the integrated WTO dispute settlement mechanism which is contained in the Dispute SettlementUnderstanding (the “Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes”). The TRIPS Agreement says WTO member countries must comply with the substantive obligations of the mainconventions of WIPO — the Paris Convention on industrial property, and the Berne Convention on copyright (in theirmost recent versions).

With the exception of the provisions of the Berne Convention on moral rights, all the substantive provisions of theseconventions are incorporated by reference. They therefore become obligations for WTO member countries under theTRIPS Agreement — they have to apply these main provisions, and apply them to the individuals and companies ofall other WTO members.

The TRIPS Agreement also introduces additional obligations in areas which were not addressed in these conventions,or were thought not to be sufficiently addressed in them.

The TRIPS Agreement is therefore sometimes described as a “Berne and Paris-plus” Agreement.

The text of the TRIPS Agreement also makes use of the provisions of some other international agreements onintellectual property rights:

·WTO members are required to protect integrated circuit layout designs in accordance with the provisions of theTreaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits (IPIC Treaty) together with certain additional obligations.· T h eTRIPS Agreement refers to a number of provisions of the International Convention for the Protection of Performers,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Rome Convention), without entailing a general requirementto comply with the substantive provisions of that Convention.

Article 2 of the TRIPS Agreement specifies that nothing in Parts I to IV of the agreement shall derogate from existingobligations that members may have to each other under the Paris Convention, the Berne Convention, the RomeConvention and the Treaty on Intellectual Property in respect of integrated circuits.

What is WIPO?

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) was established by a convention of 14 July 1967, which enteredinto force in 1970. It has been a specialized agency of the United Nations since 1974, and administers a number ofinternational unions or treaties in the area of intellectual property, such as the Paris and Berne Conventions.

WIPO’s objectives are to promote intellectual property protection throughout the world through cooperation amongstates and, where appropriate, in collaboration with any other international organization. WIPO also aims to ensureadministrative cooperation among the intellectual property unions created by the Paris and Berne Conventions andsub-treaties concluded by the members of the Paris Union.

The administration of the unions created under the various conventions is centralized through WIPO’s secretariat, the“International Bureau”. The International Bureau also maintains international registration services in the field of patents,

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trademarks, industrial designs and appellations of origin. WIPO also undertakes development cooperation for developingcountries through advice, training and furnishing of documents. An agreement on cooperation between WIPO andthe WTO came into force on 1 January 1996. The agreement provides cooperation in three main areas:

· notification of, access to and translation of national laws and regulations

· implementation of procedures for the protection of national emblems

· and technical cooperation.

WIPO is located at 34 chemin des Colombettes, Genevamailing address: P.O. Box 18, CH-1211 Geneva 20telephone: (41 22) 338 9111fax: (41 22) 733 5428website: www.wipo.int. Does the TRIPS Agreement require all member’s rules on protection of intellectual property to beidentical?

No, the TRIPS Agreement requires members to comply with certain minimum standards for the protection of intellectualproperty rights covered in it.

But Members may choose to implement laws which give more extensive protection than is required in the agreement,so long as the additional protection does not contravene the provisions of the agreement.

This is why the TRIPS Agreement is sometimes described as a “minimum standards” agreement.

In addition, the agreement gives members the freedom to determine the appropriate method of implementing theprovisions of the agreement within their own legal system and practice. The agreement thus takes into account thediversity of members’ legal frameworks (for instance between common law and civil law traditions).

Does the agreement allow compulsory licensing of patents?

Article 31 allows compulsory licensing and government use of a patent without the authorization of its owner.

But this can only be done under a number of conditions aimed at protecting the legitimate interests of the right holder.For example: (unless there is an emergency) the person or company applying for a licence must have first attempted,unsuccessfully, to obtain a voluntary licence from the right holder on reasonable commercial terms, and adequateremuneration must be paid to the right holder.

The authorization granted under compulsory licensing must also meet certain requirements. In particular, it cannot beexclusive, and it must as a general rule be granted predominantly to supply the domestic market.

(Compulsory licensing = authorization, given by a government, to use a patented invention without the consent ofthe patent-holder)

Does the agreement require members to provide patent protection to plant varieties?

Article 27.3(b) allows members to exclude some types of plant and animal inventions from patenting in their countries.

More specifically, it allows them to exclude from patentability “plants and animals other than micro-organisms, andessentially biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiologicalprocesses”.

However, the agreement says members must provide for the protection of plant varieties, either by patents or by aneffective sui generis system (i.e. a system created specially for this purpose) or by any combination of the two.

These agreement calls for a review of the provisions of Article 27.3(b) four years after the agreement entered intoforce (i.e. in 1999). This review is underway in the TRIPS Council.

What is the role of the TRIPS Council?

The TRIPS Council comprises all WTO members. It is responsible for monitoring the operation of the agreement,and, in particular, how members comply with their obligations under it.

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1. MONITORING: Members review each others’ laws.

The reviews are central to the TRIPS Council’s task of monitoring what is happening under the agreement.

Each country has to make sure its laws comply with the obligations of the agreement, according to the timetable speltout in the agreement. Most have to enact laws implementing the obligations.

These laws are notified to the TRIPS Council, allowing members to review each others’ legislation, and promoting thetransparency of members’ policies on intellectual property protection.

The requirement to notify comes under Article 63.2 of the TRIPS Agreement. Members have to supply the TRIPSCouncil with copies of their laws and regulations that deal with the TRIPS Agreements’ provisions.

These notifications are then used as the basis the Council’s reviews of members’ legislation.

In these reviews, countries supply written questions about each others’ laws before the review meetings. The answersare also in writing. Follow-up questions and replies are made orally during the course of the meeting, and furtherfollow-up is possible at subsequent meetings.

2. CONSULTATIONS: On any TRIPS issue

The TRIPS Council is also a forum that countries can use to consult each other on problems they may have with eachother to do with the TRIPS Agreement.

It can also clarify or interpret provisions of the agreement.

3. TECHNICAL COOPERATION: A work programme

The Council follows a work programme on technical cooperation with a view to monitoring how developed countriesfulfil their obligations under Article 67 of the TRIPS Agreement.

This article sets out the developed countries’ commitments on technical cooperation. The work programme ensuresthat developing countries can have adequate information on the assistance on offer. It also ensures any of theirunfulfilled needs are identified and responded to.

4. REVIEWS AND NEGOTIATIONS ON SPECIFIC SUBJECTS

The WTO is a forum for further negotiations aimed at enhanced commitments in the area of intellectual property, asin other areas covered by the WTO agreements.

The TRIPS Agreement calls for further work in specified areas, including:

· the negotiation of a multilateral system of notification and registration for geographical indications for wines(Article 23.4);

· the review of the application of provisions on protecting geographical indications (Article 24.2);· the review, after four years, of the option to exclude from patentability certain plant and animal inventions

(Article 27.3(b));

and the examination of the applicability to TRIPS of non-violation complaints under the dispute settlementprocess (Article 64).

5. REVIEW OF TRIPS AGREEMENT

The TRIPS Council will hold a general review of the agreement after five years; but it is also empowered to review itat any time in the light of any relevant new developments which might warrant modification and amendment (Article 71).

What are members’ main notification obligations under the TRIPS Agreement?

The TRIPS Agreement obliges WTO members to make certain notifications to the TRIPS Council. These notificationsallow members to review each others’ legislation, an important part of the council’s work. They also promote thetransparency of members’ policies on intellectual property protection.

In addition, members wishing to avail themselves of certain options allowed under the Agreement have to notify theCouncil.

In order to implement these notification obligations, the Council has adopted procedures and guidelines relating to

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them.

Article 63.2 of the TRIPS Agreement says members must notify the laws and regulations on the subject-matter of theagreement (the availability, scope, acquisition, enforcement and prevention of abuse of intellectual property rights).

The procedures for the notification of national laws and regulations under Article 63.2 are contained in document IP/C/2.

Articles 1.3 and 3.1 of the TRIPS Agreement allow members to avail themselves of certain options in regard to thedefinition of beneficiary persons and national treatment, provided that notifications are made to the Council forTRIPS.

Notifications made under Articles 1.3 and 3.1 are circulated in the IP/N/2/- series of documents. Further backgroundinformation on these notification possibilities can be found in document IP/C/W/5.

In accordance with Article 4(d), a Member may exempt from the most-favoured-nation obligation any advantage,favour, privilege or immunity according by that member deriving from international agreements related to the protectionof intellectual property which entered into force prior to the entry into force of the WTO Agreement, provided thatsuch agreements are notified to the Council for TRIPS and do not constitute an arbitrary or unjustifiable discriminationagainst nationals of other members.

Article 69 of the agreement requires members to establish and notify contact points in their administrations for thepurposes of cooperation with each other aimed at the elimination of trade in infringing goods.

The information on such contact points is circulated in document IP/N/3, and addenda, corrigenda and periodicrevisions.

In addition to notification obligations specifically provided for in the agreement, a number of notification provisions ofthe Berne and the Rome Conventions are incorporated by reference into the TRIPS Agreement but without beingexplicitly referred to it.

At its meeting in February 1996, the council invited each member wishing to make such notifications to make themto the TRIPS Council, even if the member in question had already made a notification under the Berne or the RomeConvention in regard to the same issue.

Further background information on these notification possibilities can be found in document IP/C/W/15. Notificationsof this kind are circulated in the IP/N/5/- series of documents.

Detailed information on the notification procedures can be found in the Technical Cooperation Handbook on NotificationRequirements: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

How can I get information on technical cooperation available from developed country members?

Article 67 of the TRIPS Agreement says developed country members must provide, on request and on mutuallyagreed terms and conditions, technical and financial cooperation in favour of developing and least-developed countrymembers.

To ensure access to relevant information in this regard, developed country members have agreed to present annuallyto the TRIPS Council a description of their technical cooperation activities in the area of intellectual property. Thisinformation is circulated in the IP/C/W/- series of documents. Click here for more information.

In addition, developed country members have notified contact points in their administrations to which requests fortechnical assistance may be addressed and from which information on technical cooperation can be obtained.

A list of these contact points is contained in document IP/N/7, and addenda, corrigenda and periodic revisions.

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TRIPS: AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OFINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

Part I — General Provisions and Basic Principles

CHAPTER - 8

Article 1 Nature and Scope of Obligations

1. Members shall give effect to the provisions of this Agreement. Members may, but shall not be obliged to, implementin their law more extensive protection than is required by this Agreement, provided that such protection does notcontravene the provisions of this Agreement. Members shall be free to determine the appropriate method ofimplementing the provisions of this Agreement within their own legal system and practice.

2. For the purposes of this Agreement, the term “intellectual property” refers to all categories of intellectual propertythat are the subject of Sections 1 through 7 of Part II.

3. Members shall accord the treatment provided for in this Agreement to the nationals of other Members. (1) Inrespect of the relevant intellectual property right, the nationals of other Members shall be understood as those naturalor legal persons that would meet the criteria for eligibility for protection provided for in the Paris Convention (1967),the Berne Convention (1971), the Rome Convention and the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of IntegratedCircuits, were all Members of the WTO members of those conventions. (2) Any Member availing itself of the possibilitiesprovided in paragraph 3 of Article 5 or paragraph 2 of Article 6 of the Rome Convention shall make a notification asforeseen in those provisions to the Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the “Council forTRIPS”).

Article 2 Intellectual Property Conventions

1. In respect of Parts II, III and IV of this Agreement, Members shall comply with Articles 1 through 12, and Article 19,of the Paris Convention (1967).

2. Nothing in Parts I to IV of this Agreement shall derogate from existing obligations that Members may have to eachother under the Paris Convention, the Berne Convention, the Rome Convention and the Treaty on Intellectual Propertyin Respect of Integrated Circuits.

Article 3 National Treatment

1. Each Member shall accord to the nationals of other Members treatment no less favourable than that it accords toits own nationals with regard to the protection (3) of intellectual property, subject to the exceptions already providedin, respectively, the Paris Convention (1967), the Berne Convention (1971), the Rome Convention or the Treaty onIntellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits. In respect of performers, producers of phonograms andbroadcasting organizations, this obligation only applies in respect of the rights provided under this Agreement. AnyMember availing itself of the possibilities provided in Article 6 of the Berne Convention (1971) or paragraph 1(b) ofArticle 16 of the Rome Convention shall make a notification as foreseen in those provisions to the Council for TRIPS.

2. Members may avail themselves of the exceptions permitted under paragraph 1 in relation to judicial andadministrative procedures, including the designation of an address for service or the appointment of an agent withinthe jurisdiction of a Member, only where such exceptions are necessary to secure compliance with laws and regulationswhich are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement and where such practices are not applied in a mannerwhich would constitute a disguised restriction on trade.

Article 4 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment

With regard to the protection of intellectual property, any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by aMember to the nationals of any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the nationals of allother Members. Exempted from this obligation are any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity accorded by aMember:

(a) deriving from international agreements on judicial assistance or law enforcement of a general nature and notparticularly confined to the protection of intellectual property;

(b) granted in accordance with the provisions of the Berne Convention (1971) or the Rome Convention authorizing

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that the treatment accorded be a function not of national treatment but of the treatment accorded in another country;

(c) in respect of the rights of performers, producers of phonograms and broadcasting organizations not providedunder this Agreement;

(d) deriving from international agreements related to the protection of intellectual property which entered into forceprior to the entry into force of the WTO Agreement, provided that such agreements are notified to the Council forTRIPS and do not constitute an arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination against nationals of other Members.

Article 5 Multilateral Agreements on Acquisition or Maintenance of Protection

The obligations under Articles 3 and 4 do not apply to procedures provided in multilateral agreements concludedunder the auspices of WIPO relating to the acquisition or maintenance of intellectual property rights.

Article 6 Exhaustion

For the purposes of dispute settlement under this Agreement, subject to the provisions of Articles 3 and 4 nothing inthis Agreement shall be used to address the issue of the exhaustion of intellectual property rights.

Article 7 Objectives

The protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights should contribute to the promotion of technologicalinnovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users oftechnological knowledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights andobligations.

Article 8 Principles

1. Members may, in formulating or amending their laws and regulations, adopt measures necessary to protect publichealth and nutrition, and to promote the public interest in sectors of vital importance to their socio-economic andtechnological development, provided that such measures are consistent with the provisions of this Agreement.

2. Appropriate measures, provided that they are consistent with the provisions of this Agreement, may be needed toprevent the abuse of intellectual property rights by right holders or the resort to practices which unreasonably restraintrade or adversely affect the international transfer of technology.

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PART II — Standards concerning the availability, scope and use ofIntellectual Property Rights

CHAPTER - 9

SECTION 1: COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS

Article 9 Relation to the Berne Convention

1. Members shall comply with Articles 1 through 21 of the Berne Convention (1971) and the Appendix thereto.However, Members shall not have rights or obligations under this Agreement in respect of the rights conferred underArticle 6bis of that Convention or of the rights derived therefrom.

2. Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematicalconcepts as such.

Article 10 Computer Programs and Compilations of Data

1. Computer programs, whether in source or object code, shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention(1971).

2. Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selectionor arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such. Such protection, whichshall not extend to the data or material itself, shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data ormaterial itself.

Article 11 Rental Rights

In respect of at least computer programs and cinematographic works, a Member shall provide authors and theirsuccessors in title the right to authorize or to prohibit the commercial rental to the public of originals or copies of theircopyright works. A Member shall be excepted from this obligation in respect of cinematographic works unless suchrental has led to widespread copying of such works which is materially impairing the exclusive right of reproductionconferred in that Member on authors and their successors in title. In respect of computer programs, this obligationdoes not apply to rentals where the program itself is not the essential object of the rental.

Article 12 Term of Protection

Whenever the term of protection of a work, other than a photographic work or a work of applied art, is calculated ona basis other than the life of a natural person, such term shall be no less than 50 years from the end of the calendaryear of authorized publication, or, failing such authorized publication within 50 years from the making of the work, 50years from the end of the calendar year of making.

Article 13 Limitations and Exceptions

Members shall confine limitations or exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict witha normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the right holder.

Article 14 Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms (Sound Recordings) and Broadcasting Organizations

1. In respect of a fixation of their performance on a phonogram, performers shall have the possibility of preventingthe following acts when undertaken without their authorization: the fixation of their unfixed performance and thereproduction of such fixation. Performers shall also have the possibility of preventing the following acts when undertakenwithout their authorization: the broadcasting by wireless means and the communication to the public of their liveperformance.

2. Producers of phonograms shall enjoy the right to authorize or prohibit the direct or indirect reproduction of theirphonograms.

3. Broadcasting organizations shall have the right to prohibit the following acts when undertaken without their

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authorization: the fixation, the reproduction of fixations, and the rebroadcasting by wireless means of broadcasts, aswell as the communication to the public of television broadcasts of the same. Where Members do not grant suchrights to broadcasting organizations, they shall provide owners of copyright in the subject matter of broadcasts withthe possibility of preventing the above acts, subject to the provisions of the Berne Convention (1971).

4. The provisions of Article 11 in respect of computer programs shall apply mutatis mutandis to producers of phonogramsand any other right holders in phonograms as determined in a Member’s law. If on 15 April 1994 a Member has inforce a system of equitable remuneration of right holders in respect of the rental of phonograms, it may maintain suchsystem provided that the commercial rental of phonograms is not giving rise to the material impairment of theexclusive rights of reproduction of right holders.

5. The term of the protection available under this Agreement to performers and producers of phonograms shall last atleast until the end of a period of 50 years computed from the end of the calendar year in which the fixation was madeor the performance took place. The term of protection granted pursuant to paragraph 3 shall last for at least 20 yearsfrom the end of the calendar year in which the broadcast took place.

6. Any Member may, in relation to the rights conferred under paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, provide for conditions, limitations,exceptions and reservations to the extent permitted by the Rome Convention. However, the provisions of Article 18of the Berne Convention (1971) shall also apply, mutatis mutandis, to the rights of performers and producers ofphonograms in phonograms.

SECTION 2: TRADEMARKS

Article 15 Protectable Subject Matter

1. Any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking fromthose of other undertakings, shall be capable of constituting a trademark. Such signs, in particular words includingpersonal names, letters, numerals, figurative elements and combinations of colours as well as any combination ofsuch signs, shall be eligible for registration as trademarks. Where signs are not inherently capable of distinguishingthe relevant goods or services, Members may make registrability depend on distinctiveness acquired through use.Members may require, as a condition of registration, that signs be visually perceptible.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not be understood to prevent a Member from denying registration of a trademark on othergrounds, provided that they do not derogate from the provisions of the Paris Convention (1967).

3. Members may make registrability depend on use. However, actual use of a trademark shall not be a condition forfiling an application for registration. An application shall not be refused solely on the ground that intended use has nottaken place before the expiry of a period of three years from the date of application.

4. The nature of the goods or services to which a trademark is to be applied shall in no case form an obstacle toregistration of the trademark.

5. Members shall publish each trademark either before it is registered or promptly after it is registered and shall afforda reasonable opportunity for petitions to cancel the registration. In addition, Members may afford an opportunity forthe registration of a trademark to be opposed.

Article 16 Rights Conferred

1. The owner of a registered trademark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having theowner’s consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identicalor similar to those in respect of which the trademark is registered where such use would result in a likelihood ofconfusion. In case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or services, a likelihood of confusion shall bepresumed. The rights described above shall not prejudice any existing prior rights, nor shall they affect the possibilityof Members making rights available on the basis of use.

2. Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to services. In determining whether atrademark is well-known, Members shall take account of the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of thepublic, including knowledge in the Member concerned which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of thetrademark.

3. Article 6bis of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to goods or services which are not similarto those in respect of which a trademark is registered, provided that use of that trademark in relation to those goodsor services would indicate a connection between those goods or services and the owner of the registered trademarkand provided that the interests of the owner of the registered trademark are likely to be damaged by such use.

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Article 17 Exceptions

Members may provide limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark, such as fair use of descriptive terms,provided that such exceptions take account of the legitimate interests of the owner of the trademark and of thirdparties.


Initial registration, and each renewal of registration, of a trademark shall be for a term of no less than seven years.The registration of a trademark shall be renewable indefinitely.

Article 19 Requirement of Use

1. If use is required to maintain a registration, the registration may be cancelled only after an uninterrupted period ofat least three years of non-use, unless valid reasons based on the existence of obstacles to such use are shown by thetrademark owner. Circumstances arising independently of the will of the owner of the trademark which constitute anobstacle to the use of the trademark, such as import restrictions on or other government requirements for goods orservices protected by the trademark, shall be recognized as valid reasons for non-use.

2. When subject to the control of its owner, use of a trademark by another person shall be recognized as use of thetrademark for the purpose of maintaining the registration.

Article 20 Other Requirements

The use of a trademark in the course of trade shall not be unjustifiably encumbered by special requirements, such asuse with another trademark, use in a special form or use in a manner detrimental to its capability to distinguish thegoods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. This will not preclude a requirement prescribingthe use of the trademark identifying the undertaking producing the goods or services along with, but without linking itto, the trademark distinguishing the specific goods or services in question of that undertaking.

Article 21 Licensing and Assignment

Members may determine conditions on the licensing and assignment of trademarks, it being understood that thecompulsory licensing of trademarks shall not be permitted and that the owner of a registered trademark shall have theright to assign the trademark with or without the transfer of the business to which the trademark belongs.

SECTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS

Article 22 Protection of Geographical Indications

1. Geographical indications are, for the purposes of this Agreement, indications which identify a good as originatingin the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristicof the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin.

2. In respect of geographical indications, Members shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent:

(a) the use of any means in the designation or presentation of a good that indicates or suggests that the good inquestion originates in a geographical area other than the true place of origin in a manner which misleads the public asto the geographical origin of the good;

(b) any use which constitutes an act of unfair competition within the meaning of Article 10bis of the Paris Convention(1967).

3. A Member shall, ex officio if its legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party, refuse or invalidate theregistration of a trademark which contains or consists of a geographical indication with respect to goods not originatingin the territory indicated, if use of the indication in the trademark for such goods in that Member is of such a nature asto mislead the public as to the true place of origin.

4. The protection under paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall be applicable against a geographical indication which, althoughliterally true as to the territory, region or locality in which the goods originate, falsely represents to the public that thegoods originate in another territory.

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Article 23 Additional Protection for Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits

1. Each Member shall provide the legal means for interested parties to prevent use of a geographical indicationidentifying wines for wines not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication in question or identifyingspirits for spirits not originating in the place indicated by the geographical indication in question, even where the trueorigin of the goods is indicated or the geographical indication is used in translation or accompanied by expressionssuch as “kind”, “type”, “style”, “imitation” or the like. (4)

2. The registration of a trademark for wines which contains or consists of a geographical indication identifying winesor for spirits which contains or consists of a geographical indication identifying spirits shall be refused or invalidated,ex officio if a Member’s legislation so permits or at the request of an interested party, with respect to such wines orspirits not having this origin.

3. In the case of homonymous geographical indications for wines, protection shall be accorded to each indication,subject to the provisions of paragraph 4 of Article 22. Each Member shall determine the practical conditions underwhich the homonymous indications in question will be differentiated from each other, taking into account the need toensure equitable treatment of the producers concerned and that consumers are not misled.

4. In order to facilitate the protection of geographical indications for wines, negotiations shall be undertaken in theCouncil for TRIPS concerning the establishment of a multilateral system of notification and registration of geographicalindications for wines eligible for protection in those Members participating in the system.

Article 24 International Negotiations; Exceptions

1. Members agree to enter into negotiations aimed at increasing the protection of individual geographical indicationsunder Article 23. The provisions of paragraphs 4 through 8 below shall not be used by a Member to refuse to conductnegotiations or to conclude bilateral or multilateral agreements. In the context of such negotiations, Members shall bewilling to consider the continued applicability of these provisions to individual geographical indications whose usewas the subject of such negotiations.

2. The Council for TRIPS shall keep under review the application of the provisions of this Section; the first suchreview shall take place within two years of the entry into force of the WTO Agreement. Any matter affecting thecompliance with the obligations under these provisions may be drawn to the attention of the Council, which, at therequest of a Member, shall consult with any Member or Members in respect of such matter in respect of which it hasnot been possible to find a satisfactory solution through bilateral or plurilateral consultations between the Membersconcerned. The Council shall take such action as may be agreed to facilitate the operation and further the objectivesof this Section.

3. In implementing this Section, a Member shall not diminish the protection of geographical indications that existed inthat Member immediately prior to the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.

4. Nothing in this Section shall require a Member to prevent continued and similar use of a particular geographicalindication of another Member identifying wines or spirits in connection with goods or services by any of its nationalsor domiciliaries who have used that geographical indication in a continuous manner with regard to the same or relatedgoods or services in the territory of that Member either (a) for at least 10 years preceding 15 April 1994 or (b) in goodfaith preceding that date.

5. Where a trademark has been applied for or registered in good faith, or where rights to a trademark have beenacquired through use in good faith either:

(a) before the date of application of these provisions in that Member as defined in Part VI; or

(b) before the geographical indication is protected in its country of origin;

measures adopted to implement this Section shall not prejudice eligibility for or the validity of the registration of atrademark, or the right to use a trademark, on the basis that such a trademark is identical with, or similar to, ageographical indication.

6. Nothing in this Section shall require a Member to apply its provisions in respect of a geographical indication of anyother Member with respect to goods or services for which the relevant indication is identical with the term customaryin common language as the common name for such goods or services in the territory of that Member. Nothing in thisSection shall require a Member to apply its provisions in respect of a geographical indication of any other Memberwith respect to products of the vine for which the relevant indication is identical with the customary name of a grapevariety existing in the territory of that Member as of the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.

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7. A Member may provide that any request made under this Section in connection with the use or registration of atrademark must be presented within five years after the adverse use of the protected indication has become generallyknown in that Member or after the date of registration of the trademark in that Member provided that the trademarkhas been published by that date, if such date is earlier than the date on which the adverse use became generallyknown in that Member, provided that the geographical indication is not used or registered in bad faith.

8. The provisions of this Section shall in no way prejudice the right of any person to use, in the course of trade, thatperson’s name or the name of that person’s predecessor in business, except where such name is used in such amanner as to mislead the public.

9. There shall be no obligation under this Agreement to protect geographical indications which are not or cease to beprotected in their country of origin, or which have fallen into disuse in that country.

SECTION 4: INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS

Article 25 Requirements for Protection

1. Members shall provide for the protection of independently created industrial designs that are new or original.Members may provide that designs are not new or original if they do not significantly differ from known designs orcombinations of known design features. Members may provide that such protection shall not extend to designsdictated essentially by technical or functional considerations.

2. Each Member shall ensure that requirements for securing protection for textile designs, in particular in regard toany cost, examination or publication, do not unreasonably impair the opportunity to seek and obtain such protection.Members shall be free to meet this obligation through industrial design law or through copyright law.

Article 26 Protection

1. The owner of a protected industrial design shall have the right to prevent third parties not having the owner’sconsent from making, selling or importing articles bearing or embodying a design which is a copy, or substantially acopy, of the protected design, when such acts are undertaken for commercial purposes.

2. Members may provide limited exceptions to the protection of industrial designs, provided that such exceptions donot unreasonably conflict with the normal exploitation of protected industrial designs and do not unreasonably prejudicethe legitimate interests of the owner of the protected design, taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties.

3. The duration of protection available shall amount to at least 10 years.

SECTION 5 : PATENTS

Article 27 Patentable Subject Matter

1. Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3, patents shall be available for any inventions, whether products orprocesses, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable ofindustrial application. (5) Subject to paragraph 4 of Article 65, paragraph 8 of Article 70 and paragraph 3 of thisArticle, patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention, thefield of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced.

2. Members may exclude from patentability inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitationof which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health orto avoid serious prejudice to the environment, provided that such exclusion is not made merely because the exploitationis prohibited by their law.

3. Members may also exclude from patentability:

(a) diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of humans or animals;

(b) plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production ofplants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. However, Members shall provide for theprotection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or by any combination thereof. Theprovisions of this subparagraph shall be reviewed four years after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.

Article 28 Rights Conferred

1. A patent shall confer on its owner the following exclusive rights:

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(a) where the subject matter of a patent is a product, to prevent third parties not having the owner’s consent fromthe acts of: making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing (6) for these purposes that product;

(b) where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to prevent third parties not having the owner’s consent fromthe act of using the process, and from the acts of: using, offering for sale, selling, or importing for these purposes atleast the product obtained directly by that process.

2. Patent owners shall also have the right to assign, or transfer by succession, the patent and to conclude licensingcontracts.

Article 29 Conditions on Patent Applicants

1. Members shall require that an applicant for a patent shall disclose the invention in a manner sufficiently clear andcomplete for the invention to be carried out by a person skilled in the art and may require the applicant to indicate thebest mode for carrying out the invention known to the inventor at the filing date or, where priority is claimed, at thepriority date of the application.

2. Members may require an applicant for a patent to provide information concerning the applicant’s correspondingforeign applications and grants.

Article 30 Exceptions to Rights Conferred

Members may provide limited exceptions to the exclusive rights conferred by a patent, provided that such exceptionsdo not unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the patent and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimateinterests of the patent owner, taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties.

Article 31 Other Use Without Authorization of the Right Holder

Where the law of a Member allows for other use (7) of the subject matter of a patent without the authorization of theright holder, including use by the government or third parties authorized by the government, the following provisionsshall be respected:

(a) authorization of such use shall be considered on its individual merits;

(b) such use may only be permitted if, prior to such use, the proposed user has made efforts to obtain authorizationfrom the right holder on reasonable commercial terms and conditions and that such efforts have not beensuccessful within a reasonable period of time. This requirement may be waived by a Member in the case of anational emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency or in cases of public non-commercial use. Insituations of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, the right holder shall, nevertheless,be notified as soon as reasonably practicable. In the case of public non-commercial use, where the governmentor contractor, without making a patent search, knows or has demonstrable grounds to know that a valid patentis or will be used by or for the government, the right holder shall be informed promptly;

(c) the scope and duration of such use shall be limited to the purpose for which it was authorized, and in the caseof semi-conductor technology shall only be for public non-commercial use or to remedy a practice determinedafter judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive;

(d) such use shall be non-exclusive;

(e) such use shall be non-assignable, except with that part of the enterprise or goodwill which enjoys such use;

(f) any such use shall be authorized predominantly for the supply of the domestic market of the Member authorizingsuch use;

(g) authorization for such use shall be liable, subject to adequate protection of the legitimate interests of thepersons so authorized, to be terminated if and when the circumstances which led to it cease to exist and areunlikely to recur. The competent authority shall have the authority to review, upon motivated request, thecontinued existence of these circumstances;

(h) the right holder shall be paid adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case, taking into account theeconomic value of the authorization;

(i) the legal validity of any decision relating to the authorization of such use shall be subject to judicial review orother independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member;

(j) any decision relating to the remuneration provided in respect of such use shall be subject to judicial review orother independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member;

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(k) Members are not obliged to apply the conditions set forth in subparagraphs (b) and (f) where such use is permittedto remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive. The need to correctanti-competitive practices may be taken into account in determining the amount of remuneration in such cases.Competent authorities shall have the authority to refuse termination of authorization if and when the conditions whichled to such authorization are likely to recur;

(l) where such use is authorized to permit the exploitation of a patent (“the second patent”) which cannot be exploitedwithout infringing another patent (“the first patent”), the following additional conditions shall apply:

(i) the invention claimed in the second patent shall involve an important technical advance of considerable economicsignificance in relation to the invention claimed in the first patent;

(ii) the owner of the first patent shall be entitled to a cross-licence on reasonable terms to use the invention claimedin the second patent; and

(iii) the use authorized in respect of the first patent shall be non-assignable except with the assignment of thesecond patent.

Article 32 Revocation/Forfeiture

An opportunity for judicial review of any decision to revoke or forfeit a patent shall be available.


The term of protection available shall not end before the expiration of a period of twenty years counted from the filingdate (8)

Article 34 Process Patents: Burden of Proof

1. For the purposes of civil proceedings in respect of the infringement of the rights of the owner referred to inparagraph 1(b) of Article 28, if the subject matter of a patent is a process for obtaining a product, the judicial authoritiesshall have the authority to order the defendant to prove that the process to obtain an identical product is different fromthe patented process. Therefore, Members shall provide, in at least one of the following circumstances, that anyidentical product when produced without the consent of the patent owner shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary,be deemed to have been obtained by the patented process:

(a) if the product obtained by the patented process is new;

(b) if there is a substantial likelihood that the identical product was made by the process and the owner of thepatent has been unable through reasonable efforts to determine the process actually used.

2. Any Member shall be free to provide that the burden of proof indicated in paragraph 1 shall be on the allegedinfringer only if the condition referred to in subparagraph (a) is fulfilled or only if the condition referred to insubparagraph (b) is fulfilled.

3. In the adduction of proof to the contrary, the legitimate interests of defendants in protecting their manufacturingand business secrets shall be taken into account.

SECTION 6: LAYOUT-DESIGNS (TOPOGRAPHIES) OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Article 35 Relation to the IPIC Treaty

Members agree to provide protection to the layout-designs (topographies) of integrated circuits (referred to in thisAgreement as “layout-designs”) in accordance with Articles 2 through 7 (other than paragraph 3 of Article 6), Article 12and paragraph 3 of Article 16 of the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and, in addition,to comply with the following provisions.

Article 36 Scope of the Protection

Subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 37, Members shall consider unlawful the following acts if performedwithout the authorization of the right holder: (9) importing, selling, or otherwise distributing for commercial purposesa protected layout-design, an integrated circuit in which a protected layout-design is incorporated, or an articleincorporating such an integrated circuit only in so far as it continues to contain an unlawfully reproduced layout-design.

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Article 37 Acts Not Requiring the Authorization of the Right Holder

1. Notwithstanding Article 36, no Member shall consider unlawful the performance of any of the acts referred to in thatArticle in respect of an integrated circuit incorporating an unlawfully reproduced layout-design or any article incorporatingsuch an integrated circuit where the person performing or ordering such acts did not know and had no reasonableground to know, when acquiring the integrated circuit or article incorporating such an integrated circuit, that it incorporatedan unlawfully reproduced layout-design. Members shall provide that, after the time that such person has receivedsufficient notice that the layout-design was unlawfully reproduced, that person may perform any of the acts withrespect to the stock on hand or ordered before such time, but shall be liable to pay to the right holder a sum equivalentto a reasonable royalty such as would be payable under a freely negotiated licence in respect of such a layout-design.

2. The conditions set out in subparagraphs (a) through (k) of Article 31 shall apply mutatis mutandis in the event ofany non-voluntary licensing of a layout-design or of its use by or for the government without the authorization of theright holder.


1. In Members requiring registration as a condition of protection, the term of protection of layout-designs shall not endbefore the expiration of a period of 10 years counted from the date of filing an application for registration or from thefirst commercial exploitation wherever in the world it occurs.

2. In Members not requiring registration as a condition for protection, layout-designs shall be protected for a term ofno less than 10 years from the date of the first commercial exploitation wherever in the world it occurs.

3. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, a Member may provide that protection shall lapse 15 years after the creationof the layout-design.

SECTION 7: PROTECTION OF UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION

Article 39

1. In the course of ensuring effective protection against unfair competition as provided in Article 10bis of the ParisConvention (1967), Members shall protect undisclosed information in accordance with paragraph 2 and data submittedto governments or governmental agencies in accordance with paragraph 3.

2. Natural and legal persons shall have the possibility of preventing information lawfully within their control frombeing disclosed to, acquired by, or used by others without their consent in a manner contrary to honest commercialpractices (10) so long as such information:

(a) is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components,generally known among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of informationin question;

(b) has commercial value because it is secret; and

(c) has been subject to reasonable steps under the circumstances, by the person lawfully in control of the information,to keep it secret.

3. Members, when requiring, as a condition of approving the marketing of pharmaceutical or of agriculturalchemical products which utilize new chemical entities, the submission of undisclosed test or other data, theorigination of which involves a considerable effort, shall protect such data against unfair commercial use. Inaddition, Members shall protect such data against disclosure, except where necessary to protect the public, orunless steps are taken to ensure that the data are protected against unfair commercial use.

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PART III — Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights

CHAPTER - 10

SECTION 1: GENERAL OBLIGATIONS

Article 41

1. Members shall ensure that enforcement procedures as specified in this Part are available under their law so asto permit effective action against any act of infringement of intellectual property rights covered by this Agreement,including expeditious remedies to prevent infringements and remedies which constitute a deterrent to furtherinfringements. These procedures shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimatetrade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.

2. Procedures concerning the enforcement of intellectual property rights shall be fair and equitable. They shall notbe unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays.

3. Decisions on the merits of a case shall preferably be in writing and reasoned. They shall be made available atleast to the parties to the proceeding without undue delay. Decisions on the merits of a case shall be based only onevidence in respect of which parties were offered the opportunity to be heard.

4. Parties to a proceeding shall have an opportunity for review by a judicial authority of final administrative decisionsand, subject to jurisdictional provisions in a Member’s law concerning the importance of a case, of at least the legalaspects of initial judicial decisions on the merits of a case. However, there shall be no obligation to provide anopportunity for review of acquittals in criminal cases.

5. It is understood that this Part does not create any obligation to put in place a judicial system for the enforcementof intellectual property rights distinct from that for the enforcement of law in general, nor does it affect the capacity ofMembers to enforce their law in general. Nothing in this Part creates any obligation with respect to the distribution ofresources as between enforcement of intellectual property rights and the enforcement of law in general.

SECTION 2: CIVIL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES AND REMEDIES

Article 42 Fair and Equitable Procedures

Members shall make available to right holders (11) civil judicial procedures concerning the enforcement of anyintellectual property right covered by this Agreement. Defendants shall have the right to written notice which is timelyand contains sufficient detail, including the basis of the claims. Parties shall be allowed to be represented by independentlegal counsel, and procedures shall not impose overly burdensome requirements concerning mandatory personalappearances. All parties to such procedures shall be duly entitled to substantiate their claims and to present allrelevant evidence. The procedure shall provide a means to identify and protect confidential information, unless thiswould be contrary to existing constitutional requirements.

Article 43 Evidence

1. The judicial authorities shall have the authority, where a party has presented reasonably available evidencesufficient to support its claims and has specified evidence relevant to substantiation of its claims which lies in thecontrol of the opposing party, to order that this evidence be produced by the opposing party, subject in appropriatecases to conditions which ensure the protection of confidential information.

2. In cases in which a party to a proceeding voluntarily and without good reason refuses access to, or otherwisedoes not provide necessary information within a reasonable period, or significantly impedes a procedure relating toan enforcement action, a Member may accord judicial authorities the authority to make preliminary and finaldeterminations, affirmative or negative, on the basis of the information presented to them, including the complaint orthe allegation presented by the party adversely affected by the denial of access to information, subject to providingthe parties an opportunity to be heard on the allegations or evidence.

Article 44 Injunctions

1. The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order a party to desist from an infringement, inter alia toprevent the entry into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of imported goods that involve the infringement

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of an intellectual property right, immediately after customs clearance of such goods. Members are not obliged toaccord such authority in respect of protected subject matter acquired or ordered by a person prior to knowing orhaving reasonable grounds to know that dealing in such subject matter would entail the infringement of an intellectualproperty right.

2. Notwithstanding the other provisions of this Part and provided that the provisions of Part II specifically addressinguse by governments, or by third parties authorized by a government, without the authorization of the right holder arecomplied with, Members may limit the remedies available against such use to payment of remuneration in accordancewith subparagraph (h) of Article 31. In other cases, the remedies under this Part shall apply or, where these remediesare inconsistent with a Member’s law, declaratory judgments and adequate compensation shall be available.

Article 45 Damages

1. The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order the infringer to pay the right holder damages adequate tocompensate for the injury the right holder has suffered because of an infringement of that person’s intellectualproperty right by an infringer who knowingly, or with reasonable grounds to know, engaged in infringing activity.

2. The judicial authorities shall also have the authority to order the infringer to pay the right holder expenses, whichmay include appropriate attorney’s fees. In appropriate cases, Members may authorize the judicial authorities toorder recovery of profits and/or payment of pre-established damages even where the infringer did not knowingly, orwith reasonable grounds to know, engage in infringing activity.

Article 46 Other Remedies

In order to create an effective deterrent to infringement, the judicial authorities shall have the authority to order thatgoods that they have found to be infringing be, without compensation of any sort, disposed of outside the channels ofcommerce in such a manner as to avoid any harm caused to the right holder, or, unless this would be contrary toexisting constitutional requirements, destroyed. The judicial authorities shall also have the authority to order thatmaterials and implements the predominant use of which has been in the creation of the infringing goods be, withoutcompensation of any sort, disposed of outside the channels of commerce in such a manner as to minimize the risksof further infringements. In considering such requests, the need for proportionality between the seriousness of theinfringement and the remedies ordered as well as the interests of third parties shall be taken into account. In regardto counterfeit trademark goods, the simple removal of the trademark unlawfully affixed shall not be sufficient, otherthan in exceptional cases, to permit release of the goods into the channels of commerce.

Article 47 Right of Information

Members may provide that the judicial authorities shall have the authority, unless this would be out of proportion tothe seriousness of the infringement, to order the infringer to inform the right holder of the identity of third personsinvolved in the production and distribution of the infringing goods or services and of their channels of distribution.

Article 48 Indemnification of the Defendant

1. The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order a party at whose request measures were taken and whohas abused enforcement procedures to provide to a party wrongfully enjoined or restrained adequate compensationfor the injury suffered because of such abuse. The judicial authorities shall also have the authority to order theapplicant to pay the defendant expenses, which may include appropriate attorney’s fees.

2. In respect of the administration of any law pertaining to the protection or enforcement of intellectual propertyrights, Members shall only exempt both public authorities and officials from liability to appropriate remedial measureswhere actions are taken or intended in good faith in the course of the administration of that law.

Article 49 Administrative Procedures

To the extent that any civil remedy can be ordered as a result of administrative procedures on the merits of a case,such procedures shall conform to principles equivalent in substance to those set forth in this Section.

SECTION 3: PROVISIONAL MEASURES

Article 50 1. The judicial authorities shall have the authority to order prompt and effective provisionalmeasures:

(a) to prevent an infringement of any intellectual property right from occurring, and in particular to prevent the

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entry into the channels of commerce in their jurisdiction of goods, including imported goods immediately after customsclearance;

(b) to preserve relevant evidence in regard to the alleged infringement.

2. The judicial authorities shall have the authority to adopt provisional measures inaudita altera parte whereappropriate, in particular where any delay is likely to cause irreparable harm to the right holder, or where there is ademonstrable risk of evidence being destroyed.

3. The judicial authorities shall have the authority to require the applicant to provide any reasonably availableevidence in order to satisfy themselves with a sufficient degree of certainty that the applicant is the right holder andthat the applicant’s right is being infringed or that such infringement is imminent, and to order the applicant to providea security or equivalent assurance sufficient to protect the defendant and to prevent abuse.

4. Where provisional measures have been adopted inaudita altera parte, the parties affected shall be given notice,without delay after the execution of the measures at the latest. A review, including a right to be heard, shall take placeupon request of the defendant with a view to deciding, within a reasonable period after the notification of the measures,whether these measures shall be modified, revoked or confirmed.

5. The applicant may be required to supply other information necessary for the identification of the goods concernedby the authority that will execute the provisional measures.

6. Without prejudice to paragraph 4, provisional measures taken on the basis of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall, uponrequest by the defendant, be revoked or otherwise cease to have effect, if proceedings leading to a decision on themerits of the case are not initiated within a reasonable period, to be determined by the judicial authority ordering themeasures where a Member’s law so permits or, in the absence of such a determination, not to exceed 20 workingdays or 31 calendar days, whichever is the longer.

7. Where the provisional measures are revoked or where they lapse due to any act or omission by the applicant, orwhere it is subsequently found that there has been no infringement or threat of infringement of an intellectual propertyright, the judicial authorities shall have the authority to order the applicant, upon request of the defendant, to providethe defendant appropriate compensation for any injury caused by these measures.

8. To the extent that any provisional measure can be ordered as a result of administrative procedures, such proceduresshall conform to principles equivalent in substance to those set forth in this Section.

SECTION 4: SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO BORDER MEASURES (12)

Article 51 Suspension of Release by Customs Authorities

Members shall, in conformity with the provisions set out below, adopt procedures (13) to enable a right holder, whohas valid grounds for suspecting that the importation of counterfeit trademark or pirated copyright goods (14) maytake place, to lodge an application in writing with competent authorities, administrative or judicial, for the suspensionby the customs authorities of the release into free circulation of such goods. Members may enable such an applicationto be made in respect of goods which involve other infringements of intellectual property rights, provided that therequirements of this Section are met. Members may also provide for corresponding procedures concerning thesuspension by the customs authorities of the release of infringing goods destined for exportation from their territories.

Article 52 Application

Any right holder initiating the procedures under Article 51 shall be required to provide adequate evidence to satisfythe competent authorities that, under the laws of the country of importation, there is prima facie an infringement of theright holder’s intellectual property right and to supply a sufficiently detailed description of the goods to make themreadily recognizable by the customs authorities. The competent authorities shall inform the applicant within a reasonableperiod whether they have accepted the application and, where determined by the competent authorities, the periodfor which the customs authorities will take action.

Article 53 Security or Equivalent Assurance

1. The competent authorities shall have the authority to require an applicant to provide a security or equivalentassurance sufficient to protect the defendant and the competent authorities and to prevent abuse. Such security orequivalent assurance shall not unreasonably deter recourse to these procedures.

2. Where pursuant to an application under this Section the release of goods involving industrial designs, patents,

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layout-designs or undisclosed information into free circulation has been suspended by customs authorities on thebasis of a decision other than by a judicial or other independent authority, and the period provided for in Article 55 hasexpired without the granting of provisional relief by the duly empowered authority, and provided that all other conditionsfor importation have been complied with, the owner, importer, or consignee of such goods shall be entitled to theirrelease on the posting of a security in an amount sufficient to protect the right holder for any infringement. Paymentof such security shall not prejudice any other remedy available to the right holder, it being understood that the securityshall be released if the right holder fails to pursue the right of action within a reasonable period of time.

Article 54 Notice of Suspension

The importer and the applicant shall be promptly notified of the suspension of the release of goods according toArticle 51.

Article 55 Duration of Suspension

If, within a period not exceeding 10 working days after the applicant has been served notice of the suspension, thecustoms authorities have not been informed that proceedings leading to a decision on the merits of the case havebeen initiated by a party other than the defendant, or that the duly empowered authority has taken provisional measuresprolonging the suspension of the release of the goods, the goods shall be released, provided that all other conditionsfor importation or exportation have been complied with; in appropriate cases, this time-limit may be extended byanother 10 working days. If proceedings leading to a decision on the merits of the case have been initiated, a review,including a right to be heard, shall take place upon request of the defendant with a view to deciding, within a reasonableperiod, whether these measures shall be modified, revoked or confirmed. Notwithstanding the above, where thesuspension of the release of goods is carried out or continued in accordance with a provisional judicial measure, theprovisions of paragraph 6 of Article 50 shall apply.

Article 56 Indemnification of the Importer and of the Owner of the Goods

Relevant authorities shall have the authority to order the applicant to pay the importer, the consignee and theowner of the goods appropriate compensation for any injury caused to them through the wrongful detention of goodsor through the detention of goods released pursuant to Article 55.

Article 57 Right of Inspection and Information

Without prejudice to the protection of confidential information, Members shall provide the competent authoritiesthe authority to give the right holder sufficient opportunity to have any goods detained by the customs authoritiesinspected in order to substantiate the right holder’s claims. The competent authorities shall also have authority to givethe importer an equivalent opportunity to have any such goods inspected. Where a positive determination has beenmade on the merits of a case, Members may provide the competent authorities the authority to inform the right holderof the names and addresses of the consignor, the importer and the consignee and of the quantity of the goods inquestion.

Article 58 Ex Officio Action

Where Members require competent authorities to act upon their own initiative and to suspend the release of goods inrespect of which they have acquired prima facie evidence that an intellectual property right is being infringed:

(a) the competent authorities may at any time seek from the right holder any information that may assist them toexercise these powers;

(b) the importer and the right holder shall be promptly notified of the suspension. Where the importer has lodgedan appeal against the suspension with the competent authorities, the suspension shall be subject to the conditions,mutatis mutandis, set out at Article 55;

(c) Members shall only exempt both public authorities and officials from liability to appropriate remedial measureswhere actions are taken or intended in good faith.

Article 59 Remedies

Without prejudice to other rights of action open to the right holder and subject to the right of the defendant to seekreview by a judicial authority, competent authorities shall have the authority to order the destruction or disposal ofinfringing goods in accordance with the principles set out in Article 46. In regard to counterfeit trademark goods, theauthorities shall not allow the re-exportation of the infringing goods in an unaltered state or subject them to a differentcustoms procedure, other than in exceptional circumstances.

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Article 60 De Minimis Imports

Members may exclude from the application of the above provisions small quantities of goods of a non-commercialnature contained in travellers’ personal luggage or sent in small consignments.

SECTION 5 : CRIMINAL PROCEDURES

Article 61

Members shall provide for criminal procedures and penalties to be applied at least in cases of wilful trademarkcounterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale. Remedies available shall include imprisonment and/ormonetary fines sufficient to provide a deterrent, consistently with the level of penalties applied for crimes of acorresponding gravity. In appropriate cases, remedies available shall also include the seizure, forfeiture and destructionof the infringing goods and of any materials and implements the predominant use of which has been in the commissionof the offence. Members may provide for criminal procedures and penalties to be applied in other cases of infringementof intellectual property rights, in particular where they are committed wilfully and on a commercial scale.

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PART IV — Acquisition and maintenance of intellectual property rightsand related inter-partes procedures

CHAPTER - 11

Article 62

1. Members may require, as a condition of the acquisition or maintenance of the intellectual property rights providedfor under Sections 2 through 6 of Part II, compliance with reasonable procedures and formalities. Such proceduresand formalities shall be consistent with the provisions of this Agreement.

2. Where the acquisition of an intellectual property right is subject to the right being granted or registered, Membersshall ensure that the procedures for grant or registration, subject to compliance with the substantive conditions foracquisition of the right, permit the granting or registration of the right within a reasonable period of time so as to avoidunwarranted curtailment of the period of protection.

3. Article 4 of the Paris Convention (1967) shall apply mutatis mutandis to service marks.

4. Procedures concerning the acquisition or maintenance of intellectual property rights and, where a Member’s lawprovides for such procedures, administrative revocation and inter partes procedures such as opposition, revocationand cancellation, shall be governed by the general principles set out in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 41.

5. Final administrative decisions in any of the procedures referred to under paragraph 4 shall be subject to reviewby a judicial or quasi-judicial authority. However, there shall be no obligation to provide an opportunity for such reviewof decisions in cases of unsuccessful opposition or administrative revocation, provided that the grounds for suchprocedures can be the subject of invalidation procedures.

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PART V — Dispute Prevention and Settlement

CHAPTER - 12Article 63 Transparency

1. Laws and regulations, and final judicial decisions and administrative rulings of general application, made effectiveby a Member pertaining to the subject matter of this Agreement (the availability, scope, acquisition, enforcement andprevention of the abuse of intellectual property rights) shall be published, or where such publication is not practicablemade publicly available, in a national language, in such a manner as to enable governments and right holders tobecome acquainted with them. Agreements concerning the subject matter of this Agreement which are in forcebetween the government or a governmental agency of a Member and the government or a governmental agency ofanother Member shall also be published.

2. Members shall notify the laws and regulations referred to in paragraph 1 to the Council for TRIPS in order toassist that Council in its review of the operation of this Agreement. The Council shall attempt to minimize the burdenon Members in carrying out this obligation and may decide to waive the obligation to notify such laws and regulationsdirectly to the Council if consultations with WIPO on the establishment of a common register containing these lawsand regulations are successful. The Council shall also consider in this connection any action required regardingnotifications pursuant to the obligations under this Agreement stemming from the provisions of Article 6ter of theParis Convention (1967).

3. Each Member shall be prepared to supply, in response to a written request from another Member, information ofthe sort referred to in paragraph 1. A Member, having reason to believe that a specific judicial decision or administrativeruling or bilateral agreement in the area of intellectual property rights affects its rights under this Agreement, may alsorequest in writing to be given access to or be informed in sufficient detail of such specific judicial decisions oradministrative rulings or bilateral agreements.

4. Nothing in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall require Members to disclose confidential information which would impedelaw enforcement or otherwise be contrary to the public interest or would prejudice the legitimate commercial interestsof particular enterprises, public or private.

Article 64 Dispute Settlement

1. The provisions of Articles XXII and XXIII of GATT 1994 as elaborated and applied by the Dispute SettlementUnderstanding shall apply to consultations and the settlement of disputes under this Agreement except as otherwisespecifically provided herein.

2. Subparagraphs 1(b) and 1(c) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 shall not apply to the settlement of disputes under thisAgreement for a period of five years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.

3. During the time period referred to in paragraph 2, the Council for TRIPS shall examine the scope and modalitiesfor complaints of the type provided for under subparagraphs 1(b) and 1(c) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 madepursuant to this Agreement, and submit its recommendations to the Ministerial Conference for approval. Any decisionof the Ministerial Conference to approve such recommendations or to extend the period in paragraph 2 shall be madeonly by consensus, and approved recommendations shall be effective for all Members without further formal acceptanceprocess.

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PART VI — Transitional Arrangements

CHAPTER - 13

Article 65 Transitional Arrangements

1. Subject to the provisions of paragraphs 2, 3 and 4, no Member shall be obliged to apply the provisions of thisAgreement before the expiry of a general period of one year following the date of entry into force of the WTOAgreement.

2. A developing country Member is entitled to delay for a further period of four years the date of application, asdefined in paragraph 1, of the provisions of this Agreement other than Articles 3, 4 and 5.

3. Any other Member which is in the process of transformation from a centrally-planned into a market, free-enterpriseeconomy and which is undertaking structural reform of its intellectual property system and facing special problems inthe preparation and implementation of intellectual property laws and regulations, may also benefit from a period ofdelay as foreseen in paragraph 2.

4. To the extent that a developing country Member is obliged by this Agreement to extend product patent protectionto areas of technology not so protectable in its territory on the general date of application of this Agreement for thatMember, as defined in paragraph 2, it may delay the application of the provisions on product patents of Section 5 ofPart II to such areas of technology for an additional period of five years.

5. A Member availing itself of a transitional period under paragraphs 1, 2, 3 or 4 shall ensure that any changes in itslaws, regulations and practice made during that period do not result in a lesser degree of consistency with theprovisions of this Agreement.

Article 66 Least-Developed Country Members

1. In view of the special needs and requirements of least-developed country Members, their economic, financialand administrative constraints, and their need for flexibility to create a viable technological base, such Members shallnot be required to apply the provisions of this Agreement, other than Articles 3, 4 and 5, for a period of 10 years fromthe date of application as defined under paragraph 1 of Article 65. The Council for TRIPS shall, upon duly motivatedrequest by a least-developed country Member, accord extensions of this period.

2. Developed country Members shall provide incentives to enterprises and institutions in their territories for thepurpose of promoting and encouraging technology transfer to least-developed country Members in order to enablethem to create a sound and viable technological base.

Article 67 Technical Cooperation

In order to facilitate the implementation of this Agreement, developed country Members shall provide, on request andon mutually agreed terms and conditions, technical and financial cooperation in favour of developing and least-developed country Members. Such cooperation shall include assistance in the preparation of laws and regulations onthe protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights as well as on the prevention of their abuse, and shallinclude support regarding the establishment or reinforcement of domestic offices and agencies relevant to thesematters, including the training of personnel.

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PART VII — Institutional arrangements; final provisions

CHAPTER - 14

Article 68 Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

The Council for TRIPS shall monitor the operation of this Agreement and, in particular, Members’ compliance withtheir obligations hereunder, and shall afford Members the opportunity of consulting on matters relating to the trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights. It shall carry out such other responsibilities as assigned to it by theMembers, and it shall, in particular, provide any assistance requested by them in the context of dispute settlementprocedures. In carrying out its functions, the Council for TRIPS may consult with and seek information from anysource it deems appropriate. In consultation with WIPO, the Council shall seek to establish, within one year of its firstmeeting, appropriate arrangements for cooperation with bodies of that Organization.

Article 69 International Cooperation

Members agree to cooperate with each other with a view to eliminating international trade in goods infringingintellectual property rights. For this purpose, they shall establish and notify contact points in their administrations andbe ready to exchange information on trade in infringing goods. They shall, in particular, promote the exchange ofinformation and cooperation between customs authorities with regard to trade in counterfeit trademark goods andpirated copyright goods.

Article 70 Protection of Existing Subject Matter

1. This Agreement does not give rise to obligations in respect of acts which occurred before the date of applicationof the Agreement for the Member in question.

2. Except as otherwise provided for in this Agreement, this Agreement gives rise to obligations in respect of allsubject matter existing at the date of application of this Agreement for the Member in question, and which is protectedin that Member on the said date, or which meets or comes subsequently to meet the criteria for protection under theterms of this Agreement. In respect of this paragraph and paragraphs 3 and 4, copyright obligations with respect toexisting works shall be solely determined under Article 18 of the Berne Convention (1971), and obligations withrespect to the rights of producers of phonograms and performers in existing phonograms shall be determined solelyunder Article 18 of the Berne Convention (1971) as made applicable under paragraph 6 of Article 14 of this Agreement.

3. There shall be no obligation to restore protection to subject matter which on the date of application of thisAgreement for the Member in question has fallen into the public domain.

4. In respect of any acts in respect of specific objects embodying protected subject matter which become infringingunder the terms of legislation in conformity with this Agreement, and which were commenced, or in respect of whicha significant investment was made, before the date of acceptance of the WTO Agreement by that Member, anyMember may provide for a limitation of the remedies available to the right holder as to the continued performance ofsuch acts after the date of application of this Agreement for that Member. In such cases the Member shall, however,at least provide for the payment of equitable remuneration.

5. A Member is not obliged to apply the provisions of Article 11 and of paragraph 4 of Article 14 with respect tooriginals or copies purchased prior to the date of application of this Agreement for that Member.

6. Members shall not be required to apply Article 31, or the requirement in paragraph 1 of Article 27 that patentrights shall be enjoyable without discrimination as to the field of technology, to use without the authorization of theright holder where authorization for such use was granted by the government before the date this Agreement becameknown.

7. In the case of intellectual property rights for which protection is conditional upon registration, applications forprotection which are pending on the date of application of this Agreement for the Member in question shall bepermitted to be amended to claim any enhanced protection provided under the provisions of this Agreement. Suchamendments shall not include new matter.

8. Where a Member does not make available as of the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement patent

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protection for pharmaceutical and agricultural chemical products commensurate with its obligations under Article 27,that Member shall:

(a) notwithstanding the provisions of Part VI, provide as from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreementa means by which applications for patents for such inventions can be filed;

(b) apply to these applications, as of the date of application of this Agreement, the criteria for patentability as laiddown in this Agreement as if those criteria were being applied on the date of filing in that Member or, where priority isavailable and claimed, the priority date of the application; and

(c) provide patent protection in accordance with this Agreement as from the grant of the patent and for theremainder of the patent term, counted from the filing date in accordance with Article 33 of this Agreement, for thoseof these applications that meet the criteria for protection referred to in subparagraph (b).

9. Where a product is the subject of a patent application in a Member in accordance with paragraph 8(a), exclusivemarketing rights shall be granted, notwithstanding the provisions of Part VI, for a period of five years after obtainingmarketing approval in that Member or until a product patent is granted or rejected in that Member, whichever periodis shorter, provided that, subsequent to the entry into force of the WTO Agreement, a patent application has beenfiled and a patent granted for that product in another Member and marketing approval obtained in such other Member.

Article 71 Review and Amendment

1. The Council for TRIPS shall review the implementation of this Agreement after the expiration of the transitionalperiod referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 65. The Council shall, having regard to the experience gained in itsimplementation, review it two years after that date, and at identical intervals thereafter. The Council may also undertakereviews in the light of any relevant new developments which might warrant modification or amendment of thisAgreement.

2. Amendments merely serving the purpose of adjusting to higher levels of protection of intellectual property rightsachieved, and in force, in other multilateral agreements and accepted under those agreements by all Members of theWTO may be referred to the Ministerial Conference for action in accordance with paragraph 6 of Article X of the WTOAgreement on the basis of a consensus proposal from the Council for TRIPS.

Article 72 Reservations

Reservations may not be entered in respect of any of the provisions of this Agreement without the consent of theother Members.

Article 73 Security Exceptions

Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed:

(a) to require a Member to furnish any information the disclosure of which it considers contrary to its essentialsecurity interests; or

(b) to prevent a Member from taking any action which it considers necessary for the protection of its essentialsecurity interests;

(i) relating to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived;

(ii) relating to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war and to such traffic in other goods and materialsas is carried on directly or indirectly for the purpose of supplying a military establishment;

(iii) taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations; or

(c) to prevent a Member from taking any action in pursuance of its obligations under the United Nations Charter forthe maintenance of international peace and security.

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BUILT IN AGENDA FOR REVIEW OF THE TRIPS AGREEMENT

CHAPTER - 15

Article 71:

Article 71 of the TRIPS Agreement reads as under:

Review and Amendment

“1. The Council for TRIPS shall review the implementation of this Agreement after the expiration of the transitionalperiod referred to in paragraph 2 of Article 65. The Council shall, having regard to the experience gained in itsimplementation, review it two years after that date, and at identical intervals thereafter. The Council may also undertakereviews in the light of any relevant new developments, which might warrant modification or amendment of thisAgreement.

2. Amendments merely serving the purpose of adjusting to higher levels of protection of intellectual property rightsachieved, and in force, in other multilateral agreements and accepted under those agreements by all Members of theWTO may be referred to the Ministerial Conference for action in accordance with paragraph 6 of Article X of the WTOAgreement on the basis of a consensus proposal from the Council for TRIPS”.

This Article calls for a review of the implementation of the Agreement after the expiration of the transitional period,i.e. after 1-1-2000. This review shall be conducted biannually thereafter. The first review, in the year 2000, will focuson implementation of the Agreement after the expiration of the transition period available to developing countries upto 1.1.2000. Therefore, it may be very difficult to review or seek to amend the provisions of the Agreement in thisreview. In the year 2002 and every two years thereafter, the TRIPS Council shall review the Agreement, havingregard to the experience gained in the implementation of the Agreement. This review can suggest any amendment tothe Agreement also. However, such an amendment would have to be agreed to by consensus, as this is the practicein WTO. The article makes it easier for Members to propose amendments requiring a higher standard of protection,in line with the developments in other multilateral agreements (like WIPO). By implication amendments requiringlowering or dilution of the standard of protection would be more difficult.

In the built-in agenda for the review of the TRIPS Agreement from 2002 onwards, therefore, it may be possible togenerate consensus for a higher form of IPR protection (e.g. higher protection for geographical indications other thanwines and spirits). At the same time it may be very difficult to get a consensus on lowering of the standard ofprotection existing in the Agreement (e.g. seeking exemption for the pharmaceutical sector from patent protection).

As part of the process established for developing recommendations for the Seattle Ministerial Conference, somedeveloped countries (Japan, EC) had made some proposals for further strengthening of the TRIPS Agreement, forexample by harmonizing the two existing systems for filing patent applications (first-to-file and first-to-invent), applyingunder TRIPS international agreements on IPRs like the WIPO agreement on Copyrights. No decisions were taken inthe Conference. Similarly, some developing countries had, as a part of their implementation concerns, raised someissues like extension of transition period available to developing countries to meet their TRIPS obligations, and toextend the higher level of protection available for wines and spirits to other products. These issues may be raisedduring the review again.

Article 27.3 (b)

Article 27.3 (a) and (b) are as under:

Patentable Subject Matter

“3. Members may also exclude from patentability:

a. diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical methods for the treatment of humans or animals;b. plants and animals other than micro-organisms, and essentially biological processes for the production of

plants or animals other than non-biological and microbiological processes. However, Members shall providefor the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or by a combinationthereof. The provisions of this subparagraph shall be reviewed four years after the date of entry into force ofthe WTO Agreement.”

A review of clause (b) of para 3 of Article 27 was due in the year 1999 and was a part of the built-in agenda that theThird Ministerial Conference was to address. Various proposals had been received for this review in preparation forthe Seattle Ministerial Conference. USA had made proposals to the effect that a higher level of protection of plant

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varieties and microorganisms should be interpreted into this Article. India had also made a proposal basically toretain the flexibility available in this Article to exclude patents on life forms and to provide for benefit sharing mechanismsfor utilization of biological material in patents. However, as was the case with all the other issues raised by Membersfor decision in the Conference, this proposal also did not meet any success. However, many Members have arguedin the first TRIPS Council meeting in the year 2000 that the review of the Article should continue. The amendmentsto the Patent Act and the Bill on plant variety protection introduced by the Ministry of Agriculture in the Parliament arein line with the existing provisions.

USA already provides patents for plants and animals in its domestic law. Recently the EC had cleared a Directive onBiotechnology, which includes issues relating to patenting of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The Directivehas not yet been approved by the EU Parliament. The recently negotiated Biosafety Protocol in the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD) may be considered trade restrictive as it allows parties to install advanced informationagreements for the imports of GMOs. Thus, there could be pressure from some developed countries to strengthenthe standard of protection for life forms beyond that available in Article 27.3 (b). On the other hand there could bepressure from developing countries to ensure that the provisions of this Article do not adversely affect biologicaldiversity, traditional knowledge etc.

Articles 23.4 and 24.2

Article 23.4 reads as under:

Additional Protection for Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits

“4. In order to facilitate the protection of geographical indications of wines, negotiations shall be undertaken in theCouncil of TRIPS concerning the establishment of a multilateral system of notification of geographical indications forwines eligible for protection in those Members participating in that system.”

Article 24.2 read as under:

International Negotiations: Exceptions

“The Council for TRIPS shall keep under review the application of the provisions of this Section: the first such reviewshall take place within two years of the entry into force of the WTO Agreement. Any matter affecting the compliancewith the obligations under these provisions may be drawn to the attention to the Council, which, at the request of aMember, shall consult with any Member or Members in respect of such matter in respect of which it has not beenpossible to find a satisfactory solution through bilateral or plurilateral consultations between the Members concerned.The Council shall take such action as may be agreed to facilitate the operation and further the objectives of thisSection.”

Under Article 23.4 negotiations are proposed to facilitate the protection of geographical indications for wines andspirits by establishing a multilateral system of registration of such products. India was able to single handedly blockprogress of these negotiations by positing the need for grant of higher level of protection for products other than winesand spirits. The latter proposal for increasing the scope for higher protection was made as a part of the review of thesection on geographical indications under Article 24.2. In the report of the TRIPS Council to the Ministers at Singapore,it was clarified that the review would include matters relating to the scope of protection. The TRIPS Council iscurrently discussing the issue. India has the support of EU, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey etc.However, there may not be any agreement on increasing the scope in the near future. Nevertheless, the law ongeographical indications passed by the Indian Parliament has provided for grant of higher protection for products bynotification. India would continue to raise this issue in the TRIPS Council in the future.

Article 64

Article 64 reads as under:

Dispute Settlement

1. The provisions of Articles XXII and XXIII of GATT 1994 as elaborated and applied by the Dispute SettlementUnderstanding shall apply to consultations and the settlement of disputes under this Agreement except as otherwisespecifically provided herein.

2. Subparagraphs 1 (b) and 1 (c) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 shall not apply to the settlement of disputesunder this Agreement for a period of five years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.

3. During the time period referred to in paragraph 2, the Council for TRIPS shall examine the scope and

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modalities for complaints of the type provided for under subparagraphs 1(b) and 1 (c) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994made pursuant to this Agreement, and submit its recommendations to the Ministerial Conference for approval. Anydecisions of the Ministerial Conference to approve such recommendations or to extent the period in paragraph 2 shallbe made only by consensus, and approved recommendations shall be effective for all Members without furtherformal acceptance process.” Article 64 of the TRIPS Agreement relating to dispute settlement extends the DisputeSettlement Mechanism of the WTO to this agreement. However, the Dispute Settlement Mechanism of the WTO alsocovers non-violation complaints, meaning situations where there is nullification or impairment of benefits withoutthere being any conflict with the WTO provisions. This was not applicable up to 1.1.2000 as only disputes relating toviolation of obligations under the Agreement were covered. This provision was to be reviewed before 1.1.2000 by aconsensus proposal to the Ministers. While proposals to this effect were made by many Members including India asa part of the preparations for the Seattle Ministerial Conference, as was the case with other issues, no agreementcould be reached. As a consequence non-violation complaints can now be made by WTO Members on TRIPS issuesalso. Since there is an attempt to interpret the failure at Seattle as leading to ‘freezing’ of the issues, some Memberscould revive the issue of extension of the non-application of non-violation complaints to TRIPS beyond 1.1.2000. Itwill be important for India to resist expansion of the scope of dispute settlement to cover non-violation cases. It ishowever to early to assess whether there would be any consensus to revive the issue.

IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

As a part of the preparation at the Seattle Ministerial Conference, Members were allowed to make proposals onimplementation of the WTO Agreements, including proposals to remove imbalances in the existing agreements aswell as proposals to operationalise special and differential provisions in favour of developing countries.

India had, along with like minded developing countries made proposals under this category. In respect of the TRIPSAgreement, these proposals included the following: -

1. To extend the period for application of non-violation complaints to the TRIPS Agreement.2. To operationalise Articles 7 and 8 of the TRIPS Agreement by providing for transfer of technology on fair andmutually advantageous terms.3. To establish a mechanism for disclosure of the source of origin of biological material used in an invention andobtaining the consent of the country of origin so that institutional mechanisms could be established at the nationallevel for sharing of benefits arising out of the commercial exploitation of such inventions.

As a part of the confidence building measures, the General Council of WTO has taken a decision to resolve the“Implementation Issues” of the developing countries before the 4th Ministerial Conference. India will continue to pressfor the redressal of the Indian concerns on “Implementation of TRIPS Agreement”.

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A). CÕ Sm GpúXôûWÙm Tô§dLlúTô¡\Õ. ERôWQj§tÏ UÚkÕ ®ûXLs EVokÕ Es[]. ùTôÕ UÚjÕYmáP A§L ùNXÜ ©¥lTÕ B¡®hPÕ. HIV úSôndLô] UÚkÕL°u ®ûX ªL A§LUôL EVokÕ ®hPRôp

AkúSôVôp Tô§dLlThÓs[ 50 XhNj§tÏm úUtThP ùRu]ôl©¬dL UdLs AY§lTÓ¡u\]o. AeÏ UÚjÕYmúLô¬ ùT¬V A[®tÏ úTôWôhPm SPkÕ YÚ¡\Õ.

B). TôWmT¬V £¡fûN Øû\Lû[ TpXô«WdLQdLô] BiÓL[ôL ©uTt±YÚm SmûUlúTôu\ Sôh¥p ×§VA±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU Øû\L°]ôp SUÕ ùNôkR NêLj§úXúV SmûU AL§L[ôL ¨odL§VôdÏm ATôVm Es[Õ.SmªPØs[ SUÕ TôWmT¬V £¡fûN Øû\Lû[ Tu]ôhÓ HLúTôL ̈ ßY]eLs HtL]úY E±gNj ÕYe¡®hP].

C), NêL Y[eLÞdÏ BTjÕ HtThÓs[Õ. TX CPeL°p E«¬Vp Y[eLs AkRkR NêLeL°u AàU§ûVùT\ôUÛm ApXÕ ARtLô] NuUô]m YZeLlTPôUúX §ÚhÓjR]UôLÜm LYWlTÓYûR AWÑ NôWô ùRôiÓ¨ßY]eLs HtL]úY Ñh¥d Lôh¥Ùs[].

D). A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU Øû\ ®YNôVjûR LÓûUVôL Tô§dÏm. Cuû\dÏm ®YNôVm SUÕ UdLs ùRôûL«p70 NRj§]odÏ ©ûZl×j ùRô¯XôL CÚkÕ YÚm ¨ûX«p AYoLs ®YNôVjRp ùRôPokÕ ùNVpTP CVXôR¨ûXûV CkR ×§V ¨ûX HtTÓjÕm.

E). EQÜl TôÕLôl×dÏ AfÑßjRp HtThÓs[Õ. NôRôWQ Ï¥ULu C² NôRôWQ ®ûX«p EQÜlùTôÚsLû[ ùTßYÕ CVXôR ¨ûX HtTÓùU] AgNlTÓ¡\Õ.

F). '¥¬lv' JlTkRm úSoûUVô]ùRôÓ JlTkRªpûX. '¥¬lv' JlTkRjûR AØXôdLYRtLô] HtTôÓLû[ùNnYRtÏ JqùYôÚ Eßl× Sôh¥tÏm Ïû\kRÕ ìTôn 7 1/2, úLô¥«ÚkÕ ì. 10 úLô¥ YûW ùNXÜ ©¥dÏm.Eßl× SôÓLs TXYt±tÏ CqYôß ùNXÜ ùNnYÕ Nôj§VUôL CpûX. AÕÜm AùU¬dLô úTôu\ SôÓLÞPu

CÕ ®`Vj§p úTôh¥«P Ø¥VôÕ. AùU¬dLô®p Es[ YojRL Øj§ûW Utßm Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§uBiÓ Thù_h ì. 100 úLô¥VôÏm. úUÛm AkR AÛYXLj§p ØYô«Wj§tÏm úUtThP ªLÜm úRof£ ùTt\®gOô²Ls, ùTô±Vô[oLs Utßm NhP YpÛ]oLs T¦×¬¡u\]o.

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CODISSIA

ùTôÕfÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkRj§u Cß§ NhPm ûLùVÝjÕ B] ©\Ï ØuYkÕs[ûY NoYúRN YojRL Ã§«pªLÜm R²jRuûU YônkR]YôL Es[]. EXL YojRL AûUl× RûPVt\ YojRL SûPØû\ûV Eß§lTÓjÕYRôLEs[Õ. úNûXLs, _Ü°, ®YNôVm, YojRLm NôokR ØRÄhÓ Øû\Ls (TRIPS), YojRLm NôokR A±ÜfùNôjÕ¬ûULs (TRIPS) JlÀhP[®p SUdÏs[ Yônl×Ls ÁÕ ªL BZUô] RôdLjûR HtTÓjRlúTô¡u\].

ùTôÕf ÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkR AûUl©u ̧ r SûPùTt\ GhÓ Ñtßl úTfÑYôojûRL°p Bß ÑtßL°p ùTÚmTôÛmÑeLj ¾oûYLs Ïû\lTÕ Ï±jÕ UhÓúU R²dLY]m ùNÛj§l úTNlThPÕ. HZôYÕ Ñtß úPôdúVô®pSûPùTt\Õ. A§p ¾oûYL[pXô ©\ ®NVeLs ÁÕ LY]m ùNÛjRlThPÕ. EÚÏúY Ñtß G] A±VlTÓmGhPôYÕ Ñt±p GhP úYi¥V Ï±dúLôsLs Ï±jÕ ªLÜm ®¬YôL ®Yô§dLlhPÕ. CfÑt±p TôWmT¬VUôLTôÕLôdLlThÓ YÚ¡\ ®NVeL°àsú[ ùTôÕf ÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkR AûUl©u LY]m ùLôiÓ ùNpXlThPÕC§p úNûYLÞm APe¡«ÚkR]. "¥¬lv' Utßm YojRLm NôokR ØRÄhÓ Øû\Ls Utßm ®YNôVj§u ÁÕTôoûY ùNÛjRlThPÕ. AùU¬dL Id¡V Sôh¥u ØuØVt£Vôp CkR ×§V TÏ§Ls ùTôÕ ÑeLj§oûY JlTkRAûUl©u úTfÑYôojûRL°às ÖûZdLlThP]. ùTôÚsLs YojRLm NmUkRUô] TuØû] JlTkRm, SôuÏYojRL JlTkReLs, "¥¬lv"Utßm úNûYLs ÁÕ RXô JÚ JlTkRm, RôYô¾oÜ ÁRô] ®[dLeLs, YojRLùLôsûL T¬ºXû] Øû\ NmUkRUô] JlTkRm, Utßm Gi¦XPeLô Ø¥ÜLs Utßm A±®l×Ls B¡VYt±tÏA¥lTûPVô] 19 ×§V ®NVeLs Cß§ JlTkRj§p úNodLlThP].

A±Üf ùNôjÕ NmUkRlThP E¬ûULÞdÏ Sm©dûLV°dÏm YûWVû\Lû[Ùm AûYLÞdLô] NhPSûPØû\Lû[Ùm YÏdÏUôß Eßl× SôÓLs úLhÓd ùLôs[lThÓs[]. EXL YojRL AûUl× Utßm ùTôÕfÑeLj¾oûY JlTkRj§p Es[Õ úTôuß "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u Es[ôokR úSôdLØm RûPVt\ YojRLúUVôÏm.

T§l×¬ûU, YojRL Øj§ûW, YojRL WL£VeLs, ×®«Vp Ïû\VûPVô[eLs, ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLs,JÚe¡ûQkR ªuÑtß, T«oLs ÖiE«odáßLs Utßm T«oYûLLs B¡V JuTÕ YûL A±Üf ùNôjÕdLsEXL YojRL AûUl©u ¸r YÚ¡u\].

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NmUkRUô] EXL YojRL AûUl©u NWjÕL°p TX TôRLeLs Es[]. ùRô¯p ÖhTeLÞdLôLùY°SôhÓ ¨ßY]eLû[ NôokÕ CÚdL úYi¥Ùs[Õ.

A§L¬dÏm Au²Vf ùNXôYô¦ ùY°úVt\m.YojRLm ØRÄhÓ Øû\Ls, úNûYLs, "¥¬lv"B¡VYt±u ÁRô] ùTôÚl×L[ôp A§L¬dÏm Au²Vf ùNXôYô¦ùY°úVt\m. EsSôhÓ Cû\VôuûU«u úUp A§L¬dÏm FÓßYp G] TX TôRLeLs Es[]. RVô¬l×Lôl×¬ûU, RVô¬l× Øû\ Lôl×¬ûU, £\l× NkûR E¬ûULs, A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUûV R²Vôo ùNôjÕ¬ûUVôLAe¸L¬lTÕ B¡VYt±tLô] NWjÕdLs "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NWjÕL°p Es[]. CûYLû[ùVpXômûYjÕlTôodÏm úTôÕ 1994 ùTôÕfÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkR§u ùY°lTôPôL ùRô¯p ÖhTm NôokR YojRLeLú[Øu GlúTôÕm CpXôR YûL«p ùY°lThPÕ Gu\ Sm©dûL Eß§lTÓ¡\Õ. NÁT BiÓL°p EXL YojRLmARu RuûU Ã§«úXúV A¥lTûP Uôt\eLû[ AûPkÕs[Õ GuTûR ARu ¸rYÚm SPY¥dûLLsEQojÕ¡u\].

ùRô¯p Õû\dÏ Esú[Vô] YojRLm:_Ü° RVô¬l×LÞdLô] _Ü°Ls, WNôVQd LXûYLÞdLô] WNôVQeLs úTôu\ JúW Uô§¬Vô] ùTôÚsLû[RVô¬lT§p DÓThÓs[ SôÓLs ReLÞdÏsú[úV CYtû\ C\dÏU§Ùm HtßU§Ùm ùNnÕ ùLôs¡u\]. YojRLT¬Uôt\j§p TWvTWm HtTÓm Tt\ôdÏû\ûV DÓLhÓYRtLô] A[Ü ®¡RjûR TWôU¬lTRtÏ ØVp¡u\].CRu ùTV¬p Y[of£VûPkR úUtÏ IúWôl©V SôÓL°ûPúV UhÓm CÚdÏm WNôVQeLs, _Ü°Ls UtßmªuNôWm NôWôR Gk§WeLs ®NVj§p CqYûL ùRô¯pÕû\LÞdÏ Esú[Vô] HtßU§ C\dÏU§LsSûPùTß¡u\]. JqùYôÚ TôLjûRÙm, ùTôÚû[Ùm R²jR²VôL EÚYôdÏm EtTj§ ©¬®p ùTôÚ°uØÝY¥Yj§tLô] E§¬TôLeLs Utßm CûPlThP TôLeLs RVô¬l× G] RVô¬l× Øû\ûV BZUôL ©¬jÕùNVpTÓYÕ, Y¥YeLs, ùTh¥«p AûPlTÕ, Øj§ûWLs B¡VYt±p £ß£ß Uôt\eLs ùNnÕ RVô¬l×Lû[úYßTÓj§d LôhÓYÕ úTôu\ûY NkûR«p ÖûZÙm RVô¬l×L[Õ A¥lTûP CQeL[Õ ØLjúRôt\jûRúVUôt±®hP].

EtTj§ ùNnYÕ, Y¥YûUl×Ls, ùTh¥«p AûPlTÕ úTôu\Yt±û] R²jR±YRtLô] HtTôÓLs Tt±NmUkRlThP ̈ ßY]eL°ûPúVÙm, ùRô¯p Õû\L°ûPúVÙm ùSÚe¡V ùRôPo×Ls CÚlTRtLô] Nôh£ Es[Õ.CRû]d ùLôiÓ Tu]ôhÓ HLúTôL ̈ ßY]eLs (MNCS) ®ûWYôL EXL ØÝYÕm TWY Ø¥kÕs[Õ. EtTj§«uJqùYôÚ ¨ûX«Ûm úRof£ ùTt\ ¨ßY]eLû[ GeùLeúL AûUdLXôm Guß ¨ßY] Ø¥ÜLs GÓdLlTÓmØu]o BûXLs AûUV[Üs[ SôÓL°u XôT ®¡R Utßm Y¬d ùLôsûLLs, LPu Yh¥ ®¡Rm, ùY°SôhÓêXR]eLs ÁRô] ùLôsûLLs, TQUôtß ®¡Rm, TQ UôtßjRuûU, ùRô¯Xô[o NhPeLs úTôu\ûYLsLQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôs[lTÓ¡u\]. ClT¥lThP LôW¦L°p Uô²VeLû[ A°lTRtLô] LôW¦ AqY[ÜJußm Ød¡VUô]Õ ApX.

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CODISSIA

×§RôL ØuàdÏ YkÕs[ E«¬Vp ùRô¯p ÖhTm:Öi ªu]à®Vp ÖhTm úTôu\ ùRô¯pÖhTeLs EXL EtTj§ Øû\L°Ûm YojRL Øû\L°p JÚ ×Wh£ûVúVHtTÓj§Ùs[Õ. CkR Y[of£Ls Juû\ Nôj§VlTPf ùNnYRtLô] GpûXVt\ NkRolTeLû[ YZe¡«Úd¡\AúR úSWj§p AfÑßjRXôLÜm Øu YkÕs[].

Y[of£VûPkR SôÓL[ô]ôÛm N¬ Y[Úm SôÓL[ô]ôÛm N¬ AYt±u AqYûL«Xô] úR£V JhÓ ùUôjREtTj§«p úNûYjÕû\L°u TeÏ ùYÏYôL A§L¬jÕdùLôiúP Es[]. NWdÏLs Õû\«p Jl©hP[®pR]dÏ CÚkR NôRLeLû[ AùU¬dL ªLúYLUôL CZkÕs[Õ. NkûR Yônl×L°p AkSôh¥u úNûYjÕû\L°uY[of£ûV A§LlTÓjÕ¡\Õ.

ÑtßfãZp, U²R E¬ûULs, ÏZkûR ùRô¯Xô[oLs úTôu\ TX ©WfNû]Ls YojRL SûPØû\Ls ÁÕ RôdLmùNÛjRdá¥V]YôL ØuYkÕs[]. YojRLm NmUkRUô] TôWmT¬V ùLôsûLLÞdÏ G§ofNôYôp ®ÓY]YôLCûY Es[]. ãtßfãZûX UôÑTÓjÕm ùRô¯pLû[ Y[of£VûPÙm SôÓLÞdÏ Uôtßm Y[of£VûPkR SôÓL°uSPY¥dûLLÞdÏ LiáPô] Es[].

Y[Úm SôÓL°p ØuYkÕs[ ùT¬V LPu ÑûULs LôWQUôL G§oTôWôR Nd§Lû[ EÚYôd¡®PlThÓs[].AûYLs EXL SôÓLs Aû]j§u EtTj§ Utßm YojRL SûPØû\Ls ÁÕ B§dLm ùNÛjRj ÕYe¡Ùs[].AúRúTôX ùTôÚ[ôRôWm B§dLûUVeLs áP CPmùTVo¡u\]. úUÛm Uôt± AûUdLlTÓ¡u\].

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CODISSIA

Aj§VôVm þ 2A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUL°u ̧ rLiP ©¬ÜLÞdÏ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUL°u YojRLm NôokR ©¬ÜL°u ÁRô] JlTkRm(¥¬lv) B]Õ Ïû\kR ThN YûWVûWLs, A[ÅÓLs YZe¡Ùs[Õ.

A) T§l×¬ûULs Utßm AÕ NôokR E¬ûULs

B) YojRL Øj§ûWLs

C) ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLs

D) ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLs

E) Lôl×¬ûULs

F) Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßL°u YûWY¥YeLs

G) ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpLÞdLô] TôÕLôl× (YojRL WL£VeLs)

NmUkRlThPYoLÞdÏ ùTôßkRdá¥VYûL«p Ïû\kR ThN A[ÅÓLû[ ̈ oQ«lTRtÏ JlTkRm Y¯YÏjÕs[Õ."¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NWjÕLû[ AØXôdÏYRtÏ Y[oØL SôÓLÞdÏ IkÕ BiÓLs LôX AYLôNmYZeLlThÓsÕ. CdLôXdLhPm 1þ1þ2000Cp Ø¥YûP¡\Õ. úR£V AkRvÕ Utßm ªLÜm úYiPlThP SôhÓAkRvÕ A°dLlThÓs[ûY ®NVj§p UôtÈh¥tLô] LôX AYLôNm ¡ûPVôÕ. úUÛm 1þ1þ1995Bm úR§«pÏ±l©hP ùRô¯p ÖhTm NôokR RVô¬l×LÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTPôUp CÚdÏm SôÓLs AkR YûL RVô¬l×Lôl×¬ûULs YZeÏYRtÏ 1þ1þ2005 YûW úUÛm IkÕ BiÓLs LôX AYLôNm GÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm.

UÚkÕLs Utßm úY[ôi WNôVQ RVô¬l×LÞdLô] Lôl×¬ûUdÏ 1þ1þ1995 úR§Vuß HtTôÓLs ùNn§WôR SôÓLsAlT¥lThP RVô¬l×LÞdÏ Lôl× úLôÚm ®iQlTeLû[ Htßd ùLôsYRtLô] (RTôp ùTh¥) HtTôÓLû[ùNnV úYiÓm. ùTôßjRUô] Øuà¬ûU A¥lTûP«p AlT¥lThP RVô¬l×LÞdÏ £\l× NkûR E¬ûULsYZeL úYiÓm. Ck§VôûYl ùTôßjRYûW £X ¨TkRû]L°u A¥lTûP«p UhÓúU Cf£\l×¬ûUYZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. NmUkRlThP RVô¬l©tÏ Lôl×¬ûUdLô] ®iQlTm EXL YojRL AûUl©u HRôYÕ JÚEßl× Sôh¥p 1þ1þ1995dÏl ©\Ï úNodLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm. AkR Sôh¥p AkR RVô¬l©tÏ Lôl×¬ûU UtßmNkûR Jl×Rp ùTt±ÚdL úYiÓm. CûYL°u A¥lTûP«p UhÓúU £\l× Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. £\l×Lôl×¬ûUVô]Õ IkÕ BiÓLÞdúLô ApXÕ NmUkRlThP RVô¬l×dÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓm ApXÕ¨oQ«dÏm Sôs YûWúVô YZeLlTÓm. C§p GkR LôX LhPm Ïß¡VRôL Es[úRô AkR LôX LhPj§tÏ £\l×Lôl×¬ûU ùNpÛT¥VôÏm. 1999 Uôof UôRm ̈ û\úYt\lThP Lôl×¬ûU (§ÚjRm) NhPm 1999Cu ̧ r RTôp ùTh¥Utßm £\l× Lôl×¬ûU YN§Ls HtTÓjRlThÓs[].

Ck§VôYô]Õ 1þ1þ2000 ØRp "¥¬lv"JlTkRf NWjÕdL°u A¥lTûP«p ¸rYÚm HÝYûL A±Üf ùNôjÕE¬ûULÞdÏ Lôl× A°dL ùTôßlTô¡\Õ.

A) Lôl×¬ûULs Utßm AÕ NôokR E¬ûUûLs:CXd¡Vm, CûN, Hû]V LûXlTûPl×Ls, §ûWlTPeLs Utßm T§ÜLs B¡VY±tÏ T§l×¬ûU GuTÕ NhPmEÚYôd¡d RkÕs[ £\l× E¬ûUVôÏm. CXd¡Vl TûPl×Ls Utßm LûXlTûPl×Ls úTôu\Yt±uTûPlTô°L[ô] GÝjRô[oLs, L®OoLs, CûNVûUlTô[oLs Utßm LûXOoLs ReLs TûPl×LÞdÏEPûUVô[o E¬ûU ùT\jRdLYoLs. AlT¥lThP TûPl×Ls NhPj§tÏ ×\mTôL UßLôl× E¬ûUYZeLlTPôUÚlRtLô] NhPd LôlûT CkR £\l× E¬ûULs YZeÏ¡u\]. JÚ A±ÜéoYUô] LûXlTûPlûT®tßØ¥lTRtÏm, ARu Y[eLû[ ®VôTôW Ã§«p TVuTÓj§d ùLôsYRtÏUô] £\l× E¬ûUûV T§l×¬ûUYZeÏ¡\Õ. AfÑ, T¥Y AfÑ, K®VlT§Ü, TôÕLôl×, ©W§ùVÓjRp, Eßd¡ AfùNÓjRp, YôojÕ EÚdùLôÓjRp,×ûLl TPùUÓjRp, §ûWlTP ÑÚs, J RhÓl T§Ü, ApXÕ Gk§Wd LÚ®LÞdLô] ÑÚsLs CûNf úNûYLs,ùNôtùTô¯ÜLs ApXÕ Jl×®jRp GÝjÕl©W§Ls, ùUô¯ ùTVol×Ls, Uôt±VûUjRp, ¨Lrf£úNûYLs,JTWl×Ls ApXÕ TWYf ùNnRp úTôu\Yt±ÚkÕ T§lTô[ÚûPV E¬ûUdÏ £\l× Lôl× YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ.JÚ TûPlûTÙm úUÛm £X Ï±l©hP TûPl×Lû[Ùm Uß RVô¬l× ùNnYRtLô] HLúTôL E¬ûU Utßm ùTôÕ¨Lrf£LÞdÏ YZeÏYRtLô] HLúTôL E¬ûU B¡V] T§lTô[ÚûPVRôÏm. §\uLs úTôu\Yt±uTûPlTô°LÞdÏm £\l× Lôl× E¬ûULs Es[]. CXd¡Vm, CûN ÖiLûXLs Y¥®Xô] ×ûLlTPeLs,§ûWlTPeLs LûXOoLÞûPV NmUkRlThP RVô¬l×L°p AûYL°u B£¬VoLs DÓTÓj§V §\u, EûZl×Utßm ØRÄhûP LQd¡p ùLôiÓ NhPm AØXôdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

NhPj§tÏ ×\mTôL TûPl×Lû[ Uß RVô¬l× ùNnRp, E¬ûU«u± R]Rôd¡d ùLôsRp, §ÚhÓ Utßm úTôRVô¬l×L°p DÓTÓRp B¡VYt±ÚkÕ GÝjRô[oL[Õm LûXOoL[Õm E¬ûULû[l TôÕLôlTÕT§l×¬ûUfNhPj§u úSôdLUôÏm. ÑRk§WUô] TûPlTôn®u êXm Ï±l©PjRdL ùTôÚs RVô¬dLlTÓYRtÏRûP CpûX. AûYL°u ®NVj§p NhP Á\pLs SPkÕ ®hPRôL ùTôßlúTtL úYi¥V§pûX.

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CODISSIA

CXd¡Vm Utßm LûXlTûPl×Lû[ TÚlùTôÚs Y¥Yj§p ©W§ GÓlTRtLô] E¬ûUûV LôdÏm ®NVj§pNhPj§u NôWUô]Õ AûYL°u ©W§ êXlT¥Yj (Negative)ûR NôokRRôL Es[Õ. TûPlTô°Ls ReLsTûPl×LÞdÏ TûPl×¬ûU úLôW Lôl×¬ûU Y¯YÏd¡\Õ. JÚ TûPl©û] £ûRlTRu êXØm, Uôt± AûUlTRuêXØm ApXÕ úYß Y¯Ls êXØm TûPlTô°«u U¬VôûRdÏm SuU§l©tÏm úLÓ ®û[®d¡\ ùNVpLû[RÓdLÜm RdL CZlÀÓ úLôWÜm T§l×¬ûU AàU§V°d¡\Õ. AúR úSWj§p Lôl×¬ûULs, YûWY¥YeLsUtßm YojRL Øj§ûWLs ®NVj§p AûYLû[ T§Ü ùNnYRu êXm UhÓúU Lôl×¬ûU ¡ûPd¡\Õ. AlT¥lThP¨ûX«p T§l×¬ûU T§Ü AY£Vm CpXôUúXúV Rô]ôL AØÛdÏ YkÕ ®Ó¡\Õ.

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs Aû]jûRÙm úTôXúY T§l×¬ûULs Lôl×m JÚ Sôh¥u EsSôhÓf NhPj§]¥lTûP«pAûUdLlTÓ¡\Õ. AR]¥lTûP«p Ck§Vô®p AØp Es[ ARu T§l×¬ûUf NhPm 1957 T§l×¬ûUNhPm 1999 B¡V] '¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u NWjÕL[ôp úLôWlThÓs[ Ïû\kR ThNd LôlûT éoj§ ùNnY]YôLEs[]Yô Guß BnÜ ùNnV úYi¥Ùs[Õ.

"¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u TôLm 2Cu ©¬Ü 1 T§l×¬ûU Utßm AÕ NmUkRlThP ®NVeLû[d ùLôiÓs[Õ."¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u 9 þ 14 YûWVô] TÏ§L°p T§l×¬ûU Ut\m AÕ NmUkRlThPûYLs Es[].

T§l×¬ûU Utßm AÕ NmUkRlThP S¥LoLs, TôPLoLs, CûN RhÓ RVô¬lTô[oLs, JTWl× AûUl×Ls®NVj§p "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u A¥lTûP«p úUtùLôs[lTÓm ®NôWûQLs ùTo²

£\l× UôSôh¥u ùTÚmTôuûUVô] NWjÕLú[ôÓ ùTôßk§lúTôY]YôL Es[]. L¦² ùNVp§hPeLs CXd¡VTûPl×Lû[l úTôXúY TôÕLôdLlTÓ¡u\]. T§l×¬ûULs, S¥l×, TôPLoLs E¬ûULs, CûNjRhÓ RVô¬l×E¬ûULs B¡V] Ïû\kR ThNm 50 BiÓLs Lôl×ùT\jRdLûY. JTWl× AûUl×Ls ®NVj§p Ïû\kRThNm 20 BiÓLs Lôl× YZeLlTPjRdLÕ. Ck§Vô HtL]úY ùTo² £\l× UôSôhÓ Ø¥ÜL°p ûLùVÝj§hÓEs[Õ. SUÕ NhPeLs AmUôSôhÓ Ø¥ÜL°u NWjÕLú[ôÓ ùTôßkRdá¥VûY. Ck§Vô®u T§l×¬ûUfNhPm £X Y¯L°p "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u úRûYLû[ Á± CÚkRRôp §ÚjRm ùNnVlThÓs[Õ. Ck§Vf NhPj§pT§l×¬ûUdLô] Lôl× Øu× 60 YÚPeL[ôL CÚkRÕ. CfNhPm 1999 ¥NmT¬p §ÚjRlThPÕ. CR]ôp Lôl×NôokR E¬ûULÞdÏ 25 BiÓLs Lôl× YZeL AàU§dLlThPÕ.

B) YojRL Øj§ûWLs:YojRL Øj§ûW GuTÕ AûPVô[eLÔYRtLôL ERÜm JÚ Ï±ÂÓ. JúW Uô§¬Vô] CWiÓ ùYqúYß RVô¬l×Lû[CWiÓ ùYqúYß ¨ßY]eLs ®tÏm úTôÕ AûYLû[ ©¬jR±V YojRL Øj§ûW TVuTÓ¡\Õ. 'Øj§ûW'(Ï±VûPVô[m) Gu\ YôojûRVô]Õ CkR CPj§p §\m, ùRô¯t£u]m, RûXl× Ï±fºhÓ, Ï±l×f ºhÓ, ùTVo,ûLùVÝjÕ, YôojûR, GÝjÕ ApXÕ HRôYÕ JÚ áhÓY¥Ym úTôu\Ytû\ Ï±l©ÓYRôL Es[Õ. EtTj§ùNnVlThPùRôÚ ùTôÚs ApXÕ úNûYdLô] ©¬jR±VjRdL YojRL Øj§ûWVô]Õ ùTVWôLúYô,úUtùLôsYôNLUôLúYô, AûPVô[UôLúYô, ApXÕ £u]UôLúYô CÚdÏm. AûY ReLû[ Ï±l©hP JÚYojRLúWôÓ JÚ Ï±l©hP ®VôTôWj§u EPûUVô[WôL CÚkÕ RmûU ©uTt± YÚTYúWôÓ ùRôPo× TÓj§dLôhÓ¡u\].

YojRL Øj§ûWLs êuß®RUôL ùNVpTÓ¡u\]. ùTôÚû[Ùm ARu êXjûRÙm AûPVô[eLôhÓ¡u\].ARu Uô\ôR RWj§tÏ EjRWYôRm RÚ¡u\]. AkR ùTôÚû[ ®[mTWlTÓjÕYRtÏ ERÜ¡u\].

TpúYß TÏ§L°p CÚkÕ YÚm ùTôÚsL°p NmUkRlThP ùTôÚû[ GkR®RUô] ÏZlTØm Cu±ùLôsØRXô[Wô] ÖLoYô[o NmUkRlThP ARu êXjúRôÓ úNojÕ A±kÕ ùLôs[ EjRWYôRm A°d¡\Õ.Øj§ûW«u E¬ûUVô[o AûR T§Ü ùNn§ÚkRôÛm CpXô®hPôÛm Ï±l©hP ùTôÚsLÞdÏ R²lThP Øû\«pAÕ ClúTôÕ T§Ü ùNnVlThÓs[Õ ApXÕ ETúVô¡dLlTÓ¡\Õ Gu\ A¥lTûP«p AÕ AqÜTúVôLj§tLô]¿iP LôX E¬ûU ùTß¡\Õ.

YojRLoL[ôp ®VôTôW Ã§«p ETúVô¡dLlTÓYRôp YojRL Øj§ûW ®VôTôWf ùNôjRôL §Lr¡u\Õ. JÚYûLVô] ùNôjRôL CÕ LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ. ARu êXm R]Õ ùTôÚsLs Utßm úNûYLs ®NVj§p R²lThPØû\«p ETúVô¡lTRtLô] ùRôPof£Vô] E¬ûUûV AkR Øj§ûW«u E¬ûUVô[o ùTß¡\ôo.

YojRL Øj§ûWfNhPm:JÚ YojRLo NhPj§u ̧ r R]Õ YojRL Øj§ûW T§Ü ùNn§ÚdÏm ThNj§p AkR T§®u LôWQUôL U§l×ªdLE¬ûULû[l ùTß¡\ôo. YojRL Øj§ûW ùNnVlTÓYRu êXm GkR CPj§p AûR T§Ü ùNnÕs[ôúWô ARtÏEPuThÓ AkR Øj§ûWdÏ NmUkRlThP ùTôÚÞdÏ ETúVôLlTÓjÕm £\l× E¬ûUûV ùTß¡\ôo. R]ÕØj§ûWúVô AûRl úTôu\ûRúVô AÓjR JÚYo TVuTÓjÕm úTôÕ AûR NhPÁ\pL[ôL GÓjÕd ùLôiÓARu ÁÕ RûP ShPdLQdÏ ApXÕ AÓjR STo Dh¥Ùs[ XôTdLQdLôL GÓjÕd ùLôsYRtLô] £\l× E¬ûUûVùTß¡\ôo.

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CODISSIA

EXL YojRL AûUl©u '¥¬lv' JlTkRm: "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TôLm 2Cu ©¬Ü 2 YojRL Øj§ûWLs Tt±VRôÏm. T§Ü ùNnVlThP YojRL Øj§ûWLs®NVj§p EXL YojRL AûUl× Eßl× SôÓLs AmØj§ûWLÞdÏ ØÝ TôÕLôl× YZeL LPûUlThÓs[].

ùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYL°u êXjûR EQojÕYúR YojRL Øj§ûW«u úSôdLUôÏm. T§ÜdÏ ®iQl©dLEs[ Øj§ûW«u ®NVj§Ûm CÕ ùTôÚkÕm. RtúTôûRV ×§V YojRL Øj§ûWf NhPm 1999Cu ¸r úNûYØj§ûW T§ÜdÏm CÕ ùTôÚkÕm.

JÚ ùTôÚ°tÏ ETúVôLlTÓjRlTÓm Øj§ûWVô]Õ LôXlúTôd¡p ARu RWjûR ÖLoYô[oLÞdÏ EQojÕYRôLUôß¡\Õ. ùTôÚsL°u ®tTû]«p RtúTôÕ YojRL Øj§ûWLs TXUô] LôW¦VôL Es[Õ. ARu A¥lTûP«p¡ûPjR ùNpYôdûL ùLôiÓ Ï±l©hP LôXj§tÏ úUÛm ùRôPokÕ Yô¥dûLVô[oLs AkR ØLU§l× ùTt\ùTôÚsLÞdÏ Øuà¬ûU A°dÏm ¨ûX EÚYô¡\Õ. AkR YûL«p ùTôÚsLû[ YZeÏTYoLÞdÏ YojRLØj§ûW ERÜ¡\Õ. CqYûL LôWQeLs Aû]j§u LôWQUôL SuÏ ¨ûX¨ßjRlThP ùTVÚs[ YojRLØj§ûWVô]Õ ARu E¬ûUVô[ÚûPV U§l× ªdL ùNôjRôL B¡\Õ. ®VôTôWj§p DÓThÓs[ JÚYo Eßl×SôhÓ Ï¥UL]ôLúYô ApXÕ AÓjR JÚ Eßl× SôhÓ Ï¥UL]ôLúY CÚkRôÛm YojRL Øj§ûWLs NmUkRUô]£\l× UôSôhÓ Ø¥ÜLs Utßm "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u ©¬ÜLs 15 ØRp 21 Ø¥V Es[Yt±u A¥lTûP«p R]ÕYojRL Øj§ûWdÏ A§L ThNLôl× ùT\jRdLYWôYôo. "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u úSôdLØm CÕúYVôÏm.

YojRLm Utßm ®VôTôWf NhPm 1958Cu Ød¡VUô] NWjÕLs "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§tÏ ªLÜm ùTôÚk§«ßd¡u\].B]ôp AkRf NhPj§p úNûYÕû\ Øj§ûWdÏ Lôl× YZeLlTP®pûX. AYt±tÏ E¬V Yônl×Ls AlúTôÕLQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôs[lTP®pûX. B]ôp YojRL Øj§ûWf NhPm 1999Cu êXm C§p Uôt\mùNnVlThÓs[]. CRu êXm ClúTôÕ "¥¬lv"Cu ùTôßl×Lû[ ¨û\úYt\ ØÝûUVôL Sôm RVôoTÓj§dùLôiPYoL[ôL Esú[ôm.

C) ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLs:®VôTôWf NkûR«p Ï±l©hP ×®«Vp CPlùTVoLÞdÏ ªÏkR Ød¡VjÕYm Es[]. Ï±lTôL AlT¥lThPCPlùTVoLÞPu R²lThP Øû\«p CûQkÕs[ ùTôÚsL°u ®NVj§p CÕ ùTôÚkÕ¡\Õ.

úY[ôi ®û[ùTôÚsLs, CVtûLl ùTôÚsLs; RVô¬l×l ùTôÚhLs, ûL®û]l ùTôÚhLs, AûPdLlThPEQÜl ùTôÚsLs úTôu\ ùRô¯tNôûX ùTôÚsLs ®NVj§p ùTôÕYôL ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLsÖLoYô[oL°u LY]jûR LYo¡u\]. Ï±lTôL NmUkRlThP ùTôÚsL°u êX CPjûR Ï±l©Óm úTôÕ AkRCPj§u Yônl×Lû[ ùTôÕUdLs Ae¸L¬dÏm YûL«p LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôs[jRdL A[Ü U§lûT ®VôTô¬LsAkR ùTôÚ°p úNodL úYiÓm. Ï±lTôL AkR ùTôÚ°u R²jRWUô]Õ AkR ùTôÚs EtTj§VôÏm CPj§uêXf£\l× LôWQUôL HtTÓm úTôÕ LhPôVm ¿iP ùS¥V ETúVôLj§tÏ ©\Ï AkR CPj§u ùTVWô]ÕEiûU«úXúV AojRm ùTß¡\Õ. ERôWQj§tÏ Pôowe úR«ûX, Lôg£×Wl ThÓ úTôu\Ytû\ Ï±l©PXôm.AlT¥lThP CPlùTVoLú[ôÓ NmUkRlTPôR NWdÏLs ApXÕ EtTj§l ùTôÚsLÞdÏ RY\ôL ùTôÚjÕYRtÏm

×®«Vp CPlùTVoLû[ Øû\úLPôL TVuTÓjÕYRtLô] Aû]jÕ Yônl×LÞm Es[].

ReL[Õ RVô¬l×L°u ®YWdÏ±l×L°u A¥lTûP«p AlT¥lThP ùTôÚsLû[ RVô¬dÏm JÚYo ̈ V§«uT¥,AlT¥lThP ×®«Vp CPl ùTVo AûPVô[eLû[l TVuTÓjÕYRtLô] R² E¬ûU úLôWXôm. CúR úTôu\®YWdÏ±l×Lû[d ùLôiÓ úTô RVô¬lTô[oLs úYù\ôÚ CPj§ÚkÕ CúR úTôu\ ùTôÚsLû[ ùLôiÓYkÕ YojRLoL°Pm ùLôÓjÕ ùTôÕUdLû[ RY\ôL Y¯SPjÕYûR RÓdL úUtÏ±l©hP R² E¬ûUúRûYlTÓ¡\Õ. ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLû[ Ae¸LôWm ùT\ôR JÚYo Øû\ RY± TVuTÓjÕYûR RÓdLLôl× YZeLlTP úYiÓm. ÖLoYô[oLs Yg£dLlTÓY§ÚkÕ TôÕLôdL CÕ ERÜ¡\Õ. AlT¥lThPùTôÚsLû[ EtTj§ ùNnúYô¬u ùTôÚ[ôRôW Y[ûUdÏm CÕ ERÜ¡\Õ. G]úY NoYúRN NêLUô]Õ Yônl×L°uAûPVô[eLû[Ùm êXj§u ùTVûWÙm ARôYÕ ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[j§tÏ Lôl× YZeLúYi¥VRuAY£VjûR LYj§p ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

Ï±l©hP TÏ§«p ùRô¯p DÓThÓs[ Aû]YWÕ RVô¬l×L°Ûm CPf£\l×lTi×Ls CVtûL«pAûUk§ÚlTRôp R²STo GYùWôÚYÚm CqÜ¬ûUûV úLôW Ø¥VôÕ. Cq®NVjûR Uôt±®PdáPôÕ. CÕ®NVj§p RtúTôÕ Ck§Vô®p Es[ NhPm "ùTôÚ°u ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[f NhPm (T§Ü Utßm Lôl×) 1999BÏm.

"¥¬lv' JlTkRj§p ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLÞdÏ Lôl× YZeLlThÓs[Õ. "¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u TôLm 2 ©¬Ü3 ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLû[ ûLVôs¡\Õ.

JÚ ùTôÚ°u ùTVo ApXÕ A±ØLj§u GkR JÚ Y¥Yj§Xô] ETúVôLjûR AÓjRYo TVuTÓjÕYûRRÓlTRtLô] HtTôhûP ®ÚlTlTÓTYoLÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs NhPéoYUôL YZeL úYi¥VRô] ùTôÕYô]ùRôÚùTôßlûT JlTkRm YÙßjÕ¡\Õ.

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CODISSIA

ùTVûWÙm A±ØLjûRÙm TVuTÓjÕmúTôÕ T«Wô]Õ úLs®dÏ±V ùTôÚ°u ×®«p êX CPjûR Ï±l©Ó¡\ÕA±ØLUô]Õ ùTôÚ°u EiûUVô] êXCPjûRÙm Ï±l©Ó¡\Õ. Sôm RtúTôÕ ¿§Uu\ BûQLs ApXÕNôußd Ï±l×Ls ØXm ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLÞdÏ Lôl× YZe¡«Úd¡ú\ôm. Ck¨ûX«p RtúTôÕ"ùTôÚsLÞdLô] ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[m (T§Ü Utßm Lôl×) NhPm, 1999 EßYôdLlThÓs[ ¨ûX«p Cl×§VNhPj§u êXm úUÛm £\kR Øû\«p ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[ Lôl× YZeL Ø¥Ùm.

D) ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥Ym:JÚ ùTôÚû[ úRoÜ ùNnY§p AlùTôÚ°u Y¥Ym ÖLoYô[o ÁÕ B§dLm ùNn¡\Õ. LiÔdÏ LYof£VôLúRôt\U°dÏm Y¥Yj§tLôL UhÓm Liê¥jR]UôL ùTôÚsLû[ úRoÜ ùNnÙm ÏÚhPômúTôdÏ TX¬Pm Es[Õ.JÚ ùTôÚ°u LXôU§l×dLôL ARu Y¥Yj§p LYWlThÓ ùTôÚsLû[ UdLs YôeÏ¡u\]o. £X ùTôÚhLs®NVj§p AûYL°u ùUôjR CÚl× ®tßj¾Úm YûW«Xô] Ïß¡V LôXLhPj§tÏ UhÓúU AlùTôÚ°uY¥YjRôp UdLs LYWlTÓ¡u\]o. CqYûL«p ùTôÚ°u Y¥Ym ÖLoYô[oLû[ LYWf ùNnYRu êXm XôTjûRdáhÓ¡\Õ. LYof£LWUô] Y¥Ym ®tTû]ûV áhÓYRôp AlT¥lThP Y¥YeLû[ EtTj§Vô[oLs úR¥AûX¡u\]o. ®tTû]ûV A§L¬dÏm YûL«Xô] Yh¥dÏ YZeÏm T¦«p ªÏkR LôXjûRÙm ªÏkR£kRû]ûVÙm £X A±Yô°Ls DÓTÓjÕ¡u\]o. SpX XôTm RÚm YûWY¥YjûR AûR EÚYôd¡VYo T§ÜùNnÕ ùLôsYRu úSôdLm, AYÚdÏ ¡ûPdL úYi¥V ùYÏU§ûV RôeLs LYokÕ ùLôsÞm YûL«p ©\oAkR Y¥YjûR ReLs ùTôÚsLÞdÏ AqY¥Yj§u E¬ûUVô[Wô] AY¬u AàU§ ùT\ôUp TVuTÓjÕYûRRÓlTRôÏm.

YojRL úSôdLj§tLôL JÚ YûWY¥YjûR EÚYôdÏmúTôÕ AkR Bn®tLôL Ï±l©PjRdL TQØm, úSWØm,TûPl×j §\àm ©¥d¡\Õ. A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU Gu\ YûL«Xô] JÚ YûWY¥Yj§u U§lTô]Õ ARu ÑVRuûU,×ÕûU, Utßm ARu LiLYÚm LYof£Vôp ùY°lTÓ¡\Õ. YûWY¥Yf NhPm 1911Cu ¸r JÚ YûWY¥YjûRT§Ü ùNnYRtÏ AÕ ÑVRuûU EûPVRôLÜm ×§VRôLÜm CÚdL úYiÓm. úUÛm T§ÜdÏ Øu]o AÕùY°«PlTh¥ÚdLd áPôÕ.

YûWY¥Ym GuTÕ ARu úRôt\m, AûUl× Y¥Ym, ØuUô§¬ ApXÕ ARu AXeLôWf £\l× B¡VYtû\Ï±lTRôL UhÓúU AojRlTÓ¡\Õ. CqYûLf £\l×Ls GkR JÚ ùRô¯p Õû\ RVô¬l× ̈ ûXdÏm LÚ®LÞdÏmùTôßkR úYiÓm. CjRVô¬l× ̈ ûXLs ûLúYûXlTôPôúYô, Gk§W úYûXlTôPôLúYô, WNôVQd ¡¬ûVVôLúYôCÚdLXôm. éoj§ ùNnVlThP ùTôÚ°p áhPôLúYô R²VôLúYô úNokÕ LYok§ÝdLd á¥VRôLÜm LiL[ôpùUÕYôL TôojÕ Ut\Yt±PªÚkÕ ©¬kR±kÕ TôodLdRdLRôLúYô AkR YûWY¥Ym §LZ úYiÓm.

YûWY¥Ym GuTÕ JÚ ùTôÚ°p ùTôßkRjRdLÕ, AkR ùTôÚ°àsú[úV AÕ CÚlT§pûX. AkR YûWY¥YjûRùTôßjRdá¥V ùTôÚ°u éoj§ ùNnVlThP Y¥YjûR YôeLd á¥VYÚdÏ AÕ HRôYÕ Juû\ LhPôVmùY°lTÓjRúYiÓm. LhPPeLû[Ùm LhÓ AûUl×Lû[Ùm YûWY¥Ym Gu\ YûWVû\dÏs ùLôiÓYWØ¥VôÕ. B]ôp éoj§ ùNnVlThP Y¥Yj§p ®tLlTÓ¡\ çd¡f ùNpXjRdL ùTôÚsLû[ YûWY¥YT§ÜdLô]ûYVôL GÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm.

YûWY¥Y E¬ûUVô]Õ ×§V A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUVôÏm. CqÜ¬ûU êXY¥YeLÞdÏm, ùTôÕ CPeLû[ Jj§WôRúRôt\m ApXÕ AûUl× Y¥YeLÞdÏ ùTôßkÕm. CqÜ¬ûU HLúTôL E¬ûUVpX. B]ôp ©W§GÓlTûRÙmRÓdLjRdLÕ. CûR úUÛm IkÕ BiÓLÞdÏ ¿h¥dLXôm. ARtLÓjR IkÕ BiÓLs ¿¥dL ®iQlTRôWoLhPQm ùNÛjR úYiÓm. Y¥Y E¬ûU JÚ ùNôjÕ BÏm. úYù\kR ®VôTôW ùTôÚû[lúTôXúY CûRYôeLXôm, ®tLXôm, E¬Um ùLôÓdLXôm. YûWY¥Y êXjûR LhÓlTj§ ûYj§ÚlTYûW ARu E¬ûUVô[WôdLúLôÚYRtúL YûWY¥Y E¬ûU T§ÜdLô] GpXô ®iQlTeLÞm YÚ¡u\].

ùRô¯pÕû\ ApXÕ RVô¬l× Y¥Yj§tÏ SôuÏ ùTôßjRUô] ÏQeLs Es[]. AûY úRôt\m, Y¥Y AûUl×ØuUô§¬ Utßm AXeLôWf £\l× B¡V]YôÏm. úRôt\m Utßm Y¥Y AûUl× GuT] JÚ ùTôÚ°u EÚYjûRÏ±d¡u\]. YZdLUôL CÕ ØlT¬UôQ Y¥Yj§p CÚd¡\Õ. ØuUô§¬Vô] úRôt\m Utßm AXeLôWf £\l×B¡V] AXeLôW ÏQjûR Ï±d¡u\]. NôRôWQUôL AkRl ùTôÚ°u úUpUhPjûR Ï±lTRô Es[ CdÏQeLsThûPd¡ûPVô] úRôt\jûRV°lTûY.

YûWY¥Yj§u úRôt\ÏQm LiL[ôp ARu Y¥YjûR ùUpX U§l©hP LiLû[d úLhÓd ùLôsYRôÏm.NmUkRlThP ùTôÚ°u ùNVpRuûULû[ ûYjÕ Ø¥ùYÓdLf ùNnY§pûX. T§ÜdÏ YkÕs[ YûWY¥Ym×§VRôL CÚkRôÛm ApXÕ êXjRuûU YônkRRôL CÚkRôÛm Øuáh¥úV ùY°«PlThPRôL CÚdLd áPôÕ.'×§V' ApXÕ 'êXjRuûU' Gu\ YôojûRLs ØuUô§¬jRuûU«Ûm, úRôt\j§Ûm, AXeLôWf £\l©Ûm èR]Uô]GiQeLû[ Es[Pd¡VRôL Es[]. èR]jRuûU ApXÕ êXjRuûU Ï±jR BRôWeLû[ YojRL ̈ ×QoLû[dùLôiÓ Ø¥Ü ùNnV AàU§dLlThÓs[Õ. T§ÜdLô] YûWY¥Ym Øuáh¥úV ùY°Yk§ÚdLddáPôÕ. CkRùY°ÂÓ CÚYûLlTÓm.

1) TûZVTj§W, ùY°ÂÓLs; Utßm2) ùY°«PlThÓ Øu]úW ETúVô¡dLlThPÕ.

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ùY°Âh¥u ©W§ ùTôÕ èXLj§p ¡ûPdLdá¥VRôL CÚkRôp HtL]úY ùY°«PlThÓ®hPûR ̈ ì©dL AÕúYúTôÕUô] Nôh£VôL Es[Õ. '¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u TôLm 2 ©¬Üþ4 ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLû[ Es[Pd¡CÚd¡\Õ.

ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLÞdÏ Lôh£lTÓjR úYi¥V ùTôßl× CÚlTRu LôWQUôL AûYLs ÑRk§WUôLEÚYôdLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm. AlT¥lThP ×§V ApXÕ êXY¥YeLs TôÕLôl× ùT\jRdLûY. ùRô¯pÕû\YûWY¥YeLs ®NVj§p AûYL°u TûPl×dÏ ùRô¯pÖhT ApXÕ CVeÏ Øû\ LôW¦Ls çiÓúLôsL[ôLCÚk§ÚkRôp AqYûWY¥Yj§p Es[ Ae¸L¬dLjRdL AZÏf £\lûT LQd¡ùXÓdLôUp ARtÏ Lôl× A¯dLCVXôÕ G] ¨WôL¬jÕ®PXôm. ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YfNhPj§tLô] §ÚjReLs 2001 Bm BiÓ ÕYdLj§pAe¸L¬dLlThPÕ.

E) Lôl×¬ûULs:TVuTPjRdL JÚ ×ÕdLiÓ©¥l©u E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏ Ï±l©hP LôXj§tÏ YZeLlTÓm NhPéoY HLúTôLE¬ûURôu Lôl×¬ûU. LiÓ©¥lTô[o Utßm LiÓ©¥lTô[ô¬PªÚkÕ ReL[Õ E¬ûUL[ôp ùTtßs[YoLÞdÏAWNôeLm RÚm NhPéoY NÛûL CÕ. Lôl×¬ûU SûPØû\«u ¸r A±®u TVuRWjRdL EPûULs ùTôÚsÃ§«p ùRôPokÕ SôÓL°u GpûXLû[jRôi¥ ùNpXjRdLÕ. £\l× E¬ûU Gu\ A¥lTûP«p LiÓ©¥lTô[oLsRÏ§ ªdL R]Õ LiÓ©¥l©u NôWUôL Es[ ùTôÚû[ EtTj§ ùNnY§ÚkÕm ETúVô¡lT§ÚkÕ,®tT§ÚkÕm Ut\YoLû[ ®Xd¡ ûYdLXôm. £\l× E¬ûU LôX öQ«lûT ùTôßjRYûW ¨ûXVô]RôLúYô,N¬LhPlThPRôLúYô, ×Õl©dLjRRôLúYô ApXÕ ùLÓ ®§dLlThPRôLúYô CÚdLXôm. £XYtû\l ùTôßjRYûWLôl×¬ûU LôXUô]Õ 17 ØRp 20 BiÓL[ôL CÚd¡\Õ.

Lôl×¬ûUVô]Õ ùRô¯pÕû\ NôokR ApXÕ A±Üf ùNôjÕ Y¥Yj§p CÚdÏm. CkR Y¥®Ûs[ Ju±tLô]Lôl×¬ûU GuTÕ AWNôeLeL°u GpûXLs YûW NmUkRlThPÕ. JÚ Sôh¥p Lôl×¬ûU ùTtßs[ JÚLiÓ©¥l× AÓjR JÚ Sôh¥p T§Ü ùNnVlTh¥Wô®¥p AkR Sôh¥p ¨Xj§p AdLiÓ©¥l©tÏ LôlT°dLöTk§dL Ø¥VôÕ.

Ï±lTôL Lôl×¬ûU Gu\ LÚjÕ Utßm ARu AY£VUô] TÏ§L[ô] èR]m, LiÓ©¥l× ØVt£,ùY°lTûPjRuûU«u RôrkR UhPm, úRûYVô] ùNVp®[dLm B¡ûY Uô\ôUp CÚkÕ YÚ¡u\]. LPkRSôòß BiÓLôXUôL Ck¨ûX ¿¥lTRôL JÚ LÚjÕ Es[Õ.

ùLôsûLLs úVôNû]Ls úTôu\Yt±tÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓY§pûX. B]ôp £X LhÓûWLs ApXÕúVôNû]Lû[ DÓTÓj§ LhÓûWûV RVô¬lTRtLô] SûPØû\dÏ E¬ûU YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ.

×§V ùRô¯pÖhTjûRÙm ùRô¯pÕû\ûVÙm FdLlTÓj§ Y[olT§p Lôl×¬ûUdÏ Ød¡V TeÏ EiÓ.LiÓ©¥lTô[o R]Õ LiÓ©¥l× ÖhTeLû[ WL£VUôL LôlTRtLô] £\l× E¬ûU ùTtßs[ôo. JÚ Lôl×¬ûUdÏYZeLlThP NhPlT¥Vô] HLúTôR E¬ûUd LôXLhPm Ø¥kR ©u]o Ut\YoLs AûR ETúVô¡dLÜm A©®Új§ùNnVÜm Ø¥Ùm.

Lôl×¬ûULÞdÏ NoYúRN ÏQômNm CÚlTRôL LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ. ùRô¯pÕû\ ùNôjÕdLs TôÕLôl©tLô] NoYúRN£\l× UôSôÓ (Tô¬v £\l× UôSôÓ) Utßm EXL YojRL AûUl©u '¥¬lv' JlTkRm B¡V] ùRô¯pÕû\Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏ¡u\]. Ck§Vô®p Lôl×¬ûUf NhPm 1970Cp ùR°YôL Eß§lTÓj§j RWlThÓs[ûYL°]ÕmAqYlúTôÕ §ÚjRlTÓTûYL°]Õm A¥lTûP«p Lôl×d úLôÚúYôÚdÏ E¬ûU YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. Ck§Vô®p1856Bm BiÓ ØRúX Lôl×¬ûU CÚkÕ YÚ¡\Õ. Lôl×¬ûU Utßm 1911 Bm BiÓ YûWY¥Yf NhPmB¡V] RtúTôûRV 1970Bm BiÓ Lôl×¬ûU NhPj§u êXm Uôt±VûUdLlThPÕ. 1911Bm NhPj§p UÚkÕLsŸôW¦Ls Utßm Ï±l©hP YûL WNôVQeLs B¡V]Yt±tÏ Lôl× ùTßYRtLô] Yônl×Ls CÚkRûR1970BiÓf NhPm ùT¬V A[®tÏ Uôt±®hPÕ. 1970Bm BiÓf NhPj§u ©¬Ü 5 êXm CûYLÞdÏLôl×¬ûU ùTßYRtLô] Yônl× ALt\lThPÕ. CfNhPj§tÏ 1999Bm BiÓ §ÚjRm ùLôiÓYWlTÓmYûWêXlùTôÚsLÞdLô] Lôl× ùTßYRtLô] ®§Øû\Ls ¸rdLiPYôß CÚkR]:

A) EQÜ ApXÕ UÚkÕLs ŸôW¦Ls Y¥®p TVuTÓjRRdL ApXÕ TVuTÓj§P EjúR£jÕs[êXlùTôÚs LiÓ©¥l×dÏ úLôWXôm.

B) WNôVQ ¡¬ûV êXm JÚ Ï±l©hP YûL êXlùTôÚû[ RVô¬lTÕ ApXÕ EtTj§ ùNnYRu ÁÕ (Lôl×EúXôLm, J°d LiQô¥Ls, Ïû\ ªu LPj§Ls, EúXôLd LXûYL[ôY] TôLeLs) E¬ûU úLôWXôm.

¥¬lv JlTkRj§u TôLm 2 ©¬Ü 5 B]Õ Lôl×¬ûU NmUkRlThPÕ.

ùRô¯p ÖhTj§u GkR JÚ Õû\ûVf úNokR LiÓ©¥l©tÏ E¬ûU úLôÚm úTôÕ AÕ ùTÚs Y¥Yj§û]NmUkRlTÓjÕYRôL CÚkRôÛm N¬ ApXÕ ùNVpØû\Lû[l Tt±VRôL CÚkRôÛm N¬ AdLiÓ©¥l©u èR]m,×§V LiÓ©¥l× ØVt£«p ùNÛjRlThP DÓTôÓ Utßm ùRô¯pÕû\ ETúVôLj§tÏ ùTôßk§lúTôÏm RuûUB¡VYtû\ úNôRû]dÏ EhTÓj§d ùLôs[ úYi¥V ùTôßl× Es[Õ.

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CODISSIA

¥¬lv JlTkRj§u Aû]jÕ ©¬ÜLÞdÏm ùTôßkRjRdL TôÕLôl× A¥lTûP«Xô] ùTôÕYô] ®XdÏLsúTôL Lôl× ùTßYRtLô] YônlûT ®XdÏYRtLô] Ï±l©PjRdL LôWQeLs AàU§dLjRdLÕ. ÑtßfãZûXúUôNUôL Tô§dLdá¥V], U²RoLs, ®XdÏLs Utßm T«tLs (Öi EPÛßl×Ls R®ojÕ) B¡VYt±u úSônLiP±Rp, ̈ YWôQ SûPØû\Ls Utßm AßûY £¡fûN Øû\Ls Tt±V LiÓ©¥l×LÞdÏ Lôl× A°lT§ÚkÕ®XdL°dLXôm. E«¬Vp NôWôR Utßm Öi E«¬Vp SûPØû\Ls ApXôR T«tLs Utßm ®XdÏLs EtTj§dÏAY£VUô] E«¬Vp SûPØû\dÏm Lôl×¬ûU«ÚkÕ ®XdL°dLXôm.

¥¬lv JlTkRl ùTôßl×Lû[ 1þ1þ2000 Bm úR§ ØRp AØpTÓjÕYRtLôL Lôl×¬ûULs (CWiPôYÕ §ÚjRm)NhPØuYûWÜ 1999 B]Õ 1999Bm BiÓ ¥NmT¬p TôWôÞU]tj§u Øu ûYdLlThPÕ. AÕ TôWôÞUu\NûTL°u áhÓdÏÝ®u Øu Es[Õ.

T«oWLeLû[l ùTôßjRYûW Lôl×¬ûU Y¥Yj§úXô ApXÕ Nôj§VUô] Ñn ù_]¬v Øû\«u ¸úZô ApXÕAÕ úTôu\ GkR JÚ Y¥Yj§Ûs[ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLúYi¥V AY£VªpûX. CRtLô] YûWØû\Lû[ ¥¬lvJlTkRm YÏdL®pûX. RdL TôÕLôl× YZeÏYRtÏ Ht\Õ Guß LÚ§V YûWVû\Lû[ AkRkR SôÓL°uAWNôeLeLú[ YÏjÕd ùLôs[Xôm Guß ®PlThÓs[Õ. SUÕ SôhûPl ùTôßjRYûW Ñn ù_]¬v Øû\ûVlTt± SUÕ Sôh¥p A±kÕs[Ru A¥lTûP«p Lôl× YZeÏYRtÏ Ø¥Ü GÓdLlThÓs[Õ. CRtLô] NhPØuûWÜTôWôÞUu\ NûTL°u áhÓd ÏÝ®u Øu× Es[Õ.

F) Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßL°u YûWTPeLsSÅ]ÙLm ªu]ÔÙLm SÅ] LÚ®Ls Aû]j§Ûm ªu]ÔUôt±Ls Utßm ªuÑtß T¥YeLs Es[]. AûYÏû\ªu LPj§ EúXôLeL°u úUp ùTôßjRlThÓs[]. CkR Ïû\ ªu LPj§L[ô]Y ªu]ÔdLs ùNVXôt\dá¥VRôLÜm AûUdLlThÓs[]. CkR YûWTPeLû[ §ÚhÓjR]UôL TVuTÓjÕYÕ RiPû]dÏ¬VÕ.Jße¡ûQkR ªu ÑtßL°u YûWTPeLÞdLô] Lôl× NoYúRN Ã§«p Ae¸L¬dLlThP Ju\ôÏm. CRtLô]"Jße¡ûQkR ªu ÑtßLs A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRm" 1989 úU 26Bm úR§ YôµePu SL¬p HtTÓjRlThPÕ.CkR JlTkRj§tÏ U§lT°dÏm YûL«p Eßl×SôÓLs TXYt±p úRûYVô] NhPeLs EßYôdLlThÓJße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßLs Utßm ARu AûUl× YûWTPeLÞdÏ Lôl× YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. úR£V AÔÏØû\«uA¥lTûP«p CRtLô] TôÕLôl× Eß§lTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. 1957 Bm BiÓ T§l×¬ûU«p Es[Yt±tÏùTôßj§YWdá¥VYûL«p TôÕLôl× úLôÚm ®NVj§u CVp× ÏQm CÚdL úYiÓm JlTkR ©¬Ü 2þ(C) CpÏ±l©hÓs[T¥ JÚ YûWTPm (ùTôÕYô] RuûUûV Ï±dÏm TPm, AûPVô[ YûWTPm, ×®«Vp YûWTPm,ùNVp§hPm B¡VYtû\ Es[Pd¡VRôL CÚjRp)" ApXÕ "ûL®û]O¬u LûXSVmªdL TûPl×" B¡V]Yt±uA¥lTûP«p JÚ TûPl×f ùNVp CÚkRôp ARtÏ Lôl× úLôWXôm.

TûPl©u CVp× GlT¥«ÚkRôÛm ARu ETúVôLm UtßU AÕ ùRôPoTô] ®NVeL[ôp AlTûPl× DhÓmU§l×Lû[l ùTôßjRYûW R² AÔÏØû\Ùm R²lThP NhPØm úRûY. Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß AûUl×YûWTPeLs NmUkRUôL ¥¬lv JlTkRj§u TpúYß TÏ§L°p Ï±l©hÓs[ûYLÞdÏ HtT ØÝûUVôLEß§lTÓjÕYRtL] £\l× NWjÕL°u A¥lTûP«p E¬ûU«u ®[dLm, E¬ûU«u GpûXLs, T§ÜdLô]SûPØû\Ls Utßm AÕNmUkRUô] ¨TkRû]Ls, E¬ûUdLô] LôXdùLÓ NhP Á\pLs GûY GuTRtLô]®XdLeLs B¡V] CVt\lTÓm NhPj§p úNodLlTPúYiÓm.

EXL qjRL AûUl©u ¥¬lv JlTkRØm AûUl× YûWTPeLÞdÏ Lôl× A°jÕs[Õ. ¥¬lv JlTkRj§uTôLm 2 TÏ§ 6 (©¬Ü 25 ØRp 38) Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßL°u AûUl× YûWTPjûR Es[Pd¡ Es[Õ.

EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©u YôµePu JlTkRm Gu\ûZdLlTÓm NoúRN JlTkRj§p Ck§VôÜmûLùVÝjÕ ChÓs[Õ. YôµePu JlTkRj§u Ød¡V ùTôßl×Ls ¥¬lv JlTkRj§p úNodLlThÓs[].A§p £XYtû\ áÓRXôL úNojÕs[]o. úUÛm JÚ LiÓ©¥lTô[o AYWÕ ùNkR A±Üd áoûUûV ùLôiÓEßYôd¡V AûUl× YûWTPm AYWÕ ØVt£«u EiûUVô] TX]ôL CÚdÏmThNj§p AkR AûUl×YûWTPj§tÏ LôlT°dL úYi¥VûR ¥¬lv YÙßjÕ¡\Õ. úR£V AÔÏUû\«u A¥lTûP«p CqYûLE¬ûU ûYjÕs[ ùY°SôhPYWÕ E¬ûUdÏ 10 BiÓ LôX Lôl× A°dLúYiÓm. CÕ NmUkRUô] NhPØuYûWÜ 1999 ¥NmT¬p TôWôÞUu\j§p RôdLp ùNnVlThÓ ¨û\úYt\j§tLôL LôjÕs[Õ.

G) ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpLs ( SmTLUô] RLYpLs):®VôTôWm, YojRLm Utßm EtTj§jÕû\«p DÓThÓs[YoLs ReL[Õ EtTj§«u §\u Utßm U§l×áhPÛdÏA¥lTûPVôL AûUkR èR]Uô] ¨oYôL SûPØû\Ls AYoLÞûPV ¨§ úUXôiûU Tt±V RLYpLsùY°«PlTPôRûYVôL TWôU¬dL ®Úm×¡u\]o. A±Üd áoûUªdL AkR RLYpLs ùY°«PlTPjRdLRôLCÚkRôp NmUkRlThPYWÕ úTôh¥Vô[oLÞdÏm AkR RLYpLû[ ûLVôPp ùNnÕ TVuTÓjÕTYoLÞdÏmNôRLUôL úTôn®Óm. NmUkRlThP RLYpLs Utßm ETúVôLj§u ÁÕ HtßdùLôs[lThP ùS±Øû\Ls UtßmWL£Vm LôjRp B¡V] AkR RLYpLs ùY°«PlTPôUp TôÕLôd¡u\]. ùY°«PlTPdáPôR RLYpLs HtL]úYùR¬VYk§ÚkRôúXô, ùTôÕ ETúVôLj§tÏ Yk§ÚkRôúXô ApXÕ úYß HRôYÕ ETúVôLj§u ̧ r Yk§ÚkRôúXôAkR RLYp R]Õ SmTLjRuûUûVÙm ùY°«PlTPôR RuûUûVÙm CZkÕ ®Ó¡\Õ.

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ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpL°p Es[ E¬ûU JÚ NêL E¬ûUVôÏm. JÚYo RuàûPV ®VôTôWm YojRLm UtßmEtTj§ NmUkRlThP ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpLû[ TôÕLôjÕ ûYj§ÚlTÕ ARu E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏ Es[ CVpTô]E¬ûUVôÏm.

EXL YojRL AûUl©u ¥¬lv JlTkRm ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpLû[ EXLm RÝ®V A[®p TôÕLôd¡\Õ.¥¬lv JlTkRj§u TôLm 2 ©¬Ü 7 ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpL[ Es[Pd¡«Úd¡\Õ.

ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpL°u CVpTô] Utßm NhPéoY E¬ûUVô[oLs AkR RLYp ùY°«PlPôUÛm ©\WôpûLlTt\lTPôUÛm CYoL[Õ Jl×Rp CpXôUp SmTLUô] YojRL SûPØû\LÞdÏ ®úWRUôL CjRLYpLû[©\o TVuTÓjÕRp B¡VYt±ÚkÕ NhPéoYUôL TôÕLôjÕ ReLs LhÓlTôh¥p ûYjÕdùLôsYRtLô] E¬ûULsÏ±jÕ JlTkRj§u ClTÏ§«p ®Y¬dLlThÓs[]. UÚkÕLs ApXÕ úY[ôi Õû\LÞdLô]WNôVQlùTôÚsLs NkûRdLô] Jl×Rp ùTßYRtÏ AûYLs NmUjlThP ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpLs Utßm ©\®YWeLs YojRL ùS± ©WrkR Øû\«pTVuTÓjRlTPôUp TôÕLôdL úYiÓm GuTÕ ¨TkRû]VôÏm

Ck§Vô®p SmªPm YojRL WL£VeLs NmUkRUôL R²lThP NhPm CpûX. CÕ NmUkRlThP ùTôÕNhPmT¥lT¥VôL TXlThÓ YÚ¡\Õ. Uû\RY± ùY°«PlThPÕ ®NVUôL ×Lôo GÝkÕ Aq®£Vm ̈ ì©dLlTÓmúTôÕRdL ¨YôWQeLû[ ¿§Uu\m ¨oQ«d¡\Õ. CRu LôWQUôL CkR ®NVj§tÏ R² NhPm úRûY Guß LÚRúYi¥V AY£Vm HtTP®pûX.

T«o EtTj§Vô[o Utßm EZYoL[Õ E¬ûU:T«o EtTj§Vô[o Utßm EZYoL[Õ E¬ûULÞdLô] TôÕLôl× TX SôÓL°p ùTôÕYôL HtLlThÓs[Õ. ReL[ÕWôw´V GpûX«p ×§V T«o YûLLÞdÏ TôÕLôl× YZeÏYRtLôL Guß UhÓUpXôUp T«o EtTj§Vô[oL[ÕSXuLÞdÏm TôÕLôl× RWúYi¥VÕ AY£Vm GuTÕ SôÓLÞdÏ GÓjÕûWdLlThÓs[Õ. Lôl×¬ûU«u êXmT«o EtTj§Vô[oL°u E¬ûULû[ Ae¸L¬dÏm úTôÕ GÝ¡u\ R² ©WfNû]Ls ÁÕ AYoLs R² LY]mùNÛjÕ¡u\]o. CRu ÁRô] YûLLû[ Tt± Ï±lTôL LY]m ùNÛjÕ¡u\]o. ARôYÕ ùTôÕ SXu LÚ§CXYN TVuTôhÓ ¨ûX ÁRô] E¬ûULs Ï±jÕ RdL LY]m ùNÛjRlTÓm. CkR ®`VeL°u ÁÕ Eßl×SôÓLs BrkÕ LY]m ùNÛj§ JúW Uô§¬Vô] ùR°Yô] ùLôsûLLû[ EÚYôd¡ ARu êXm ReLÞdÏs[ô]©WfNû]LÞdÏ RdL ¾oÜLÞm EÚYôd¡d ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

T«o YûL T§ÜL°u ÁRô] TôÕLôl× Utßm EZYoL[Õ E¬ûULs Tt±V UúNôRô þ 1999.

EXL YojRL AûUl©u "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§]Õ TÏ§ 27.3 (B) Lû[ G§o ùLôsYRtLôL AqûUl©u JÚ Eßl©]oGu\ YûL«p Ck§Vô®u Uj§V AWÑ ClT¥ JÚ NhPjûR EßYôd¡P Øu UVt£ GÓjÕs[Õ. "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u ClTÏ§Vô]Õ Eßl× SôÓLs Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏYRu êXm ApXÕ Ñn ù_²¬v Øû\ ApXÕCq®WiÓm Ju±ûQkÕ JÚ Øû\«p T«tYûLLÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûU A°jÕTôÕLôl× YZeL úYiÓm Guß"¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u CfNWjÕ Eßl× SôÓLû[ úLhÓd ùLôiÓs[Õ. CkR ®`VjûR ûLVôsYRtÏ Ck§Vô R²NhPjûR RVôo ùNnÕ A±ØLlTÓj§Ùs[Õ.

CkR UúNôRô®u ¸r TôÕLôlT°dLlThÓs[ T«tYûLûV EtTj§ ùNn¡\YoL[ô] E¬ûU EZYoL[Õ E¬ûUTôÕLôdLlTÓYûR Eß§lTÓjÕYûR úSôdLUôL ùLôiÓ CmUúNôRô AûUdLlThÓs[Õ. NkûRlTÓjÕYRtLôL®VôTôW úSôd¡p Uß EtTj§ ùNnYRtÏ UhÓm Gu±pXôUp úUÛm £X NWjÕLû[Ùm AÕ Ruàs ùLôiÓs[Õ.úUtT¥ T«oL°u UW× Y[eLû[ TVuTÓjÕY§p UhÓm CpXôUp AlT«tLû[Ùm ®ûRLs Gu\ Y¥Yj§pT«¬ÓYRtLô] êXlùTôÚs Gu\ ̈ ûX«p Es[ AkR TôÕLôdLlThP T«tYûLL°u ®tß ØRp YÚYôûVÙmN¬NUUôL T¡okÕ ùLôsYRtLô] NWjÕLs CmUúNôRô®p Es[]. ×§V T«tYûLLs A©®Új§ ùNnYRtLôLTVuTÓjRlTÓm TôWmT¬V ApXÕ Esðo T«o WLeLû[ TVuTÓjÕm úTôÕ AYt±u E¬ûUVô[oL[ô]¡WôUjRYoLÞdÏm EZYo NêLj§tÏm RdL CZlÀhÓj ùRôûL YZeLúYiÓm. ©úWô¡dLlThÓs[ CfNhPY¥Yj§û] GpXôYûLVô] T«oYûLLÞdÏm ®¬Ü TÓj§P úYiÓm. B]ôp Öi êXdát±VÛdÏ A©®Új§ùNnV úYi¥V§pûX.

EXL YojRL AûUl©u "¥¬lv"JlTkRØm T«tYûLLs EtTj§Vô[oLs Utßm EZYoL[Õ E¬ûULÞm.

"¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u TôLm ©¬Ü 5 TÏ§ þ 27 u TôWô 3 u ÕûQ TôWô (B) ¸rLiP LôWQeLÞdLôL T«oYûLLÞdÏ TôÕLôl× YZeL úYi¥VûR GÓjÕûWd¡\Õ.

3) Eßl©]oLs LôlT°lT§²uß ®XdÏ ùT\Xôm

A) ......................B) Öi êXdá±Vp Utßm AY£VUô] E«¬Vp ùNVpØû\Ls R®ojR T«oLs Utßm ®XeÏLÞdÏLôlT°lT§ÚkÕ ®XdÏ ùT\Xôm. AúR úSWj§p T«t YûLLÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûULs ApXÕ ãnù_]¬v Y¥®pLôlT°dLXôm. CkR TôWô®tLô] NWjÕLû[ EXL YojRL AûUl× EÚYô] SôuÏ BiÓLs L¯jÕ ùTtßdùLôs[Xôm. G]úY ×§V T«o YûLLû[ A©®Új§ ùNnYRtLôL EXL YojRL AûUl©u Eßl× SôÓL[ô]ûYT«t EtTj§Vô[oLs Utßm EZYoL°u E¬ûULû[ TôÕLôlTRtLô] SPY¥dûLLû[ úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm.

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¥¬lvAj§VôVm 3

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs GuT] GûY?JÚYo R]Õ êû[«u A±ûYd ùLôiÓ EÚYôd¡V LÚjÕ ApXÕ Y¥Ym úTôu\Ytû\ R]Õ ùNôkR EPûUVôLLÚÕYRtLô] E¬ûUV AYÚdÏ YZeÏYúR A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU G]lTÓ¡\Õ.

CkR E¬ûUVô]Õ JÚYÚdÏ (Bi/ùTi) £\l× E¬ûUVôL JÚ Ï±l©hP LôXLhP A[®tÏ YZeLlTÓYÕùTôÕYô] SûPØû\VôL CÚkÕ YÚ¡\Õ.

I). T§l×¬ûUÙm AÕ ùRôPoTô] E¬ûULÞmJÚ B£¬V¬u CXd¡Vm ApXÕ LûXl TûPl×Ls ( ×jRLeLs Utßm ©\ GÝjÕl TûPl×Ls, CûNd úLôoûYLs,K®VeLs, £ûXLs, L¦² ùNVp §hPeLs Utßm §ûWlTPeLs) AYWÕ C\l×dÏ ©u]ôp 50 BiÓLsYûW áP Lôl×¬ûU«u ¸r TôÕLôdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

AúRúTôX LRôTôj§WeLû[ S¥jÕd LôhÓTYoLs, CûN LÚ®Lû[ ûLVôÞTYoLs, TôPLoLs úTôußùNVpTÓj§d LôhÓTYoLs J° T§Ü RVô¬lTô[oLs Utßm JTWl× ̈ ßY]eL[Õ E¬ûULÞm Lôl×¬ûU«u¸r TôÕLôdLlTÓ¡u\]. NmUkRlThPYoL[Õ EÚYôdLj§\àdÏ ùYÏU§ A°dÏm NêL LPûU«uA¥lTûP«pRôu Lôl×¬ûU Utßm AÕ NôokR E¬ûULs YZeLlTÓ¡u\].

ii) ùRô¯pÕû\ ùNôjÕdLsùTôÕYôL ùRô¯pÕû\ ùNôjÕdLs CWiÓ ©¬ÜL[ôL ©¬jÕd LôQlTÓ¡\Õ. Ï±l©hP AûPVô[d Ï±Ls,YojRL Ï±Ls (Ï±l©hP JÚY¬u ùTôÚsLs, úNûYLû[ Utù\ôÚYW§kÕ EP]¥VôL LiÓùLôs[TVuTÓjRlTÓm AûPVô[eLs) Utßm ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLs (Ï±l©hP CPj§kÕ YWdá¥V ùTôÚÞdÏGuß Es[ £\l× Ti× NôokR AûPVô]m AkR CPj§u RuûU LôWQUôL £\l©jÕd á\lTÓ¡\Õ).

ClT¥lThP £\l× AûPVô[eLÞdÏ Lôl× A°lTRu êXm úSoûUVô] úTôh¥dÏ Y¯YÏdLlTÓ¡\Õ. úUÛmTpúYß ùTôÚsLs Utßm úNûY Øû\LÞdÏ FúP RUdÏ úRûYVô]Ytû\ úRokùRÓjÕd ùLôsYRtLô]TôÕLôlTô] HtTôPôLÜm CÕ ®[eÏ¡\Õ. CkR Lôl× JÚ úYûX Eß§lTPôUp úTôLXôm. AlT¥lThP¨ûX«p ©WfNû]dÏ¬V AûPVô[j§u £\l× ¨ûX ùRôPokÕ CÚdLd á¥VRôÏm.

ùRô¯p Õû\«p YZeLlTÓm ©\ YûL ùNôjÕ¬ûU Lôl×Ls ×§V LiÓ©¥l×Ls, ×§V Y¥YeLs ùRô¯p ÖhTTûPl×Ls B¡V]Yt±tÏ YZeLlTÓ¡u\]. ×§V LiÓ©¥l×Ls, (Y¥Yd Lôl×Ls êXm) ùRô¯pÕû\Y¥YûUl×Ls, Utßm YojRL WL£VeLs B¡V] AkR YûL«u ¸r YÚ¡u\].

×§V ùRô¯XLeLû[ A©®Új§ ùNnYRtÏ ùNX®PlTÓm ØRÄh¥u TXuLû[ ØRÄhPô[oLÞdÏúTônfúNÚYRu êXm AYoLÞdLô] FdLjùRôûL úTônf úNÚYûR EjRWYôRlTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. BWônkÕUtßm A©®Új§ SPY¥dûLL°p ùRôPokÕ AYoLû[ DÓTÓjRfùNn¡\Õ. ClT¥lThP NêL úSôdLúU CqYûLLôl× YZeL LôWQUôL Es[Õ.

ùRô¯pÕû\ NôokR A±Üf ùNôjÕ E¬ûU ÁRô] Lôl× ùTôÕYôL Ï±l©hP LôXdùLÓ®u A¥lTûP«pYZeLlTÓ¡\Õ ( Y¥YeLû[l ùTôßjRYûW 20 BiÓLs Lôl× ùT\ E¬ûU ùTtßYÚ¡u\].

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CODISSIA

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU:- Lôl×m Lôl× Øû\LÞmAj§VôVm 4ùRô¯p Õû\«u SPY¥dûLL°p §hPªPp Utßm ARtLô] A±ÜdáoûU«u TeL°l©u Ød¡VjÕYm SôÞdÏSôs A§L¬jÕ YÚ¡u\]. ×§V UÚkÕLs Utßm ©\ YûLVô] ùRô¯p ÖÔdLm YônkR UÚjÕY RVô¬l×L°uU§lTô]Õ AûYLs NmUkRlThP LiÓ ©¥l× ØuØVt£, BnÜ Y¥YûUl× Utßm AYtû\ T¬úNô§jÕúUmTÓjÕm S¥Y¥dûLL°u A¥lTûP«p AûUkÕs[Õ. §ûWlTPeLs, CûNT§l×Ls, ×jRLeLs L¦²ùUu ùTôÚsLs Utßm úNûYLs AûYLs EQojÕ¡\ ®`VeLs AûYL°p APe¡Ùs[ TûPl×j

RuûULs, A¥lTûP«p Rôu NkûRdÏ YkÕ ®tTû]Vô¡u\]. ClT¥lThP TûPl×j RuûUûV ®Xd¡ûYjÕ®hÓ TôojúRôm G²p AûYLs T§dLlThÓs[ûY ùYßUú] ©[ôv¥d RhÓLÞm, EúXôLj RLÓLÞmLô¡ReLÞm Gu\ U§lûT UhÓúU ùTß¡u\].

RtúTôÕ NkûR«p Es[ TX ùTôÚsLs ÖLoùTôÚsLs Ïû\kR ùRô¯pÖhTjRôp EÚYôdLlThPûY BLCÚdLXôm. B]ôp AûYL°u AkR U§l©p ×§V LiÓ©¥l× Utßm Y¥YûUl× B¡VYt±u U§lúTA§LThNUôL CÚdÏm. ERôWQj§tÏ ØLU§l× ùTt\ BûP YûLLs Utßm ×ÕYûL T«o WLeLû[d Ï±l©PXôm.

ReL[Õ LiÓ©¥l×Ls Y¥YeLs, EÚYôdLpLû[ Ut\YoLs ATL¬jÕd ùLôsY§ÚkÕ RtLôjÕd ùLôsÞmE¬ûU TûPlTô°LÞdÏ Es[Õ.

CqYûL E¬ûULs "A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU" Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. TûPl×Ls

TXúY\ô] Y¥YeL°p Es[]. ERôWQj§tÏ AûYLs ×jRLeL[ôLúYô, K®VeL[ôLúYô, J°lTPeL[ôLúYôEs[]. AkRkR Y¥Yj§p Lôl×¬ûU ùTß¡u\]. LiÓ©¥l×Ls Aû]jÕm Y¥Y T§l©¬ûU ùT\jRdL].ØL U§l×LÞm, RVô¬lTô[¬u ùRô¯p £u]eLÞm (Logo) YojRL Øj§ûW Lôl×¬ûU«u ¸r T§ÜùT\jRÏ§VûPkRûY. CÕ úTôuß Cuàm TX YûLL°p E¬ûU T§dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

úRôt\m: YûWØû\dÏhThP YojRL Øû\ûV úSôd¡:A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU Lôl× SPY¥dûLLs EX¡u JqùYôÚ TÏ§«Ûm JqùYôÚ YûL«p ûLVô[lTÓ¡\Õ.ClT¥lThP ãZp YojRL SPY¥dûLL°p A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU GuTÕ Ød¡V CPj§tÏ YkÕs[Õ. CR]ôpEXL SôÓL°p TXYûLVôL AØXôdLlThÓYÚm CqYûL E¬ûU Lôl× SPY¥dûLLs NoYúRN YojRL E\ÜL°pTRhPUô] ̈ ûXûULû[ HtTÓjÕ¡u\]. Ck¨ûX«p A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NmUkRUôL ×§RôL EÚYôdLlThÓs[NoYúRN NhPeLs ̈ ûXûU KÝeÏTÓjRÜm Øuáh¥úV AàUô²jÕf ùNVpTPÜm NmUkRlThPYoL°ûPúVGÝ¡u\ ©WfNû]Lû[ SuÏ Øû\lTÓjRlThP JÚ Y¯LôhÓRu ¸r ®ûWkÕ ¾ojÕd ùLôs[Üm TôûWYÏjÕd ùLôÓjÕs[].

ùTôÕ YojRL NeLj ¾oûY JlTkR SôÓL°ûPúV 1986 ØRp 1994 Bm BiÓ Ø¥V EÚÏúY SL¬p SûPùTt\\TX Ñtßl úTfÑYôojûRL°p CRtLô] ×§V Y¥Ym GhPlThPÕ. CRu Ø¥YôL EXL YojRL AûUl×HtTÓj§Ùs[ YojRLm NôokR úSôd¡Xô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRm CqYûL E¬ûULû[ EXL SôÓLsAØXôdÏY§p LôQlThP úYßTôÓLû[ ùYÏYôL Ïû\jÕs[Õ. SôÓLû[ ùTôÕYô] NoYúRN YûWØû\L°u¸r ùLôiÓYkÕs[Õ. A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NmUkRUôL GeLôYÕ ©WfNû]Ls GÝUô]ôp AYtû\j ¾ojÕûYdLRtúTôÕ EXL YojRL AûUl©u RôY ¾oÜ Øû\Ls ER®dÏ RVôWôL Es[].

EXL YojRL AûUl©u YojRLm NôokR A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRm û#kÕ ®¬Yô] ©WfNû]Lû[ ûLVôÞ¡\Õ.AûYVôY].

þ YojRLj§u A¥lTûPd ùLôsûLLs Utßm Es[ NoYúRN A[®Xô] úYßTX A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUJlTkReLû[ GlT¥ AØXôdÏYÕ.

þ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUdÏ RdL TôÕLôl× YZeÏYÕ GlT¥?

þ JqùYôÚ SôÓm ReLs AWNôh£ GpûXdÏs CqÜ¬ûULÞdÏ GlT¥ RdL TôÕLôl× Øû\Lû[AØXôdL LPûUlThÓs[].

þ EXL YojRL AûUl× Eßl× SôÓL°ûPúV HtTÓm A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NmUkRUô] ©WfNû]Lû[GlT¥ ¾ojÕ ûYlTÕ.

þ ×§V Øû\dÏ UôßYRtÏ CûPlThP LôXLhPj§tLô] £\l×

JlTkReLsA¥lTûPd ùLôsûLLs: úR£V AÔÏØû\, ªLÜm úYiPlThP SôÓ Utßm ùRô¯p ÖhT Øuú]t\m:ùTôÕfÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkRm Utßm ùTôÕ YojRL úNûY JlTkReLû[l úTôXúY EXL YojRL AûUl©u

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A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRj§u BWmTUôL ARu A¥lTûP ùLôsûLLs §Lr¡u\].

Øu× Ï±l©hP CWiÓ JlTkReLs TôWThNUt\ AÔÏØû\Lû[ ùY°lTûPVôL ùLôi¥ÚkR]. AúR úTôXRtúTôÕm HtThÓs[Õ. AûYVôY]: úR£V AÔÏØû\. CmØû\«u ¸r JÚ Sôh¥u ùNôkR Ï¥Ù¬ûUùTt\Yo úTôXúY ùY°SôhPYÚm NUUôL U§dLlThPôo.

AúRúTôX ªLÜm úYiPlThP SôÓ Gu\ A¥lTûP«p AÔÏØû\. CmØû\«u ¸r EXL YojRL AûUl×SôhÓ úR£V Ï¥UdLs Aû]YûWÙm NUUôL Tô®dLlTÓ¡u\]o. EXL YojRL AûUl©û]l úTôX úYßTXA±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NôokR JlTkRL°Ûm úR£V AÔÏØû\ GuTÕ A¥lTûPVô] ùLôsûLVôL Es[Õ.

JÚ TûPlTô°dÏ Y¥Y E¬ûU YZeLlThÓ®hPôp ApXÕ T¥Y E¬ûU YZeLlThÓ®hPôp AYWÕTûPl×Lû[ ©\o A§LôW éoYUt\ Øû\«p T¥Ym GÓdL ØVt£ûV RÓdÏm E¬ûU AYÚdÏ YkÕ ®Ó¡\Õ.NêLjûRl ùTôßjRYûW ClT¥lThP ×§V ùRô¯p ÖhTeLs ApXÕ ×§V TûPl×Lû[ EÚYôd¡VYoLû[FdLlTÓjÕm ®Rj§p CjRÏ RtLôL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU Lôl× CÚd¡\Õ Guß LÚÕ¡\ AúR úSWj§p. CjRÏTûPl×Ls GpúXôÚdÏm Ht\jRôr®u± ¡ûPdL úYiÓm Gußm G§oTôod¡\Õ. "¥¬lv"JlTkRm ClT¥lThPNUu¨ûX HtTÓj§P úYi¥VûR Ae¡L¬d¡\Õ. ùRô¯p ÖhT LiÓ©¥l×LÞdÏ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU TôÕLôl×A°d¡\Õ. ùRô¯p ÖhTjûR YojRL A¥lTûP«p T¬Uô¬d ùLôs[ Lôl× YZeÏ¡\Õ. úUÛm EtTj§Vô[oLÞmETúVô¡lTô[oLÞm TV]ûP¡u\]o. ùTôÚ[ôRôW Utßm NêL SXm Eß§lTÓ¡\Õ Guß CqùYôlTkRm áß¡\Õ.

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU GqYôß TôÕLôdLlTÓ¡\Õ? ùTôÕYô] A¥lTûP þ NhPeLs:

"¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u CWiPôm TÏ§«p TpúYß YûLVô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs Tt±Ùm AYtû\ GpXôßTôÕLôlTÕ Gußm ®Y¬dLlThÓ Es[Õ. Eßl× SôÓLs Aû]j§tÏm YûWØû\L°u A¥lTûP«p úTôÕUô]TôÕLôlûT Eß§lTÓjÕYÕ CRu úSôdLUôÏm.

EXL YojRL AûUl©tÏ ØuúT EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl× NoYúRN JlTkRjûR EÚYôd¡«ÚkRÕ.

CRu LôWQUôL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NmUkRlThP TX TÏ§Ls úNodLlTP®pûX. CkR Ïû\TôÓLû[ ¿dÏmYûL«p YojRLm NôokR

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRj§p áÓRXô] Gi¦dûL«Xô] ×§V A©®Új§ ùNnVlThP NWjÕdLsúNodLlThÓs[].

T§l×¬ûU;'¥¬lv' JlTkRm L¦² §hPeLû[ CXd¡V TûPl×Lû[l úTôX TôÕLôdLjRdLÕ GuTûR Eß§lTÓjÕ¡\Õ.ùTo² SL¬p SûPùTt\ £\l× UôSôh¥p ®YWj ùRôÏl×Lû[ TôÕLôlTRtLô] Y¯Øû\ YÏdLlThPÕ. ARuA¥lTûP«p CXd¡V TûPl×Ls TôÕLôdLlTÓ¡u\].

NoYúRN T§l×¬ûUV YôPûLdÏ ®Óm YûL«p NWjÕLs ®¬ÜTÓjRlThÓs[]. L¦² §hPjùRôÏl×LsGÝÕTYoLs Utßm CûN T§Ü RVô¬lTô[oLs ùTôÕUdLÞdÏ ReL[Õ TûPl×Lû[ YôPûLdÏ ®Óm E¬ûUYZeLlTPúYi¥VÕ AY£Vm. §ûWlTPl T§ÜLû[ YôPûLdÏ ®ÓmúTôÕ ªLlùT¬V A[®tÏ ©W§LsGÓjÕ®Pdá¥V ATôVm Es[Õ. AlT¥f ùNnÙm úTôÕ AkR TPeL°u E¬ûUVô[oLÞdÏ úTônf úNWúYi¥V YÚUô]eLs RûPTÓ¡u\]. ClT¥lThP ¨ûXûV R®odLúY T§l×¬ûU Lôl× YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ.

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R®odÏm YojRL Ï± Lôl×¬ûU úTôXúY úNûY ¨ßY] Ï±LÞdÏm Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTP úYi¥VûREß§lTÓjÕ¡\Õ. Ï±l©hP Sôh¥p ªLÜm ©WTXUô¡Ùs[ YojRLd Ï±dÏ áÓRp TôÕLôl× E¬ûUYZeLlThÓs[Õ.

×®«p Ï± AûPVô[eLs:JÚ ùTôÚû[ AûPVô[m LôQ £X úSWeL°p CPeL°u ùTVoLs ETúVôLlTTÓjRlTÓYÕ EiÓ. "NômúTôu","vLôhf", "¥ÏXo", "WôdúTôoh" TôXôûP úTôu\ ©WTX ERôWQeLû[ Ñh¥dLôhPXôm. Ï±lTôLJnu Utßm úTôûRTô] EtTj§Vô[oLs ReLs RVô¬l×Lû[ CPlùTVoLû[d ùLôiÓ AûPVô[eLôhÓ¡u\]o. AlT¥lThP¨ûX«p CPlùTVoLû[ AûPVô[UôL ùLôiÓ ùY°YÚm RVô¬l×Ls AkR CPj§u £\l×j RuûUdúLt\

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RWjÕPu ùY°YWô®hPôp AÕ ÖLoYô[oLû[ RY\ô] TôûRdÏ ChÓf ùNpYÕ B¡®Óm. úUÛm CÕ ̈ VUt\úTôh¥dÏ Y¯YÏjÕ®Óm. G]úY CPlùTVoLû[ RY\ôL TVuTÓjRlTÓYûR RÓdLúYiÓm Guß Eßl×SôÓLÞdÏ "¥¬lv"JlTkRm Ï±l©Ó¡\Õ

Ï±lTôL Jnu Utßm úTôûR Tô]eLÞdÏ, JlTkRm EVo A[®Xô] Lôl× YZeÏ¡\Õ. CÕ ®NVj§p ùTôÕUdLsRY\ôL §ûN LôhPlThÓ®PdáPôÕ.

CÕ ®NVj§p £X ®XdÏLs A°dLlThÓs[]. ERôWQj§tÏ JÚ CPlùTVo HtL]úY YojRL Øj§ûWVôLT§dLlTh¥ÚdLXôm ApXÕ CPlùTVo TWmTûWVôL TVuTÓjRlThÓ YÚYRôL CÚdLXôm. ARôYÕ Ï±l©hPYûL TôXûPdLh¥ RVô¬lûT Ï±l©P " ùNhPôo" Gu\ CPlùTVo TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ ®NVj§p ùNhPôoGu\ CPjRp RtúTôÕ úUtT¥ TôXôûPLh¥ RVô¬dLlTP úYiÓm GuT§pûX. CRu LôWQUôL JÚ SôÓCPdÏ±ÂhÓ AûPVô[j§ÚkÕ ®XdÏ úLôÚmúTôÕ NmUkRlThP CPdÏ±Âh¥tÏ Lôl×¬ûU Ï±jÕ úLs®GÝl×m SôhÓPu úTfÑYôojûR SPj§ ¾oÜLôQ úYiÓm. JnudÏ ×®«Vp RÏ§ AûPVô[eLs NmUkRUôLTuØû] Ï±l× T§Ü Øû\ûV HtTÓjÕYRtÏ EXL YojRL AûUl©p úTfÑYôojûRLs úUtùLôs[ JlTkRj§pY¯ ùNnVlThÓs[Õ.

ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLs: "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u ¸r ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLÞdÏ Ïû\kR ThNm 10 BiÓ Lôl× A°dL úYiÓm. JÚYûWTPj§u E¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§ ùT\ôUp AYWÕ YûWTPjûR ®tTûRúVô ARu JÚ TÏ§ûV GÓjÕdùLôsYûRúVô ApXÕ AkR YûWTPjûR AlT¥úV Y¥jÕd ùLôsYûRúVô AqÜ¬ûUVô[o RÓdL Ø¥Ùm.

Y¥Y Lôl×¬ûU:Y¥Y Lôl×¬ûU Ïû\kR ThNm 20 BiÓLÞdÏ YZeLlTP úYiÓm Guß JlTkRj§p Ï±l©PlThÓ Es[Õ.Y¥YjûR EÚYôd¡VYÚdÏm AûR ûYjÕ ùTôÚû[ RVô¬lTYÚdÏm YZeLlTP úYiÓm. Aú]LUôL ùRô¯pÖhTjÕû\«u Aû]jÕl ©¬ÜLÞdÏm CÕ ùTôÚkÕm, ùTôÕ JÝdLùS±, ApXÕ JÝdLØû\«u A¥lTûP«pÏ±l©hP LiÓ©¥l©tÏ Y¥YE¬ûU YZeÏYRtÏ Ußl× ùR¬®dL AWNôeLj§tÏ E¬ûU EiÓ. T«oLs®XeÏL°u úSôn LiP±Rp, úSôndLô] £¡fûN Øû\Ls, AßûY £¡fûN Øû\Ls Lôl× A°dL UßdLAWNôeLj§tÏ E¬ûU EiÓ. B]ôp T«oLs Utßm ®XeÏL°u Öi E«oêXdáßLs ®NVj§p LôlT°dLLPûUlThÓs[Õ. BnYô[oL°u ¨ßY]eL°u ®XeÏLs Utßm T«oL°u E«¬Vp SPY¥dûLLÞdÏLôlT°dL UßdLXôm. B]ôp Öi E«¬Vp LiÓ ©¥l×LÞdÏ LôlT°dL úYiÓm.

×§V YûL T«oLs EtTj§ Lôl×dLô] NoYúRN Ju±Vj§u Lôl× UôSôÓL°p, ×§V T«¬]l ùTÚdLm ùNnTYWÕE¬ûULs TôÕLôdL E¬ûUVô°dLlThÓs[Õ. AûRlúTôu\ JÚ £\l× HtTôh¥u êXm T«oûYLLs T§ÜE¬ûU ùT\jRdûY. Y¥Y Lôl× E¬ûUVô[o

AàT®dLjRdL Ïû\kR ThN E¬ûULû[ JlTkRm ®Y¬d¡\Õ. B]ôp CÕ £X ®XdÏLû[Ùm A°d¡\Õ.ERôWQj§tÏ JÚ Y¥Y Lôl× E¬ûUVô[o R]dÏs[ E¬ûUûVl TVuTÓj§ NkûR«p AqY¥Y E¬ûUNmUkRlThP ùTôÚÞdÏ ùNVtûLVôL ¡Wôd¡ HtTÓjÕm ®Rj§p EtTj§«p ØhÓdLhûP úTôP Ø¥VôÕ.AlT¥lThP ¨ûXûUL°p AWNôeL[ô]ûY úUtLiP Y¥Y E¬ûUûV úTôh¥ EtTj§Vô[odÏ YZeLúYôApXÕ E¬U Øû\«u ¸r EtTj§ ùNnVúYô JlTkRm NmURm ùR¬®d¡\Õ. AúR úSWj§p Y¥Y Lôl×E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏm NhPéoYUô] TôÕLôl× A°dÏm A¥lTûP«Xô] £X ¨TkRû]LÞdÏ EhThúP CûRfùNnV úYiÓm.

EtTj§ SPY¥dûLLÞdÏ Y¥Y Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓúUVô]ôp, AkR EtTj§ SPY¥dûL«]ôp úSW¥VôLRVôWôÏm ùTôÚÞdÏm úNokÕ Lôl×¬ûUûV YZeL úYiÓm. E¬ûU Á±]ôp

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úYßTôÓ GuTÕ Gu]?ùR°Yô] T§l×¬ûULs, Y¥YLôl×¬ûULs, YojRL Ï±Ls úTôu\ûYLs TpúYß YûLVô] TûPl×Ls ApXÕLiÓ©¥l×LÞdÏ úLôWlTPXôm. AûYLs JqùYôußm JqùYôÚ YûLVô]ûYVôL LÚRlTPXôm. ùRô¯pÕû\YûWY¥YeLs, Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß YûWY¥YeLs, ×®«Vp Ï± AûPVô[eLs Utßm YojRL Ï±ÂÓLsúTôu\ TX ®NVeL°p Y¥YLôl×¬ûU T§®u êXm Lôl× ùT\jRdLûY. AkR T§®p Gu] JÚ RuûUARôYÕ LiÓ©¥l×, YûWTPm, ØLU§l×, ùRô¯p £u] AûPVô[m úTôu\ GkR ̈ ûXLs T§Ü ùNnVlThÓs[]GuTûR ®Y¬j§ÚdL úYiÓm. CkR ®YWeLs ùTôÕ RLYXôL A±VjRdLûY. T¥Y E¬ûU Utßm YojRLWL£VeLs AYt±u £\l× ¨ûXL°u A¥lTûP«p CVpTôLúY TôÕLôl×dÏ E¬VûY B¡u\]. AûYLsT§Ü ùNnVlTPúYiÓm Guß AY£VªpûX. B]ôp CÕNmUkRUô] úYßTX LhÓlTôÓLs UôßTPd á¥VûY.ERôWQj§tÏ SPl©Ûs[ Lôl×¬ûUL°u LôX ÁRØs[ LôX ¨oQVm JußdÏ Juß UôßTPdá¥VûY.

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Jße¡ûQkÕ ªuÑtß YûWY¥YeLs:EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©u YôµePu JlTkRj§p Es[§u A¥lTûP«p úPôúTô¡Wô©dv G]lTÓmJÚe¡ûQkR ªuÑtß YûWTPeLÞdLô] Lôl×¬ûUûV "¥¬lv"JlTkRm YZeÏ¡\Õ. 1989Bm Bi¥úXúVCRtLô] JlTkRm GhPlThÓm CußYûW AØÛdÏ YW®pûX. "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§p áÓRXô] NWjÕdLsúNodLlThÓs[]. ERôWQj§tÏ CÕ NmUkRUô] Lôl×¬ûU Ïû\kR ThNm 10 YÚPeLÞdÏ YZeLlTP úYiÓmGuTûRd Ï±l©PXôm.

ùY°lTÓjRdáPôR RLYpLs Utßm YojRL WL£VeLs:YojRL WL£VeLs Utßm ùY°lTÓjRdáPôR RLYpLÞdÏ ®VôTôW Ã§Vô] U§l× EiÓ. Sm©dûLVô]®VôTôW SûPØû\Ls Utßm Eß§ ùUô¯ Ht×dÏ Uô\ôL AmU§lûT ºoÏûXlT§p CÚkÕ TôÕLôl× ùT\AûYLs RÏ§VûPkÕs[]. AúR úSWj§p AlT¥lThP RLYpLû[ WL£VUôL TôÕLôdL RÏkR HtTôÓLsùNnVlTP úYiÓm. U²RoLÞdLô] ×§V UÚkÕdúLô ApXÕ ®YNôVj§tLô] WNôVQd LXûYLÞdúLôNkûRdLô] Jl×Rp ùTßm úSôdúLôÓ AWNôeLj§tÏ RWlTÓm T¬úNôRû]dLô] ®YWeLs Lôl×¬ûU ùT\jRdLûY.AlT¥ Lôl× ùTßYRu êXm ùS±Øû\dÏ ×\mTô] Y¯L°p Aq®YWeLû[ ®VôTôW Ã§«p TVuTÓjRlTÓYÕRÓdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

úTôh¥dÏ CPU°dLôR HLúTôL ÏjRûL E¬ûU«u ÁRô] LhÓlTôÓLs:T§l×¬ûU, Y¥YLôl×¬ûU ApXÕ úYßY¥®Xô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU ùTtßs[ JÚYo E¬U JlTkRj§uA¥lTûP«p úYù\ôÚYÚdÏ AûYLs EtTj§dÏ YZeLXôm ApXÕ TôÕLôdLlThP YojRL Øj§ûWûV©W§ùVÓjÕ TVuTÓjR AàU§dLXôm. AYWÕ LiÓ©¥l×Ls YûWTPeLs úTôu\Ytû\Ùm CkúSôd¡pAàU§dLXôm. ClT¥ ùNnÕ ùLôs[lTÓm E¬U A¥lTûP«p B] JlTkRj§u NWjÕdLs úTôh¥ûVUhÓlTÓjRd á¥VRôLÜm ùRô¯p ÖhT T¬Uôt\eL°p Es[ úRûYVt\ RûPLû[ LhÓlTÓjRdá¥VRôLÜmCÚdLXôm Guß EXL YojRL AûUl©u JlTkRm Ae¸L¬d¡\Õ. Ï±l©hP £X ãr¨ûXL°p A±ÜfùNôjÕ¬ûUûV RY\ôL TVuTÓjÕm YûL«Xô] úTôh¥dÏ CPU°dLôR HLúTôL E¬ûUûV RûP ùNnVAWNôeLeLs E¬ûU ùTtßs[]. CkR RûP SPY¥dûLûV úUtùLôsÞm Øu]o NmUkRlThPYoLÞPuAWNôeLm ®¬Yô] BúXôNû]Lû[ LhPôVm úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm.

LÓûUVô] AúR úSWj§p úSoûUVô] AØXôdLm:RtúTôÕs[ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NmUkRlThÓs[ NhPeLs úTôÕUô]ûYVôL CpûX. AØXôdL LhPôVlTÓjRdá¥V]YôL AûY CÚdL úYiÓm. "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 3 p CRtLô] HtTôÓLs úNodLlThÓs[].AWNôeLeLs ReLs NhPeLÞdÏ EhThÓ CûYLû[ LhPôVm AØpTÓjRl úYi¥VûREß§lTÓjRlThÓs[RôL JlTkRm áß¡\Õ. úUÛm ®§Øû\Lû[

ÁßTYoLs ÁÕ AYoLs ÁiÓm AlT¥lThP RYßLû[ ùNnVôUp CÚdÏU[®tÏ LÓûUVô] RiPû]jùRôûL®§dL JlTkRm Y¯YÏjÕs[Õ. ®NôWûQ SPY¥dûLLs SÓ¨ûXúVôÓm úSoûUVôLÜm úRûYVt\ YûL«p£dLûX A§LlTÓjRôRRôLÜm CÚdL úYiÓm. ®NôWûQdÏ ̈ VôUt\ LôXdùLÓÜm ®§dLd áPôÕ. G§oTôodLØ¥VôR LôXj§tÏ CÝjR¥dLÜm áPôÕ. ®NôWûQ«p NmUkRlThPYoLs ¸r ¿§Uu\j§u ¾ol©u ÁÕúUpØû\ÂÓ úLôWúYô ¨oYôL Ø¥ÜLû[ UßT¬ºXû] ùNnÙUôß úLôWúYô

¿§Uu\j§Pm úLhÓd ùLôs[Xôm. Á\pLs ÁÕ NhPjûR AØXôdÏYÕ GlT¥ Guß JlTkRm £X ®YWeLû[RÚ¡\Õ. Nôh£Lû[ úNL¬lTÕ, RtLôL SPY¥dûLLs, CZlÀÓLs (Injunction), RiPû]Ls B¡V]Ï±jR ®YWeLs Es[]. AàU§ùT\ôR ApXÕ úTô RVô¬l×Lû[ A¯jÕ®PúYô LûXjÕ®PúYô Ï±l©hP¨TkRû]L°u A¥lTûP«p ¿§Uu\eLs A§LôWm TûPjRûYVôL CÚdL úYiÓm Guß JlTkRm áß¡\Õ.YojRL Ï±ÂÓLû[ Ru²fûNVôL TVuTÓjÕRp, úTôVô] YojRL Ï±«ÓLs ApXÕ YojRL úSôd¡pAàU§«u± T§l×¬ûUûV ûL«ùXÓjÕd ùLôsÞRp B¡VûY Ït\®Vp AjÕÁ\pL[ôL LÚRlTP úYiÓm.AàU§ùT\ôR úTôfNWdÏLs C\dÏU§ ùNnVlTÓYûR ÑeL CXôLô A§Lô¬L°u ER®ÙPu RÓdÏm E¬ûUûVA±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUVô[ÚdÏ YZeL AWNôeLeLs LPûUlThÓs[].

Uôt\eLû[ úUtùLôsÞm LôXLhPj§tLô] HtTôÓLs:Juß, IkÕ ApXÕ T§ú]ôÚ BiÓLÞdÏs Øû\lTÓjÕRp

EXL YojRL AûUl©u JlTkRm 1995 _÷ûX 1 ØRp AØÛdÏ YkÕs[Õ. "¥¬lv"JlTkR NWjÕdLû[ AkRúR§«ÚkÕ KWôiÓdÏs AØpTÓjÕm YûL«p ReLs NhPeLû[ Y[of£VûPkR SôÓLs Uôt±VûUjÕdùLôs[ úYiÓm. Utßm £X Ï±l©hP ¨XûUL°u A¥lTûP«p ùTôÚ[ôRôW ¨ûX Uôt\j§p CÚkÕ YÚ¡\SôÓLs 5 BiÓLÞdÏsÞm, ªLÜm ©uRe¡V SôÓLs 11 BiÓLÞdÏsÞm ReLs SôhÓf NhPeLû[CRtúLtT RVôo ùNnÕ ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

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"¥¬lv"JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkÕs[ 1995 _÷ûX 1 Bm úR§«p GkRùYôÚ Y[Úm Sôh¥XôYÕ ùRô¯pÖhTj§uGkRùYôÚ Õû\«u Y¥YdLôl×¬ûU ùTßYRtLô] HtTôÓLs ùNn§ÚdLô®¥p AjúR§«ÚkÕ 10 BiÓLÞdÏARtLô] Lôl× Øû\Lû[ AØXôd¡P úYiÓm. AúR úSWj§p JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkÕs[ SôsØRp UÚjÕYmúY[ôiÕû\LÞdLô] WNôVQd LXûYLs NmUkRUôL éoj§ ùNnVlThÓYÚm ®iQlTeLû[ Htß Lôl×YZeL úYiÓm Uôt\eLû[ úUtùLôsYRtLô] Cß§ Sôs YûW CÝjR¥dL úYi¥V§pûX. JÚ úYûXClT¥lThP RVô¬l×LÞdÏ Cq®ûPlThP LôXj§p £X SôÓLs AàU§ YZeÏùU²p (£X Ï±l©hPLhÓlTôÓL°u A¥lTûP«p) NkûR E¬ûUdLô] £\l× AàU§Vô]Õ 5 BiÓLÞdúLô ApXÕ RVô¬l×Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓm YûWúVô C§p GÕ Ïû\Yô] LôX AYLôNØûPVúRô ARtÏ YZeLlTPXôm.

úUÛm £X ®§®XdLô] ¨XûUL°u ¸r YojRLm NôokR A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRj§p Jl×d ùLôiÓs[ùTôßl×L°u A¥lTûP«p, Y[Úm SôÓLs Uôt\eLû[ úUtùLôsYRtLô] LôXLhPj§úXô AúRúTôX ×§VNhPeLs HtTÓjÕm YûW«úXô A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULû[ YZe¡P úYiÓm.

"¥¬lv"LiLô¦l×dÏÝYô]Õ JlTkRj§u SûPØû\Lû[Ùm CRu ÁRô] AWNôeLeL°u Øû\ÂÓLû[ÙmLiLô¦d¡\Õ.

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A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU«u YojRLm NôokR AmNeLs(¥¬lv) JlTkRm NmUkRUôL JÚ ®¬Yô] ®[dLm

Aj§VôVm 5 "¥¬lv"JlTkRm 1995 _]Y¬ 1 ØRp AØÛdÏ YkÕs[Õ. Au±ÚkÕ AÕ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NmUkRUô]ªLÜm ®¬Yô] TuØû] JlTkRUôL CÚkÕ YÚ¡\Õ.

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TÏ§þ11 Cp L¦² §hP YûWÜLs:RVô¬l×Ls AYt±u êXm ApXÕ ©W§ Y¥®p ùTôÕ ETúVôLj§tÏ YojRL Ã§«p YôPûLdÏ ®ÓYRtÏmRûPùNnYRtÏm TûPlTô°dÏ Es[ ùRôPo× Eß§lTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. £²Uô RVô¬l×Lû[l ùTôßjRYûW YôPûLE¬ûU Á\p GuTÕ AR]ôp HtTÓm úNR A[ÜL°u T¬úNôRû]«u A¥lTûP«p AûUkÕs[Õ. JÚúYû[YôPûLdÏ GÓjRYo B£¬VÚdÏ CÚkR UßT§l×dÏ TeLm ®û[®dÏm YûL«p JlTkRj§tÏ ×\mTôL ùTÚmGi¦dûL«p ©W§Ls GÓdLlTPôUôp TôojÕdùLôs[ úYi¥V ùTôßl× Eßl× SôÓdÏ Es[Õ. L¦² §hPYûWÜLû[l ùTôßjRYûW YôPûL SPY¥dûLLÞdÏ AYt±tÏ Ød¡VjÕYm CpûX GuTRôp CÕ ®NVj§pAYt±tÏ Eßl× SôÓLs ùTôßlúTodL úYi¥V§pûX.

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CR]¥lTûP«p TûPlTô°«u BÙhLôXm Utßm AYWÕ C\l×dÏ ©kûRV 50 BiÓLs Ø¥V Lôl× A°dLY¯ ùNnVlThÓs[Õ. 5p Ï±l©hP YûLLÞdÏ Ïß¡V LôX ̈ oQ«l× ùNnYûR ClTÏ§«u 7(1), 2, 3, 4 B¡VTj§L°p GÓjÕûWd¡u\]. "¥¬lv"TÏ§ 12Cu NWjÕLs CûR Eß§lTÓjÕ¡u\]. ×ûLlTPeLs,TûPlúTô®VeLs R®W ©\Yt±tLô] LôX öQ«l× ùNnYRtÏ Øu× JÚ ST¬u CVtûLVô] YôrSôs úTôLùY°«PlThP Sô°ÚkÕ SôhLôh¥ YÚPeLs 50dÏ Ïû\VôUp öQ«dLlTP úYiÓm ApXÕ ×jRLmRVô¬dLlThP§ÚkÕ SôhLôh¥ YÚPeLs 50dÏ Ïû\VôUp Lôl× YZeL úYiÓm.

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TÏ§ þ 13 :Ï±l©hP £X R²jRuûUVô]ûYL°u ®NVj§p ̈ oQ«l×Ls ApXÕ ®XdÏLs A°dL úLôÚ¡\Õ. B]ôpClT¥lThP R²jRuûU YônkRûYLs AûYLû[ NôRôWQUôL TVuTÓjÕm Øû\ÙPu ØWiTPdáPôÕ. úUÛmE¬ûUVô[oL°u NhPléoYSXuLû[ Øû\Vt\ YûL«p Tô§l× HtTÓjÕY§p CÚkÕ Lôl× A°dL Eßl×SôÓLÞdÏ Es[ E¬ûUûV YÙßjÕ¡\Õ. ùTo² £\l× UôSôh¥p NWjÕLs AàU§dLlThÓ Es[Yt±tÏCûQVô]ûY "¥¬lv"EPuTôh¥p CûQdLlTh¥ÚkRôÛm E¬ûUVô[WÕ NhPéoY SXuLs Øu AàUô²lTûRRûPùNnYÕ Ï±jÕ AûR®P ùR°YôL ®[eÏ¡\Õ.

Nôol× E¬ûULs:TôPLoLs, S¥LoLs, JlT§Ü, RVô¬lTô[oLs Utßm JTWl× AûUl×L°u E¬ûULÞdÏ TÏ§ 14 Lôl×A°d¡\Õ. TôPLoL°u, CûNVûUlTô[oL°u §\uLs AYoL[Õ Jl×Rp ùTtú\ Lôl× ùNnVlTPúYi¥VûRTÏ§ 14 (1) YÙßjÕ¡\Õ. ERôWQj§tÏ CûNVûUlTô[¬u AàU§«u± AYWÕ úSW¥ ¨Lrf£ûV T§ÜùNnVdáPôÕ. CqYûL ̈ oQVm LôRôp úLhLlTÓm CûNdÏ UhÓúU ùTôßkÕm. J, J° TûPl×dÏ ùTôßkRôÕ.CûNl TûPl×Ls úTôu\ûY AûR CûNjúRô Tô¥úVô ùY°lTÓjÕTYoLs AûU§«u± AYoL[Õ E¬ûUûVTVuTÓjÕYûR LhÓlTÓj§ AYoLÞdÏ E¬ûU A°d¡\Õ. ReL[Õ úSW¥ CûN ¨Lrf£Lû[ ReLsAàU§«u± Yôu J TWl× YN§Ls úTôu\Yt±u FPôL ùTôÕ JTWl× ùNnYûR LhÓjÕYRtLô] E¬ûUÙmA°dLlThÓs[Õ.

CûNlT§Ü RVô¬lTô[oLs Uß T§l×Ls ùY°«ÓYRtLô] R²jRuûU YônkR E¬ûULû[ TÏ§ 14.2 YZeÏ¡\Õ.CûNlT§Ü RVô¬lTô[oLÞdÏ ReLs RVô¬l×Lû[ YôPûLdLôYÕ ®ÓYRtLô] R²jRuûU YônkR E¬ûUûVTÏ§ 14.4 YZeÏ¡\Õ. CûNlT§Ü ®NVj§p ARu RVô¬lTô[o

úTôL AkR CûNlT§Ü NmUkRlThP Utù\ôÚYÚdÏm E¬ûUV°dÏm NWjÕdLs TX úRNeL°u NhPeL°pEs[]. AúR úTôuß CkR JlTkRj§p YN§Ls ùNnVlThÓs[]. L¦² §hP YûWÜLs NmUkRlThPYôPûL E¬ûULû[lúTôuú\ C§Ûm Sm©dûLV°dÏm AmNeLs Es[]. B]ôp £²Uô TûPl×Ls ®NVj§pTô§l×Lû[ A°®P Es[ûRl úTôu\ úNôRû] Øû\«u ¸r CÕ YÚY§pûX. AúR úSWj§p ARtÏØkûRV TWmTûW T¬ÜL°u T¥ LhÓlTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]. ARuT¥ Eßl× SôÓLs JqùYôußm RôeLs YôPûLdÏTVuTÓjÕm AÓjR JÚYWÕ TûPl×dÏ NUUô] NuUô]eLs YZeL úYiÓm. 1994 HlWp 15 Cp UWôd¡vSL¬p HtTÓjRlThP JlTkRm CRtÏ Y¯ YÏd¡\Õ. AlT¥lThP Øû\ûV ©uTtßYRu êXm Uß ùY°Âh¥tL£\l× E¬ûU ùTtßs[YoL°u E¬ûULs £ûRÜ\d áPôÕ.

A§LôWéoYUt\ Øû\«p T§Ü ùNnVlTÓYûR RÓdÏm E¬ûUûV JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 14.3 JTWl× AûUl×LÞdÏYZeÏ¡\Õ. AlT§ÜL°u êXm Uß T§ÜLs ùNnYÕ, Uß JTWl× ùNnYÕ B¡VYtû\ RÓdLXôm. ReL[ÕùRôûXdLôh£ JTWl×Lû[ Uß JTWl× ùNnYûRÙm RÓd¡\Õ. ùTo² Lôl× UôSôh¥u Ø¥ÜLÞdÏ HtT"¥¬lv"JlTkRj§Ûm CqYûL E¬ûULs T§l×¬ûUVô[oLÞdÏ YZeLlThÓs[Õ. G]úY CqÜ¬ûULû[ ÁiÓmJTWl× AûUl×LÞdÏ YZeLlTP úYiÓm GuT§pûX. CûN LûXOoLû[l ùTôßjRYûW Ïû\kR ThNm50 BiÓLÞdÏm, CûNlT§Ü E¬ûUVô[oLÞdÏ 50 BiÓLÞm JTWl× AûUl×LÞdÏ 20 BiÓLÞdÏmE¬ûU YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. (TÏ§ 14.5)

AúR úSWj§p CYoLÞdÏ CqÜ¬ûULû[ YZeÏmúTôÕ úWôm £\l× UôSôh¥p ¨TkRû]Ls, LhÓlTôÓLs,®XdÏLs Utßm JÕd¸ÓLû[ ùTôßjÕYRtÏ TÏ§ 14.6 YûL ùNn¡\Õ.

YojRL Øj§ûWLs:JÚ ùTôÚû[ ApXÕ úNûYûV Utù\ôÚYW§kÕ úYßTÓj§d LôhÓ¡\ AûPVô[m ApXÕ AûPVô[eL°uùRôÏl× YojRL Øj§ûWVôL T§Ü ùT\ RÏ§ TûPjRÕ. TÏ§ 15 Cp CRtLô] A¥lTûP NhP YN§Ls Es[].TôoûYdÏ ©¬jR¬Vdá¥VRôL CÕ CÚdL úYiÓm. R²l ùTVoLs, GÝjÕdLs, GiLs, EÚY AûPVô[eLs,YiQ AûPVô[eLs Utßm AÕ úTôu\ TX R² AûPVô[eLû[ ClT¥lThP AûPVô[eLsEs[Pd¡«ÚkRôÛm AûR YojRL Øj§ûW Lôl×¬ûUdÏ T§Ü ùT\jRdLûYúV. NmUkRlThP ùTôÚs ApXÕúYûYûV Ut\Yt±ÚkÕ ©¬jÕdLôhPd á¥V YûL«p AûPVô[eLs LôhPlTPôRúTôÕ ARu RuûUûVETúVôLj§p ¨ì©jÕd LôhP úYiÓm Guß T§®u úTôÕ Eßl× SôÓLs úTôWXôm. TôoûYdÏ ×X]ôLôRAûPVô[eLû[ ( ERôWQUôL J ApXÕ ÖLoUQm) T§Ü ùNnV AàU§lTRô úYiPôùUuTûR Eßl×SôÓLs Ø¥Ü ùNnÕ ùLôs[Xôm.

ETúVôLj§]¥lTûP«p SôÓLs T§Ü ùNn¡u\]. AúR úSWj§p YojRL Øj§ûW«u EiûUVô] ETúVôLmJÚ ¨TkRû]VôL T§ÜdLô] ®iQlTj§uúTôÕ CÚdL úYi¥Vj§pûX. ®iQl©jÕ êuß BiÓLsL¯kR ©u]o AR]Õ ETúVôLj§u úSôdLm ̈ û\úY\ôR úTôÕ ®iQlTjûR ̈ WôL¬lTRtLô] L[UôL UhÓúUCÕ ETúVôLlTÓ¡\Õ. (TÏ§ 14.3),

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CODISSIA

úNûY Øj§ûWLÞm CúR úTôX TôÕLôdLlTP úYiÓm. ( 2m : 15.1/ 16.2 Utßm 62.3)

YojRL Øj§ûW E¬ûUùTtßs[Yo RUÕ Øj§ûWûV AàU§ ùT\ôUp úYù\ôÚYo RUÕ ùTôÚû[lúTôuú\RVô¬d¡\ ApXÕ RUÕ úNûYûVl úTôuú\ úNûY«p DÓThÓs[úTôÕ TVuTÓj§ ÏZlTm ®û[®lTûRRÓdÏm E¬ûU ùTtßs[ôo. ÏZlTj§tÏ CPU°dÏm ®Rj§p Juû\ JjR ©¬jR¬VjRdL Ï±ÂhûP ©¬jR±VjRdLùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYdÏ TVuTÓjRlTh¥ÚlTûR EjúRNUôL YÚYÕ A±VlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm (TÏ§þ16.1)Øu]o SuL±VlThP Øj§ûWLs ®NVj§p "¥¬lv"JlTkRm Ï±l©PjRdL NWjÕdLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ. ( Tô¬v£\l× UôSôh¥u Ø¥ÜL°u TÏ§ 6 bis Cp CRtLô] áÓRp NWjÕLs Es[]. AÕ "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§uÏ±l×L[ôL úNodLlThÓs[]. CfNWjÕLs Eßl× SôÓLs NmUkRlThP T§ÜLû[ WjÕ ùNnVÜm RsÞT¥ùNnVÜm AàU§V°d¡u\]. úNûYj Õû\dÏm ClT§«u NWjÕLs ùTôßkÕm. úUÛm NmUkRlThP Õû\«pùTôÕUdLÞdÏ ¡ûPjÕs[ AàTYm GuTÕ AàU§lThP YojRL Øj§ûW AûPVô[jRôp UhÓªu± ARuY[of£ûVÙm LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. úUÛm ×Lr ùTt\ YojRL Øj§ûWLs AûYLs GkR ùTôÚsApXÕ úNûYûV LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôiÓ T§Ü ùNnVlThPúRô AûYLs ApXôR ©\ ùTôÚsLs úNûYLÞdÏmT§Ü ùNnVjRdLRôÏm. B]ôp HtL]úY T§Ü ùNnÕs[Yt±tÏ JjR YûLLÞdÏ ¿h¥dLd áPôÕ. ClT¥¿h¥dLlTÓmúTôÕ NmUkRlThP ùTôÚÞdÏm úNûYdÏm Øj§ûW«u E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏm Es[ ùRôPoûTùY°lTÓjÕ¡\Õ. AqYûL ETúVôLj§u úTôÕ E¬ûUVô[oL°u SXuLs Tô§dLlTÓ¡u\]. ( TÏ§ 16.2Utßm 3 ).

YojRL Øj§ûW T§Yôp Eß§ ùNnVlThP E¬ûULs ®NVj§p YûWVßdLlThP ®XdÏLû[ Eßl× SôÓLsA°dLXôm. YojRL Øj§ûW«u E¬ûUVô[o Utßm êu\ôm SToL°u NhPléoY ®ÚlTeLû[ LQd¡ùXÓjÕdùLôiÓ ClT¥lThP ®§®XdÏLû[ A°dLXôm. YoQû] YôojûRL°u ETúVôLjûRÙm CR]¥lTûP«pLQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm.

YojRL Øj§ûWdLô] ÕYdLlT§Üm JqùYôÚ UßT§Üm 7 BiÓLÞdÏ Ïû\VôUp Øj§ûW E¬ûU A°d¡\Õ.¨oQ«dLlTPôR LôX A[®tÏm YojRL Øj§ûW Lôl×¬ûU UßT§Ü ùNnVXôm. ( TÏ§ þ 18 ),

ETúVô¡dLlTPôUp CÚd¡\ LôWQj§tLôL JÚ Øj§ûW Lôl×¬ûUûV WjÕ ùNnYRtÏ CûP«ûPúVETúVô¡dLlTPôR êuß BiÓLs L¯kÕ CÚdL úYiÓm ApXÕ AlT¥lThP ETúVôLjRôp HtTÓ¡\ £WUeLsÏ±jÕ Øj§ûW E¬ûUVô[o RÚm RLYpL°u ùNpÛT¥VôdLjRdL LôWQeL°u A¥lTûP«p WjÕ ùNnVXôm.C\dÏU§ LhÓlTôÓLs ApXÕ ©\ AWÑd LôhÓlTôÓLs LôWQUôL Ru²fûNVôL EÚYôÏm ãr¨XûUL°uLôWQUôL Øj§ûW E¬ûUVô[¬u ®ÚlTj§uT¥ ùR¬®dLlTÓm LôWQeLû[ ùNpÛT¥VôdLj RdL LôWQeL[ôLHtßd ùLôs[Xôm. JÚ YojRL Øj§ûW E¬ûUVô[¬u LhÓlTôh¥p CÚdÏmúTôÕ AûR Utù\ôÚYo ETúVô¡dÏmúTôÕ AûR YojRL Øj§ûW T§Ü TWôU¬l©tLôL ETúVô¡dLlTÓYRôL Ae¸L¬dLlTP úYiÓm. ( TÏ§ þ 19 ),

YojRL Øj§ûWûV Utù\ôÚYÚdÏ YojRLj§tÏ RÚm úTôÕ úYß JÚ YojRL Øj§ûWûV úNojÕ ETúVô¡jRp,R²jRuûU Y¥®p ETúVô¡jRp, ùTôÚs ApXÕ úYûXûV ©¬jR¬dLRdL

®Rj§p CpXôUp ARtÏ úLÓ ®û[®dÏm ®Rj§p ETúVôLlTÓjÕRp B¡V LôWQeLÞdLôL BWôVôUpRûP ùNnV úYi¥V§pûX. ( TÏ§ þ 20 )

×®«Vp Ï± AûPVô[eLs:JlTkR úSôdLj§tLô] ×®«Vp Ï±AûPVô[eLs ®Y¬jÕ A±VjRdL] BÏm. Ï±l©PjRdL CVp×L[ô]RWm, U§l×, ©\ StÏQeLs B¡V] ×®«Vp êXCPj§u CVp× ÏQeLú[ôÓ úNoj§¬V AY£VUô]ûY.(TÏ§ 22.1). G]úY JÚ ùTôÚ°u RWm, SuU§l×, UtßØs[ StÏQeLs ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[j§tÏ RÏ§YônkRûY. Hù]²p AkR ÏQeLs ×®«p êX CPj§u ùTôÚ°u CVpTô] ÏQeLû[ Es[Pd¡«Úd¡u\].

×®«p Ï±VôûPVô[eLs ®NVj§p AqYûPVô[eLû[ TVuTÓjR ®ÚlTØs[YoLs NhPéoY Lôl× ùTßYÕAY£Vm. Hù]²p ×®«Vp êX CPj§u ùTôÚû[l úTôu\Õ Gu\ ùTV¬p ùTôÕUdLû[ RY\ôL Y¯LôhÓYûRRÓdL ×®«Vp AûPVô[eLû[ AàU§«pXôUp TVuTÓjÕYûR RûPùNnV úYiÓm. CqYûL ETúVôLeLsLôWQUôL Tô¬v £\l× UôSôh¥p Øû\Vt\ úTôh¥ Ï±jR NhPm ( TÏ§ 10 Bis ) EÚYôdLlThPÕ. ( "¥¬lv"22.2).

×®«p Ï±VûPVô[jûR YojRL Øj§ûWVôL T§Ü ùNnÕ ETúVô¡dÏm úTôÕ ùTôÕ UdLû[ RY\ôLY¯LôhÓùU²p ®ÚlTØs[ JÚYo úLhÓd ùLôiPRu A¥lTûP«úXô, NhPm AàU§dÏm ThNj§úXô,T§ûY ¨WôL¬dL úYiÓm. ( TÏ§ 22.3)

×®«p CPlùTVWôp AûPVô[eLôhPlTÓm Jnu Aq®Pj§p RVô¬dLlTPôR ThNj§p ARtÏ ×®«pÏ±VôûPVô[ T§Ü RWlTÓYûR ®ÚlTlThPYoLs RÓlTRtLô] E¬ûUûV TÏ§ 23 YZeÏ¡\Õ. ClT¥CPlùTVûW TVuTÓjÕYRôp ùTôÕUdLs RY\ôL Y¯ SPj§j ùNpXô§ÚdûL«p, úSoûUVt\ úTôh¥CpX§ÚkRôÛm, AkR ST¬u EiûUVô] EtTj§ CPm Ï±l©PlTh¥ÚkRôÛm, ApXÕ ×®«Vp Ï±AûPVô[Uô]Õ " úTôu\Õ ", "AlT¥lThPÕ", " A¥ùVt±VÕ", " YûLVô]Õ"

78


CODISSIA

Guß TX YûLL°p Ï±l©PlTh¥ÚkRôÛm úUtá±V E¬ûU«]lTûP«p CqYûL ETúVôLj§u ÁÕ SPY¥dûLGÓdL Ø¥Ùm.

TÏ§ 24Cp ×®«Vp Ï±VôûPVô[eLs Lôl× NmUkRUôL TpúYß ®§®XdÏLû[ ùLôi¥Úd¡\Õ. JnuUtßm NôWôVm úTôu\ûY ®NVj§p ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLs TVuTÓjRlTÓYûR RÓlTRtLô] áÓRp Lôl×SPY¥dûLLû[ ClTÏ§«p Ï±l©PlThÓs[ ®§®XdÏLs Eß§lTÓjÕ¡u\].

ERôWQj§tÏ JÚ Eßl× SôÓ Ju±p ×®«p Ï± AûPVô[eLÞdÏ Lôl× A°dL úYi¥V ùTôßlúTodLúYi¥«pXôUp CÚdLXôm. AR]ôp AeúL ©WfNû]dÏ¬V RVô¬l× UW×Ã§VôLúY CPlùTVûWdùLôi¥ÚdLXôm. ( TôWô þ 6 ) CkR NWjÕLû[ AØXôdÏm SPY¥dûLLs Su]m©dûLûV ùTtßs[ NWd¡uYojRL Øj§ûW E¬ûUdLô] LôXdùLÓûY Tô§dLôRYôß TôojÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. (TôWô þ 5) Ï±l©hPãZp Jnu Utßm NôWôVj§tÏ ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLs ùRôPokÕ TVuTÓjR AàU§dÏm úTôÕ ARtÏØu]o CÚkR Y¥®Ûm, A[®Ûm CÚlTûR Htßd ùLôs[Xôm. (TôWô þ 4). CjRÏ ®§®XdÏLû[ RôeL[ôLúYùLôi¥ÚdÏm Eßl× SôÓLs ReL[Õ R²lThP ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLû[ ùRôPokÕ TVuTÓjÕYÕ Ï±jÕúTfÑ YôojûRLs SPjR ØuYÚYÕ AY£Vm (TôWôþ1). AúR úSWj§p Cq®§®XdÏL[ô]ûY "¥¬lv"JlTkRmAØXôdL LôXj§p áPôÕ. (TôWô þ3). ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[ Lôl©tLô] NWjÕL°u AØXôdLm Ï±jÕ T¬ºXû]ùNnVúYi¥V ùTôßl©p "¥¬lv"ÏÝ Es[Õ. (TôWô þ2).

ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLs:R² SToLs EÚYôd¡Ùs[ ×§V ApXÕ êX ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs Lôl×YZeLúYi¥VûR "¥¬lv"JlTkRm TÏ§ 25.1 ¨oQ«d¡\Õ. ×§V ApXÕ êXYûWTPj§tÏ Lôl× YZeÏ¡\AúR úSWj§p HtL]úY Es[ YûWY¥Yj§túLô ApXÕ ARu TX]ôL EÚYô¡\ TÏ§«dúLô ùT¬V A[®tLUôßTPô®hPôÛm Lôl× YZeÏ¡u\]. B]ôp ùRô¯p ÖhT Ã§«Ûm ùNVpØû\ A¥lTûP«Ûm AkRYûWY¥Ym LhPôVUôL B§dLm ùNÛjRd á¥V]YôL CÚkRôp Jl×¬ûU ¿h¥dLlTP UôhPôÕ.

TÏ§ 25.2 B]Õ Ïû\kR BÙs EûPVÕm ØÝûUVô] Gi¦dûL«p Es[ÕUô] _Ü°jÕû\ YûW Y¥YeLû[LQd¡ùXÓdL R²f NWjÕLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ. AqYûL YûWY¥YeLÞdÏ Lôl× YZeÏYRtÏ Ï±lTôL ARuU§l×, úNôRû]dLô ApXÕ ùY°Âh¥tLô Guß TôodL úYi¥V§pûX. AlT¥l TôolTRu êXm AYt±tÏ¡ûPdL úYi¥V Lôl©tLô] YônlûT

úNRlTÓj§®PdáPôÕ. ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥Y NhPm ApXÕ T§l×¬ûUf NhP ®§Lû[d ùLôiÓ Eßl×SôÓLs CRtLô] Lôl× E¬ûULû[ YZeLXôm.

TÏ§ 26.1Cp YojRL úSôd¡Xô] NhPeLû[ ûL«p GÓjÕd ùLôiÓ êu\ôm STo JÚYo ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YE¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§«u± AYWÕ YûWY¥YjûRl TVuTÓj§ ùTôÚsLû[ RVô¬dLÜm ®tLÜm ApXÕNmUkRlThP YûWY¥Yj§tÏ NmUkRlThP TÏ§Lû[ Es[Pd¡V ApXÕ AûRd ùLôiÓ Y¥dLlThPùTôÚsLû[ RÓdLÜm YûWTP E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs AàU§VôdL úYiÓm.

TÏ§: 26.2 B]Õ Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ ùLôÓdLlThÓs[ YûWVßdLlThP ®§®XdLô] E¬ûULs, Lôl× ùTtßs[ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥Y E¬ûUVô[¬u NhP éoY SXuLû[ úRûYVt\ ®Rj§p Øuáh¥úV Tô§dLd á¥VRôLBdLúYô AkR YûWY¥YjûR NôRôWQUôL TVuTÓj§d ùLôsYRtÏ AàU§dLlThÓs[ E¬ûUdÏ Uô\ôLáÓRXôL TVuTÓj§ ùLôi¥ÚlTûRúVô AàU§dLd á¥VRôL CÚdLd áPôÕ. AqYûWY¥YjûR TVuTÓjÕmêu\ôm ST¬u NhPéoY ®ÚlTeLû[ UhÓúU LQd¡p ùLôiÓ Eßl× SôÓLs ùNVpTPd áPôÕ.

Lôl× ùTßYRtLô] LôX A[Ü 10 YÚPeLÞdLôYÕ CÚdL úYiÓm ( TÏ§ 26.3) Gu\ YôoûRVô]Õ Ï±jRLôXjûR ©¬jÕ EQojÕYRôL, ERôWQj§tÏ CWiÓ IkÕ BiÓLs Guß AojRlTÓjRÜm AàU§dL úYiÓm.

Lôl×¬ûULs:GkR JÚ LiÓ©¥l×dÏm AÕ ùTôÚsL[ôL CÚkRôÛm N¬ RVô¬l× Øû\VôL CÚkRôÛm N¬ ARtÏ Eßl×SôhÓ AWNôeLeLs Lôl×¬ûU YZeL úYiÓm Guß "¥¬lv"JlTkRm úLhÓd ùLôs¡\Õ. ùRô¯p ÖhTÕû\«u GkR JÚ ©¬ûYf úNokRRôLÜm CÚdLXôm. AYt±tÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏmúTôÕ TôWThNm LôhPdáPôÕ. AkR LiÓ©¥l×Ls AYt±àûPV ×ÕûU, AYt±p ùTô§kÕs[ LiÓ©¥l×jRuûU Utßm AYt±uùRô¯tÕû\dÏl ùTôßk§l úTôÏm RuûU B¡V]Ytû\ A±YRtLô] NôRôWQ T¬úNôRû]LÞdÏ EhTÓTûYVôLCÚkRôp úTôÕm AYt±tÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeL úYiÓm.

Lôl×¬ûU ùTÚûU ùTßYRtLô] A¥lTûPf NhPj§p AàU§dLjRdL ®§®XdÏLs êuß Es[]. ùTôÕBûQdúLô JÝdLØû\dúLô Uô\ôL CÚlTYt±tÏ ùTôßkRd á¥VÕ ØRXôYÕ BÏm. U²RoLs ApXÕ®XeÏL°u E«¬dúLô EPp SXj§túLô Ñtßf ãZÛdÏ úLÓ ®û[®dLd á¥VRôL CÚkRôúXô AYt±tÏLôl×¬ûU YZeLlTPôUdL Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ Es[ E¬ûU ®§®XdLô]Õ ̈ TkRû]dÏhThPÕ. NmUkRlThP

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CODISSIA

LiÓ©¥l× YojRL Ã§VôL TVuTÓjÕTYûWÙm RÓdLjRdLÕ. ùTôÕ BûQ Utßm JÝdL ùS±ûV TWôU¬dLCÕ ªLÜm AY£Vm. UÚjÕY Õû\«p Es[ U²RoLs Utßm ®XeÏLÞdÏ úSôV±Ùm Øû\, £¡fûN Øû\Utßm AßûY £¡fûN Øû\Ls B¡VYt±tÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeL úYiÓm GuT§ÚkÕ Eßl× SôÓLÞ[dÏ®XdL°dLXôm GuTÕ CWiPôYRôÏm.

êu\ôYRôL ÖiEPVp, E«¬Vp NôWôR Utßm Öi E«¬Vp SûPØû\Ls

ApXôR ®XeÏLs ApXÕ T«oLs EÚYôdÏYRtÏ AY£VUô] E«¬Vp SûPØû\LÞdÏ EhTPôR T«oLsUtßm ®XeÏLÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeL úYi¥V§ÚkÕ Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ ®XdL°dLXôm. T«o YûLLsLôl×¬ûU«ÚkÕ ®X[dL°dLlThÓs[ GkR JÚ SôÓm ùNVXôdLªdL.

Sui Generiss Øû\«u ¸r LhPôVm Lôl× YZe¡VôL úYiÓm. AúR úSWj§p CRtLô] NWjRô]ÕJlTkRm AØXôdLlThÓ SôuÏ BiÓLs L¯jÕ ØÝûUVôL T¬ºXû]dÏ EhTÓjRd RdLRôÏm (TÏ§ 27.3(b))

RVô¬lTRtÏ, ETúVô¡lTRtÏ, ®tTû]dÏ RÚYRtÏ, ®tTû]dÏ Utßm CkR úSôdLeLÞdLôL C\dÏU§ùNnYRtÏ G] CûYL°p Ju±tÏ ùTôÚs Lôl×¬ûU £\l× E¬ûUVôL Eß§lTÓjR úYiÓm.

RVô¬l× Lôl×¬ûU TôÕLôlT]Õ ùTôÚs RVô¬l× ¨ûX«p áÓRp ETúVô¡l× CpXôUp Lôl× ùNnYRtÏUhÓªu± CkR RVô¬l× ¨ûX«p úSW¥VôL ùT\lThP áÓRp ùTôÚsLÞdÏm ùTôßkÕm. Lôl×¬ûU«uE¬ûUVô[o TeÏm (assign) ùT\jRdLYo ApXÕ TeÏ Uôt\m ùNnYRu

êXm E¬ûUdÏ YWÜmRdLYo. Lôl×¬ûU Utßm Ø¥Ü ùNnVlThP E¬ûUV°dLlThP JlTkReLÞdÏm CÕùTôßkÕm. (TÏ§ 28)

Lôl×¬ûU êXm A°dLlTÓm £\l×¬ûU ®NVj§p Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ YûWVßdLlThP ®§®XdÏLsA°dLlThÓs[]. AúR úSWj§p AkR E¬ûUVô]Õ AkR Lôl×¬ûUûV NôRôWQUôL TVuTÓjÕYÕPuúRûY«pXôUp ØWiTPdáPôÕ. úUÛm Lôl×¬ûU ùTtßs[Y¬u NhP éoY E¬ûULû[Ùm úRûY«pXôUpLQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm (TÏ§ þ 30)

®iQlTm éoj§ ùNnVlThP Sôs ØRp LôXôY§BLjRdL LôXUô] 20 BiÓLÞdÏ Øu]ôp Lôl× ¡ûPlTÕØ¥ÜdÏ YkÕ ®Pd áPôÕ. (TÏ§þ33)

Lôl×¬ûU úLôÚm ®iQlTRôWo LiÓ©¥l× NmUkRUôL úTôÕUô] ®YWeLû[ RW úYiÓùU] Eßl× SôÓLsúLôWXôm. NmUkRlThP LiÓ©¥l× ®YWeLû[ AÕ NmUkRlThP Õû\ ̈ ×Qo JÚYo AûR LiÓ©¥lTYÚdÏªLÜm ùR¬kÕs[ Y¥Yj§p ùY°dùLôiÓ YÚUôß ®iQlTRôW¬Pm ®iQl©dÏm Sô°úXúV úLôWXômApXÕ NÛûL úLôWlTÓmúTôÕ ®iQl©j§p úLôWlThÓs[ NÛûL úR§«p úUtÏ±l©hP YûL«pùY°dùLôQWd úLôWXôm.

Lôl×¬ûU ùTtßs[ Ju±u Es[PdLm JÚ ùTôÚû[ EtTj§ ùNnYRtLô] ùNVpØû\ûVd ùLôiÓs[Õ.AúR úTôu\ ùTôÚû[ RVô¬dÏ ©W§Yô§ RuàûPV ùTôÚ°u EtTj§ Øû\dÏm HtL]úY T§Ü ùTtßs[EtTj§ Øû\dÏm Es[ úYßTôhûP NmUkRlThP A§Lô¬Ls Øuú] ¨Ú©jÕdLôhP ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬dLúLôWXôm. Lôl× ùTtßs[ RVô¬l× Øû\ûV JjR Øû\ûV NmUkRlThP A§Lô¬Ls EQÚm úTôÕ úUtLiPSPY¥dûLûV úLôWXôm.

Lôl×¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§ ùT\ôUúXúV NmUkRlThP ®NVjûR AWNôeLm LhPôV E¬ûU«uúT¬p TVuTÓjRAàU§dLlThÓs[Õ. AúR úSWj§p E¬ûUVô[¬u NhPéoY ®ÚlTeLs LôlTt\lTÓYÕm ¨TkRû]«uA¥lTûP«p UhÓúU TVuTÓjR úYiÓm. CRtLô] ¨TkRû]Ls TÏ§ 31Cp Es[]. ¨VôVUô] LôXA[®tÏ, ̈ VôVUô] ̈ TkRû]Ls, ®§Øû\LÞdÏ EhThÓ AlT¥lThP E¬ûUûV Rô]ôL ùT\Ø¥VôR ãr¨ûXHtTÓmúTôÕ ùTôÕ ®§ GuTRu A¥lTûP«p AlT¥lThP E¬ûUûV YZeLúYi¥VÕm Eßl×SôÓL°uùTôßlTôÏm.

AlT¥ E¬ûUûV ûL«ùXÓdÏm úTôÕ AkRkR E¬Uj§tLô] ùTôÚ[ôRôW U§lûT LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôiÓAûYLÞdÏ úTôÕUô] F§Vm ùLôÓdL úYiÓm. CmØ¥Yô]Õ ¿§jÕû\ ApXÕ RdL R² EVo A§Lô¬Lû[dùLôiÓ T¬ºXû] ùNnVjRdLRôÏm. CkR ̈ TkRû]L°u Eß§jRuûU R[ojRjRdLÕ. NhPéoYUôL G§oúTôh¥SPY¥dûLLû[ EÚYôdÏYÕ Gu\YûL«p JÚ ©WfNû]dÏ ¾oÜ LôQ ØVt£dL CqÜ¬ûUûV TVuTÓjÕmúTôÕCqYûL R[oÜ RWlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR ¨TkRû]Ls CûYLs NmUkR TÏ§ 27.1Cp á\lThÓ Es[YtßPu úNokÕA±VjRdLÕ. ùRô¯p ÖhTjÕû\ NmUkRlThP Lôl×¬ûULs TôWThNUt\ Øû\«p AàT®dLjRdLûY GuTRtLôLúUtLiP SûPØû\Ls ©uTt\jRdLûY.

Jße¡ûQkR ªu ÑtßdL°u §hP YûWTPeLs:EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©u ER®ÙPu 1989Bm BiÓ úTfÑYôojûR SPjRlThÓ EßYôdLlThPJße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß YûWTPeLÞdLô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs JlTkR NWjÕLÞdÏ HtT Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßdL°u §hP YûWTPeLÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs Lôl× YZeL úYi¥VÕ Ï±jÕ "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TÏ§

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CODISSIA

35Cp Ï±l©PlThÓ Es[Õ. CkR NWjÕdL[ô]ûY "Jße¡ûQkR ªu ÑtßLs " Utßm " §hP YûWTPeLs(Topography)" AYt±tÏ Lôl×dÏ úYi¥VûYLs, R² E¬ûULs, YûWVû\Ls AúRúTôX AYtû\TVuTÓjÕYRtLô] A[ÜLs T§Ü Utßm ùNnØû\ B¡VYtû\ Es[Pd¡VûYVôÏm. Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß JÚ ùTôÚ[ôÏm. ARu ØÝ Y¥Yj§p ùNVpTÓjRd á¥VRôL CÚdLXôm. Hû]VûY £XúYô Aû]jÕúUôJße¡ûQkR ªuÑt±u ùRôPo×L[ôLúYô, EsT¥Uô]eL[ôLúYô, úUp T¥Uô]eL[ôLúYô CÚkÕ ªu AÔdLsJu±ÚkÕ Ut\Yt±tÏ TVQm ùNnYRtLô] Y¯VôL UhÓúU CÚdLXôm. §hPYûWTPm GuTÕ ØlT¬Uô]Ti× ùLôiPRôL YûWVßdLlThÓs[Õ.

AlT¥ ùNôpÛm úTôÕ ARu JÚ TÏ§ ùNVpTPdá¥VRôLÜm Hû]V £XúWô Aû]jÕúUô Jße¡ûQkRªuÑt±u CûQl×L[ôLúYô CÚdLXôm ApXÕ Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑt±tLôL AlT¥

JÚ ØlT¬UôQ Y¥Ym EÚYôdLlTÓYÕ GuTÕ AkR Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßl TXûLLû[ RVô¬lTRtLôLÜmCÚdLXôm. AlT¥lThP Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß YûWY¥YùUuTÕ ARu TûPlTô°«àûPV ùNôkRA±Üj§\û] ùY°lThPRôLÜm, êXjRuûUÙûPVRôLÜm AlTûPl× ùY°YÚ¡\ úSWj§p Es[ ©\TûPlTô°L°àûPV §hP YûWÜLs Utßm EtTj§Vô[oLÞûPV JÚe¡ûQkR ªuÑtß TXûLLsB¡VYt±ÚkÕm úYßTÓj§lTôodLjRdLRôL CÚdL úYiÓm. Uß EtTj§dLô] E¬ûU, C\dÏU§dLô]E¬ûU, ®tTû] ApXÕ ®tTû]dÏ YZeÏYRtLô] E¬ûU B¡V] £\l× E¬ûUL°u ¸r YÚ¡u\].CqÜ¬ûULÞdÏ Ï±l©hP YûWVßl×LÞm A°dLlThÓ Es[].

Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßdLô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkR NWjÕL°uT¥ "¥¬lv"JlTkRm ùY°TÓj§Ùs[ SôuÏ®NVeL°u A¥lTûP«p Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß §hP YûWTPeLÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓL°Pm Lôl× úLôWXôm.ARôYÕ Lôl×dLôX LôX A[Ü (GhÓ BiÓLÞdÏ T§XôL TjÕ BiÓ TÏ§ 38) Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßlTXûL«p APe¡Ùs[ ©\ TôLeLs E¬ûU ª±lTVuTÓjRlTh¥ÚkRôÛm AlTXûLdÏ Lôl× ( TôLm 36CuLûP£ CûQl× ©¬Ü ) Utßm A±VôUp E¬ûU Á±VRôL LÚÕYRtLô] HtTôÓLs ( TôLm 37.1) B¡V] úUtá±VSôuÏ ®NVeL°p APe¡Ùs[]. Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßLÞdLô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRm LhPôV E¬ûUNWjÕ (TÏ§ 37.2)Cu T¥ LhPôV ApXÕ Rô]ôL ØuYkRÕ E¬ûUV°dLô®¥àm §hPYûWTPm ApXÕ ARuETúVôLj§u E¬UjûR EiûUVô] E¬ûUVô°u AàU§«u± AWNôeLm GÓjÕd ùLôsYRtÏ"¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 31Cu ¨TkRû]Ls ùTôÚkÕm.

ùY°«PlTPôR ®YWeLÞdLô] TôÕLôl×:YojRL WL£Vm ApXÕ ùNnØû\ A±Ü úTôu\ ùY°«PlTPôR ®YWeLÞdÏ Lôl× A°lTRu êXm TXu¡ûPdLf ùNnV úYiÓm Guß "¥¬lv"JlTkRm úLôÚ¡\Õ. JÚ ®YWm WL£VUô]Õ Guß LÚRlTÓm úTôÕARtÏ Lôl× LhPôVm A°dL úYiÓm Guß JlTkRj§p TÏ§ 39.2 úLôÚ¡\Õ. Aq®YWeLÞdÏ YojRLU§l× Es[Õ. G]úY AÕ WL£VUô]Õ úUÛm AÕ WL£VUôLúY CÚdL úRûYVô] HtTôÓLû[ ùNnÕ RÚUôßúLôW E¬ûU TûPjÕs[Õ. ùY°lTPôR ®YWeLû[ ùNôjÕ Gu\ Y¥Yj§p ûLVô[ úYiÓm Guß JlTkRmúLôW®pûX. B]ôp AlT¥lThP ®YWeLû[ NhPéoYUôL ûLVôÞYRtLô] E¬ûUÙs[Yo Aq®YWeLsùY°VôLôUp TôojÕd ùLôs[jRdLYo. úSoûUVô] ®VôTôW ùS±Øû\LÞdÏ EhThÓ AYWÕ (Bi/ùTi)Jl×Rp ùTt\ ©u]úW AÓjRYo AûRl ùT\úYô TVuTÓjRúYô Ø¥Ùm. " úSoûUVô] ®VôTôW ùS±Øû\LÞdÏUô\ô] SPY¥dûLLs" GuT] ¡rLiPYôß Es[]. JlTkR Á\p, Sm©dûLûV RLojRp, Utßm JlTkR Á\ÛdÏçiÓYÕ AúR úTôX ùY°«PlTPôR WL£VeLs Tt± A±k§Úd¡\ êu\ôYo AqY®WeLû[ ûLlTtßYÕ,ApXÕ ùUôjRj§p LY]dÏû\®]ôp AlT¥ A±kÕ ùLôsYÕ úTôu\ ûLlTtßm S¥Y¥dûLLs B¡V]ùS±Øû\Lû[ Á±V ùNVpL[ôÏm.

×§V WNôVQ LiÓ©¥l×Lû[d ùLôiÓ RVô¬dLlTÓ¡\ UÚkÕLs ApXÕ ®YNôVjÕû\dLô] WNôVQRVô¬l×LÞdÏ ®tTû]dÏ AàU§ YZeÏYRtÏ AûYLs NmUkRlThP ùY°«PlTPôR T¬úNôRû] ®YWeLsUtßm ©\ ®YWeLû[ AWNôeLj§Pm NUo©dL úYi¥VRu AY£Vm Ï±jR NWjÕLs JlTkRj§p Es[].AlT¥lThP úSWj§p NmUkRlThP Eßl× SôhÓ AWNôeLeLs NmUkRlThP WL£VeLs ®VôTôW ùS±Øû\LÞdÏ×\mTôL ùY°VôLôUp TôojÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. ùTôÕ UdLs SXu LôdLlP úYi¥V AY£VUô] úSWeLsR®ojR Ut\ úSWeL°p AlT¥lThP ®YWeLs ùY°VôLôUp Eßl× SôÓLs TôojÕd ùLôs[ úYi¥VÕAY£VUô]Õ ApXÕ AlT¥«pXô®hPôp Aq®YWeLs ®VôTôW ùS±Øû\LÞdÏ ×\mUTôLETúVô¡dlTÓY§ÚkÕ RdL TôÕLôl× YZeÏYRtLô] HtTôÓLs ùNnV úYiÓm.

E¬ûUd ÏjRûLL°p G§oþúTôh¥ SûPØû\Lû[ LhÓlTÓjÕRp:E¬U Øû\Ls Utßm A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NôokR £X ¨TkRû]Ls úTôh¥ûV LhÓlTÓjÕ¡u\] GuTûR"¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TÏ§ Ae¸L¬d¡\Õ. ClT¥ RûPLs ®VôTôWj§u ÁÕ LÓm RôdLjûR HtTÓjÕ¡u\].ùRô¯p ÖhTjûR T¬Uô±d ùLôsYûR JÚ RûXNôoTô]RôL BdÏ¡u\] GuTûR AlTÏ§ (TôWô þ1) Ï±l©Ó¡\Õ.G§o úTôh¥ûV HtTÓjÕ¡\ YûL«Ûm, E¬ûUûV RY\ôL TVuTÓjRjRdL YûL«Ûm Es[ A±ÜfùNôjÕ¬ûULÞdLô] E¬Um YZeÏm úTôÕ AqYûL SPY¥dûLLû[ RÓlTRtÏm LhÓlTÓjÕYRtÏUô]

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CODISSIA

ùTôÚjRUô] Y¯Øû\Lû[ AØXôdL úYiÓm (TôWô þ2) AÓjR JÚ Eßl× SôhûPf NôokR ¨ßY]eLsCqÜ¬ûUûV ÁßYRôL ùR¬kRôp AÕ Ï±jÕ NmUkRlThP SôÓ SPY¥dûL GÓlTRtLô] Y¯Øû\LsJlTkRfNWjÕdL°p Es[]. B]ôp AfãZp AkR SôhÓPu LXkRôúXô£dL úYiÓm. Tô§l×dÏ Es[ô]®YWeLû[Ùm AYtû\ JjRRôL LÚRlTÓm AkR SôÓL°p ùY°lTûPVôL ¡ûPd¡\ ®YWeLû[Ùm ûYjÕJl©hÓ TôodL úYiÓm. AúR úTôX AkR Eßl× Sôh¥Pm ¡ûPdÏm ©\ ®YWeLÞPu Jl©hÓ BWôVúYiÓm. EsSôhÓ NhPeLÞdÏ EhThÓm Ø¥YôL TôÕLôdLlTP úYi¥V RUÕ ®NVeLÞdÏ TôÕLôl×A°dÏ ®Rj§Xô] TWvTWm §Úl©V°dÏm JlTkRjûR TôÕLôl× úLôÚm SôÓ GhP úYiÓm ( TôWô þ3).AúRúTôX AlT¥lThP SPY¥dûLdÏ EsSôhÓ ̈ ßY]eLû[d ùLôiP Eßl× SôÓm, SPY¥dûL úUtùLôsÞmEßl× SôhÓPu LXkRôúXô£dL úYiÓm.

82


CODISSIA

JÚ LiÓ©¥lûT Lôl× T§Ü ùNnRpAj§VôVm þ 61) A±ØLmUtù\pXô ùNôjÕdLû[l úTôXúY A±Üf ùNôjÕm JÚ R² STÚdÏ ùNôkRUô]Õ. ùTôßlTô] AWÑ A§Lô¬L[ôpA±Üf ùNôjÕ T§Ü ùNnVlThP ©u]o AYÚdÏ AkR ùNôj§u úUp £\l× E¬ûU YÚ¡\Õ. A±ÜfùNôjÕ¬ûU«u úUp AWNôeL AÛYXLm RÚm Tj§WúU Lôl×¬ûUVôL B¡\Õ. ®iQlTj§p LiÓ©¥l×Guß ®Y¬dLlThÓs[Ru A¥lTûP«p AWNôeLm ARtÏ Lôl× T§Ü YZeÏ¡\Õ. ClT¥ NhPéoY AàU§ùTtßs[ LiÓ©¥lûT ùTôÕYôL ARu E¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§ ùTtú\ TVuTÓjR úYiÓm.

JÚ LiÓ©¥lTô[o ApXÕ Juû\ ùY°dùLôQokÕs[ JÚY¬u ×§V Utßm TVàs[ ùNVpØû\ ApXÕRVô¬l©tÏ AWNôeLjRôp EjRWYôRm ùLôÓdLlTÓm úTôÕ AYo ARu êXUô] EtTj§, ETúVôLm, ®tTû]B¡VYt±tÏ Ï±l©hP LôXj§tÏ £\l× E¬ûU ùTß¡\ôo.

Lôl×¬ûU úLôÚm JÚYo R]Õ LiÓ©¥l× Tt±V ®YWeLû[ ®iQlTjÕPu CûQdLlThP A¥lTûP«pJÚYÚdÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. AkR LiÓ©¥l©p APe¡Ùs[ ®gOô] Øuú]t\m Utßm ARuÖhT TûPl× TVuTôÓ B¡VYt±tÏ RdL FdLU°dÏm ®Rj§p AWNôeLUô]Õ AYo AûR R²lThP Øû\«pETúVô¡dLÜm XôTÁhPÜm CkR E¬ûULû[ YZeÏ¡\Õ.

Lôl×¬ûU GuTÕ HLúTôL E¬ûUVô[oLÞûPVÕ Guß ùRôPokÕ Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ. B]ôp GeúLÙmAlT¥«pûX. ùTßmTôXô] NhPeL°p Lôl×¬ûU ùTt\ LiÓ©¥l©û] EÚYôd¡VYo ApXÕ E¬ûUVô[oúSW¥VôL EtTj§ ùNnVÜm ETúVô¡dLÜm ApXÕ ®tTû] ùNnVÜm E¬ûU YZeLlThÓ Es[Õ.Lôl×¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§ùT\ôUp AYWÕ Lôl×¬ûU ùTt\

®NVjûR Sôh¥Ûs[ úYù\ôÚYÚm TVuTÓjRôUp CÚlTRtLô] LôlûT AdLiÓ©¥l©tLô] Lôl× YZeÏ¡\Õ.

JÚ LiÓ©¥l©û] ARu E¬ûUVô[o TVuTÓjÕYRtLô] NhPéoY E¬ûU YZeLlTPôR ¨ûX«p Ut\YoLsAYÚûPV LiÓ©¥lûT Tn]TÓjÕYûR RÓlTRtLô] NhPéoY E¬ûU ùTt\YWôLÜm AYo Es[ôo.LiÓ©¥lûT ©\o RVô¬dLúYô. ETúVô¡dLúYô ®tTû] ùNnVúYô CpXôUp RÓlTRtLô] E¬ûU Guß CûRYZdLUôL áßYÕiÓ. Lôl×¬ûU ùTt\ LiÓ©¥lûT ARu E¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§ ùT\ôUp Sôh¥Ûs[Utù\ôÚYo TVuTÓjÕYRtÏ G§WôL SPY¥dûL úUtùLôsYRtLô] E¬ûU Lôl×¬ûU ùTt\YÚdÏ Es[Ød¡VUô] E¬ûUVôÏm. LiÓ©¥lTô[WÕ ØVt£dLô] DPôLÜm BnÜ Utßm úNôRû]LÞdÏm AYo ùNnRùNXÜ B¡VYtû\ DÓùNnYRtLôL ùTôÚs Ã§Vô] TXuLs ùTßYûRÙm CqÜ¬ûU YZeÏ¡\Õ.

Lôl×¬ûUVô[o R]Õ LiÓ©¥l©p DÓTÓj§Ùs[Yt±u TXû] AûPYRtLôL AYo AûR ùLôiÓ ùTôÚû[RVô¬dLÜm, ETúVô¡dLÜm ®tLÜm B] HLúTôL E¬ûUûV ùTß¡\ôo. ARuêXm Ut\YoLs AûRTVuTÓjÕYûR RÓdÏm E¬ûU ùTß¡\ôo. Utù\ôÚYWÕ Lôl×¬ûUûV A©®Új§ ùNnÙm ®NVj§p AkRLôl×¬ûUûV AÓjRY¬u Jl×Rp CpXôUp TVuTÓjRúYô ®tLúYô Ø¥VôÕ. CÕ Ï±jR ®YWeLs YÚUôß:-

A). N¬Vô] úSWjûR ùR¬kÕùLôsYRtLô] LÚ®ûV LiÓ©¥lTRtLô] ØVt£Ls SPkÕùLôi¥ÚkR LôXm:

1327Bm BiÓ Yô®eúTôoÓ SLûWf NôokR ¬fNoÓ GuTYo Gk§Wd L¥LôWm LiÓ©¥jRÜPu ©WfNû] Ø¥ÜdÏYkRÕ. B]ôp ÕW§ÚxPYNUôL ARtLô] ®[dL Ï±l×Ls Øtßl ùT\ôUp úTôn®hPÕ. CÕ @©úXôWuvSLûWf NôokR TúPôYô TpLûXdLZL úTWô£¬Vo úLôYu ú#ôk§ GuTYodÏ 1369Bm BiÓ Gk§Wd L¥LôWmLiÓ©¥dLÜm EtTj§ ùNnVÜm YônlT°jRÕ. CkR L¥LôWjûR úUÛm A©®Új§ ùNnV úYiÓm Gu\EsÞQo®u LôWQUôL U²R Nd§dÏ T§XôL L¥LôWj§u CVdLj§tÏ ªu Nd§ûV ETúVô¡dÏm Øû\LiÓ©¥dLlThPÕ. Gk§W®Vp L¥LôWj§u A¥lTûP RjÕYj§û] êXUôLd ùLôiúP AÕ RVô¬dLlThPÕ.ªu Nd§Vôp CVeÏm CdL¥LôWj§tLôL Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlThPÕ. CdLô¥LôWj§tLô] AùXdNôih ùTVudÏYZeLlThP Lôl×¬ûU Rôu LiÓ©¥l©tLôL ØRuØû\VôL YZeLlThP Lôl×¬ûUVôÏm.

A¥lTûPd L¥LôWjûR LiÓ©¥jRYo Lôl×¬ûU ùTt±Úk§ÚlTôo G²p ©kûRV LiÓ©¥lTô[ÚPu CûQkÕUt\YoLs ReL[Õ LiÓ©¥lûTd ùLôiÓ L¥LôWm RVô¬lTûRúVô RVô¬l×l T¦LÞdÏETúVôLlTÓjÕYûRúVô ApXÕ ®tTûRúVô RÓdL Ø¥Ùm. E¬Um ùTßYRu AY£VjûRÙm úRûYûVÙmCÕ EÚYôdÏ¡\Õ. CkR ̈ ûX«p Gk§W®Vp Lô¥LôWjûRd LiÓ©¥jRYo Rôu ªu]Ô L¥LôWm ùNnYRtLô]E¬UjûR AùXdNôuPo ùTo²«PØm Uß×\m ªu]Ô L¥LôW Lôl×¬ûU ùTt\Yo Gk§W®Vp L¥LôWj§uEiûUVô] Lôl×¬ûUVô[¬Pm E¬ûU ùTt\ ©u]o Rôu AûR ETúVôLlTÓjRúYô ®tLúYô Ø¥Ùm.

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B) ùRôûXúT£dLô] Lôl×¬ûUûV AùXdNôiPo ¡WLômùTp ùTt±ÚdÏmúTôÕ Ut\YoLs AYWÕLôl×¬ûUûV ùLôiÓ AR]ôp EtTj§ ùNnVúYô, ETúVôLlTÓjRúYô, ®tLúYô ùNnVôUp RÓdÏm E¬ûUûV¡WLômùTp ùTß¡\ôo. ARtÏl©\Ï GiLû[ ÑZt±lúTÑYRtLô] ùRôûXúT£ûV LiÓ©¥jÕ ARtÏ JÚYoùTpu ùRôûXúT£«p A©®Új§ ùNnVlThP Y¥Ym Gu\ ûYûL«p Lôl×¬ûU ùTß¡\ôo Guß ûYjÕdùLôs[Xôm. AlT¥lThP ¨ûX«p CkR CWiPôm STWô]Yo ùTp EsTP úYù\ôÚYÚm GiLû[f ÑZtßmùRôûXúT£ûV EtTj§ ùNnVúYô. TVuTÓjRúYô ApXÕ ®tTû] ùNnVôUúXô RÓdÏm E¬ûU ùTtß CÚd¡\ôo.E¬Um ùT\ úYi¥VRu AY£Vm Utßm Ød¡VjÕYjûR CÕ EQojÕ¡\Õ. Cfãr¨ûX«p ÑZtß GiLsùRôûXúT£ Lôl×¬ûUVô[¬Pm ùTpÛm, ùTpu A¥lTûP ùRôûXúT£ Lôl×¬ûU«û] TVuTÓj§ ÑZtßGiLs ùRôûXúT£ ùNnVÜm, ETúVôLlTÓjRÜm, ®tLÜUô] E¬UjûR ùTpPm ÑZtß GiLs ùRôûXúT£Lôl×¬ûUVô[Úm ùT\úYi¥VÕ AY£Vm.

Ck¨ûX«p Juû\ ×¬kÕùLôs[ úYiÓm. AWNôeLm Lôl×¬ûU YZe¡P UhÓúU ùNnÙm AÕ Rô]ôLAqÜ¬ûUûV AØXôdLôÕ. Lôl×¬ûU ûYjÕs[Yo RUÕ Lôl×¬ûUûV úYù\ôÚYo RY\ôL TVuTÓjÕYûRRÓdÏm úSôd¡p ùTôÕf NhPeL°u A¥lTûP«p ARu ÁÕ SPY¥dûL úLôÚm úTôÕ UhÓúU AWÑ RûX«Ó¡\Õ.G]úY Lôl×¬ûU E¬ûUVô[o RUdÏ RôúU LôYXWôL ùNVpTP úYi¥VÕ AY£VUô]RôÏm.

2) Lôl×¬ûUdLô] ¨TkRû]Ls:JÚ LiÓ©¥l©tÏ Lôl×¬ûU TôÕLôl× ùTßYRtÏ ̧ rLiP ̈ TkRû]Ls G§oùLôs[ úYiÓm GuTÕ Aú]LUôLEX¡u GpXô SôÓL°Ûm Es[ SûPØû\VôÏm.

A) Lôl×¬ûU ùTßYRtÏ NmUkRlThP RÏ§Lû[ ×§V LiÓ©¥l× ùTt±ÚdL úYiÓm.

B) LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ ¨fNVm èR]Uô] ×§V Ju\ôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

C) LiÓ©¥l©u LhPeLû[ úTôÕUô] A[Ü ùNnÕ LôhPdá¥VRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

D) CdLiÓ©¥lTô]Õ ùRô¯pÕû\dÏ ùTôßkRdá¥VRôLÜm ETúVôLlTPjRdLRôLÜm CÚdL úYiÓm.

2) Lôl×¬ûU úLôÚYRtLô] ®iQlTjÕPu LiÓ©¥l× ®YWeLû[ úTôÕUô] A[Ü CûQdL úYiÓm.AûYLs úTôÕUô] A[Ü ¨oQVeLÞdÏ EhTPdá¥VRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

úUtLiPûYL°u ÑßdLUô] ®¬YôdLm:

A) JÚ LiÓ©¥l©tÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏYRtLô] RÏ§ YWúYiÓUô]ôp AÕ Lôl×¬ûUdLô] A¥lTûP¨ûXTôÓL°u G§oTôol×Lû[ ¨fNVm éoj§ùNnYRôL CÚdL úYiÓm. Lôl×¬ûUdLô] A¥lTûP¨ûXTôÓL°]ôp EÚYôdLlThPÕ. Lôl×¬ûU ùTßYRtLô] ®§®XdÏLs Gu\ A¥lTûP«p CÕ YZdLUôLEQWlTÓ¡\Õ. ùRô¯p Õû\«u Aû]jÕ Õû\Lû[f NôokR LiÓ©¥l×LÞdÏm Lôl× YZeL úYiÓm.

ùRô¯p ÖhT Õû\«p Lôl×¬ûU ùTßYRtÏs[ Yônl×dLô] A¥lTûP ¨ûXTôÓLÞdÏ AlTôtThP ùRô¯pÖhTjÕû\LÞdLô] ERôWQeLs ¸rYÚUôß:

þ CVtûL«p Es[ EúXôLeLs ApXÕ êXlùTôÚsLs NmUkRlThP LiÓ©¥l×Ls;þ A±®Vp ùLôsûLLs ApXÕ LQd¸hÓ Øû\Ls;- T«tLs, ®XeÏ YûLLs, AlT¥lThP T«tLs, ®XeÏLû[ EtTj§ ùNnYRtÏ AY£VUô] E«¬VpùNVpØû\Lsþ §hPeLs, ®§Øû\Ls ApXÕ Øû\Ls. ARôYÕ ®VôTôWm, ApXÕ UQfùNVpTôÓLÞdÏ UhÓúUVô]RVô¬l×Ls ApXÕ ®û[VôhÓ úTôh¥Ls;þ U²RoLs ApXÕ ®XdÏLÞdLô] £¡fûN Øû\Ls ApXÕ U²RoLs ApXÕ ®XeÏL°uúSônLiP±Ùm Øû\LÞdÏm (B]ôp CkR SPY¥dûLLÞdÏ úRûYlTÓm ùTôÚsLÞdÏ CÕ ùTôßkRôÕ)Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓY§pûXCÕ úTôL ùTôÕ SXuLû[d LY]j§p ùLôiÓ £XYûLl ùTôÚsLÞdÏm ùNVpØû\LÞdÏm RôtLôLUôLLôl×¬ûU TôÕLôl©ÚkÕ ®XdÏ A°dLlTÓ¡\Õ. ERôWQj§tÏ UÚkÕLs, úY[ôiRû\dLô] WNôQeLsApXÕ AÔ®Vp Õû\ LiÓ©¥l×LÞdÏ CqYûL ®XdL°dLlTÓ¡\Õ. RtúTôûRV ¨XûULs CqYûLRtLôL ®XdÏL°ÚkÕ AlTôtThÓs[].

B) ×Õl×û]ÜGkR JÚ T¬úNôRû]«Ûm ×Õl×û]ûY ¨ì©dL úYi¥VÕ A¥lTûPVô]RôÏm. Lôl×¬ûU ùTßYRtLô]®YWj§tÏ AlTôtThP ¨TkRû]ÙUôÏm. CRu AojRm Gu]ùYu\ôp ×Õl×û]Ü GuTÕ Juû\ ¨ì©lTÕApXÕ ¨oUô²lTÕ GuTRôp CÕ ®NVj§p úYù\ôu±u TÏ§Ls CpXô§ÚkRôp ¨ì©dLlTÓmúTôÕ UhÓúUCRu ×Õl×û]Ü Eß§lTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ.

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JÚ LiÓ©¥l× ×§VRôL CÚdÏm úTôÕ AÕ ¨LrjRlThP LûX (Prior art) Vôp G§oTôodLlTPôRRôL CÚdLúYiÓm. ¨LrjRlThP LûX G] NôRôWQUôL Ï±l©ÓYÕ GuTÕ Lôl×¬ûU úLôÚYRtLô] ®iQlTj§p¨WlTlThÓs[ ApXÕ LôXdùLÓÜdÏ EhThP LôXj§u JhÓ ùUôjR A±Ü BÏm. AÕ GÝjÕ Y¥Yj§úXôúLhLdá¥V Y¥Yj§úXô CÚdLXôm. ùLôÓdLlThP LôXLhPj§p ARtÏ ùLôÓdLlThP AojRj§p ̈ LrjRlThPLûX CpXô®hPôp AûR ¨ì©d¡\ A¥lTûP«p ØuYÚ¡\ úLs®úV ©WfNû]«u A¥lTûPVôLLÚRlTÓ¡\Õ. LôlT°dÏm Sôh¥p Gu] A±VlThÓs[úRô AkR ©u]¦dÏ G§WôL UhÓúU ¨LrjRlThPLûXVô]Õ ¨ì©dLlTh úYiÓm. CÕ ©\ SôÓL°ÚkRô] A±Üj §\àdÏ AlTôtThPÕ. AlT¥lThP¨ûX«p AÕ LiÓ©¥lTRtÏ Øu]ôp AkSôh¥tÏs C\dÏU§ ùNnVlThÓ CÚdLd áPôÕ. ùNôpXlThPSôÞdÏ Øu]úW AkR A±Üj §\u ùY°Sôh¥p ¡ûPdLdá¥VRôL CÚkRôÛm CÕ ùTôßkÕm. Utù\ôÚTôoûYVô]Õ AfN¥dLlThP ®YWdÏ±l×Ls ùY°ÂÓLÞdÏm úTfÑ Utßm ETúVôL ®YWeLÞdÏm CûPúVEs[ úYßTôÓL°u A¥lTûP«Xô]RôÏm.

LiÓ©¥l× Tt±V ®YWeLs ClT¥ CÚdûL«p AÕ ̈ LrjRlThP LûX«u TÏ§VôL YÚmúTôÕ AûR ̧ rLiPêuß ùTVoL°Xô] Y¯L°p ¨oUô¦dLlTP úYiÓm.

þ GÝjÕ Y¥Yj§Xô] ùY°ÂPôLúYô, Tj§Wj§úXô, CúRôÓ ùRôPo×ûPV ©\ Y¥Yj§úXô LiÓ©¥l©u®YWdÏ±l×Ls CÚlTÕ;

þ ùTôÕ UdL°ûPúV úTfÑ YZd¡p LiÓ©¥l©u ®YWdÏ±l×Ls CÚkRôp AlT¥lThP ®YWdÏ±l×LsYônùUô¯ ®YWd Ï±l×L[ôL LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ

- ùTôÕ UdLs GYùWôÚYÚm ûLVô[d á¥V YûL«p LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ ùTôÕ ETúVôLj§ÚkRôúXôApXÕ AlT¥lThP ¨ûX«p ùTôÕUdLû[ ùLôiÓ úTôn ¨ßjÕYÕ. AlT¥lThP ùNVp®YWdÏ±l×Ls"ùTôÕ ETúVôLj§p" Es[ ®YWd Ï±l×Ls Gu\ô¡ ®hPÕ"

Tj§Wm GuTRu AojRj§tÏ Ht\ôtúTôX AkR ®YWeL°u ùY°ÂPô]Õ HRôYÕ JÚ ùTü¾L Y¥®p CÚdLúYiÓm. AkR Tj§Wm ùY°«PlTPjRdLRôL CÚdL úYiÓm. ARôYÕ Aq®YWeLû[ ùTôÕ UdLs ®ûXùLôÓjÕ YôeLúYô ApXÕ ùTôÕ èXLj§p GÓjÕl TôodLjRdLRôLúYô HtTôÓ ùNnÕ RW úYiÓm. AkRùY°ÂÓL°p Lôl×¬ûULs, Lôl×¬ûUdLô] Af£PlThP ®iQlTeLs, GÝjÕûWLs (AûYLs ûLVôpGÝRlThPRôLúYô, RhPfÑ Y¥Yj§úXô ApXÕ AfÑ Y¥Yj§úXô CÚdL úYiÓm )×ûLlTPeLs, J®VeLsApXÕ YhÓLLs ApXÕ SôPdL°p T§Ü ùNnVlThP úTfÑ ùUô¯«Xô] ApXÕ NeúLR ùUô¯«Xô]JlT§ÜLs Utßm §ûWlTPeLs B¡V]Ytû\ Es[Pd¡«ßdL úYiÓm.

úTfÑ YZd¡Xô] ®YWdÏ±l×Ls GuTÕ ARu AojRj§p ûYjÕlTôodÏm úTôÕ AkR ®YWd Ï±l×L°uYôojûRLs ApXÕ Y¥Ym GuTÕ T§Ü ùNnVlTPjRdL]YôL CÚdL úYi¥V§pûX. AúR úTôX ®¬ÜûWLsUtßm Yôù]ô JTWlTôLÜm CÚdL úYi¥V§pûX.

®YWdÏ±l×Lû[ ùTôÕYôL ETúVôLlTÓj§«ÚdL úYi¥VÕ AY£Vm. ùNVp®[dLm, ®tTû], ùNnÕ LôhÓRp,T§Ü ùNnVlTPôR ùRôûXdLôh£ J°TWl×Ls Y¥®Xô] Lôh£dÏ E¬V ®YWdÏ±l×Ls CVpTô] ùTôÕ Y¥®Xô]Lôh£dÏ E¬V ®YWdÏ±l×Ls Guß CVpTô] ùTôÕ ETúVôLj§p CÚdL úYiÓm.

Tj§WeL°u êX®YWeLs JÚ LiÓ©¥l©u ×Õl×û]ûY SôNlTÓjRdá¥VYûL«p CÚlTÕùR°ÜTÓjRdá¥VRôL CÚkRôp UhÓúU ARuúUp SPY¥dûL úLôW Ø¥Ùm. BLúY, AlT¥lThP SPY¥dûL«uTôXô] ®iQj§û] JqùYôÚ ùY°Âh¥u AojRjÕPàm ûYjÕ JqùYôÚ TÏ§VôL Jl©hÓ TôodL úYiÓm.SPY¥dûL úLôÚm LiÓ©¥l©u GpXô RuûULû[Ùm ùY°ÂÓ Ruàs ùLôi¥ÚdÏm ThNj§p ARôYÕAkR ùY°ÂPô]Õ SPY¥dûL úLôÚm LiÓ©¥l©u êXjRuûUûV Tô§dLjRdLRôL CÚkRôÛm ARuùY°«PlThP LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ ×Õl×û]Üj RuûU Ïû\TôÓûPVÕ Guß LiÓ©¥dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

C) LiÓ©¥l× ØVt£:LiÓ©¥l× ØVt£ûVl (CûR "ùR°Yt\Õ" Gußm Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ) ùTôßjRYûW LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ AjÕû\«pNôRôWQ §\u ùLôiPYÚm AûR ùR°YôL ×¬kÕ ùLôs[ Ø¥¡\Rô CpûX JÚúYûX ARu NôWjûRúNôRû]«hÓ Ø¥ÜùNnYRtÏ L¥]UôL CÚd¡\Rô CpûXVô GuTúR úLs®.

Lôl×¬ûUf NhPj§p ClT¥lThP úRûY Tt± CûQdLlThÓs[ûY ̧ rYÚm BRôWj§p A¥lTûP«Xô]ûY."¨LrkRlThP LûX" Gu\ YûL«p HtL]úY Gu] A±VlThÓ Es[úRô ARtÏ Lôl× YZeLlThÓ®PdáPôÕ.LiÓ©¥l©û] Ï±jÕ NôRôWQ §\u ùLôiPYo áP Ø¥Ü ùNnÙm YûL«p ùY°lTûPVôL CÚdL úYi¥VÕAY£Vm.

Ï±l©hP CkR LûX«p NôRôWQ §\u TûPjRYo GuTYo CjÕû\dLô] úTôÕUô] ùRô¯pÖsPT T«t£ÙmùNnØû\ AàTYØm ùTt\Yo. CeúL "NôRôWQ §\u" Gu\ ùNôp CûQdLlThÓs[Ru úSôdLm 'ªÏkR §\uùLôiP ¨×QoLû[ ALt±ûYlTRtÏm BÏm. NmUkRlThP Sôh¥p Es[ NmUkRlThP Õû\«p NWôN¬ A[Ü

85


CODISSIA

§\u ùLôiP JÚYo UhÓúU RÏ§Vô]Yo Guß CfùNôp A[Ü ¨oQVm ùNn¡\Õ.

èR]Øm LiÓ©¥l× ØVt£Ùm ùYqúY\ô]ûY GuTÕ Ï±l©PjRdLÕ. ùR°Yô] LûXdÏm LiÓ©¥l©tÏmúYßTôÓ CÚdÏªPj§p èR]m ùY°lTÓ¡\Õ. AlT¥lThP ¨ûX«p ØuYÚm úLs® "AeúL LiÓ©¥l×ØVt£ CÚd¡\Rô" GuTRôÏm. AeúL èR]m CÚdÏm úTôÕ UhÓúU CdúLs® GÝ¡\Õ. LiÓ©¥l× ×§VÕGuß JÚYo úLôÚm úTôÕ "LiÓ©¥l× ØVt£" Gu\ ùNôtù\ôPWô]Õ ×§V LiÓ©¥l× G]lTÓY§pDÓTÓjRlThÓs[ GiQm úTôÕUô]Õ ApX GuTRôÏm. ARôYÕ HtL]úY Es[ Y¥Yj§ÚkÕ úTôÕUô]A[Ü UôßTh¥ÚdL®pûX GuTRôÏm. AR]ôp CkR ®j§VôNeLs CWiÓ ÏQeLû[d ùLôi¥ÚdL úYiÓm.

ØRuûUVôL CÕ TûPl× GiQj§]ôp ùY°YkÕs[ LiÓ©¥lTôL CÚdL úYiÓm. ùY°«PjRdLRô]¨ûXVôL CÚdL úYiÓm. HtL]úY Es[ Y¥Yj§tÏ E¬ûU úLôÚm LiÓ©¥l©tÏªûPúV ùR°YôLEQWjRdL úYßTôÓ CÚdL úYiÓm. HtL]úY ¨LrjRlThP LiÓ©¥l©ÚkÕ ØuàdÏl úTôRp ApXÕØuú]t\m LôQ úYiÓm GuTRtLôL CÕ úLôWlTÓ¡\Õ.

CWiPôYRôL, CkR Øuú]t\Uô]Õ ARtÏ¬V Ød¡VjÕYm EûPVRôL CÚdL úYiÓm. AkR LiP©¥l©tÏAY£VUô]RôLÜm CÚdL úYiÓm. CVpTô] LiÓ©¥l× ØVt£«u ÁÕ NôokÕs[ûR ¨ìT]m ùNnYRtÏAûYLÞdÏ CûPúVVô] CVtûLVô] úYßTôÓLû[ A±YRtÏ "¨LrjRlThP LûX"ûV JhÓùUôjRUôL LQd¡pGÓjÕd ùLôs[lTP úYiÓm. G]úY ×ÕûUl×û]ûY LQd¡hÓ úYßTÓj§ TôolTRtÏ T¬úNôRû]«u¸Zs[ E¬ûUúLôÚm Ju±u êX ®NVjûR JqùYôÚ ùY°ÂhÓPú]ô ApXÕ R²jR² ®YWdÏ±l×LÞPú]ôJl©hÓlTôodL úYi¥V§pûX.

B]ôp AYt±p CûQkÕs[YtßPu Jl©P úYiÓm. CWiÓdÏªûP«Xô] úYßTôÓLs AkR Õû\«pNôRôWQ §\u ùLôiP JÚYWôp ùR°YôL A±VjRdLRôÏm. CkR LXûY ¨ûXVô]Õ EXÏ RÝ®VRôL áPCÚdLXôm. AlT¥lThP ¨ûX«p R²lThP Øû\«p A±VlThÓs[ êX®NVeL°u ùRôÏl× ÁÕ E¬ûUúLôWXôm. ERôWQj§tÏ ×§V Y¥Yj§Ûs[ NXûY Gk§Wj§u Ï±l©hPYûL«Xô] úUôhPo Ï±l©hP YûLVô]CûQdLlTh¥ÚdLXôm. LiÓ©¥l× ØVt£û] ¨ûX GuTûR RLtTRtÏ LXûY UhÓm Ød¡VUpX. LXûYêXeLÞdÏ Es[ Yônl×m Ød¡VUô]RôÏm. "¨LrjRlThP LûX"«àPu Jl©hÓd LôQjRdL A[®tÏAYt±t¡ûPúV úYßTôhûP LiÓ EQok§ÚdL úYiÓm. ×§V TÏ§Ls JqùYôu±tÏ CûPúV ùRô¯pÖhT ùRôPo× HÕm CpXô¨ûX«p AûYLs JqùYôuû\Ùm R²jR²VôL Jl©hÓ TôodL úYi¥V§pûX.

LiÓ©¥l×L°u ØuUô§¬L°u ¸rYÚm êuß RuûULû[ ¨WôL¬jÕ®hÓ úYßTôÓLû[ U§l©PØ¥VôÕ.

A) ©WfNû] ¾oÜLôQlTPd RdLRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

B) AkR ©WfNû]dÏ JÚ ¾oÜ CÚdL úYiÓm; úUÛm

C) AkR ¾o®u êXm Ø¥Ü Eß§lTÓjRlTP úYiÓm.

©WfNû] A±k§ÚdLd á¥VRôLúYô ùY°lTûPVô]RôLúYô CÚdÏmúTôÕ ¾oÜ úLôÚYRu RtTi©u úUpAûUkRRôLÜm T¬úNôRû] AûUk§ÚdL úYiÓm. Cß§ ¾o®p LiÓ©¥l× T¥¨ûX ØVt£ CpûX GußBÏm ThNj§p Ø¥Ü ùY°lTûPVô]Rô ApXôRRô ApXÕ ARu CVp×jRuûU«]ôp CÕBfN¬VjûRV°d¡\Rô ApXÕ ARu ®¬YôdLm Rôu LôWQUô Guß úLs® GÝ¡\Õ. NmUkRlThP LûX«pNôRôWQ A±Üs[YoLú[ ©WfNû]ûV ùY°dùLôQWjRdLYWôL CÚkRúXô úLôWlTÓm Tôe¡p AûR ¾ojÕûYdL Ø¥kRôúXô Ø¥ûY Øu AàUô²dLdRdLRôLúYô CìSRôp LiÓ©¥l× T¥¨ûX ØVt£Ïû\TôÓûPVRô¡\Õ.

YûWY¥Y Lôl×¬ûUÙm LhPôVm R]Õ RtTiûT LôhP úYiÓm LiÓ©¥l×j §\û] T¬úNô§jÕd LôhPúYiÓm. LôlT°dLdRdL Juß G²p ARu YûWY¥YUô]Õ LXlTPUt\ ×§VRô]RôL CÚdL úYiÓm.NôRôWQUô]ûR ®P, Ntú\ úUXô]Õ GuTÕ úTôÕUô]RpX Utßm ÖLoYô[oLû[ U¡r®jÕ YojRLjûR LYoYRôLCÚdL úYiÓm. ùTôÕYôL LiÓ©¥lûT SûPØû\«p DÓTÓjÕYÕ L¥]Uô]RôL CÚlTRôp Ï±lTôL CeúLRWUô]Õ Õs°VUt\RôL CÚlTÕ R®odL Ø¥VôRRô¡®Ó¡\Õ. ERôWQj§tÏ ùTiL°u BûPLÞdLô]YûWY¥Y Lôl×¬ûUûV GÓjÕd ùLôsúYôm. ARtÏ Lôl×¬ûU Utßm YojRL Øj§ûW AÛYXLm LôlT°jÕ®ÓmThNj§p SpX ûRVpLôWo JÚY¬u §\ûUdÏ úUp AkR EûPL°p Jußm DÓTÓjRlTP®pûX Gu\ BRôWj§uA¥lTûP«p ¿§Uu\eLs êXm AkR Lôl×¬ûU U§lTt\RôL BdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

D) ùRô¯p TVuTôhÓ ¨ûX/TVuTôÓ:Lôl×¬ûU ùTßYRtLô] LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ SûPØû\«p TVuTPdá¥VYûL«p ùTôßkRjRdLRôL ̈ fNVm CÚdLúYiÓm. úYß YôojûRL°p áßYùRu\ôp AkR LiÓ©¥l× ùYßm RjÕYUôL CÚkÕ®PdáPôÕ. CÕSûPØû\dÏ ùLôiÓYWjRdLRôLÜm U²R ÏXj§tÏ TVuRWjRdLRôL §LZdá¥VRôLÜm CÚdL úYi¥VÕAY£VUô]Õ. CkR LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ JÚ ùTôÚû[ EtTj§ ùNnY§úXô ApXÕ AkRlùTôÚ°u TÏ§VôL§LrYûRûRúVô úSôdLUôL ùLôi¥ÚkRôÛm AlT¥ LÚRlTÓ¡\ ùTôÚs EtTj§ ùNnVjRdLRôL CÚdLúYi¥VÕ AY£VUô]Õ.

86


CODISSIA

JÚúYû[ CkR LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ RVô¬l× Øû\ûVl Tt±VRôLúYô ApXÕ ARu JÚ TÏ§ SPY¥dûLûVTt±VRôLúYô CÚdÏm ThNj§p AÕ ùNôpXlThÓs[ YûL«p ETúVô¡dLjRdLRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

RVôo ùNnYRtLô] Nôj§Vm ApXÕ EtTj§«p SûPØû\ ùY°dùLôQoYRtLô] CkR Yônl×Ls ApXÕSûPØû\«p ETúVôLj§p CÚlTÕ GuTûY TVuTôÓ Gu\ ùNôpp ©W§T°d¡\Õ. ARu A¥lTûP«pRôu "ùRô¯p TVuTôÓ" Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR AojRj§p ùRô¯p Gu\ YôojûRdÏm Lôl×¬ûUf NhPeL°uÏ±l©hP Õû\NôokR ùNôpXLWô§«p ªLl©WjúVLUô] AojRm EiÓ ùTôÕ ùUô¯«p ùRô¯p SPY¥dûLGuTRtÏ Ï±l©hP A[®Xô] ùRô¯p ÖhT SPY¥dûL Guß JÚ AojRm EiÓ. AúR úSWj§p JÚLiÓ©¥l©u ùRô¯p TVuTôÓ GuTûRl ùTôßjRYûW ARu Ï±l©hP ùRô¯pÖhT A[®Xô] AojRjûRÏ±dÏm YûL«p TVuTÓjÕRp GuTûR Ï±l©Ó¡\Õ.

2) LiÓ©¥l©u ®[dLdÏ±l×Ls:Lôl×¬ûU úLôÚm úTôÕ ®iQlTjÕPu áÓRXôL JÚ ®YWm úNodLlTPúYi¥Ùs[Õ. LiÓ©¥l©u®YWeLs úTôÕUô] A[Ü úNodLlThÓs[]Yô CpûXVô GuTúR AÕYôÏm.

JÚ ®iQlTjÕPu CûQdLlThÓs[ ®[dLdÏ±l×Ls ØÝûUVô]RôL CÚdL úYiÓm. A§p CÚdÏmAlT¥lThP Ï±l×Ls Utßm ®YWeLû[d ùLôiÓ AkR LiÓ©¥l× NôokR Õû\«p §\ûU TûPjR JÚYoAkR ®iQlTm éoj§ ùNnVlThP Sô°p ùTôÚû[ RVô¬dLúYô ùNVp DÓTPúYô CVpT]ûYVôLúYôCÚdL úYiÓm.

¨LrjRlThP LûX«u ®YWeLs ùTôÕYô] ®§L°u A¥lTûP«p ®[dLdÏ±l×L°p á\lTh¥ÚdÏm ThNj§pE¬ûUúLôÚm LiÓ©¥l©u ×Õl×û]Ü, LiÓ©¥l©u NôWm B¡V] ®¬YôL ®[dLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm.LiÓ©¥l©û]f NmUkRlThP Õû\«p §\ûU TûPjR JÚYo AdLiÓ©¥lûTd ùLôiÓ ùTôÚû[j RVô¬dLúYô,LiÓ©¥lûT RVô¬d¡\ T¦L°p DÓTÓjRúYô á¥V A[®tÏ Aq®[dLd Ï±l×L°u ÕpVUô]

A[Ü ®¡ReLÞm ùRô¯p ÖhTeLÞm CûQdLlThÓ CÚdL úYiÓm. AdLiÓ©¥lûTd ùLôiÓ ùTôÚû[jRVô¬dLúYô, LiÓ©¥lûT RVô¬l× T¦L°p DÓTÓjRúYô á¥V A[®tÏ Aq®[dLÏ Ï±l×L°u ÕpVUô]A[Ü ®¡ReLÞm ùRô¯pÖhTeLÞm CûQdLlThÓ CÚdL úYiÓm.

LiÓ©¥l×L°u TôojÕû\dL Ti×ÚY Y¥®Xô] ùNVp®[dLeLs ApXÕ GÓjÕdLôhÓLs ®[dLdÏ±l×L°púNodLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm. GÓjÕdLôhÓLÞm ®YWdÏ±l×L°u TôWôdLÞm úSôdLeLû[ úTôÕUô] A[ÜGÓjÕû\dLjRdLRôLÜm E¬ûU úLôWlTÓYRu úSôdLeLú[ôÓ Jl©PlTPjRdLRôLÜm CÚdL úYiÓm.

3). G§ol×:êXdLÚjÕdÏ HtT T¬úNôRû] CÚkRRô CpûXVô Gu\ ¨ûX«p G§ol× SûPØû\dÏ Ï±l©hP ¿§Uu\SPY¥dûL GpûXLs YZeLlThÓs[]. ARuêXm E¬ûU YZeLlTÓYRtÏ Øu]úWô ApXÕ ©u]úWôG§olûT GÝlTXôm. Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓYRtÏ êu\ôm SToLs G§olûT ØuûYlTRtÏ ùR°YôLAàU§dLlThÓs[Õ. ®iQlTeLs HtßdùLôs[lTÓmúTôÕ, ®iQlTj§u EhùTôÚs ùTôÕ UdLÞdÏA±®dLlTPúYi¥VÕ AY£Vm. Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLUô]Õ CûR R]Õ AÛYXL CR¯úXô ApXÕ AWÑA±dûL ùY°Âh¥úXô ùY°«PúYiÓm. AÕ ¸rdLiPYôß SûPØû\lTÓjÕYRôL CÚdL úYiÓm:

- NmUkRlThP ®iQlTm ùTôÕUdLs BnÜ ùNnYRtdÏ §\kÕ ûYdL úYiÓm.

þ YûWVßdLlThP LôXj§p G§ol× T§Ü ùNnVlTPô§ÚdÏmúTôÕ Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLUô]Õ Lôl×¬ûUûVYZe¡®PXôm;

- AkR ®iQlTj§u ÁÕ Lôl×¬ûU YZe¡«Úk§ÚdLXôm;

G§ol×Lû[ T§Ü ùNnVTÓYRtLô] BRôWeLÞdÏ RdL NhPeLs êXm GpûXLs YûWVßdLlThÓs[].R²jRuûUûV ¨ßÜYRtLô] A¥lTûPLs GûY Ju±u EPuTPôRuûUûV A¥lTûPVôLd ùLôiÓ G§ol×ùR¬®dLXôm Guß ùTôÕYôLl úTNlTÓ¡\Õ.

AúR úSWj§p £X SôhÓf NhPeLs R²jRuûUûV Ï±l©P £X úRûYL°u ÁÕ UhÓúU EPuTPRô RuûU«pEs[Õ Gu\ A¥lTûP«p G§ol× AàU§dLlTÓ¡\Õ. Ï±lTôL, úTôÕUô] ×Õl×û]®uûU, LiÓ©¥l× T¥¨ûX, ùRô¯pTVuTôhÓ ̈ ûX, LiÓ©¥lûT Tt±V úTôÕUô] A[®tÏ ®[dLd Ï±l×Ls CpXôûU, HtL]úYT§Ü ùNnVlThP ®iQlTj§p Es[ êX ®[dLdÏ±l×dÏ T§XôL ùLôÓdLlThP §ÚjReLs êXj§tÏUô\ôL Es[Õ GuTÕ EiûU Guß EQWlTÓmúTôÕ UhÓúU AkSôÓL°p G§ol× T§Ü ùNnV Ø¥Ùm.

®iQlTRôWodÏ Lôl×¬ûU úLôW E¬ûU CpûX GuTRu A¥lTûP«p JÚ G§olûT T§Ü ùNnV £X SôÓLsYûL ùNnÕ ùLôÓjÕs[]. Ï±l©hP JÚ Lôl×¬ûU«u ùNpXjRdL RuûU«u ÁÕ JÚ ØWiTôÓ GÝkRRtLô]ERôWQm YÚUôß. Lô¬u JhÓ]o CßdûLdÏ Øu Es[ PôvúTôo¥p Es[ £LoûXhÓdÏ YZeLlTh¥ÚkRLôl×¬ûU«u ÁÕ JÚ ©WfNû] ¡[m©VÕ. úUÛm YZd¡kR Lôl×¬ûUVô[o AùU¬dLô®u EfN ¿§Uu\j§p

87


CODISSIA

ùLôiÓYkÕ ¨ßjRlThPôo. ùYlTkRôdLRôR ªuÑtßf ùRôP¬u EûWdÏ ØRp ®iQl©jRYo Gu\ôpLôÚdÏ ùY°úV ÑÚhÓ £LùWh Utßm ©\Ytû\ Tt\ûYlTRtLô] ùRô¯p ÖhTjûR Lôo JhÓm úTôÕLôÚdÏsú[úV Tt\ûYjRtLô] YûL«p AYo A©®Új§ ùNn§ÚkRôo. B]ôp AÕ LiÓ©¥l× GußRÏ§ÙûPVRôLôÕ Guß ùR¬®dLlThPÕ.

4) Lôl×¬ûUdLô] ®iQlT SLp RVô¬jRÛm éoj§ ùNnRÛm:Lôl×¬ûU ®iQlTj§tLô] êX SLp RVô¬lTRtÏ Øu]o, LiÓ©¥l©u AûPVô[m CÚdL úYi¥VÕAY£VUô]Õ. G]úY Lôl×¬ûUdLô] SLp RVô¬l×lT¦ CWiÓ YûLVôL ©¬dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

A) LiÓ©¥l©u AûPVô[m

B) Lôl×¬ûU, ®iQlTj§u SLp RVô¬lTRtLô] SûPØû\Ls

A) LiÓ©¥l©u AûPVô[m;

Lôl×¬ûU ®iQlT§u SLp RVô¬lTRtLô] ØRp SPY¥dûLVôL AkR LiÓ©¥lûT AûPVô[eLôhÓYÕBÏm. C§p ¸rLiPûY Es[Pe¡ CÚd¡u\].

þ Ï±l©hP ùRô¯p ÖhT ©WfNû]ûV ¾odLdá¥V YûL«p ×§V LiÓ©¥l©p Es[ûUkÕs[R²j£\l×Lû[ ùRôÏjÕjRW úYiÓm;

þ Lôl×¬ûUÙm Ï±lTôL LiÓ©¥l× T¥¨ûXûVÙm Ï±jR ®YWeLû[Ùm ®iQlTj§p éoj§ ùNnYRtÏJÚYo R]Õ ùNôkR LÚj§u A¥lTûP«p CûYLs NmUkRUô] Es[ôokR úLs®LÞdÏ ®ûPLôQjRdLT¬úNôRû] ®YWeLs Es[Pd¡«ÚdL úYiÓm.

CkR SûPØû\«u êXm, LiÓ©¥l©u NôWm ØÝûUVôL ×¬kÕùLôs[lTÓ¡\Õ. AúRúTôX LiÓ©¥lûTdÏ±jÕ ®[dLeLs RVô¬dLÜm E¬ûULû[ YûLlTÓjRÜm Ø¥¡\Õ.

JÚ LiÓ©¥lTô[o R]Õ LiÓ©¥l× T¦«p úSW¥VôL DÓThÓs[Rôp AYo R]Õ ùNôkR Ø¥ÜL°p ªLÜmDÓTôhúPôÓ CÚlTôo. AR]ôp AmØ¥ÜLs ØÝûUVûPVôR]YôL CÚdÏm Guß ùTôÕYôLd á\lTÓ¡\Õ.CR]ôp ¸rdLiP ®û[ÜLs HtTÓ¡u\]. AYodÏ AYWÕ LiÓ©¥l× Tt± Ï±l©PjRdL A[Ü UhÓúUùR¬k§Úd¡\Õ. Ï±lTôL AYo ¾oÜ Li¥P úYi¥V Ï±l©PjRdL ©WfNû] Tt± AYÚdÏ úTôÕUô] A[ÜùR¬k§ÚdL®pûX. úUÛm LiÓ©¥l©u £\lTmNeLs Ï±jÕm ªLÜm Lô¬VNôj§VUô] ¾oÜLs LôQ úYi¥V¨ûXdÏ AYûW Rs°VÕ.

TX úSWeL°p LiÓ©¥l×L°p TX R²f£\lTô] AmNeLs APe¡«ÚlTÕ EiÓ. CûYL°p GkR JÚAmNm ApXÕ GkR AmNeLs ÖÔdLUô]Õ. GuTûR AûPVô[e LôQúYi¥VÕm ©WfNû]LÞdÏ AûYLô¬VNôj§VUô] ¾oÜLû[ GlT¥ YZeLlúTô¡u\] Guß LôQ úYi¥VÕm AY£Vm. CRtÏ CWiÓ Ød¡VLôWQeLs Es[]. ØRXôYRôL E¬ûU úLôWpLs Nôj§VUô] A[®tÏ ®¬YôL CÚdL úYiÓm. Ïû\Yô]A[Ü £\l× AmNeLs UhÓúU CÚlTÕ ®¬kR A[®Xô] E¬ûU úLôÚYûR LhÓlTÓjÕ¡\Õ. CWiPôYRôL,ÖÔdLUô] £\lTmNeLû[Ùm ARàûPV RôdLeLû[Ùm A±kÕ ùLôs[ CVÛm úTôÕ AlT¥lThP £\l×RuûUGlT¥ GhPlThPÕ Gu\ úLs®dÏ ®ûP A±kÕ ùLôsYÕ AY£VUô]Õ. E¬ûULû[ YÏlTRtÏ UhÓmApXÕ ClT¥lThP Uôtß HtTôÓLû[Ùm ÕûQ HtTôÓLû[Ùm ùNnYRtÏm AYN«Uô]RôL Es[Õ. B]ôpLiÓ©¥l©u ®[dLd Ï±l×L°p Uôtß HtTôÓLs Utßm ÕûQ HtTôÓLû[l Tt±V ®YWeLs CÚkRôpUhÓúU ARu ER®ûVd ùLôiÓ ®¬Yô] E¬ûUûV ùT\ CVÛm,

B) Lôl×¬ûU ®iQlT SLp RVô¬l©u SûPØû\ AmNeLs:SLp RVô¬l× Øû\Ls Utßm ARtÏ úRûYlTÓm AmNeLs B¡V] SôhÓdÏ SôÓ úYßTÓ¡u\]. Ck¨ûX«pLôl×¬ûUdLô] ®iQlT SLp RVô¬l©p ØuUô§¬V]ô êuß A¥lTûP úRûYLs úNodLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm.

NmUkRlThP ®iQlTUô]Õ JúW JÚ LiÓ©¥lûTlTt±VRôL UhÓúU CÚdL úYi¥VÕ. ØRXôYÕúRûYVôÏm ApXÕ ùTôÕYô] JÚ LiÓ©¥l× NmUkRlThP LiÓ©¥l×L°u ùRôÏlTôLÜm AÕ CÚdLXôm.CÕ "Jße¡ûQkR LiÓ©¥l×" Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. CÕ Ï±lTôL E¬ûULû[ YÏlTRtLô] SLp RVô¬lTRtÏªLÜm AY£VUô]Õ.

CWiPôYRôL, ®[dLdÏ±l×L°p LiÓ©¥lûTl Tt±V ®YWeLs úTôÕUô] A[Ü ùR°YôL Ï±lT¥lThÓCÚdL úYiÓm. LiÓ©¥l× ¨LrjRlThPRtLô] úSôdLm ØÝûUVôL ùR¬®dLlTP úYiÓm. NmUkRlThPÕû\«p NôRôWQ §\u ùLôiP JÚYo Aq®YWeLû[ ûLVô[d á¥VYûL«p AÕ AûUk§ÚdL úYiÓm.CÕ A¥lTûP Ød¡VjÕYUô]Õ LiÓ©¥lT©u ®[dLd Ï±l×L°p Es[ JÚ ®NVm ×§V ùRô¯p ÖhTjûRêu\ôYÕ STo JÚYÚdÏ ùR¬®dLdá¥VRôL CÚdÏm ThNj§p CÕ úUtÏ±l©hPYôß CÚdL úYi¥VÕA¥lTûP«p AY£VUô]RôL Es[Õ. "CkR LûX«p NôRôWQ §\u TûPjR JÚYo" Gu\ ùNôtù\ôPo CÕ®NVj§p TVuTÓjRlTÓYRtÏ JÚ Ød¡VjÕYm Es[Õ. ®[dLdÏ±l×Lû[ T¥lTYo AÕNmUkRUô] RLYpLs,

88


CODISSIA

©u]¦ B¡V]Ytû\ ÑXTUôL ×¬kÕùLôsÞm YûL«p SLp RVô¬dLlTP úYiÓm GuTRtLôL CkR ùNôtù\ôPoÏ±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ. AlT¥«pXô®hPôp LiÓ©¥l©u A¥lTûP ®YWeLs JqùYôuû\Ùm úRûY«pXôUp®¬YôL á\ úYi¥«ÚdÏm.

êu\ôYRôL, TôÕLôl©tLô] Yônl×Lû[ Ø¥Ü ùNnVjRdL YûL«Xô] E¬ûULû[ ®iQlTm Es[Pd¡«ÚdLúYiÓm.

E¬ûULs ùR°YôLÜm ÑßdLUôLÜm ®[dLÏ±l×L°u êXm ØÝûUVôL A±kÕ ùLôs[jRdL]YôLÜm CÚdLúYiÓm. Lôl×¬ûU TôÕLôl©tÏm E¬ûU úLôWÛdÏªûPúV B] ®[dLUôL CÕ §LrkÕ YÚYRôp CkRêu\ôYÕ A¥lTûP úRûY Ød¡VjÕYm ùTß¡\Õ. êu\ôm SToLs E¬ûULs ®NVj§p RôeLs Gu] ùNnVCVÛm ApXÕ Gu] ùNnV CVXôÕ GuTûR A±kÕ ùLôsYRtÏ CkR HtTôÓ ERÜYRôp úUtLiP YûL«pØd¡VjÕYm EûPVRô¡\Õ. úLôWlTÓm E¬ûULs Ï±l©PjRdL A[®tÏ ®¬YôLúYô ApXÕ HtL]úY AÕ®Y¬dLlTh¥ÚlTh¥ÚlTRtÏ Uô\ôLúYô CÚdLd áPôÕ.

®[dLdÏ±l©u ØRp TÏ§ ØuUô§¬Vô] CWiÓ ®NVeLû[d ùLôiÓs[Õ. Juß, LiÓ©¥l©u RûXl×,Utù\ôuß LiÓ©¥l× NôokÕs[Õ ùRô¯p ÖhT Õû\ûV Tt±V ®¬Yô] A±dûLVôÏm. YZdLUôL CkRA±dûL«p ÑÚdLUô] A±ØL Tj§ CÚdÏm CkR Tj§Vô]Õ "CkR LiÓ©¥l× NmUkRlThP Õû\Vô] ,,,,,,"Guß ÕYeÏm.

CWiPôYÕ TÏ§«p LiÓ©¥l©u ©u]¦ ®Y¬dLlTh¥ÚdÏm. HtL]úY Es[ ©WfNû]Ls ApXÕCPoTôÓLs CYtû\ ×§V LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ GlT¥ ùYuß YkÕs[Õ GuTÕ Tt± CkR TÏ§«p Ï±l©ÓYÕLôl×¬ûU ØLYoL°u TZdLUôÏm. AkR ©WfNû]Ls ApXÕ CPoTôÓLÞdÏ HtL]úY CÚkR ¾oÜLs®Y¬dLlTh¥ÚdÏm. ARu ER®ÙPu ×§V LiÓ©¥l©tÏm TûZV ¾oÜLÞdÏªûPúV CÚkR úYßTôÓLû[ùR°YôL EQW Ø¥¡\Õ. CkRl TÏ§«p LiÓ©¥l©u úSôdLm Ï±l©PlTÓ¡\Õ. ARôYÕ GûR GhÓYRtÏLiÓ©¥l× ̈ LrjRlThPÕ Guß Ï±l©PlTh¥ÚdÏm. LiÓ©¥lûTl Tt± SuÏ A±kÕ ùLôsYRtÏ CWiPôYÕTÏ§«p ®Y¬dLlThÓs[ ®NVeLs ERÜ¡u\]. "¨LrjRlThP LûX"dÏ Uôt\ô] Ju±àsÞm Cq®YWeLsûYdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

LiÓ©¥l©û]lTt±V ®YWeL°u EP]¥VôL ×¬kÕùLôs[dá¥V YûL«p êu\ôYÕ TÏ§ AûYLû[ùRôÏjÕd áß¡\Õ. LiÓ©¥lûTl Tt±V ®YWeLû[ Lôl×¬ûU ØLYo ØRp ùTôÕYô] Y¥Yj§p RôuRÚYôo. ClTÏ§«p á\lThP ®YWeLû[ A¥lTûPVôLd ùLôiÓRôu ©WRô]Uô] E¬ûU úLôWpLs GÝ¡u\]Guß G§oTôolTRôpRôu AYo CqYôß RÚ¡\ôo. LiÓ©¥lûTl Tt± ®[dLlTÓYt±tÏm E¬ûUúLôWp®Y¬dLlThÓs[]Yt±tÏm CûPúV ©WfNû] GZôUÚlTRtÏ AYo CkR Ùd§ûV ûLVôs¡\ôo. ùTôÕY¥Yj§Xô] CkR ®YWeLs Y¬ûNVô] TôWôdLs Y¥Yj§p YZeÏYÕRôu YZdLm. LiÓ©¥l©u£\lTmNeL°u YûLLû[ ©¬jR¬V CÕ ERÜ¡\Õ. CkR TôWôdLLs Nôok§ÚlTY¬u E¬ûUL°uA¥lTûP«ÚlTÕ YZdLm. ®¬Yô] E¬ûU«u A¥lTûP«p CÕ YÚ¡\Õ.

®[dLdÏ±l×L°u SôuLôYÕ TÏ§«p CWiÓ ®NVeLs Es[]. Õs°VUô] YûWTPeL°u ®¬Yô] ®[dLm,Utßm Jußm ARtÏm úUtThP Gi¦dûL«Ûs[ LiÓûWjRdL Y¥YeL°û]l Tt±V ®[dLm B¡V]BÏm.

LiÓ©¥l©û]l Tt± ®Y¬dÏm ®[dLeLû[ A±V YûWTPm ùT¬V A[®tÏ ERÜ¡\Õ. JÚúYû[LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ Gk§W Y¥®p LôQjRdLRôL CÚdÏùU²p ERôWQj§tÏ YûWTPeL[ô]ûY §hPjûRGÓjÕûWlTRôLÜU, ØLl×j úRôt\m TdLjúRôt\m B¡VYtû\ LôhPdá¥VRôLÜm CÚdÏm. YûWTPj§u®Y¬dLlThP TÏ§Ls GiL[ôp YûWTPj§p Ï±«PlTh¥ÚdÏm CkR GiLs LiÓ]WjRdL Y¥YeL°ÛmÏ±l©PlTh¥ÚdÏm.

LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ ªuNôW CûQl×f Ñtß Tt±VRôL CÚdÏmúTôÕ AkR Ñt±u TpúYß TôLeLs ApXÕ TÏ§Lû[Ñh¥dLôhP YûWTPeLs TVàs[ YûL«p ETúVôLUô¡u\]. ÑXTUôL Ï±lTRtLôL CkR TôLeLs UtßmTÏ§LÞdÏ ÁiÓm Gi AûPVô[m CPlTÓ¡u\]. NôWQUôL YûWTPeL°p ùNôtù\ôPo ®NVeLsCÚlT§pûX. YûWTPj§u úLôÓLû[ Uû\dLôR YûL«Xô] R²fùNôp ®Y¬l× YôojûRLs ETúVô¡lTRtÏ®XdÏ Es[Õ. G]úY ªuCûQl×f Ñtû\l Tt±VRô] GkR JÚ YûWTPj§Ûm ERôWQj§tÏ ¨ûXVô]TôLeLs ùTh¥L[ôL YûWVlThÓ AûPVô[UôL LôhPlTÓ¡u\]. AúRúTôX RVô¬l× Øû\ NôokRLiÓ©¥l×Lû[ ApXÕ ùRôPo SPY¥dûLLû[ Ï±l©ÓYRtLô] YûWTPjûRúVô GÓjÕd LôhÓYRôL Es[Õ.úUÛm ARàs AûUkR TÏ§Ls ApXÕ ùTh¥Ls ùTôßjRUô] LiÓ©¥lTô]Õ WNôVQjÕû\ NôokRRôLCÚdÏmúTôÕ £j§WUô] ÏjÕdúLôhÓ YûWTPUôL CÚd¡\Õ. A§Ûm Ï±lTôL EúXôL®Vp CVp×àûPVLiÓ©¥l× G²p TPUô]Õ Y[of£ ¨ûXLû[d Ï±d¡\ Y¬Y¥UôL CÚdLXôm.

LiÓQWjRdL Ti×ßY¥Yj§u ®[dLdÏ±l×Lû[ LiÓ©¥l©u EiûUVô] CVeÏØû\Lû[ ®¬YôL®Y¬d¡\ Y¬LÞdÏs CûQlTÕ YZdLUô]RôÏm. ERôWQj§tÏ LiÓ©¥dLlThP ùTôÚ[ô]Õ Gk§WUôLúYôApXÕ JÚ ªu CûQl×f Ñt\ôLúYô CÚdLXôm, AÕ GkR ®Rj§p CVeÏ¡\Õ Guß LôhÓYÕ LiÓ©¥lûT

89


CODISSIA

×¬kÕ ùLôs[ ªLÜm ER®LWUôL Es[Õ. Lôl×¬ûU ùTtßs[ JußdÏ E¬ûU úLôWpLs GuT] ûUVUô]Juß ApXÕ CRVjûRlúTôu\Õ. Lôl×¬ûUVôp YZeLlThÓs[ £\l×¬ûUdÏs[ YônlûT Lôl×¬ûU«uTVuTôPô] TôÕLôlûT YûWVßd¡\Õ.

E¬ûU úLôWp NmUkRlThP YôojûRLû[ AûUdÏmúTôÕ AÕ AkR LiÓ©¥lûTl Tt±V ùRô¯pÖhT£\lTmNeLs Tt±V ¨TkRû]Ls ®[dLdÏ±l©p ùR¬®dLlTÓYúRôÓ A§p YojRL Ã§VôL GkR®RUô]NôRLjûRÙm RkÕ®PôR A[®tÏ ®iQlTjûR RVôo ùNnV úYi¥VÕ Lôl×¬ûU ØLYÚdÏ Øuàs[úYûXVôÏm.

Lôl×¬ûU ØLYWôp RVô¬dLlTÓm E¬ûUL°u ùRôPoLs ùTôÕYôL Ød¡VUô] ùT¬V E¬ûUúVôÓ ùRôPe¡ÑßdLUô] Y¥®Xô] HWô[Uô] E¬ûULs APe¡«ÚdÏm. ®iQlTm RVô¬dLlTÓm úTôÕ A±VlTh¥ÚkR

¨LrjRlThP LûXûV R®olTRtLôL ùT¬V E¬ûUVô]Õ ClT¥ RVô¬dLlTÓ¡\Õ. Lôl×¬ûU ØLYo ùT¬VE¬ûUûV ùRôPokÕ E¬ûULû[ ÑßdLUôLÜm Sm©dûL A°dÏm YûL«Ûm RVô¬lTRôp YÛYô] E¬ûUVô]ÕLôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§p ®iQlTjúRôÓ úNojÕ NUol©dLlTÓm GkR JÚ ªLÜm ùTôÚjRUô] ¨LrjRlThPLûX«]Õ G§ol©tÏ CûPúVÙm Rôe¡ ¨td¡\Õ ApXÕ êu\ôYÕ SToL°PªÚkÕ YÚm G§ol× ApXÕU§l©ZdLf ùNnÙm SPY¥dûLLû[ ùYt± ùLôs[jRdLRôLÜm ®[eÏ¡\Õ.

áÓRXô] LiÓ©¥l× Tt±V £X ®YWeLs ùRôPo E¬ûULs Aû]j§Ûm AÝjRUôL Ï±l©P úYi¥VÕAkR ùRôPo LiÓ©¥lûT TXlTÓjÕm.

©WRô]Uô] ùT¬V E¬ûULdÏ ©u]o YÚm ÑÚdLUô] E¬ûUL[ô]ûY Øu]o á\lThP Juß ApXÕ TXE¬ûULû[ ÁiÓm §Úl©l TôodLRdLûYVôL CÚlTÕ YZdLm.

B]ôp CûY Nôo× E¬ûULs Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ. Nôo× E¬ûUL°p A±ØLlTÓjRlTÓm£\lTmNeLû[lTt±V ®YWeLs HRôYÕ JÚ Y¥Yj§p A±kÕ ùLôs[jRdLRôL ®[dLdÏ±l×L°p LôQlTPúYiÓm. AlT¥lThP ¨ûX«p CûY ®ÚmTjRdL £\lTmNeL[ôL LÚRlTÓ¡\Õ. LiÓ©¥l©u úUmThPùRô¯p ÖhT Y¥YjûR CûY YZeÏ¡u\].

ÑÚdLUô] ®[dLUô]Õ úUtLiPYûL«p CÚdL úYiÓm GuTÕ Y¯LôhÓd ùLôsûLVôÏm. AlT¥RVô¬dLlThP ÑÚdLUô] ®[dLUô]Õ Ï±l©hP LûX«òúP ùNuß BWônf£ ùNnYRtLô] LÚ®VôL§LZúYiÓm. G]úY ùY°«PjRdL ÑÚdLUô] ®[dLUô]Õ AàU§dLlThP 50 ØRp 150 YôojûRLs Gu\A[®tÏs APeLjRdLRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

5) ×§V ®iQlTm RVô¬jRp:Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§p ®iQlTm NUo©dLlThP EPú]úV ®iQlTm éoj§ ùNnVlThP Sô°tÏ úRûYVô]GpXô ®YWeLû[Ùm AÕ Es[Pd¡ CÚd¡\Rô Guß N¬TôodLlTÓ¡\Õ. A¥lTûP úNôRû]«u úTôÕ®iQlT éoj§ Sôs Ï±l©PlTP®pûX Guß ¨ßYlThPôp ®iQlTm NUol©dLlTP®pûX Guß LÚ§ARu úT¬p úYß SPY¥dûLLû[ ûL®hÓ ®PXôm. ùTôÕ §hPj§u ¸r YÚm ùTôÚsLÞdÏ ®iQlTéoj§ úR§ AY£VUô]RôÏm. Lôl×¬ûU«u LôXm, GeúL AÕ ùTôßkÕ¡\Õ GuT] úTôu\ Ï±l©hPSPY¥dûLLs GkR úR§«ÚkÕ LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôs[lTP¡\Õ GuTûR ¨ßÜ¡\Õ. A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUTôÕLôl× NmUkRUô] Tô¬v £\l× UôSôhÓ NWjÕL°u A¥lTûP«p úYù\ôÚ Sôh¥p NUol©dLlThÓs[ CúRúTôu\ ®iQlTeL°u úR§Lú[ôÓ Jl©hÓ Øuà¬ûUûV ¨oQ«dL CÕ ERÜ¡\Õ.

ùTôÕj §hPj§u ¸rYÚm ùTôÚsL°u ®NVj§p Øuà¬ûU úR§ JuTÕm Ød¡VUô]Õ. úRNm ApXÕUiPXm ApXÕ NoYúRN A¥lTûP«p 12 UôReLÞdÏ Ïû\VôR A[®p Øuáh¥úV NUo©dLlThP®iQlTj§tÏ Øuà¬ûU YZeLlTÓ¡\R.

JÚ úSWj§p ®iQlTm éoj§ ùNnVlThP úR§Vô]Õ Øuáh¥úV Juß GuTRtÏ CÕ EßÕûQVôL CÚd¡\Õ.LiÓ©¥l©u ×Õl×û]Ü Utßm LiÓ©¥l× T¥¨ûXûV ¨LrjRlThP LûXúVôÓ Jl©hÓ U§l©P ERÜ¡\ÕGu\ YûL«p Ï±l©PjRdL Ød¡VjÕYm ùTß¡\Õ.

Tô¬v £\l× UôSôhÓ ©W§¨§ SôÓLû[l ùTôÚjRYûW NmUkRlThP E¬ûU ApXÕ Øuà¬ûUVô]ÕCkSôÓLÞdÏ UhÓúU ¡ûPdÏm GuTûR Ï±l©P úYi¥VÕ AY£VUô]Õ. AúR úSWj§p Tô¬v £\l×UôSôhÓ ©W§¨§L[pXôR B]ôp TWvTWm SpÛ\Ü ùLôiÓs[ CÚ SôÓLs ReLs úR£V NhPeLs £XYt±uA¥lTûP«p Øuà¬ûUdLô] E¬ûULû[ YZe¡dùLôs[Xôm.

JúW úSWj§p TX SôÓL°p TôÕLôlûT G§oúSôdÏm ®iQlTRôWÚdÏ Øuà¬ûU úLôÚYRtÏ Es[ E¬ûUSûPØû\«p ªLlùT¬V NôRLUôL Es[Õ. R]Õ ®iQlTeLs Aû]jûRÙm ®iQlTRôWo R]Õ Sôh¥pUhÓm NUol©dL úYiÓùUuT§pûX. AúR úSWj§p ùY°SôÓ¡[Ûm NUol©dLXôm. GkR JÚ Sôh¥p R]ÕLiÓ©¥l©tÏ TôÕLôl× úRûYúVô AeúL AYÚdÏ 12 UôR AYLôNªÚdÏmúTôÕ ®iQl©dLXôm. CkRLôXLhPjûR LY]UôL

90


CODISSIA

TVuTÓjÕYRu êXm R]dÏ ®ÚlTUô] TpúYß SôÓL°Ûm TôÕLôlûT ùTßYRtLô] S¥Y¥dûLL°p DÓTPØ¥Ùm.

®iQlTm NUol©dLlThP úR§«p Øuà¬ûU úR§Ùm Ø¥Yô]ÜPu Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLUô]Õ AûR T¬ºdLjÕYeÏ¡\Õ. ©uYÚm ®NVeLs Ï±jÕ AqYÛYXLm áÓRp LY]m ùNÛjÕ¡\Õ.

A) ®iQlTj§u AûUlûT BWônRp

B) úRÓRp

C) ®iQlTj§u NôWjûR BWônRp

CkSPY¥dûLL°uúTôÕ,Lôl×¬ûUAÛYXLj§tÏm®iQlTRôWÚdÏªûPúV NôRôWQUôL GÝjÕ Y¥®p LÚjRlT¬Uôt\m SûPùTß¡\Õ. Ck¨ûX«p Lôl×¬ûU ØLYWô]Yo Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§p ùR¬®dLlTÓm LÚjÕLû[ùTtßd ùLôiÓ ®iQlTRôWûW A à¡ úRûYVô] SPY¥dûLLû[ úUtùLôsÞUôß A±ÜßjÕ¡\ôo.®iQlTRôW¬u Y¯LôhÓRpLû[ ùTtßd ùLôiÓ AûR Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§tÏ Ht\ Y¥Yj§pAqYÛYXLj§tÏ NUol©d¡\ôo.

A) ®iQlTj§u AûUlûT BWônRp:®iQlTm Htßd ùLôs[lThP Sô°p CÚkÕ GqY[Ü ®ûWYôL CVÛúUô AqY[Ü ®ûWYôL ARu AûUl×BWôVlTÓ¡\Õ. CqYôn®p ¸rdLiP ®NVeLs BWôVlTÓ¡u\]:

©W§¨§jÕYlTÓjÕm Õû\, úYiÓúLô°u ÑÚdLUô] ®[dLm, LiÓ©¥lTô[ûWf NôokR A±dûL,®[dLdÏ±l×Lû[ LhÓlTÓjÕm TÚlùTôÚs Ã§Vô] úRûYLs, E¬ûU úLôWpLs, YûWTPeLs Utßm®iQlTjÕPu CûQdLlThÓs[ NôWm B¡V]YôÏm. ®iQlTj§u AûUl× Øû\dÏ HtT AûUVôRÏû\TôÓLs Bn®uúTôÕ ùR¬V YkRôp AûR N¬ùNnYRtÏ ®iQlTRôWÚdÏ Yônl× YZeLlTÓm., Ï±l©hPLôXj§p AdÏû\TôÓ §odLlTPô®hPôp Aq®iQlTm RsÞT¥ ùNnVlThÓ®Óm.

B) úRÓRp:RdL NhPj§p RWlThÓs[ SûPØû\L°u ̧ r úRÓRp SûPùT\úYiÓm. AÕ R²VôLÜm SûPùT\Xôm ApXÕØuà¬ûU«u A¥lTûP«Ûm SûPlùT\Xôm ApXÕ AúR úSWj§p ®NVj§u Ød¡VjÕYj§u A¥lTûP«ÛmSûPùT\Xôm. Utù\ôÚ ®NVj§p LiÓ©¥l× NmUkRlThP JÚ Ï±l©hP Õû\«p "¨LrjRlThP LûX"CÚd¡\RôGuTûR ¨ßY úRÓRp SPjRlTÓ¡\Õ. úRÓRp SPY¥dûL«uúTôÕ NUol©dLlhP ®iQlTj§p®Y¬dLlThÓs[ ¾oûYlúTôu\ ¾oÜLs Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§p HtL]úY Es[ úYßTX Tj§WeL°p Es[]YôGuß úR¥lTôojÕ Eß§lTÓjÕL ùLôs[Xôm.

Ød¡VjÕYjûRd LÚj§p ùLôiÓ R²lThP úRÓRp SPY¥dûL úUtùLôsÞmúTôÕ, úRÓRp NmUkRlThPA±dûLûVÙm ®iQlTjúRôÓ úNojÕ §Úl© AàlT úYiÓm.

þ úRÓRp SPY¥dûL«u úTôÕ ®iQlT©dLlThP LiÓ©¥lûT ªLÜm JjRRôLúYô ApXÕ êX®NVjûR ùY°lTÓjRdLRôLúYô Es[ Tj§WeLs ùRuTPdáÓm; úUÛm

þ ®iQlTj§p úLôWlThP E¬ûULû[ HtL]úY Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§p Es[ Tj§WeL°pÏ±l©hÓs[ûYLú[ôÓ Jl©P úYiÓm.

Guù]u] Yônl×L°u A¥lTûP«p úRÓRpLs SPjRlThPÕ GuTûRÙm NmUkRlThP ùRô¯p ÖhTj§uGkR Ï±l©hP TÏ§Ls, GdLôXLhPj§tÏ EhThP TÏ§Ls, GqYûLVô] Tj§WeLs úRÓRp DÓTÓjRlThP]GuTûRÙm AÛYXLm Aàl©ûYdÏm. A±dûL«p ùR¬®dL úYiÓm.

Lôl×¬ûU Tj§WeL°u ùRôÏl©p úRÓRp SPjRlTÓYRôp CÕ Tj§WeL°]¥lTûP«Xô] úRÓRXôL Es[Õ.G]úY AûYLs ØRp ùRô¯p ÖhTj§u Ï±l©hP TÏ§L°u A¥lTûP«p JÝeÏTÓjRlTÓ¡u\]

CkR Lôl×¬ûU Tj§WeLÞdÏ EßÕûQVôL ùRô¯pÖhT Tj§¬dûLL°u LhÓûWLs UtßmAÕúTôu\ ®YWeLû[d ùLôiÓs[ Lôl×¬ûU ùT\ôR Tj§WeLû[Ùm TVuTÓjRlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR Tj§WeL°uùRôÏl× "úRÓRÛdLô] úLôoûY" Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.úRPÛdLô] úLôoûY«p Es[ Tj§WeL°p UhÓúU Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLm úRÓRp SPjR úYiÓm.ùY°«PlThPûYL°p ùY°ÂÓLû[ (Publications)j R®W úYù\RtÏm úRÓRp SPY¥dûLLû[¿¥dLlTÓY§pûX. CÕ ®NVj§p ùY°«PlThP RLYpLs ùTôÕ ETúVôLj§tÏ ®PlThÓs[Rô Guß TôodLúYi¥V§pûX ùY°«PlThP ClT¥lThP RLYpLs GÕYô]ôÛm AYt±u R²j RuûUûV LÚj§p ùLôiÓUhÓúU BnÜ ùNnVlTP úYiÓm. AÕÜm SPY¥dûL úLôÚm êu\ôm SToLs AûR Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§uLY]j§tÏ ùLôiÓYÚmúTôÕ UhÓm AqYôß BnÜ ùNnVlTÓ¡\Õ

úRÓRp SPY¥dûLVô]Õ LiÓ©¥l×Pu úSW¥VôL NmUkRlThP ùRô¯p ÖhTjÕû\«p UhÓúU ØRp

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CODISSIA

ØÝûUVôL SûPùTßm. ARtÏl ©\Ï AûR JjR Õû\LÞdÏ ¿h¥dLlTÓm. B]ôp AlT¥lThP JqùYôÚ®NVj§Ûm úRÓRp SPjR úYiÓUô GuTûR BnYô[oRôu Ø¥Ü ùNnYôo.

AlT¥lThP úRÓRp ¡ûPjR ®YWeLû[ úSW¥VôL NmUkRlThP ùRô¯pÖhT Õû\«p úUtùLôs[lTÓmúRÓRp Ø¥ÜLÞPu CûQdL úYiÓm. JÚúYû[ úRÓRp Ø¥®p úSWm ÅQô]Õ Rôu ªfNm Gu\ ¨ûXHtTÓm. Cfãr¨ûX HtTP úYß LôWQeLÞm Es[]. ®YWeLû[ YûL©¬dÏm úTôÕm, RLYpLû[ ºoùNnÙmØû\«Ûm R®odL CVXôÕ HtTÓm Ïû\TôÓLú[ CRtÏ LôWQm. úRÓRp S¥Y¥dûLLÞdLô] ùNXÜLû[Ï±l©hP A[®tÏ ûYjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm Guß ùTôÚ[ôRôW Ã§«Ûm LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôs[úYi¥V§pûX.

þ NôWj§u A¥lTûP«p BWônRp

NôWj§u A¥lTûP«p BWôÙm SûPØû\Vô]Õ Lôl×¬ûUdLô] Ï±l©hP ̈ ûXLû[ §Úl§TÓjRdá¥V YûL«p®iQlTm CÚd¡\Rô GuTûR Eß§lTÓjÕYRtLôÏm. ÑÚdLUôL áßYùR²p ¸rLiPYt±u A¥lTûP«pLôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓYûR RÓdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

þ NhPj§u Ï±l©hP NWjÕdL°u êXm NmUkRlThP LiÓ©¥l©tÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓYûR RÓlTÕ.

þ LiÓ©¥l× ×§VRôL CpXô§ÚkRp, LiÓ©¥l× T¥¨ûXdÏ EhTô§ÚjRp Gu\ ¨ûXL°p Lôl×¬ûUYZeLlTPd áPôÕ.

þ ®iQlTj§tÏ úRûYVô] CVt©Vp Ã§Vô] HtTôÓLs ùNnVlTPô§ÚkRôp ®iQlTm¨WôL¬dLlTPXôm.

®iQlTj§u AûUl©u A¥lTûP«p úUtùLôs[lTÓm Bn®uúTôÕ GÝm BhúNTû]Lû[ ALt\®iQlTRôWÚdÏ YônlT°dLlTÓm. AkR YônlûT TVuTÓj§ LiÓ©¥l©u NôWj§tÏ HtT N¬TÓj§dùLôs[ úYiÓm. B]ôp ARtÏ AYÚdÏ ùLôÓdLlThP LôXj§tÏs N¬ ùNnVô®hPôp Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLmAYÚdÏ Lôl×¬ûU UßdLXôm.

®iQlTRôWo Utßm ùTôÕUdLÞdÏ SuûUV°dÏm úSôd¡p AkR ®iQlTjûR §ÚjÕYRtÏ Yônl× Es[Õ.Ïû\TôÓLû[ ALt\YÕPu Øu]§Ûm úUXô] Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. ®[dLdÏ±l×Lû[ùR°YôdÏYRtLô] §ÚjReLs ùNnYRu êXm LiÓ©¥lûT Tt±V SpX ®[dLeLû[ RWØ¥Ùm. Lôl×¬ûUTôÕLôl©tLô] Õs°VUôL ®[dLUôLÜm AÕ §LÝm.

GpXô §ÚjReLÞm AàU§dLj RdLûYVpX. Lôl×¬ûU úLôÚYRtLô] êX®iQlTj§u ®[dLd Ï±l×LÞdÏAlTôtThP ùTôÚ°p Es[ §ÚjReLÞm AàU§dLjRdLûYVpX GuTÕ ùTôÕ ®§VôÏm.

Lôl×¬ûUf NhPj§u úSôdLm LiÓ©¥l×Lû[ TôÕLôlTRtLô]Õ GuTûR U]§p ùLôiÓ ùNVpTÓmúTôÕNmUkRlThP ®iQlTj§u ÁRô] Bn®u Ø¥ÜLs ùR°Yô] ©u]úW AlT¥lThP Ïû\TôÓûPV®iQlTeLû[ Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLm RsÞT¥ ùNnVúYiÓm. R]dÏ NôRLUôL ¾odLlTPúYi¥VÕ Ï±jÕ,®iQlTRôWÚdÏ YÚUô]ôp ARu U§l× ApXÕ Lôl×¬ûU B¡VYtû\ ¿§Uu\ ¾ol×Ls Yô«XôL ùTßYÕYZdLm.

6) AàU§Ùm ùY°ÂÓm:®iQlTRôWÚdÏ NôRLUôL BnÜ SûPØû\Ls Ø¥ÜßmúTôÕ ARôYÕ ®iQlTj§u AûUl× úTôÕUô]®YWeLû[ Es[Pd¡VRôLÜm, NôWm ØÝûUVûPkRôÛm CÚdÏm úTôÕ, G§ol×Ls Hßm T§Ü ùNnVlTPôR¨ûX«p, ApXÕ GÝlTlThP G§ol×Ls úRôp®VûPkR ¨ûX«p, Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLUô]Õ ®iQlTj§uúUp Lôl×¬ûU YZeLXôm. Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§u Ï±l©PjRdL A[Ü SPY¥dûLÙm C§pDÓTÓjRlThÓs[Õ.

ØRXôYRôL, Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlThPÜPu AkR Lôl×¬ûU«û]l Tt±V ®YWeLs Lôl×¬ûU T§úYh¥pU§dLlTÓ¡\Õ. Lôl×¬ûU Gi, ®iQlTRôWo/Lôl×¬ûUVô[¬u ùTVo ØLY¬, LiÓ©¥lTô[¬u ùTVo, êX®iQlTj§u Gi, ®iQlTm NUol©dLlThP úR§, ®iQlTj§u Ï±l©PjRdL Øuà¬ûU Tt±V ®YWeLs,LiÓ©¥l©u RûXl× B¡V ®NVeLû[ Es[Pd¡V ØLl×lTh¥Vp T§úYh¥p CÚlTÕ YZdLm.

Lôl×¬ûUûV SûPØû\lTÓjR Eßl× SôÓL°p BiÓdÏ LhPQeLs ùNÛjR úYiÓm. AkR LhPQeLû[GlúTôÕ LhPúYiÓm Gu\ ®YWeL[m E¬UeLû[l Tt±V ®YWeLÞm, JlTûPl×Ls Tt±V ®YWeLÞmT§Ü ùNnVlTÓm.

Lôl×¬ûUVô[¬u úTôh¥Vô[oLs Es°hP êu\ôm SToLÞdÏ T§úYÓ ªLÜm TVuTÓm. Hù]²p CÕLôl×¬ûU«u EiûUVô] ̈ ûXVôhûP ©W§T°d¡\Õ. £X SôÓL°p ¿§ Uu\eL°p NmUkRlThP Lôl×¬ûU«uÁÕ YZdÏLs SûPùTßmúTôÕ Nôu\¯dLlThP T§úYhÓl ©W§ ®NôWûQdLô] BRôWUôL GÓjÕd ùLôs[lTÓm.

CWiPôYôRôL, AÛYXL A±dûL«p Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLm ùY°«ÓYRu êXm NmUkRlThP Lôl×¬ûU«u

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CODISSIA

ùTôÚ[PdLjúRôÓ á¥V Ï±l×Ls ¡ûPlTRtÏ HÕYô¡\Õ. CkR AÛYXL A±dûLVô]Õ Lôl×¬ûU«uÑÚdLUô] ®[dLm ApXÕ Ød¡VUôL úLôWlTÓm E¬ûU Utßm YûWTPeLs CÚkRôp AYtû\Ùm, ªLÜmùR°Y°dLdá¥V YûWTPeLû[Ùm ùLôi¥ÚdLXôm. êu\ôYRôL, ®iQlTRôWÚdÏ Lôl×¬ûU AàU§fNôu±Rr YZeLlTÓm AÕ. AYÚûPV NhPléoYUô] Lôl×¬ûUûV ¨ßÜYRôL §LÝ¡\Õ. AàU§dLlLôl×¬ûU«u SLÛm AYÚdÏ YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. Ø¥YôL, Ru²PØs[ Lôl×¬ûU Tj§WjûR Af£hP Y¥Yj§pLôl×¬ûU AÛYXLm ùY°«Ó¡\Õ. CRu ©W§Ls Lôl×¬ûU èXLeL°p ¡ûPdLf ùNnV úYiÓm. AYoLsSToLû[l ùTôßjRYûW LhPQ A¥lTûP«p êu\ôm SToLÞdÏ RLYpLû[ ùT\d á¥VRôLÜm CÚdL úYiÓm.

úUtùNôu] YûL«p Lôl×¬ûUûV ùRôPokÕ AØpTÓjR AàU§dLlThP LôXm ØÝYÕm JqùYôÚ BiÓm×Õl©jRp ApXÕ TWôU¬jRÛdLô] LhPQjûR T¬kÕû\dLlThP A[®p ùNÛjR úYiÓm.

JÚ LiÓ©¥l©tÏ Lôl×¬ûU ùTßYRtLô] TpúYß ®NVeLs úUtLiPYôß ®Yô§dLlThÓs[]. Lôl×¬ûUùTßYRtLô] §hPYhPUô] U§lÀÓLú[ôÓ á¥V ERôWQeLû[ TôolTÕ úUÛm BoYêhPdá¥V Ju\ôÏm.AlT¥lThP CÚ ERôWQeLs CûQl× I Utßm II Cp RWlThÓs[].

7) Lôl×¬ûUl Tj§Wj§u ØRp TdLmJqùYôÚ Sôh¥p Es[ Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLeLÞm RôeLs YZe¡Ùs[ Lôl×¬ûU«u ®YWeLû[ AúR Y¥Yj§pRLYpL[ôL ùY°«Ó¡u\]. JqùYôÚ SôÓm ReLÞdÏ T¬kÕûWdLlThP Y¥YeL°p AûR ùY°«Ó¡u\].AúR úTôX EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl×m ReL[Õ Bn®u Ø¥®p CúRúTôX ùY°«Ó¡u\]. IúWôl©VLôl×¬ûU AÛYXLØm CûRl ©uTtß¡\Õ.

Lôl×¬ûUdLô] Ï±l©hP ®YW A¥lTûPLs ARtùLu\ ØuUô§¬Vô] Y¥YeL°p AûUjÕj RWlTÓ¡u\].AlT¥lThP ®YW A¥lTûPL°u ØLl×l TdLm ªLÜm U§l×ªdL RLYpLû[ RÚ¡u\Õ. AùU¬dL Lôl×¬ûUAÛYXLm IúWôl©V Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLm ©.£.¥. (PCT) B¡V]Yt±u ØuUô§Vô] TdLeLs RLYpLÞdLôL¸úZ RWlTÓ¡u\].

7.1: AùU¬dL Lôl×¬ûU:ØLl×l TdLm (TdLm þ1) ¸rLiP RLYpLû[d ùLôiÓs[Õ.

A) AùU¬d Lôl×¬ûU Gi, LiÓ©¥lTô[o ùTVo YZeLlThP úR§B) Lôl×¬ûU«u ùTVoC) LiÓ©¥lûTl Tt±V ÑÚdLUô] þ Utßm ®¬Yô] ®[dLeLsD) LiÓ©¥lTô[o ùTVo, EPu T¦Vôt±VYo, ®iQlT Gi, ®iQlT©dLlThP úR§E) NmUkRlThP AùU¬dL ®iQlT ®WeLsF) úUtùLôs Ï±l×LsG) AùU¬dL úR£V YûLlTÓjÕRp AúR úTôX NoYúRN Lôl×¬ûU YûLlTÓjRp7.2: ©.£.¥. (PCT)

ØLl× TdLm ¸rdLiP ®YWeLû[ ùLôiÓs[Õ.

A) NoYúRN Lôl×¬ûU YûLlTÓjÕRp, ùY°ÂhÓ Gi, úR§B) NoYúRN ®iQlT GiC) NoYúRN Ã§«p ®iQl©dLlThP úR§:D) Øuà¬ûUj úR§E) ®iQlTRôWoLs Utßm LiÓ©¥lTô[oL°u ùTVoLsF) A§LôWéoY SôÓG) NoYúRN úRPp A±dûL þ Ï±l× 2 R®dLôL UhÓmH) Lôl×¬ûU«u ùTVoI) YûWTPjÕPu ÑÚdLUô] ®[dLeLÞm, YûWTPeLÞdLô] ®¬Yô] ®YWeLÞm ùLôÓdLlTh¥ÚjRp7.3: IúWôl©V Lôl×¬ûU ØLl×l TdLm:A) Lôl×¬ûU«u ùTVoB) Lôl×¬ûU GiC) ùY°ÂhÓ úR§D) LiÓ©¥lTô[o ùTVoE) ®iQlTRôWo ùTVoF) ®iQlTj§u GiG) Øuà¬ûU Gi, úR§:H) NoYúRN ùY°ÂhÓ YûLlTÓjRpI) ©W§¨§jÕlTÓjÕTYo ùTVo

93


CODISSIA

J) JlTkRj§p ¨VªdLlThP SôÓLsK) ®¬YôLdj§p ¨VªdLlThP SôÓLsJü) Lôl×¬ûU Utßm YûWTPjûRl Tt±V ®¬Yô] ®[dLeLs[

7.4: _lTôu:_lTôu Lôl×¬ûUdLô] ÑÚdLl TdLØm (TdLm þ22) RWlThÓs[Õ. LiÓ©¥l× Lôl×¬ûUL°u ©WfNû]LÞmAYt±tLô] ¾oÜLÞm Gu\ YûL«p CÕ RWlThÓs[Õ Guß A§p Ï±l©PlThÓs[Õ.

7.5: Ck§Vô®p AWÑ A±dûL ùY°ÂÓ:Ck§V AWÑ A±dûL ùY°Âh¥u TÏ§ III ©¬Ü 2Cp Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§u Lôl×¬ûULs UtßmYûWY¥YeLs Ï±jR RLYpLÞm A±dûLLÞm ùY°Vô¡u\]. AWÑ A±dûL ùY°Âh¥u ØRp TdLj§u©W§ TdLm 23Cp RWlThÓs[Õ. ùTôÕYôL A§p ¸rYÚm RLYpLs Es[].

A) Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLeL°u A§LôW GpûXLÞm ØLY¬LÞm:C§p Ød¡VUôL LpLjRô®p RûXûU AÛYXLm ùNVpTÓ¡\Õ. ùNuû], ØmûT Utßm ùPp«p¡û[AÛYXLeLs ùNVpTÓ¡u\].

B) Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§p RôdLp ùNnYRtLô] Lôl×¬ûU ®iQlTmRûXûU Utßm ¡û[ AÛYXLeL°p ®iQlTm RôdLp ùNnYRtLô] ®YWeLs C§p Es[]. ©.£.¥.«u ̧ rúR£V ¨ûX«]¥lTûP«p ®iQl©lTRtLô] ®YWeLÞm Es[].

C) ØÝûUVôdLlThP ®[dLdÏ±l×Ls HtLlTÓ¡\ÕJqùYôÚ ®[dLd Ï±l©]Õm YûLlTÓjÕRu ®YWeLû[ Cl©¬Ü RÚ¡\Õ. Ck§V YûLlTÓjRp UtßmNoYúRN YûLlTÓjÕRu Øû\L°u ¸r úUtLiPûY CÚdL úYiÓm. Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlThPRu ÁÕG§ol× CÚkRôp NmUkRlhPYoLs AWÑ A±dûL«p Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlThP ®YWm ùY°Vô] SôuÏUôReLÞdÏs ReLs G§olûT ùR¬®jÕ®P úYiÓm Gußm CÕ Ï±l©Ó¡\Õ.

D) G§ol× SûPØû\Ls:HtL]úY Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlThÓs[RtÏ Lôl×¬ûU úLô¬ JÚYo ®iQl©jRôp ARtÏ G§ol× RôdLpùNnYRtLô] ®YWeLs C§p Es[].

E) Lôl×¬ûULs ¨ßjRm:LhPQm ùNÛjRôRRôp Lôl×¬ûULû[ ¨ßj§ ûYlTÕ Ï±jR ®YWeLs C§p Es[].

F) ¨ûX¨ßjÕYRtLô] SûPØû\Ls:Ï±l©hP LôXj§p ×Õl©dL LhPQm ùNÛjRRôRôp ¨ßj§ ûYdLlThÓs[ Lôl×¬ûUûV ÁiÓm ¨ûX¨ßjÕYRtLô] ®YWeLs C§p á\lThÓs[]. ̈ ûX ̈ ßjR SPY¥dûL«p DÓTÓYRtÏ G§ol× ùR¬®lTRtLô]Ï±l×LÞm Es[].

G) §ÚjRj§tLô] SûPØû\Ls:Lôl×¬ûU úLôÚTYWôp NUo©dLlTÓm Lôl×¬ûU ®iQlTj§u ÁÕ §ÚjReLs úUtùLôsYRtLô] ®YWeLsC§p Es[]. AúR úTôX §ÚjReLû[ BnÜ ùNnÕ R]Õ G§olûTúV Cu] ©\ ®YWeLû[úVô ùR¬®dLGYùWôÚYÚdÏm E¬ûU EiÓ GuTÕ ClTÏ§«p ®[dLlThÓs[Õ.

Lôl×¬ûUûV Øj§ûW«ÓRp/AàU§jRp:

Htßd ùLôs[lThÓ Øj§ûW CPlThÓs[ Lôl×¬ûUL°u Gi¦dûLûV CÕ RÚ¡\Õ.H) YûWY¥YeLs T§Ü:T§Ü ùNnVlThP YûWY¥YeLû[lTt±V ®YWeLû[ CÕ RÚ¡\Õ. Ï±l©hP LôXLhPj§tÏ CkRYûWY¥YeLû[ BnÜ ùNnVd áPôÕ Guß ClTÏ§ Ï±l©Ó¡\Õ. AàU§ YZeLlThP CWiÓ BiÓLÞdÏCÕ ùTôÚkÕm GuTÕ ùTôÕYô]Õ. YûWY¥Yf NhPm NWjÕL°u ¸r £\l× AàU§ ùTtßs[Yt±tÏ CÕùTôÚkRôÕ.I) ¨WôL¬lTRtLô] SûPØû\Ls:Lôl×¬ûU AÛYXLj§p BnÜLû[ NUol©dLlThÓs[ ®iQTTeLû[ ¨WôL¬lTRtLô] ®YWeLs C§pá\lThÓs[].

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CODISSIA

7.6: ØLl×l TdLj§u ØuUô§¬Vô] GÓjÕd LôhÓLs:

U-17:AùU¬dL Lôl×¬ûU Gi 6, 257,316, úR§ _÷ûX 10 2001 ØLl×l TdLj§p Lôl×¬ûU«u RûXl×: "EÚd¡ YôolTRtLô]ØRÄÓm EtTj§ Øû\Ùm" Guß RWlThÓs[Õ.

U-18:2000 BiÓ HlWp 26 IúWôl©V Lôl×¬ûU Gi (EP) 09955522 ØRp TdLj§p Lôl×¬ûUU«u RûXl× "Yôol×êXlùTôÚû[ CÚdÏYRtLô] Øû\Ùm TVuTôÓm" 2-m, YôolTP Ui.

U-19:2000 BiÓ ©lWY¬ 10 PCT ùY°ÂhÓ ùTôÚ[PdLl TdLj§p Ï±l©PlThÓs[ Gi W0006313Cu RûXl× "×§V RVô¬l× Øû\Ùm YôolTP ç£«u ETúVôLØm" GuTRôÏm.

U-20:2000BiÓ ©lTWY¬ 10 PCT ùY°ÂhÓ Gi: WO 00/06313Cu RûXl×: "

×§V RVô¬l×LÞm YôolTP RVô¬l×Ls ETúVôLlTÓjÕm Øû\LÞm"

U-21:PCT ®iQlT Gi PCT/AU99/00617Cu ÁÕ úUtùLôs[lThP NoY úRPp A±dûLûV RÚ¡\Õ. A±dûL«u©u ùRôPof£VôL CÕ Es[Õ.

U-22

2001 BiÓ Uôof 6 _lTô²VoL[Õ Lôl×¬ûULs Gi: 2001þ058252Cu ØRp TdLj§p Lôl×¬ûU«u RûXl× "ùUkR Utßm R¥jR TôLeLû[d ùLôiPYtû\ RVô¬lTRtLô] EÚdÏ Øû\Ls" GuTRôÏm

95


CODISSIA

'¥¬lv' Tt±V úLs®Ùm þ T§ÛmAj§VôVm þ 7þ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs GuT] GûY?ReL[Õ êû[«p EÚYôÏm TûPl×L°u ÁÕ UdLÞdÏ Es[ E¬ûULú[ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs GußLÚRlTÓ¡\Õ. JÚ TûPlTô° R]Õ (Bi/ùTi) TûPl×L°u ÁÕ Ï±l©hP LôXj§tÏ CqÜ¬ûUûV ùNÛjRØ¥Ùm.

þ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUVô]Õ CWiÓ Ød¡V ©¬ÜL[ôL ©¬lTÕ YZdLUôÏm:

T§l×¬ûULÞm AúRôÓ ùRôPo×ûPV E¬ûULÞm:LûX CXd¡Vl TûPl×L°u B£¬VoLÞdÏ YZeLlTÓm E¬ûULs LûXOoL[Õ E¬ûULs, CûNjRhÓLsUtßm JTWl× AûUl×L°u E¬ûULs TûPl× §\àdÏ FdLU°dÏm Ød¡V úSôdLj§úXúV T§l×¬ûUUtßm AÕúTôu\ E¬ûULs YZeLlTÓ¡u\].

ùRô¯p Õû\ ùNôjÕdLs:C§p (1) YojRL Øj§ûWLs, ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLs úTôu\ R²jRuûU YônkR Ï±ÂÓLÞdÏ TôÕLôl×YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ, úUÛm (2) ×Õl×û]ûY çiÓm ®Rj§p ùRô¯p Õû\ ùNôjÕdL[ô] YûWY¥YeLs UtßmùRô¯pÖhT EÚYôdLeLÞdÏ TôÕLôl× YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. CkR YûL«u ¸r LiÓ©¥l×Ls (Lôl×¬ûUL[ôpTôÕLôdLlTÓYÕ) ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLs Utßm YojRL WL£VeLs YÚ¡u\].

"¥¬lv' JlTkRjûRl ùTôÚjRYûW " A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU" GuTÕ:..... JlTkRj§u (TÏ§ 1:2) TôLm 2 ©¬Ü 1 ØRp 7 Ø¥V Es[Yt±p Ï±l©PlThÓs[ AÕ NôokR E¬ûULs,YojRL Øj§ûWLs, ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLs, ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLs, Lôl×¬ûULs, Jße¡QkR ªuÑtßYûWTPeLs Utßm ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpLÞdLô] TôÕLôl× GuT] APeÏm.

þ EXL YojRL AûUl× Eßl× SôÓLs Aû]j§tÏm '¥¬lv' JlTkRm ùTôßkÕUô? EXL YojRL AûUl©uGpXô JlTkReLÞm ( JÚ £X TuØû] JlTkReLs R®W) AqYûUl©u Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ ùTôßkÕm(ùTÚmTôXô]ûY Ju±u ̧ r YÚ¡u\]). B]ôp CRu NWjÕLû[ SôÓLs ùYqúYß LôXLhPj§p AØpTÓjRJlTkRm AàU§d¡\Õ. JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkR Sô[ô] 1995 _÷ûX 5 1 ØRp Eßl× SôÓLs AØXôdLúYi¥VLôXm YûW CkR LôX RôURm LQd¡PlTÓ¡\Õ. Ød¡VUô] UôtÈÓd LôXLhPm ¸r YÚUôß:

- EXL YojRL AûUl× AØÛdÏYÚm úR§«ÚkÕ JÚ BiÓdÏs ARôYÕ 1996 _÷ûX 1 YûWY[of£VûPkR SôÓLÞdÏ UôtÈhÓ LôXm

Ød¡VUô] UôtÈÓd LôXLhPm ¸r YÚUôß:- EXL YojRL AûUl× AØÛdÏYÚm úR§«ÚkÕ JÚ BiÓdÏs ARôYÕ 1996 _÷ûX 1 YûWY[of£VûPkR SôÓLÞdÏ UôtÈhÓ LôXm AàU§dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

- Y[Úm SôÓLû[l ùTôßjRYûW JlTkR NWjÕLû[ AØXôdL úUÛm SôuÏ BiÓLs (2000 _]Y¬ 1YûW) AYLôNm RWlThÓs[Õ. ARtÏs TôWThNUt\ SûPØû\ úTôu\ ùLôsûLLû[ Es[Pd¡V JlTkRj§uTÏ§ 3, 4 Utßm 5I AØXôdL úYiÓm.

þ ùTôÚ[ôRôW Uôtßd LhPj§p Es[ SôÓLs ARôYÕ Uj§VlTÓjRlThP ùTôÚ[ôRôW ùLôsûLL°u ̧ rùNVpTeÓ NkûRl ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§tÏ Uô±YÚm SôÓLÞdÏm CúR úTôu\ LôX AYLôNm RWlThÓs[Õ. (2000_]Y¬ 1 YûW). CdLôXLhPj§p CkSôÓLs Ï±l©PjRdL ¨XûULû[ JÚúYû[ áÓRXôL Nk§j§ÚdLXôm.

þ ªLÜm ©uRe¡V ùTôÚ[ôRôW SôÓLÞdÏ ¿iP UôtÈPÓ LôX LhPm T§ú]ôß BiÓLs (2006 _]Y¬1) RWlThÓs[]. úUÛm LôX ¿h¥l× ùNnVÜm Yônl×s[Õ.

þ ùTôÕ UôtÈhÓ LôX LhPeLû[ GkR SôÓLs ETúVôLlTÓ¡u\]?

1) Y[Úm SôÓLsEXL YojRL AûUl©u Ï±lT±®l× CpXôUúXúV ùTôÕ UôtÈhÓ LôX LhPjûR Eßl× SôÓLs ©uTt±dùLôs[Xôm. CdLôX LhPm Ø¥kRÜPu Eßl× SôÓL°u NhPeLû[ '¥¬lv' ÏÝ T¬ºd¡\Õ. 2000 Utßm2001Cp ̧ rYÚm Eßl× SôÓL°u NhPeLs T¬ºdLlTÓm 2000Bm BiÓ 31Bm úR§ LôXd ùLÓ Ø¥YûP¡\Õ.BiÓdÏ Tôo×Pô, Ao_i¥]ô, TdûWu, TôoTúPôv, ©úW£p, ùTôVô, úTôvhYô]ô, ©úW£p, ×ú], ù_ÚNXôm,úLUìu, £², ùLôXm©Vô, LôeúLô, úLôvPô¬Lô, úLôh¥¥ _Y¬, ¡ëTô, ûNTWv, ùPôU²Lô, ùUô²dL Ï¥VWÑ,

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G¡lÕ, GpNpYPôo, GvúRô²Vô, ©´, LúTôu, Lô]ô, ¡Wô]Pô, Ï®§UôXô, LVô]ô, úaôiÓWôn, aôeLôe, º]ô,Ck§Vô, CkúRôú]£Vô, CvúWp,. _UôvLô, ùLuVô, ùLô¬Vô, ÏûYj, UdÏYô, UúX£Vô, ùUô¬ºVv, ùUd£úLô,ùUôWôdLô, Sm©Vô, ¨LWôÏYô, ûSË¬Vô, Tô¡vRôu, Tô×Yô ¨ëÏ²Vô, ©WôÏúY, ùTÚ, ©lûTuv, úTôXkÕ(96'þ98'Cp T¬ºdLlTPôR TÏ§Ls, LhPôo, ùN«u í£Vô, £eLléo, CXeûL, ùN«u ¡hv Ó®v, ùN«uh®iùNuh Utßm ¡¬]ôûPuv, ã¬]ôm, Ñ®hNoXôkÕ, RônXôkÕ, ¥¬²PôhÓTôúLô, Ó²£Vô, Id¡V AW×úTWWÑ, EÚÏúY, ùY²ÑYXô, ´mTôlúT.

úUtLiP Eßl× SôÓL°p JÚ £XYtû\j R®W ùTÚmTôXô] SôÓLs "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§tÏ Ht\ úR£V NhPeLû[2000 _]Y¬ 1dÏs EßYôd¡Ùs[].

2) ªLÜm ©uRe¡V SôÓLs:Id¡V SôÓLs NûTVôp ªLÜm ©uRe¡V SôÓLs Guß YûLlTÓjRlThÓs[ SôÓLs EXL YojRL AûUl©uªLÜm ©uRe¡V Eßl× SôÓL[ôL LÚRlTÓ¡u\]. AlT¥lThP SôÓL°u Th¥Vp CeúL RWlTÓ¡\Õ. Cû]VTdLj§p CÕ Ï±jÕ RtúTôÕ Es[ TdLm YÚUôß:

Id¡V SôÓLs NûT 48 SôÓLû[ ªLÜm ©uRe¡VûY Guß Th¥VPlThÓs[Õ. AYt±p 29 SôÓLs UhÓúURtúTôÕ EXL YojRL AûUl©u Eßl©]oL[ôL Es[].

AeúLôXô, TeL[ôúRv, ©²u, ×o]ô, TôúNô, ×ìi¥, Uj§V Bl¬dL Ï¥VWÑ, LôeúLô _]SôVL Ï¥VWÑ, ¥´úTôj§,Lôm©Vô, Ï²Vô, Ï²Vô ©NôÜ, ùan§, ®NôjúRô, UPLôeLo, UôX®, UôXj¾ÜLs, Uô, UÜ¬Rô²Vô, ùUôm©d,ªVôuUo, ûS_o, WYôiPô, ùN]Lp, £VWô ®úVô², NôXUu ¾ÜLs, RôuNô²Vô, PôúLô, ELôiPô, _ôm©Vô.

ªLÜm ©uRe¡V SôÓLs TXYt±u ùTVoLs EXL YojRL AûUl©p úNolTRtLô] SPY¥dûLLsúUtùLôs[lThÓ YÚ¡u\]. ®YWeLs YÚUôß:

3) ×Õ Eßl©]oLs:1995 _]Y¬ 1Bm úR§ EXL YojRL AûUl©p Eßl× SôÓL[ôL CÚkRYt±u AWÑLÞdÏ

ùTôÕYô] UôtÈhÓ LôXLhPeLs ùTôÚkÕm. AkR úR§«p EXL YojRL AûUl× EÚYô] ©u]ôp úUÛm TXSôÓLs Eßl©]oL[ôL CûQkÕs[]. AkSôÓLs EXL YojRL AûUl©u A§LôWéoY Eßl©]oL[ôLAe¸L¬dLlThP SôsØRp '¥¬lv' JlTkRjûR AØXôdL ùTôÕYôL Jl×d ùLôiÓ ReLs Eßl©]o RÏ§ùTßYRtLô] JlTkRj§p Jl×d ùLôiÓs[]o. CYoLÞdÏ UôtÈhÓ LôX TXuLs HÕm CÚdLôÕ.

EXL YojRL AûUl©u SôÓLs Eßl©]oL[ôL úNokR úR§«u A¥lTûP«p ùY°«PlThÓs[ Th¥VûXdùLôiÓ ×§RôL úNokÕs[ SôÓL°u Th¥Vp LôQd¡Ó¡\Õ.

þ UôtÈhÓd LôX LhPj§p Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ ùTôßl×Ls HRôYÕ ¨oQ«dLl ThÓs[]Yô?

¿iP AYLôNjÕPu á¥V UôtÈhÓd LôX LhPjûR ùLôiÓs[ SôÓLs EhTP GpXô Eßl× SôÓLÞm úR£VAÔÏØû\ EsSôhÓ ùY°SôhÓ ̈ ßY]eLs R²SToLû[ NUUôL SPjÕYÕm (TÏ§þ3) Utßm ªLÜm úYiPlThPSôhÓ AÔÏØû\ (ùY°SôhÓ ¨ßY]eLs R²SToLû[ TôWThNªu± SPjÕRp, TÏ§þ4) B¡V]Ytû\ 1996_]Y¬ 1 ØRp AØXôdLd LPûUlThÓs[].

ùRô¯p ÖhTj§u Ï±l©hP TÏ§dÏ RVô¬l× Lôl×¬ûU TôÕLôl× HtTÓj§WôR Y[Úm SôÓL°p úRûYlTÓmúTôÕUôtÈhÓ £\l× NhP ®§Lû[ AØXôdLXôm.

ªLÜm Ï±lTôL, Y[Úm SôÓ Ju±p RVô¬l× Lôl×¬ûU TôÕLôl× HtTôÓLû[ ùRô¯pÖhTj§u Ï±l©hPTÏ§dÏ HtTÓj§jRWôUp CÚdÏm úTôÕ ( "¥¬lv"JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YÚ¡\ 1995 _]Y¬, 1) AkSôÓ TôÕLôlûTA±ØLlTÓj§V 10 BiÓLs (2005 _]Y¬ 1 YûW) AYLôNm RWlThÓs[Õ.

B]ôp UÚkÕLs Utßm úY[ôi WNôVQ RVô¬l×Lû[l ùTôßjRYûW AkR SôPô]Õ UôtÈhÓd LôX LhPj§uÕYdL Sô°ÚkÕ úUtÏ±l©hPYt±tLô] Lôl×¬ûU úLôÚm ®iQlTeLû[ HtßdùLôs[ úYiÓm.CdLôXLhPm Ø¥®tÏs GkR JÚ Lôl×¬ûUdÏm TôÕLôl× YZeLXôUô úYi¥V§pûXVô GußØ¥ùYÓdLlTPôUÚkRôÛm ®iQlTm Htßd ùLôs[lTP úYiÓm (70.8). CûR 'RTôp ùTh¥' NWjÕ Gußmá\lTÓYÕiÓ UôtÈÓLôX LhPj§p Sm©dûLVô] UÚkÕLs ApXÕ úY[ôi WNôVQl ùTôÚsLû[ ®tTû]ùNnV AàU§dÏmúTôÕ Ï±l©hP ̈ TkRû]L°u A¥lTûP«p AkR RVô¬l©p ®iQlTRôWÚdÏ 5 BiÓLs®tTû] £\l× E¬ûU YZeL úYiÓm ApXÕ AjRVô¬l©tÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏm Sôs YûW £\l×¬ûU YZeLúYiÓm. C§p GÕ Ïû\Yô] LôX LhPúUô ARtÏ CÕ ùTôßkÕm (TÏ§ 70.8)

UôtÈhÓd LôX LhPj§p Sm©dûLVô] UÚkÕLs ApXÕ úY[ôi WNôVQl ùTôÚsLû[ ®tTû] ùNnVAàU§dÏm úTôÕ Ï±lThP ¨TkRû]L°u A¥lTûP«p AkR RVô¬l©tÏ ®iQlRôWÚdÏ 5 BiÓLs®tTû] £\l× E¬ûU YZeL úYiÓm ApXÕ AjRVô¬l©tÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏm SôsYûW £\l×¬ûU YZeL

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úYiÓm. C§p GÕ Ïû\Yô] LôX LhPúUô ARtÏ CÕ ùTôßkÕm (TÏ§ 70.9). UôtÈhÓd LôX LhPjûRRûX¸ZôL TVuTÓj§®PdáPôÕ GuTûR "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 65.5 áß¡\Õ.

Uôt±hÓd LôX LhPjûR ùLôiÓs[ SôÓLs (TÏ§ 65Cu 1,2,3, ApXÕ 4YÕ TôWôdL°pá\lThÓs[Yt±uT¥)ReL[Õ NhPeL°Ûm SûPØû\L°Ûm ,JÝeÏ Øû\L°Ûm GRôYÕ Uôt\eLû[ ùNnÙm úTôÕ AÕ JlTkRj§uNWjÕLû[ ®P Ïû\Yô] A[®p CÚkÕ®PôUp TôojÕd ùLôs[ úYi¥VÕ AY£VUô]Õ.

þ "¥¬lv"JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YÚØu]o ùTôÕ ÑeLj¾oûY JlTkRm (GATT 19(77)) ¾oûY JlTkRj§uTuØû] YojRL JlTkRj§p A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULû[l Tt± Ï±lTôL HÕm ùNôpXlTh¥ÚdL®pûX

AúR úSWj§p ùTôÕf ÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkRj§p CÚkR £X ùLôsûLL°u A¥lTûP«p C\dÏU§Ls HtßU§LsÁÕ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU A[ÅÓLs ©WúVô¡dLlThP].

ùTôÕf ÑeLj¾oûY JlkRm 1947Cu TÏ§ xx(d) Utßm 1994Cu xx(f) B¡V] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULû[l Tt±Ï±l©hP YûL«p GÓjÕûWd¡\Õ. ùTôÕ JlTkR§tÏ JjÕlúTôLRûY

(Ï±l©hP ̈ XûULÞdÏ EhThPÕ) A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUL°u NhPeLs JÝeÏØû\Ls Hû]V ®§Øû\LÞdÏHû]V ®§û\LÞdÏ EhTÓjÕm SPY¥dûLLû[ úUtùLôs[ CkR NWjÕ AàU§d¡\Õ.

þ TuØû] YojRL Øû\«p "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TeÏ Gu]?

EXL YojRL AûUl©p ùY°lTÓjRlThÓs[ûRlúTôuß TuØû] YojRL Øû\«u Jße¡ûQkR TÏ§VôLA±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULû[ ¨ûX¨ßjÕYÕ "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u A¥lTûP ÏQeL°p Ju\ôÏm.

EXL YojRL AûUl©u êuß BRôWd çiL°u Ju\ôL "¥¬lv"JlTkRm

Yo¦dLlTÓ¡\Õ. Ut\ CWiÓ ùTôÚsL°u YojRLm ( ùTôÕf ÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkRj§u TôWmT¬V A§LôWGpûX«p CÚkRÕ úTôuß) Utßm úNûYL°u YojRLm B¡V]YôÏm.2.

"¥¬lv' GuTÕ EÚÏúY Ñtßl úTfÑ YôojûRL°u Ø¥®p EßYô] Jtû\ JlTkRm. ARu LôWQUôL EXLYojRL AûUl©u Eßl× SôÓLs Aû]j§tÏm '¥¬lv' JlTkRm ùTôßkÕ¡\Õ. JlTkRj§u NWjÕLs Aû]jÕmEXL YojRL AûUl©u RôYô ¾oÜ Øû\LÞdÏ CûVkRÕ GuTûRÙm CÕ Ï±l©Ó¡\Õ. CkR RôYô ¾oÜØû\Ls RôYô ¾oÜ EPuT¥dûL«p Es[]. (RYôdLû] ¾olTRtLô] ®§LÞm SûPØû\LÞm Tt±VEPuT¥dûL)

þ"¥¬lv' JlTkRj§tÏm Øuáh¥úV SPk§Úd¡\ NoYúRN UôSôhÓ Ø¥ÜLÞdÏªûPúV Es[ E\Ü Gu]?

EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©u ùRô¯pÕû\ ùNôjÕdLs ÁRô] Tô¬v1 £\l× UôSôÓ T§l×¬ûU (CYt±uªLf NÁTj§V Y¥Yj§p) Tt±V ùTo² £\l× UôSôhÓ Ø¥ÜL°u Eß§lTÓjRlThP ùTôßl×LÞdÏ EXLYojRL AûUl©u Eßl× SôÓLs CQe¡ SPdL úYiÓm Guß ¥¬lv JlTkRm YÙßjÕ¡\Õ. Hû]V Eß§ªdL LÚjÕdLs Aû]jûRÙm Ï±l×L[ôL úNodLlThÓs[]. G]úY CdLôWQjRôp "¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u ¸rEXL YojRL AûUl× Eßl× SôÓL°u ùTôßl×L[ô¡Ùs[]. AkSôÓLs CkR ©WRô]Uô] NWjÕLû[ NL Eßl×SôÓL°u R²SToLs Utßm ¨ßY]eLÞdÏ ùTôßjR úYiÓm.

CkR £\l× UôSôÓL°p ØuùUô¬VlTPôR TÏ§Ls '¥¬lv' JlTkRj§p áÓRp ùTôßl×L[ôL CûQdLlThÓs[].£\l× UôSôh¥p úTôÕUô] A[®tÏ GÓjÕûWdLlTPôR ®NVeLÞm '¥¬lv' JlTkRj§p JÝeÏTÓjRlThÓs[].

G]úY Rôu '¥¬lv' JlTkRm £X úSWeL°p 'ùTo²+Tô¬v' JlTkRm Guß AûZdLlTÓ¡\Õ.

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs NmUkRlhP úYß £X NoYúRN JlTkReL°u NWjÕLÞm '¥¬lv' JlTkR ®[dLj§púNodLlThÓs[].

þ Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßLÞdLô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRj§u NWjÕLú[ôÓ á¥V Ï±l©PjRdL áÓRpùTôßl×Lû[ Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßLs AûUl× YûWTPeLs TôÕLôl× ®NVj§p AØXôdL úYiÓm GußR]Õ Eßl× SôÓLû[ EXL YojRL AûUl× úLhÓd ùLôiÓs[Õ.

þ LûXOoLs, CûNjRhÓ RVô¬lTô[oLs Utßm JTWl× AûUl×L°u E¬ûULs TôÕLôl× NmUkRUô]NoYúRN £\l× UôSôhÓ (úWôm £\l× UôSôÓ) NWjÕdLs TXYtû\ '¥¬lv' JlTkRm Ñh¥dLôhÓ¡\Õ. £\l×UôSôh¥u Eß§Vô] NWjÕLÞdÏ CQeLÜm AYt±tLô] ùTôÕ úRûYLû[ ®Xd¡PôRYûL«ÛmGÓjÕûWdLlThÓs[Õ.

Tô¬v, ùTo², úWôm £\l× UôSôÓLs, Utßm Jße¡ûQkR ªu ÑtßLs ÁRô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRmB¡V]Yt±u ùRôPokÕ CÚdÏm ùTôßl×Ls Eßl× SôÓLs ReL°ûPúV Tn]TÓj§d ùLôs[jRdL]YôLCÚdûL«p AkR ùTôßl×L°u U§lûTd Ïû\d¡\ YûL«p "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TôLm I ØRp IV Es[TÏ§L°p ùNnYRtÏ Jußm CpûX Guß AqùYôlTkRj§u TÏ§ 2Cp GÓjÕûWdLlThÓs[Õ.

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EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl× Gu\ôp Gu]?1967 _÷ûX 14 Bm úR§ SûPùTt\ £\l× UôSôÓ Ju±p EXL A±Üf EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl×EÚYôdLlThPÕ. ARu Ø¥ÜLs 1970 ØRp AØÛdÏ YkRÕ. 1974 ØRp Id¡V SôÓLs NûT«u £\l× ©¬YôLùNVpTPjÕYe¡VÕ. Ï±l©PjRdL Gi¦dûL«Xô] NoYúRN A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl×Ls ApXÕJlTkReLû[ LiLô¦d¡\Õ. Tô¬v Utßm ùTo² £\l× UôSôÓLs C§p APeÏm. EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUAûUl©u úSôdLeLs EXLm ØÝYÕm A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULÞdÏ TôÕLôl× YZeÏYRôÏm. Hû]V NoYúRNAûUl×LÞPu CûQkÕ NmUkRlThP SôÓL°u JjÕûZlúTôÓ ùTôÚjRUô] Øû\«p CûY AØXôdLlTÓm.

Tô¬v Utßm ùTo² £\l× UôSôÓL[ôp EßYôdLlThÓs[ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl×Ls Tô¬v AûUl©uEßl©]oL[ôp EßYôdLlThÓs[] ÕûQ JlTkReL°ûPúV JußThP ùNVpTôhûP Eß§lTÓjÕYÕm EXLA±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©u úSôdLUôÏm.

TpúYß £\l× UôSôÓL°u ̧ r EßYôdLlThP ̈ oYôLeLs ûUVlTÓjRlhÓ EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©u'NoYúRN ùNVXLj§u' ̧ r ûUVlTÓjRlThÓs[Õ. Lôl×¬ûULs, YojRL Øj§ûWLs, ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLsUtßm êXj§tLô] úUp Øû\ÂÓ úTôu\ NoYúRN Ã§«Xô] Ï±jÕ T§ÜLû[ CqYÛYXLm úUtùLôs¡\Õ.Y[Úm SôÓLÞdÏ ®iQlTeLs BúXôNû]Ls YZeÏYÕ, T«of£V°lTÕ, úRûYVô] CûQl×l Tj§WeLsTt± GÓjÕûWlTÕ úTôu\ Y[of£dLô] JjÕûZlûT EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl× ùNnÕ YÚ¡\Õ.

EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl× Utßm EXL YojRL AûUl× B¡V]Yt±tÏ CûPúV JjÕûZl×dLô]JlTkRm HtThÓ 1996 _]Y¬ 1 ØRp AØp CÚkÕ YÚ¡\Õ. êuß Ød¡V TÏ§LÞdLô] JjÕûZlTûTJlTkRm YÙßjÕ¡\Õ.

þ úR£V NhPeLs Utßm AYt±u SûPØû\Ls Ï±jR A±®l×, ùUô¯ ùTVo×Ls

þ úR£V £u]eLs TôÕLôl©tLô] SPY¥dûL ùS±Øû\Ls

þ ùRô¯p ÖhT JjÕûZl×

EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©u ØLY¬

WIPO/ 34 Chemin des Colombetters, Geneva

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CûQV R[m Gi: (Web site): www. wipo.int.

- NoYNUUô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NhPj§u ¸r ùNVpTÓUôß Eßl× SôÓLû[

"¥¬lv"JlTkRm úLhÓd ùLôs¡\Rô?

CpûX, A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs TôÕLôl©tLô] R]Õ NWjÕL°p Es[Yt±u ̧ r Ï±l©PjRdL YûWØû\LÞdÏEPuThÓ ùNVpTÓUô\ Rôu '¥¬lv' JlTkRm úLhÓd ùLôs¡\Õ.

B]ôp "¥¬lv' JlTkRj§p úLhÓd ùLôiÓs[ûR®P ªLÜm ®¬Yô] A[®tÏ TôÕLôl× A°dLjRdLNhPeLû[ Eßl× SôÓLs úRokùRÓjÕd ùLôs[Xôm. AúR úSWj§p "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NWjÕLû[ ÁßYRôLáÓRp TôÕLôl× úTôn®Pd áPôÕ.

CR]ôp Rôu "¥¬lv"JlTkRUô]Õ 'Ïû\kR ThN A[ÜLû[ ' ùLôiPÕ Guß £X úSWeL°p Yo¦dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

"¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u NWjÕLû[ ReLs ReLs ùNôkR NhP §hPeLÞdÏ EhThÓ ùTôßjRUô] Øû\«pAØXôdÏYRtLô] Ø¥ÜLû[ GÓdÏm ÑRk§WjûRÙm Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ "¥¬lv"JlTkRm áÓRXôL YZe¡Ùs[Õ.G]úY Rôu Eßl× SôÓL°u úYßThP NhP Y¥YeLû[ "¥¬lv"JlTkRm LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôiÓs[Õ.(ùTôÕf NhPj§tÏm NêL NhP TôWmT¬Vj§tÏm CûPlThP ¨ûXûV GÓjÕdLôhPôL á\Xôm)

þ Lôl×¬ûULÞdÏ LhPôV E¬Um YZeÏYûR "¥¬lv"JlTkRm AàU§d¡\Rô? E¬ûUVô[¬u Jl×RpCu± AYWÕ Lôl×¬ûUûV AWÑ ETúVô¡dLÜm LhPôV E¬Um Y[eLÜm ©¬Ü 31 AàU§d¡\Õ.

B]ôp E¬ûUVô[¬u NhP éoY ®ÚlTeLû[ TôÕLôdÏm úSôd¡Xô] TX LhÓlTôÓL°u ̧ r Rôu úUtá±Ytû\ùNnVØ¥Ùm. ERôWQj§tÏ: (AYNW ¨ûX CpXôR úTôÕ) E¬ûU úLôÚm NmUkRlThP STo ApXÕ ¨ßY]mLhPVôm ØRp Øû\VôL úLôÚTYWôL CÚdL úYiÓm. E¬ûUVô[¬u

¨VôVUô] YojRL ¨TkRû]Lû[ éoj§ ùNnÕ Rô]ôL E¬ûU ùT\ Ø¥VôR ¨ûX«p E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏ úTôÕUô]¨YôWQj ùRôûLûV YZe¡VôL úYiÓm.

LhPôV E¬U Øû\«u ̧ r Nôu\¯jÕ AàU§dLlTÓm E¬UeLÞm Ï±l©hP úRûYLû[ G§oùLôs[ úYiÓm.Ï±lTôL CÕ R² E¬ûU ùTt\RôL CÚdLdáPôÕ. EsSôhÓ NkûRdÏ ùTôÚhLû[ YZeÏYtLô] RûXVôVúSôdLj§u A¥lTûP«p ùTôÕf NhPj§u êXm AàU§dLlThPRôL CÚdL úYi¥VÕ AYN«Uô]Õ.

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þ T«o YûLLÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTP úYiÓm Guß Eßl× SôÓLû[ "¥¬lv"JlTkRm úLhÓdùLôs¡\Õ

£X YûL T«oLs Utßm ®XeÏLs LiÓ©¥lTRtLô] Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏY§ÚkÕ ReLs SôÓLÞdÏ®XdL°dÏm E¬ûU Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ YZeLlThÓs[Õ. ªLÜm Ï±lTôL T«tLs Utßm ®XeÏLsRVô¬l×dLô] LiÓ©¥lTRtÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeL úYi¥V§pûX. ÖiEßl× BnÜLÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLúYiÓm. ®XeÏLs Utßm RôYWeLs EßYôdÏYRtLô] E«¬Vp SûPØû\LÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLúYi¥V§pûX. E«¬Vp NôWôR Utßm ÖiÔ«¬Vp SûPØû\LÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeL úYiÓm.

AúR úSWj§p, Lôl×¬ûULs ApXÕ ùNVídLm ªdL Ñnù_]Ãv Øû\ (CkR Lôl×¬ûU úSôdLj§tLôLúYCmØû\ EÚYôdLlThÓs[Õ) ApXÕ Cq®WiÓm úNokR ¨ûXdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs TôÕLôl× YZeL úYiÓmGuß "¥¬lv"JlTkRm áß¡\Õ.

TÏ§ 27.3 (B)«u NWjÕLû[ JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkR SôuÏ BiÓLs L¯jÕ (ARôYÕ 1998Am Bi¥p)UßT¬ºXû] ùNnV úYiÓm Guß "¥¬lv"JlTkRm úLhÓd ùLôiÓs[Õ. ' ¥¬lv' ÏÝ CkR T¬ºXû]ûVúUtùLôs[ úYiÓm.

þ "¥¬lv"ÏÝYu TeL°l× Gu]?

"¥¬lv"ÏÝ®p EXL YojRL AûUl©u Eßl× SôÓLs Aû]jÕm ©W§¨§jÕYm ùTtßs[]. "¥¬lv"JlTkRmAØXôdLjûR LiLô¦dÏm ùTôßl× CdÏÝ®tÏ Es[Õ. úUÛm, Ï±lTôL, CqùYôlTkRj§u ¸Zô]ùTôßl×Lû[ Eßl©]oLs GqYôß LûPl©¥d¡u\]o G]lûRÙm LiLô¦d¡\Õ.

1) LiLô¦jRp:Eßl©]oLs JÚYo Utù\ôÚYÚûPV NhPeLû[ T¬ºXû] ùNnRp. JlTkRj§u ¸r Gu] SûPùTtßdùLôi¥Úd¡\Õ GuTÕ Tt±V T¬ºûXûV "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®u LiLô¦l× Øû\ûV ûUVlTÓj§ SPjR úYiÓm.

JqùYôÚ SôÓm "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u ùTôßl×LÞdÏ CûNYô] EsSôh¥p NhPjûR YÏdL úYiÓm. JlTkRj§pÏ±l©hÓs[ LôX LhPj§tÏs ùNnÕ Ø¥dL úYiÓm. ùTÚmTôXô] SôÓLs CRtÏ Ht\ôt úTôu\ NhPeLû[ùLôiÓs[].

Eßl× SôÓL°u NhPeLs "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®tÏ ùR¬VlTÓjRlTP úYiÓm. JÚYo Utù\ôÚYWÕ NhPeLû[T¬ºXû] ùNnV AàU§d¡\Õ. CRu êXm A±Üf ùNôjÕdLs TôÕLôl×d ùLôsûLLs ùY°lTûPVô]RôLEVojRlTÓ¡\Õ.

Eßl× SôÓL°u NhP HtTôÓLû[ A±dûL ùNnV úYi¥VRu AY£VjûR "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 63.2YÙßjÕ¡\Õ. "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NWjÕLû[ AØXôdLjRdL YûL«Xô] ReLs SôhÓ NhPeLs YkÕ AYt±uSûPØû\Ls Tt±V Tj§WeL°u SLpLû[ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®Pm NUo©dL úYiÓm.

ClT¥ NUo©dLlTÓm A±dûLL°u A¥lTûP«p Eßl× SôÓL°u NhPeLû[ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ T¬ºd¡\Õ.

T¬ºXû] áhPeLÞdÏ Øu× Eßl× SôÓLs JÚYo Utù\ôÚYo NhPj§u ÁÕ GÝl×m úLs®Lû[ GÝjÕY¥Yj§p '¥¬lv' ÏÝ®Pm NUo©dL úYiÓm. CRtLô] T§pLÞm GÝjÕ Y¥Yj§p YZeL úYiÓm. CûYL°uÁRô] ùRôPo úLs®Lû[ áhPj§p YônY¯VôL GÝl© AúR úTôuß T§Ûm ùT\Xôm. ARtÏ úUÛm ùRôPoSPY¥dûLLs úRûY Gu\ôp AÓjR áhPeL°p ùT\Xôm.

2) BúXôNû]Ls:"¥¬lv' ©WfNû]Lû[l Tt± '¥¬lv' JlTkRm AØpTÓjÕmúTôÕ GÝ¡u\ ©WfNû]Ls NmUkRUôL Eßl×SôÓLÞd¡ûPúV BúXôNû] SÓjÕYRtLô] AûUlTôLÜm "¥¬lv"ÏÝ §Lr¡\Õ.

JlTkRj§u NWjÕLû[ ùR°ÜTÓjR CdÏÝ ERÜ¡\Õ. AúR úTôX ©WNfû]dÏ¬VoYoL°ûPúV LÚjÕLû[T¬Uô\ ERÜm AûUlTôLÜm Es[Õ.

3) ùRô¯p ÖhT JjÕûZl×: JÚ ùNnX §hPm:ùRô¯p ÖhT JjÕûZl× NmUkRUôL "¥¬lv"ÏÝ JÚ ùNVp§hPjûR AØXôd¡ YÚ¡\Õ. "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§uTÏ§ 67Cu ̧ Zô] ReLs ùTôßl×Lû[ Y[of£VûPkR SôÓLs GlT¥ ̈ û\úYt± YÚ¡u\] Guß Cj§hPj§u¸r LiLô¦dLlTÓ¡\Õ.

ùRô¯p ÖhT JjÕûZl©u ªRô] Y[of£VûPkR SôÓL°u ùTôßl×Lû[ ClTÏ§ GÓjÕûWd¡\Õ. Y[ÚmSôÓLs úLhÓd ùLôsÞm ThNj§p AYoLÞdÏ úRûYlTÓm RLYpLs ¡ûPdLf ùNnV úYiÓm GußùNVp§hPm YÙßjÕ¡\Õ. Y[Úm SôÓL[Õ úRûYLs éoj§ ùNnVlTPô§ÚkRôp AYtû\ LiÓ©¥jÕSPY¥dûLLs úUtùLôs[ úYi¥V ùTôßlûTÙm YÙßjÕ¡\Õ.

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4) Ï±l©hP ®NVeL°u úUp T¬ºXû]Ùm úTfÑ YôojûRLÞm:

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU Tt±V TÏ§ÙPu CûQkÕs[ ùTôßl×Lû[l TtS± úUtùLôiÓ úTfÑYôojûRLsSPjÕYRtLô] AûUlTôLÜm EXL YojRL AûUl©u "¥¬lv"ÏÝ Es[Õ.

EXL YojRL AûUl©u Hû]V TÏ§LÞdÏm CqYN§ Es[Õ.

Ï±l©hP TÏ§L°p úUtùLôiÓm A©®Új§l T¦Ls ùNnV úYi¥Ùs[Õ Guß '¥¬lv' JlTkRm úLhÓdùLôiÓs[Õ. AlT¥lThP TÏ§Ls £X YÚUôß;

þ 'Jnu'dÏ ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[ E¬ûU T§Ü Utßm A±dûL A°jRp NmUkRUô] TuØû]ùNVpØû\ûVd Ï±jÕ úTfÑ YôojûR SPjR úYiÓm (TÏ§ 23.4);

þ ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[ TôÕLôl× Ï±jR NWjÕLû[ AØXôdÏYÕ ÁRô] T¬ºXû] (TÏ§ 24.2);

þ Ï±l©hP T«o ApXÕ ®XeÏLs Tt±V LiÓ©¥l©tÏ LôlT°lTRÚkÕ ®XdÏ A°dLlhÓs[RuÁÕ SôuÏ BiÓLs L¯jÕ T¬ºXû] ( TÏ§ 27.3(B));

RôY ¾oÜ SPY¥dûL«u ¸r YÚ¡\ E¬ûU Á\p CpûX Gu\ ×LôoLû[ '¥¬lv' JlTkR NWjÕLÞdÏ HtTBnÜ ùNnYRtLô] HtTôÓLÞm ùNnV úYi¥Ùs[Õ.

5) "¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u ÁRô] T¬ºXû]:JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkR IkÕ BiÓLs L¯jÕ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ AqùYôlTkRj§u ÁÕ ùTôÕYô] T¬ºXû] SPjRúYiÓm R®odL CVXôR ×§V ãr¨ûXLs HtTÓmúTôÕ AR]¥lTûP«p JlTkRjûR Uôt±VûUlTÕ Ï±jÕm§ÚjReLs ùNnYÕ Ï±jÕm EP]¥VoL T¬ºdLÜm CdÏÝ®tÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ (TÏ§þ71)

þ "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u ¸r Eßl©]oLs A±dûL A°dL úYi¥V Ød¡V ùTôßl×Ls GûY?

"¥¬lv"ÏÝ®tÏ Ï±l©hP A±dûLLû[ A°dL úYiÓm Guß EXL YojRL AûUl©u Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ"¥¬lv"JlTkRm ùTôßl×Ls

¨oQ«jÕs[Õ. Eßl©]oLs JÚYo Ut\YWÕ NhPjûR T¬ºXû] ùNnYRtÏ CqY±dûL AàU§V°d¡\Õ.AkR YûL«p CÕ ÏÝ®u Ød¡V T¦VôL §Lr¡\Õ. úUÛm Eßl©]oL[Õ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU TôÕLôl×ùLôsûLLû[ ùY°lTûPjRuûU YônkRRôL BdÏ¡\Õ.

JlTkRm AàU§jÕs[§u ¸r Eßl× SôÓLs Ï±l©hP Yônl×Lû[ RôeL[ôLúY A±®dÏm ThNj§p AÕÏ±jÕ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®tÏ A±dûL NUolÀdL úYiÓm.

A±dûLV°dLlThÓs[Ru A¥lTûP«Xô] ùTôßl×Lû[ AØXôdÏYRtLô] Y¯LôhÓRpLû[ÙmSûPØû\Lû[Ùm "¥¬lv"ÏÝ Y¥YûUjÕj RÚ¡\Õ.

"¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u êX ®NVj§u ÁRô] NhPeLs SûPØû\Ls NmUkRUôL Eßl× SôÓLs A±dûL ùNnVúYiÓm Guß '¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 63.2 ùR¬®d¡\Õ. (NhPeLs SûPØû\Ls ¡ûPdLf ùNnYRtLô]¨XûULs, Yônl×Ls, DhPjRdL ®NVeLs, AØXôdLm A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULû[ RY\ôÕ TVuTÓjÕYûRRÓlTRtLô] SPY¥dûLLs ®NVj§p CûRl©uTt\ úYiÓm).

JlTkRl TÏ§ 63.2 Cu ¸Zô] úR£V NhPeLs SûPØû\Ls Tt± A±dûL ùNnYRtLô] SûPØû\Ls Tj§WmGi IP/C/2Cp á\lThÓs[].

'¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u 1.3 Utßm 3.1 TÏ§L[ô]ûY úR£V AÔÏØû\Ls Utßm TVu ùTßTYoLs NmUkRUô]YûWVû\Lû[ RôeL[ôLúY ¨oQ«jÕd ùLôsYRtÏ AàU§«d¡u\]. AlT¥ YZeLlTÓm YûWVû\LsÏ±jÕ '¥¬lv' ÏÝ®tÏ A±dûL NUo©dL úYiÓm.

TÏ§ 1.3 Utßm 3.1Cu ¸r RVô¬dLlTÓ¡\ A±dûLLs IP/N/2 Tj§WeL°u ùRôPWôL ®²úVô¡dLlTP úYiÓm.C§p úUtùLôiÓm CÚd¡\ ©u]²jRLYpLs IP/C/W/5 Tj§Wj§p LôQd ¡ûPdL úYiÓm.

"¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 4(D)dÏ HtT JÚ Eßl× SôÓ ªLÜm úYiPlThP SôhÓ ùTôßl©ÚkÕ ®XdÏ ùT\úSÚm úTôÕ A±ÜfùNôjÕ¬ûU TôÕLôl× NmUkRlThP NoYúRN JlTkReLs êXm HRôYÕ AàáXm, NôRLm,NÛûL, ApXÕ RtLôl× úTôu\Ytû\ ùTtß AûR EXL YojRL AûUl©às ÖûZdL Øû]ÙUô]ôp AlT¥lThPJlTkReLs Ï±jÕ '¥¬lv' ÏÝ®tÏ A±dûL ùNnV úYiÓm. Ut\ Eßl× SôÓL°u Ï¥UdLÞdÏ A¨VôVmCûZdLd áPôÕ, ¿§dÏ ×\mTô] TôWThNm LôhPd áPôÕ.

úTô RVô¬l×Lû[ ALtßYRtLôL Eßl× SôÓLs JÚYo Ut\YÚdÏ ER® ùNnYRtÏ HÕYôL Eßl× SôÓLsùRôPo× ûUVeLû[ ¨ß® AYtû\l Tt±V ®YWeLû[ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®Pm NUol©dL úYiÓm GuTûR TÏ§ þ69 YÙßjÕ¡\Õ.

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AkR ùRôPo× ûUVeLs Ï±jÕ RLYpLs Tj§Wm IP/N/3 êXm ®²úVô¡dL úYiÓm. CûYLs Ï±jR TtúNodûL,§ÚjReLs, ùRôPof£Vô] T¬ºXû] B¡V]Ytû\ úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm.

JlTkRj§p R²lThP Øû\«p RWlThÓs[ A±dûL A°dL úYi¥V ùTôßl×Ls TX ùTo² Utßm úWôm£\l× UôSôhÓ NWjÕL°p CÚkÕ ùT\lThÓ '¥¬lv' JlTkRj§p Ï±l×L[ôL úNodLlThÓs[]. B]ôp AYt±uêXj§p Es[ A[®tÏ "¥¬lv"Ï±l×L°p AûY AûUdLlTP ®pûX.

"¥¬lv' ØRp áhPm 1996 ©lWY¬«p á¥V úTôÕ ClT¥lThP A±dûLLû[ YZeÏUôß Eßl× SôÓLsAû]j§tÏm úYiÓúLôs ®ÓjRÕ. Eßl× SôÓLs HtL]úY ùTo², úWôm £\l× UôSôÓL°u A¥lTûP«pA±dûLLs ùLôÓj§ÚkRôÛm "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®Pm ÁiÓm RW úLhÓd ùLôs[lThP]o.

CqY±dûL ÁRô] ©u]² RLYpLs IP/C/W/15 Tj§WeL°p ¡ûPdL úYiÓm. CqYûL A±dûLLs IP/N/5 -Tj§Wj ùRôPoLs êXm ®²úVô¡dLlTÓ¡u\].

A±dûL ùNnYRtLô] Øû\Ls Ï±jR ùRô¯pÖhT ûLl©W§ (Tj§Wm WT/TC/NOTIF/TRIPS/1)«p A±dûL ùNnYÕÏ±jR ®¬Yô] RLYpLs Es[].

ùRô¯p ÖhT JjÕûZl× NmUkRUô] ®YWeLû[ Y[of£VûPkR SôÓL°PªÚkÕ Sôm GlT¥ ùTßYÕ?

Y[Úm SôÓLs Utßm ©uRe¡V SôÓLs úLhÓd ùLôsÞm úTôÕ TWvTWm Jl×d ùLôsÞm NhP§hPeL°uA¥lTûP«p Y[of£VûPkR SôÓLs ùRô¯p ÖhTm Utßm ¨§ JjÕûZlûT YZeL úYiÓm Guß '¥¬lv'JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 67 áß¡\Õ.

CÕ ®NVUôL RÏkR RLYpLs ùTßYRtLô] Y¯YûLLû[ Eß§lTÓjR A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NmUkRlThP Õû\L°pReL[Õ ùRô¯p ÖhT JjÕûZl× Ï±jR ®NVeLû[ Y[of£VûPkR SôÓLs BiÓdÏ JÚ Øû\ '¥¬lv'ÏÝ®Pm A°dL Jl×d ùLôiÓs[]. CjRLYpLs IP/C/W Tj§Wj ùRôP¬p YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ. (CûQV R[j§uClTÏ§«p áÓRp ®YWeLs ¡ûPd¡u\])

GqYûL ùRô¯p ÖhT JjÕûZl× NmUkRlThP RLYpLû[ GqùYkR ØLY¬L°p ùT\Xôm Gu\ ¨oYôLûUVeLû[l Tt±V ®YWeLû[ A±dûL ùNnV úYiÓm.

CkR ùRôPo× ûUVeLû[d Ï±jR ®YWeLs Tj§Wm IP/N/4 Cp CûQdL úYiPm. CûYLs ÁRô] ©túNodûL,§ÚjReLs ùRôPof£Vô] T¬ºXû] B¡VYtû\ úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm.

102


CODISSIA

TôLm þ1: ùTôÕf NWjÕLÞm A¥lTûP ùLôsûLLÞmAj§VôVm þ 8TÏ§ þ 1: ùTôßl×L°u CVp×m Yônl×LÞm1. JlTkRj§u NWjÕLÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs E«W°dL úYiÓm. JlTkRj§p úLhÓd ùLôiÓs[ûR®PáÓRp TôÕLôl× RWjRdLYûL«p Eßl©]oLs ReLs NhPeLû[ SûPØû\ TÓjRXôm. B]ôp AlT¥®¬Yô]Øû\«p Rôu AØXôdL úYiÓm Guß LPûUlThPYoL[ôL CÚdL úYi¥V§pûX. Eßl× SôÓLs ReLs®ÚlTlT¥ áÓRXôL YZeÏm TôÕLôl× Øû\Ls "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NWjÕLÞdÏ ØWQôLl úTôn®Pd áPôÕ.CkR JlTkRj§u NWjÕLû[ ReLs ùNôkR NhP SûPØû\LÞdÏ EhThÓ ùTôßjRUô] Øû\«p AØXôdÏYÕÏ±jÕ Ø¥Ü GÓdL Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ ÑRk§Wm YZeLlThÓs[Õ.

2. CkR JlTkRj§tLôL TVuTÓjÕm " A±Üf ùNôjÕ " Gu\ Yôd¡VUô]Õ "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TôLmIICu 1 ØRp 7 ØRp Es[ ©¬ÜLÞdÏ NmUkRlThP GpXôYûLVô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULû[Ùm Ï±dÏm.

3. "¥¬lv" þ JlTkRj§p Eßl× SôÓLs ©\Yt±u Ï¥UdLs ®NVj§p ©uTt\ úYi¥V AàÏØû\LsTt± á±Ùs[]Yt±tÏ Eßl× SôÓLs CûNkÕ SPdL úYiÓm. (1) AúR úSWj§p Tô¬v £\l× UôSôÓ (1967)ùTo² £\l× UôSôÓ (1971) úWôm £\l× UôSôÓ Utßm Jße¡ûQkR ªu ÑtßLs ÁRô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUJlTkRm CYt±p TeúLtßs[ EXL YojRL AûUl× Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ Lôl× ùTßYRtÏ A°dLlThÓs[RÏ§Lû[ ©\ Eßl× SôhÓ SToLs, ùTt±ÚkRôúX A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU ùT\ Ø¥Ùm GuTûRÙm ×¬kÕ ùLôs[úYiÓm. (2), úSWm £\l× UôSôh¥u TÏ§ þ 5Cu 3YÕ TôWô ApXÕ TÏ§ 6Cu 2YÕ TôWô®p YZeLlThÓs[Nôj§VdáßLs Eßl× SôÓ GÕ Jußm ùTt±ÚdÏUô]ôp AYt±p Es[T¥Vô] NWjÕLû[ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®tÏA±dûL ùNnV úYiÓm.

TÏ§:2:

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU £\l× UôSôÓLs(1). '¥¬lv' JlTkRj§u TôLeLs II, III, Utßm IVdÏ U§lT°dÏm YûL«p Tô¬v £\l× UôSôh¥u(1967) 1 ØRp 12 Ø¥VÜm Utßm 19YÕ TÏ§LÞm CûQkÕ ùNVpTPXôm.

(2). Tô¬v £\l× UôSôÓ, ùTo² £\l× UôSôÓ, úWôm £\l× UôSôÓ Utßm Jße¡ûQkR ªu ÑtßLs ÁRô]A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkReL°p Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ ùTôßl×Ls GÕÜm "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TôLeLs 1 ØRpIV Ø¥V Es[]Yt±tÏ CÝdÏ HtTÓj§®PdáPôÕ.

TÏ§: 3: úR£V AÔÏØû\:(1). A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUdÏ LôlT°dÏm ®NVj§p R]Õ ùNôkR Ï¥UdLÞdÏ YZeLdá¥VRtÏ GkR YûL«ÛmÏû\VôR LôlûT Eßl× SôÓLs ©\Yt±u

Ï¥UdLÞdÏm YZeLúYiÓm. C§p ®§®XdLô] ¨XûULs Ï±jÕ Tô¬v £\l× UôSôÓ (1967) ùTo² £\l×UôSôÓ (1971), úWôm £\l× UôSôÓ ApXÕ Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßLs NôokR A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs JlTkRmB¡V]Yt±p á\lThÓs[]. LûXOoLs CûNjRhÓ RVô¬lTô[oLs, JTWl× AûUl×Ls ®NVj§p CkRlùTôßl×L[ô]ûY CqùYôlTkRj§p YZeLlThÓs[ E¬ûUL°u A¥lTûP«p UhÓúU ùTôßkRRdLûY. ùTo²£\l× UôSôÓ (1971)Cu TÏ§þ6 ApXÕ

úWôm £\l× UôSôh¥u TÏ§ 16; 1(b)Cu A¥lTûP«p ClT¥lThP Nôj§VdáßLû[ Eßl×SôÓLs HRô¡ÛmùLôiÓ CÚdÏUô]ôp Aq®TWeLû[ AûYL°p Es[T¥úV '¥¬lv' ÏÝ®tÏ A±dûLVôL A°dL úYiÓm.

(2). ¿§jÕû\ Utßm ̈ oYôLjÕû\ SPY¥dûLLs NmUkRUô] Eßl× SôÓLs ReLÞdÏ RôeLú[ ®§®XdÏLsAàU§jÕd ùLôs[jRdLYtû\ TôWôþ1 YÙßjÕ¡\Õ. úNûYdLô] ùRôPo× ØLY¬ûV ùR°YôL Ï±l©ÓYÕApXÕ Eßl©]¬u NhP GpûXLÞdÏ EhThP "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NWjÕLÞdÏ ùTôßkRjRdLRôLÜm ARàûPVNhP §hPeLÞdÏ EPuTPdá¥V]YôLÜm CÚkRôp UhÓúU AlT¥lThP ®XdÏLû[ A°dL Ø¥Ùm. AúRúSWj§p CqúYtTôÓL[ô]ûY UôßúYPj§p YkÕ YojRLjûR RûPlTÓjÕYRôL CÚdLd áPôÕ.

TÏ§:4: ªLÜm úYiPlThP SôhÓ AÔÏØû\:A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU TôÕLôl× ®NVj§p GkR JÚ NôRLØm, BRWÜm, £\l×¬ûUÙm ®§®XdÏm Eßl× SôÓHRôYÕ Juß R]Õ Ï¥UdLÞdÏ YZeÏúUVô]ôp AqÜ¬ûULs EP]¥VôL GkR®RôUô] ¨TkRû]Ùªu±©\ Eßl× SôÓL°u Ï¥UdLÞdÏm YZeLlTP úYiÓm. CkR ùTôßl©ÚkÕ ®XdÏ ùTßYRu êXm HRôYÕAàáXm, BRWÜ, £\l×¬ûU ApXÕ ®§ ®XdÏ B¡V]Ytû\ Eßl× SôÓ Juß AàU§dLXôm.

103


CODISSIA

A). ùTôÕYô] CVp©]¥lTûP«Xô] NhP AØXôdLm ApXÕ ¿§jÕû\ ER®dLô] NoYúRN JlTkRj§uêXj§ÚkÕ ùTtßYÚYRôL CqYÔÏ Øû\ CÚdL úYiÓm.

B) ùTo² £\l× UôSôÓ (1971) ApXÕ úWôm £\l× UôSh¥u NWjÕL°u ¸r NmURm ùTtß AàU§dLlTÓmúTôÕ AkR AàÏØû\Vô]Õ úR£V AÔÏØû\«p ùNVpTP Jl×dùLôs[lThPRôL CÚdLôUp NmUkRlThPUtù\ôÚ Sôh¥u AÔÏØû\dÏ Jl×d ùLôs[dá¥VRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

C) LûXOoLs, CûNRhÓ RVô¬lTô[oLs Utßm JTWl× AûUl×Ls B¡V]Yt±tÏ CqùYôlTkRj§u¸r ùLôiÓYWlTP®pûX.

D) EXL YojRL JlTkRj§u ùNVpTôÓLÞdÏ Øu]úW ùNVÛdÏ YkÕ®hP A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU TôÕLôl×NôokR NoYúRN JlTkReL°u êXj§ÚkÕ ùT\lThPRôL CÚkRôÛm AlT¥lThP JlTkReLs Ï±jÕ '¥¬lv'JlTkRj§tÏ A±dûL ùNnV úYiÓm. úUÛm Utù\ôÚ Eßl× Sôh¥u Ï¥UdLÞdÏ G§WôL ¨fNVUt\ãr¨ûXûVúVô G§oTôWôR ¨ûXûUûVúVô ¨ßYd áPôÕ.

TÏ§ þ 5: Lôl× ùTßRp LôlûT TWôU¬jRp NmUkRUô] TuØû] JlTkReLs:A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU TWôU¬l× ApXÕ Lôl× ùTßRp NmUkRUô] ®NVj§p EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©uùY°fNj§u ¸r EßYôdLlThP TuØû] JlTkRj§p YZeLlThÓs[ SûPØû\L°u Tôp TÏ§ 3 Utßm4Cu ¸Zô] ùTôßl×Lû[ ETúVô¡dLd áPôÕ.

TÏ§ þ 6: TXaÉmTÏ§ 3 Utßm 4Cu NWjÕL°u ¸r YWdá¥V RôYôdLû[ CqùYôlTkRj§u NWjÕL°u ¸r ¾ojÕûYdÏm

úSôdLj§tLôL TVuTÓjÕmúTôÕ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULû[ TXaÉlTÓjÕm ©WfNû]ûV GÓjÕû\dLCqùYôlTkRj§p Es[ GÕ Juû\Ùm TVuTÓjRdáPôÕ.

TÏ§:7: úSôdLeLs:

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULÞdÏ TôÕLôl× A°lTRu êXØm AûR SûPØû\lTÓjÕYRu êXØm ùRô¯pÖhT×Õl×û]ÜLû[ Y[ojùRÓlTûR FdLlTÓjR Ø¥¡\Õ. ùRô¯pÖhTjûR Utù\ôÚ CPj§tÏ Uôt\Üm TWYÜmùNnV Ø¥¡\Õ. CRu êXm ùRô¯p ÖhT A±ûY EtTj§Vô[oLÞm ETúVô¡lTô[oLÞm TWvTWm SuûUùTtL á¥V YûL«p TVuTÓjR Ø¥¡\Õ. úUÛm E¬ûULÞdÏm ùTôßl×LÞdÏ CûPúV NU¨ûX HtTÓjÕmLÚ®VôLÜm TVuTÓjR Ø¥¡\Õ.

TÏ§ þ 8: ùLôsûLLs:

1) Eßl× SôÓLs ReLs NhP§hPeLû[ AûUlTRtÏm §ÚjÕYRtÏUô] SPY¥dûLLs úUtùLôsÞmúTôÕ ùTôÕ ÑLôRôWjûRÙm FhPfNjÕm ¡ûPdLf ùNnYRu ÁRô] ®NVeLû[Ùm TôÕLôdÏm SPY¥dûLLû[úUtùLôsYÕ AY£VUô]Õ. ReLs NêL ùTôÚ[ôRôW ùRô¯p ÖhT Y[of£dLô] A§Ød¡VjÕYm Es[ Õû\LsÁÕ ùTôÕ UdLÞdÏ Es[ AdLûWûV áhÓYÕm, Ød¡V úSôdLUôÏm. CRtLôL úUtùLôs[lTÓm §ÚjReLÞmNhP EßYôdLeLÞm CqùYôlTkRj§u NWjÕLÞdÏ ùTôßk§«ÚdL úYiÓm.

2) JlTkRj§u NWjÕLÞPu ClT¥ ùTôßk§YWdá¥VûY A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULû[ ARu E¬ûUVô[oL[ôpRY\ôL TVuTÓjÕYûR RÓjÕ ̈ ßjÕYRôLÜm, NoYúRN ùRô¯pÖhT T¬Uôt\eLû[ LÓûUVôL Tô§dLdá¥VÕm,YojRLjûR úRûY«pXôUp LhÓlTÓjRdá¥VÕm B] ùNVpLÞdÏ AûPdLXm A°lTûR RÓjÕ¨ßjRdá¥VRôLÜm CÚlTRtLô] RdL SPY¥dûLLû[ úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm.

104


CODISSIA

TôLm þ 2: A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUL°u úSôdLm, ¡ûPl×¨ûX Utßm TVuNôokR RW ¨oQ«l×Ls.

Aj§VôVm þ 9©¬Ü þ1 Lôl×¬ûUÙm AÕ NôokR E¬ûULÞm:

TÏ§ þ 9 ùTo² £\l× UôSôhÓP]ô] E\Ü ¨ûX:1). Eßl× SôÓL[ô]ûY ùTo² £\l× UôSôh¥u (1971) 1 ØRp 21 Ø¥V Es[ TÏ§LÞdÏm ©túNodûLdÏmùTôßk§ ùLôs[jRdLûY. AúR úSWj§p CkR £\l× UôSôh¥u TÏ§ : 6 bisCu ¸r Eß§lTÓjlThPApXÕ AûR êXUôLd ùLôiÓ ùT\lThP E¬ûULs B¡VY]Yt±u A¥lTûP«p "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u ¸rE¬ûULû[úVô, ùTôßl×Lû[úVô ùTt±ÚdL Ø¥VôÕ.

2). T§l×¬ûULû[l ùTôßjRYûW, NmUkRlThP ®NVjûR ùY°lTÓjÕm §\àdÏjRôu TôÕLôl× YZeLúYiÓm. GiQeLs, ùNVpØû\Ls CVdÏYRtLô] JÝeÏØû\Ls ApXÕ L¦R®Vp ãj§WeLsúTôu\Yt±tÏ TôÕLôl× YZeL úYi¥V§pûX.

TÏ§ þ 10: L¦² §hP YûWÜLs Utßm úRokùRÓdLlThP ®YWjùRôÏl×Ls:1). ùTo² £\l× UôSôÓ (1971) ¸r CXd¡V TûPl×LÞdÏ YZeLlTÓ¡\Õ úTôu\ TôÕLôlûT L¦² §hPYûWÜLÞdÏ AûYLs êXY¥®ÚkRôÛm úSôdLj§u Ï±Y¥®kRôÛm YZeL úYiÓm.

2) úRokùRÓdLlThP ®YWj ùRôÏl×Ls ApXÕ ©\ ®YWeLs AûYLs Gk§WeL[ôp T¥jR±VjRdL Y¥®úXôApXÕ úYß Y¥®úXô CÚkRôÛm AYt±u úRoÜf£\l× ¨ûX LôWQUôL ApXÕ AYt±u NôWmAûUdLlThÓs[ ®Rm LôWQUôL A±ÜéoYUô] TûPlTôLd LÚRlThÓ TôÕLôl× ùT\jRdLRô¡\Õ. AúRúSWj§p AjùRôÏl©às Es[ R²jR² ®YWeLs Utßm TÏ§LÞdÏ TôÕLôlûT ®¬ÜTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ. AkR®YWeLs ApXÕ ùTôÚsLÞdÏ CÚd¡\ T§l×¬ûUûV Tô§dLôUÛm TôojÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

TÏ§: II: YôPûL E¬ûU:Eßl× SôÓL[ô]ûY Ïû\kRThNm L¦² §hP YûWÜLs Utßm £²Uô ¡Wô©dv T¦LÞdÏ AYt±uTûPlTô°Ls Utßm AYoL[Õ ùRôPo E¬ûUVô[oLÞdÏ ReL[Õ TûPl×Lû[ YojRL Ã§«p ùTôÕ UdLÞdÏêXY¥®úXô ©W§ùVÓlTRtLô] T§l×¬ûU Y¥®úXô YôPûLdÏ ®ÓYRtÏm ApXÕ AàU§«u± Ut\YoLsRY\ôL TVuTÓjÕYûR RÓlTRtÏm HtTôÓLs ùNnV úYiÓm. £²Uô¡Wô©d T¦LÞdÏ YôPûL LôlT°dLúYi¥V ùTôßl©ÚkÕ JÚ Eßl× SôÓ ®XdÏ ùT\Xôm. NmUkRlThP

TûPl©u B£¬Vo Utßm RûXl©u ¡r YÚ¡\ ùRôPo E¬ûUVô[o B¡úVô¬u R²f£\lTô] E¬ûUûVúNRlTÓjÕ¡\ YûL«p AYoLÞdÏ Uß RVô¬l× SPlTûR RÓlTRtÏ Eßl×SôÓ AYoLÞdÏ Eß§lTÓj§dùLôÓjÕs[RtÏ Uô\ôL ùT¬V A[®tÏ ©W§ùVÓdÏm ùNVp SûPùT\ôUÚkRôp UhÓúU CkR ®XdÏùT\Ø¥Ùm. L¦² §hP YûWÜLû[l ùTôßjRYûW YôPûL ®NVj§p L¦²«u §hP YûW®u Esú[CÚdÏm ®NVeLs YôPûLdÏ ®ÓYRtLô] AY£VUô] ®NVeLû[ Es[PdLôRRôL CÚdûL«p CjRÏ ùTôßlûTHtßd ùLôs[ úYi¥V§pûX.

TÏ§:12: TôÕLôl©u LôXm:JÚ TûPl©u TôÕLôl× LôXjûR GlúTôÕ LQd¡P úYi¥YÚ¡\úRô, AlúTôÕ ARu TûPlTô°«uCVtûLVô] E«oYôÝm LôXm LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. Lôl× NmUkRUô] A§LôWéoY ùY°ÂÓYkR SôhLôh¥ Bi¥u Ø¥®ÚkÕ 50 BiÓLÞdÏ Ïû\VôUp AkR LôX LhPm CÚdLdáÓm ApXÕAlT¥lThP TûPl× EßYô]§ÚkÕ 50 BiÓLÞdÏs A§LôWéoY ùY°ÂÓ YWô®hPôp, AkR TûPl×EÚYô] SôhLôh¥ Bi¥u Ø¥®ÚkÕ 50 BiÓLs LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôs[lTÓm.

TÏ§: 13: CXÏTÓjÕYÕm ®XdL°lTÕm:E¬ûU ûYjÕs[Y¬u NhPéoY ®ÚlTeLû[ úRûY«pXôR YûL«p Tô§dLôR Utßm NôRôWQUô] TVuTôhÓPuØWiTPôR, Ï±l©PjRdL R² YûL ùNVpTôÓLÞdÏ R² E¬ûULs YZeÏYRtLô] ùTôßl×L°ÚkÕ Eßl×SôÓLs ®XdÏ ùT\Xôm ApXÕ YûWVû\ ¨oQ«jÕ ùNVpTPXôm.

TÏ§:14: LûXOoLs, CûNjRhÓ RVô¬lTô[oLs (JlT§ÜLs) Utßm JTWl×AûUl×LÞdLô] TôÕLôl×:1). CûNdLûXOoL°u Ae¸LôWjûRl ùT\ôUp AYoL[Õ CûN ÁhPpLû[úVô ÏWp JLû[úVô

105


CODISSIA

CûNjRh¥p T§lTûR RÓjÕ ̈ ßjÕYRtLô] E¬ûULû[ Eßl× SôÓLs YZeL úYiÓm. CqûYûL«p ̧ rLiPE¬ûU ÁWpLs SûPùT\ Yônl×s[Õ. LûXOoL°u T§Ü ùNnVlTPôR LûXY¥YeLû[ A§LôWéoYUt\Øû\«p T§Ü ùNnYÕm Uß EtTj§ ùNnYÕm E¬ûUÁWpL[ôÏm. ReL[Õ AàU§«u± SûPùTßm ¸rLiPYûL«Xô] ùNVpLû[ RÓjÕ ̈ ßjÕYR\Lo] E¬ûU LûXOoLÞdÏ Es[Õ: LûXOoL[Õ ̈ Lrf£Lû[ Yôù]ôùRô¯p ÖhTj§u êXm JTWl×YûRÙm ùTôÕUdLÞdÏ GÓjÕf ùNpYûRÙm RÓdÏm E¬ûU LûXOoLÞdÏEs[Õ.

2). CûNjRhÓ RVô¬lTô[oLs ReL[Õ CûNjRhÓLû[ úSW¥VôLúYô, Uû\ØLUôLúYô Ut\YoLs Uß EtTj§ùNnYûR RÓdLÜm E¬ûUTûPjRYoLs. A§LôW éoYUôL AàU§dLÜm E¬ûU TûPjRYoLs.

3. ReL[Õ AàU§«pXôUp úUtùLôs[lTÓm ̧ rLiP SPY¥dûLLû[ RÓjÕ ̈ ßjÕm E¬ûU TûPjRûYJTWl× AûUl×Ls: T§Ü ùNnRp, T§Ü ùNnRûR UßT¥Ùm ùY°«ÓRp, Yôù]ô ùRô¯pÖhTm úTôu\Yt±uêXm AYtû\ UßJTWl× ùNnV ØVt£jRp B¡V]Ytû\ RÓdL E¬ûU Es[Õ. ùRôûXdLôh£J°TWl×Lû[Ùm CúR úTôX SûPØû\lTÓjR E¬ûU Es[Õ. AlT¥lThP E¬ûULû[ JTWl× AûUl×LÞdÏEßl×SôÓLs YZeLôR ¨ûX«p ùTo² £\l× UôSôÓ (1971)Cu NWjÕLÞdÏ EhThÓ T§l×¬ûU NWjÕL°uA¥lTûP«p AlT¥lThP JTWl×Lû[ RÓjÕ ¨ßYjÕYRtLô] HtTôÓLs ùNnVXôm.

4. TÏ§ þ11 Cu L¦² §hPYûWÜLÞdÏ A°dLlThÓs[ NWjÕLû[ CûNjRhÓ RVô¬lTô[oLÞdÏmAY£VUô] §ÚjReLs ùNnÕ ùTôßjRXôm. Eßl× SôÓL°u NhPj§u ¸r CûNjRhÓ E¬ûUûYj§ÚlTYoLÞdÏm ùTôßjRXôm. 1994 HlWp 15Bm úR§Vuß GkR JÚ Eßl×SôPôYÕ CûNjRhÓ YôPûLNmUkRUôL ARu ÁÕ E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTYoLÞdÏ NUUô] ùYÏU§ ¡ûPlTRtLô] Øû\ûVAØpTÓj§«ÚdÏúUùV²p CûNjRhÓLû[ YojRL Ã§«p YôPûLdÏ ®Óm AlT¥lThP Øû\ûV AúRúTôX ùRôPWXôm. AkR HtTôh¥p Uß EtTj§dÏ B] R² E¬ûUûV ûYj§ÚdÏm E¬ûUVô[oLÞdÏ ùTôÚsÃ§«p úNRm HtTÓjÕYRtÏm Y¯úVtTÓjRôUp TôojÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

5. LûXOoLs Utßm CûNjRhÓ RVô¬lTô[oLÞdÏ Ïû\kR ThNm AkR TûPl× Eß§lTÓjRlThP ApXÕTûPl× ¨LrjRlThP SôhLôh¥ Bi¥p CÚkÕ 50 BiÓLÞdLôYÕ LQd¡hÓ CqùYôlTkRj§u ¸rTôÕLôl©tLô] LôX ̈ oQVm ùNnVlTP úYiÓm. TôWô 3Cu ùRôPof£VôL YZeLlTÓm TôÕLôlTô]Õ Ïû\kRThNm 20 BiÓLÞdÏ CÚdLjRdLÕ. ARôYÕ JTWl× úUtùLôs[lThP SôhLôh¥ YÚPj§u LûP£«ÚkÕ20 BiÓLs.

6. TôWôdLs 1, 2, Utßm 3Cu ̧ r T§Ü ùNnVlThP E¬ûULs ®NVj§p GkR JÚ Eßl× SôÓm ̈ TkRû]Ls,A[ÜLs, ®XdÏLs Utßm JÕd¸ÓLû[ ̈ oQ«dÏmúTôÕ úWôm £\l× UôSôÓ AàU§jÕs[ A[®tÏs CÚdLúYiÓm. AúR úSWj§p CûNjRhÓL°p LûXOoLÞdÏm CûNjÕhÓ RVô¬lTô[oLÞdÏ E¬ûULs YZeÏm®NVj§p ùTo² N±l× UôSôh¥u (1971) TÏ§ 18 Cu NWjÕLû[Ùm ùTôßj§PXôm.

©¬Ü þ 2: YojRL Øj§ûWLs

TÏ§ þ 15: TôÕLôdLjRdL êX ®NVeLsJÚ ¨ßY]j§u ùTôÚs ApXÕ úNûYûV Cuù]ôÚ ¨ßYj§àûPV§ÚkÕ úYßTÓj§d LôhPdá¥VRôLCÚd¡\ GkR JÚ Ï± ApXÕ Ï±L°u LXûYVô]Õ ARu RuûU JÚ YojRL Øj§ûWVôL ¨ûX¨ßj§uùLôsÞm §\uTûPjRRôÏm. AlT¥lThP Ï±Ls, ùNôkRl ùTVoLs Es°hP Ï±l©hP YôojûRL[ôLÜm,GÝjÕL[ôLÜm, GiL[ôLÜm, EÚYeL[ôLÜm, YiQd LXûYL[ôLÜm CÚdLXôm. Ï±L°u LXûYLû[lùTôßjRYûW«Ûm úUtLiPYûL«p EQojRjRdL RÏ§ GkR Ï±ÂÓLÞdÏ CVpTôLúY CpXô§Úd¡\úRôAlúTôÕ AYt±û] ETúVôLj§p ®hP ©u]ôp AûY ©¬jÕû\jRdL §\û] GkR A[®tÏ ùY°lTÓjÕ¡\ÕGuTRu A¥lTûP«p

Eßl× SôÓLs T§Ü ùNnVXôm. Ï±L[ô]ûY Lôh£ Y¥Yj§p ©¬jÕlTôojR±VjRdLRôL CÚdL úYiÓmGuTûR T§ÜdLô] ¨TkRû]LVôL Eßl× SôÓLs úLôWXôm.

2). JÚ Eßl× SôÓ YojRL Øj§ûW T§ûY úYß A¥jR[eL°ÚkÕ UßlTûR RÓlTRtÏ TôWô þ 1 Es[ÕGuß RY\ôL ×¬kÕ ùLôs[dáPôÕ. A§p á\lThÓs[ûY Tô¬v £\l× UôSôh¥u NWjÕLÞdÏ CÝdÏHtTÓj§®Pd áPôÕ.

3). Eßl× SôÓLs TVuTôh¥]¥lTûP«p T§ûX YZeLXôm. AúR úSWj§p T§ÜdLô] ®iQlTm éoj§ùNnYRtÏ YojRL Øj§ûW«u SûPØû\ ETúVôLm GuTûR JÚ ¨TkRû]VôL ØuûYdL úYi¥V§pûX.®iQl©dLlThÓ êuß BiÓLs L¯kÕ LôXôY§Vô] ©u]ôÛm ETúVôL Y¥®Xô] ùNVp úSôdLm¨û\úYt\lTP®pûX GuTRtLôL UhÓúU JÚ ®iQlTm ¨WôL¬dLlThÓ ®PXôLÕ.

4). JÚ YojRL Øj§ûW ETúVô¡dLlTÓ¡\ ùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYLs ùTh¥dÏs AûPdLlTh¥Úd¡\CVpúTôÓ CÚlTRu êXm AÕúY YojRL Øj§ûW T§Ü ùTßYRtÏ RûPVôLl úTôn®PdáPôÕ.

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5). NmUkRlhP YojRL Øj§ûW T§Ü ùNnYRtÏ Øu]úWô ApXÕ E¬VLôXj§p T§Ü B¡«ÚkR ©u]úWôAYtû\ Eßl× SôÓLs ùY°«P úYiÓm. ARu êXm úUtT¥ T§ûY WjÕ ùNnVdúLôÚm ®iQlTeLsùNnYRtÏ ¨VôVUô] YônlûT YZeL úYiÓm.

TÏ§:16: 1) E¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§ùT\ôUp êu\ôYÕ STo JÚYo AkR E¬ûUVô[¬u YojRL Ï± AûPVô[jûRARàûPV Y¥Yj§úXô ApXÕ AkR YojRL Øj§ûW T§Ü ùNnVlThÓs[Yt±tÏ JjR ApXÕ ØÝYÕ JjRùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYLÞdÏ TVuTÓjÕYÕ JúW Uô§¬VôL CÚd¡u\] Gu\ ÏZlTjûR HtTÓjÕm. G]úYAàU§ ùT\ôR AlT¥lThP ETúVôjûR RÓjÕ ¨ßjÕYRtLô] R²f£\l× E¬ûUûV T§Ü ùNnVlThÓs[YojRL Øj§ûW E¬ûUVô[o ùT\Xôm. úUtLiPYûL«p ®Y¬dLlThÓs[ E¬ûUL[ô]ûY Øuà¬ûUùTt±ÚdÏm E¬ûULs GYtû\Ùm Tô§jÕ®PdáPôÕ. ETúVôLj§u A¥lTûP«p Eßl× SôÓLs E¬ûULsHtTÓjÕYRtLô] Yônl×Lû[Ùm Tô§jÕ®PdáPôÕ.

2) Tô¬v £\l× UôSôh¥u (1967) TÏ§ 6bis úNûYLÞdÏ ùTôßkRjRdLÕ (AYN«Uô] §ÚjReLs ùNnÕ) JÚYojRL Øj§ûW ªLÜm ©WTXôUô¡Ùs[Õ GuTûR Ï±jÕ JÚ Ø¥ÜdÏ YÚYRtÏ ùTôÕUdL°u ùTôßjRUô]TÏ§«p NmUkRlTh YojRL Øj§ûWdÏ Es[ T¬f£VjûRd LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. AúR úTôXNmTkRlThP Eßl× Sôh¥p úUtT¥ YojRL Øj§ûWûV ®Új§ ùNnÙm SPY¥dûL«p AÕ Dh¥Ùs[T¬fNVjûRÙm LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

3) GkR ùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYLÞdÏ YojRL Øj§ûW T§Ü ùNnVlThÓs[úRô AûYLû[lúTôXpXôR]Yt±tÏ Tô¬v £\l× UôSôh¥u (1967) TÏ§ 6 bis Cû] AY£VUô] §ÚjReLs ùNnÕ TVuTÓjRØ¥Ùm. YojRL Øj§ûWûV AlT¥ ùNnÙm úTôÕ T§Ü ùNnVlThP YojRL Øj§ûW«u E¬ûUVô[oLÞdÏA°dLlThÓs[ SXuLs Tô§dLlTP Yônl× Es[Õ. G]úY AlT¥ ETúVôLlTÓjÕYRtÏ AàU§lTô]ÕE¬ûUVô[Wôp AkR YojRL Øj§ûW GkR ùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYLÞdÏ T§Ü ùNnVlThÓs[úRô ARtÏmAkR YojRL Øj§ûWûV TVuTÓj§ AàU§dLThÓs[ ùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYLÞdÏm CûPúV Es[ùRôPoûT GÓjÕûWlTRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.

TÏ§:17: ®§®XdÏLs:YojRL Øj§ûW T§®u êXm Eß§lThÓs[ E¬ûULÞdÏ YûWVßdLlhP ®§®XdÏLû[ Eßl× SôÓLsYZeLXôm. YoQû] Yôd¡VeLû[ Øû\VôLl TVuTÓjÕYÕ ®NVj§p ®§®XdÏLs YZeÏYRtLô] HtTôÓLsùNnÙm úTôÕ YojRL Øj§ûW«u E¬ûUVô[o Utßm NmUkRlThP êu\ôYÕ STo B¡úVô¬u NhPéoY SXuLû[LÚj§p ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

TÏ§:18: TôÕLôl©tLô] LôXm:ÕYdL T§®u úTôÕm JqùYôÚ ×Õl©l× T§®u úTôÕm YojRL Øj§ûWdÏ Ïû\kR ThNm HÝ BiÓ Lôl×YZeLXôm. YojRL Øj§ûW T§Yô]Õ LôXYûWVt\ YûL«p ×Õl©dLjRdLÕ.

TÏ§:19: TVuTôh¥u úRûY:1). T§ûY TWôU¬lTRtLôL UhÓúU TVuTôh¥p CÚd¡\Õ G²p, AlT¥lThP ETúVôLj§tÏ Es[ £WUeLû[lTt±V N¬Vô] LôWQeLû[ NmUkRlThP YojRL Øj§ûW E¬ûUVô[o LôhP úYiÓm. AlT¥úV CpXô®hPôÛmGkR®RUô] RûPLÞm CpXôUp êuß BiÓ LôXm TVuTÓjRlTPôUdÏmúTôÕ UhÓúU ARtÏ A°dLlThPT§ûY WjÕ ùNnV Ø¥Ùm. YojRL Øj§ûW«u E¬ûUVô[¬u ®ÚlT§tÏ HtT Ru²fûNVô] ãr¨ûX EÚYôd¡ARôYÕ C\dÏU§ LhÓlTôÓLs AkR Øj§ûWLs ETúVô¡dLlTÓm ùTôÚsLs úNûYLs úUp ®§dLlTPXômApXÕ AWÑúRûYLÞdLôL AûYLs ÁÕ LhÓlTôÓ ®§dLlTPXôm. AlT¥lThP ̈ ûX«p AûR ETúVôLj§pCpXôUÚlTRtLô] HtLjRdL LôWQUôL ùLôs[Xôm.

2). E¬ûUVô[¬u LhÓlTôh¥tÏ EhThP YûL«p AYWÕ YojRL Øj§ûWûV úYù\ôÚYo TVuTÓjÕYûRYojRL Øj§ûW ùRôPokÕ SûPØû\lTÓ¡\Õ Guß LÚRjRdLRôLd ùLôs[Xôm.

TÏ§ þ 20 : ©\ úRûYLs£\l× LôWQeL°u ùTV¬p YojRLj§p ETúVôLj§Ûs[ YojRL Øj§ûWûV BWôVUp RûP ùNnVdáPôÕ.YojRL Øj§ûWLs ©\YtßPu úNokÕ TVuTÓjÕYÕ, ©WjúVLUô] Y¥®p TVuTÓjÕYÕ Utßm JÚ ̈ ßY]j§uùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYLÞdÏ YZeLlThÓs[ YojRL Øj§ûW Utù\ôÚ ̈ ßY]j§u ùTôÚsLs úNûYLû[úYßTÓj§d LôhPd á¥V YûUdÏ úLÓ ®û[®dLd á¥V YûL«Xô] SPY¥dûLLs B¡V]úUtLiPYûL«p RûPùNnV áPôÕ. YojRL Øj§ûWûV GÓjÕs[ ¨ßY]m ùTôÚsLû[Ùm úNûYLû[Ùm©¬jÕ AûPVô[m LôhÓ¡\ YojRL Øj§ûW«u úUp úLs® GÝkÕs[ ¨ûX«p ARú]ôÓ ùRôPo×CpXô®hPôÛm Ak¨ßY]m EtTj§ ùNn¡\ ùTôÚsLs úNûYLÞdÏ TVuTÓjÕmúTôÕ AjRûLV YojRLØj§ûWûV TVuTÓjÕYRtLôL YZeLlThÓs[ Y¯YûLLû[ ®Xd¡ ®ÓYRt¡pûX.

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TÏ§ þ 2: E¬ûUdÏ CûNÜm JlTûPl×m:YojRL Øj§ûWLs ÁRô] E¬ûULs Utßm JlTûPl×Ls NmUkRUô] ̈ TkRû]Lû[ Eßl× SôÓLs EÚYôdLXôm.YojRL Øj§ûWdÏ LhPôV E¬Um YZeÏYÕ AàU§dLlTPUôhPÕ GuTûR Eßl× SôÓ ×¬kÕ ùLôs[ úYiÓm.AúR úSWj§p YojRL Øj§ûW«u E¬ûUVô[o AkR YojRL Øj§ûWûV JÚYÚdÏ AkR YojRL Øj§ûWÙPuNmUkRlThÓs[ûY Aû]jÕPú]ô ApXÕ R²VôLúYô JlTûPdL E¬ûU ùT\jRdLYWôYôo.

©¬Ü:3: ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLs:

TÏ§:22: ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLÞdÏ TôÕLôl×1) CkR JlTkRj§u úSôdLj§tLô] ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLs Eßl× SôÓ Ju±u úR£V GpûXdÏhThPêX CPUôL CÚlTûR GÓjÕdLôhÓm Ï±VûPVô[UôL CÚd¡u\]. AkR Sôh¥u Ï±l©hP UiPXm ApXÕTÏ§ûV AûPVô[m EQojÕYRôL CÚdLXôm. AlT¥lThP ¨ûX«p AkR ùTôÚ°u RWm, SuU§l× ApXÕ©\ ÏQeLs ×®«Vp êX CPj§u £\lûT ùY°lTÓjRdá¥V YûL«p Ruàs ùLôi¥ÚdL úYi¥VÕAY£VUô]Õ.

2). ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[j§u ®NVj§p ARtLô] LôlûT G§oúSôdÏm SToL°u NhPéoY ®ÚlTeLû[éoj§ ùNnYRtLô] Y¯YûLLû[ Eßl× SôÓLs YÏdLXôm:

A) NmUkRlThP JÚ ùTôÚ°u A±ØLm ApXÕ ̈ VUjûR GkR JÚ Y¥Yj§XôYÕ TVuTÓjÕYÕ £dLûXHtTÓjÕm. úLs®dÏ±V ùTôÚs Ï±l©Ó¡\ ApXÕ ØuûYd¡\ ×®«Vp TÏ§ JÚúYû[ EiûUVô]êXlTÏ§dÏ AlTôtThPRôL CÚdLXôm. AlúTôÕ ùTôÕUdLû[ EiûUVô] ùTôÚ°u ×®«Vp êXjR]jûRlúTôuß LÚRm T¥ RY\ôL AÕ Y¯LôhÓm YûL«p AûUkÕ ®Óm;

B) Tô¬v £\l× UôSôh¥u TÏ§ 10bisCu AojRj§tÏ EhThÓ TôodÏmúTôÕ GkR JÚ ×®«pÏ±VûPVô[UôYÕ Øû\Vt\ úTôh¥ûV EßYôdÏm YûL«p TVuTÓjRlTÓYÕ ¨ì©dLlTÓm úTôÕNmUkRlThPYoL[Õ NhP E¬ûULû[ Eßl× SôÓLs TôÕLôdL LPûUlThÓs[].

3) JÚ ùTôÚÞdÏ ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[jûR YojRL Øj§ûWVôL T§dÏm úTôÕ NmUkRlThP ×®«VpTÏ§ NmUkRlThP ùTôÚÞdÏ êX CPUôL CpXôR úTôÕ AkRl ùTôÚÞdLô] ×®«Vp Ï± AûPVô[mNôokR YojRL Øj§ûW T§ûY JÚ Eßl× SôÓ ¨WôL¬dLúYô ApXÕ WjúRô ùNnVXôm. AkR Eßl× Sôh¥pAlT¥lThP Ï±VûPVô[jûR GlT¥lThP JÚ ùTôÚsLÞdLôYÕ Ï±VûPVô[UôL ETúVô¡dÏm úTôÕÏ±VûPVô[j§u CVtûL êXCPm AÕRôu Guß SmTf ùNnÕ®Óm.

4) úYù\ôÚ Bh£ GpûXdÏhThP CPjûR êXCPUôL ùLôiÓ Es[ ùTôÚÞdÏ Es[ E¬ûUûV(Utù\ôÚYo R]Õ) ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[UôL RYWôL ©W§¨§jÕYlTÓjÕYRtÏ G§WôL 1, 2 Utßm 3YÕ TôWôdL°pEs[ TôÕLôl× HtTôÓLû[ ùTôßjRXôm.

TÏ§: 23: Jnu Utßm NôWôVj§tLô] ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLÞdÏ Es[ áÓRp TôÕLôl×:1) ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[lTÓjRlThÓs[ CPjûR êX CPUôL ùLôs[ôR Jnu ApXÕ ×®«pÏ±VûPVô[lTÓjRlThÓs[ CPjûR êX CPUôL ùLôs[ôR NôWôVj§tÏ AûPVô[lTÓjRlThÓs[ ×®«VpÏ±VûPVô[jûR TVuTÓjÕYRtLô] E¬ûUûV ReLÞdÏ JÕd¡j RÚUôß úLôÚTYoLÞdÏ úTôÕUô] NhPHtTôÓLû[ Eßl× SôÓLs ùNnÕ RW úYiÓm. JÚúYû[ ùTôÚ°u EiûUVô] êX CPjûRAûPVô[lTÓjRlThÓm ApXÕ ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[m ùUô¯ùTVodLlThP ¨ûX«p ETúVôLlTÓjRlThÓmApXÕ "úTôu\" "Y¥Yô]", YûLVô], JjRÕ Gu\ Y¥®p ùY°lTÓjRlTh¥ÚkRôÛm úUtT¥ HtTôÓLû[ùNnÕ RW úYiÓm.

2) ×®«p Ï±ÂÓLû[ AûPVô[lTÓjÕYRôL BLlTh¥Úd¡\ ApXÕ AqYûPVô[jûR ùLôi¥Úd¡\Jnu YûLLs ×®«p Ï±ÂÓLû[ AûPVô[lTÓjÕYRôL BLlTh¥Úd¡\ ApXÕ ùLôi¥Úd¡\ NôWôV YûLLsB¡V]Yt±tLô] T§ûY AÛYXLm NôoTô]YoL[ôp WjÕ ùNnVlTPXôm ApXÕ ¨WôL¬dLXôm. CkR CPjûRêXUôL ùLôi¥WôR Jnu ApXÕ NôWôV YûLLû[ Eßl× SôÓL°u NhPeL°u ¸r ApXÕ CÕ ®NVj§p®ÚlTØs[ STo úLhÓd ùLôsYRu A¥lTûP«p úUtLiPYôß WjÕ ApXÕ ¨WôL¬dLf ùNnVXôm.

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CODISSIA

3) ×®V«p Ï±VûPVô[jûR ùLôiÓs[ JnuLs ®NVj§p JqùYôÚ Ï±dÏm TôÕLôl× YZeLjRdLÕ.TÏ§ 22Cu 4YÕ TôWô®p CRtLô] NWjÕLs Es[]. úLs®dÏ¬V ×®«pÏ±VûPVô[jûRl ùTôßjRYûWEßl× SôÓLs JqùYôußm ReLÞdÏs[ô] úYßTôÓLû[ GÓjÕûWdÏm YûL«p ùNnpØû\ Y¥YeLû[EÚYôdL úYiÓm. EtTj§ ÖLoYô[oLÞdÏ RY\ôL Y¯Lôh¥®PdáPôÕ.

4) J«uLÞdÏ B] ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLÞdÏ Es[ TôÕLôl× Øû\Lû[ G°RôdÏYRtLô] ®NVj§pARtLô] úTfÑYôojûRLû[ '¥¬lv' ÏÝ®u ¸r SPj§PXôm. ARuêXm AkR úTfÑYôojûRL°p TeúLt\SôÓL°p Jnu YûLLÞdÏ ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLs T§Ü ùNnYRtÏm A±dûL ùNnYRtÏm B] TuØû]JlTkRjûR HtTÓjRXôm

TÏ§: 24: NoYúRN úTfÑ YôojûRLs: ®§®XdÏLs:1) TÏ§ 23Cu ̧ r R²lThP ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLû[ TôÕLôlTRtLô] áÓRp HtTôÓLû[ ùNnÙm úSôdLj§Xô]úTfÑ YôojûRL°u ¸r YW Eßl× SôÓLs Jl×d ùLôs[ úYiÓm. úTfÑ YôojûRLs SPj§ ARu Ø¥YôLTWvTW ApXÕ TuØû] JlTkRm HtTÓYûR RÓdL TôWôdLs 4 ØRp 8 Ø¥V Es[Yt±u NWjÕLû[ Eßl×SôÓLs TVuTÓjRdáPôÕ. R²lThP ×®«Vp Ï± AûPVô[eLû[ TVuTÓjÕYÕ NmUkRUôL SûPùTßmCkRl úTfÑ YôojûRL°p úUtÏ±l©hP NWjÕLû[ R²lThP ×®«p Ï± AûPVô[eLÞdÏ ùRôPokÕTVuTÓjÕYÕ Ï±jÕ BúXô£dL Eßl× SôÓLs ØuYW úYiÓm.

2). CkR ©¬®u NWjÕLû[ AØXôdÏYûR R]Õ T¬ºXû]«u ̧ r '¥¬lv' ÏÝ ûYjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. EXLYojRL AûUl× JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkR CWiÓ BiÓLÞdÏs ClT¥lThP ØRp T¬ºXû] SûPùT\jRdLÕ.CkR NWjÕL°u ¸Zô] ùTôßl×Lú[ôÓ CQe¡lúTôYûR Tô§dLdá¥V ®NVeLs "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®u LY]j§tÏùLôiÓ ùNpXjRdLÕ. CÕ ®NVUôL Eßl× SôÓ Juß Utù\ôuÓPú]ô Ut\ûYLÞPú]ô úTfÑYôojûRLsSPj§PXôm. Eßl× SôÓLÞPu TWvTWm ApXÕ TuØû] BúXôNû]Lû[ SPj§Ùm §Úl§Vô] ¾oÜ LôQØ¥VôR ¨ûX«p úUtÏ±l©hPYôß "¥¬lv"ÏÝYô]Õ SPY¥dûL GÓdLXôm. ARu êXm CkRl ©¬®uúSôdLeLs A©®Új§ ùNnVlTÓYRtÏm SûPØû\ûV G°RôdÏYRtÏUô] Jl×RûX HtTÓjRXôm.

3) CkRl ©¬ûY AØXôdÏmúTôÕ EXL YojRL AûUl©u JlTkRm AØXôdLm ÕYeÏmúTôÕ AkRSôh¥p AØp CÚkR ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[j§tLô] TôÕLôlûT Jnu YûLLÞdÏm NôWôV YûLLÞdÏmTVuTÓjRlTÓm ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLû[ NmUkRlThP Eßl× Sôh¥u Ï¥ UdLú[ô ApXÕ AkR Sôh¥pùRôPokÕ YôÝm JÚYúWô ùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYLÞdÏ NmUkRlThP Jnu YûLLÞdLô]Ï±VûPVô[j§û]l úTôuú\ ùRôPokÕ TVuTÓjÕYûR Eßl× SôÓLs RÓdL úYi¥VûRl Tt± CkRl ©¬®pGÕÜm úLhÓd ùLôs[lTP®pûX. AúR úSWj§p (A) 1994 HlWp 15ÚkÕ Ïû\kR ThNm 10 BiÓLs, ApXÕ(B) ¨oQ«dLlThP SôÞdÏ ØkûRV úR§ YûW SuSm©dûL«u A¥lTûP«p úUtT¥ ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[TVuTôÓ ùRôPWXôm.

5) Su]m©dûL«u A¥lTûP«p JÚ YojRL Øj§ûW T§ÜdLôL ®iQl©dLlTh¥ÚdLXôm ApXÕT§Ü ùNnVlTh¥ÚdLXôm. YojRL Øj§ûWdLô] E¬ûULs ùRôPo ETúVôLm êXm Su]m©dûL«u A¥lTûP«pùT\lThÓ CÚdLXôm. AlT¥lThP ¨ûX«p:

A) NmUkRlThP Eßl× Sôh¥p CkRf NWjÕLs AØpTÓjRlTÓYRtÏ ØkûRV Sôs YûWVô] SPY¥dûLLsTôLm IVCp Es[Õ T¥; ApXÕ

B) NmUkRlThP ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[j§u êX Sôh¥p TôÕLôdLlTh¥ÚlTÕ úTôXúUtÏ±l©hÓs[T¥Vô] ØkûRV Sôs YûW SPY¥dûLLs úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm.

CkR ©¬ÜdÏ Es[Pd¡Ùs[ SPY¥dûLLû[ úUtùLôsÞmúTôÕ YojRL Øj§ûW T§ÜdLô] RÏ§Lû[ºoÏûZlTRôLúYô ApXÕ AkR T§®u ùNpÛT¥jRuûUûV ºoÏûZlTRôLúYô CÚkÕ ®PXôLôÕ.

6) NmUkRlThP Utù\ôÚ SôhÓ GpûXdÏhThP TÏ§«p AlT¥lThP ùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYLÞdÏùTôÕùUô¯«p ùTôÕlùTV¬u A¥lTûP«p AûPVô[Uô]Õ ùTôÚsLÞdÏm úNûYLÞdÏm CûQjÕlTVuTÓjÕYÕ ùR°YôL ùY°lTÓm úTôÕ JÚ Eßl× SôÓ CkRl©¬®u NWjÕLû[ ùTôßjÕYÕ Ï±jÕCkRl©¬®p GÕÜm Ï±l©PlTP®pûX. NmUkRTlhP Utù\ôÚ SôhÓ GpûXdÏhThP TÏ§«p 'Jnu'RVô¬l×LÞdÏ CûQjÕl TVuTÓjRlTÓm ×®«Vp Ï±AûPVô[eLs AkR Eßl× Sôh¥u GpûXdÏhThPYûLL°u ùTVoLú[ôÓ úNojÕ EXL YojRL AûUl©u JlTkRm AØXôÏm úR§«p A±k§ÚlTÕ ùR°YôLùY°lTÓm úTôÕ úUtùLôs[ úYi¥V S¥Y¥dûLLs Ï±jÕ C§p Jußm Ï±l©P®pûX.

JÚ YojRL Øj§ûW«u ETúVôLm ApXÕ T§Ü NmUkRUôL CkR ©¬®u A¥lTûP«p ØuûYdLlTÓmúYiÓúLôs ÁRô] T§ûX TôÕLôdLlThP AkR Ï±«u G§oUû\Vô] TVuTôh¥tÏ YkR Sô°ÚkÕ IkÕBiÓLÞdÏs YZeL LPûUlThÓs[]. ARôYÕ AkR Ï±Vô]Õ ©W§Yô§VôL Es[ Sôh¥p úUtT¥ YojRLØj§ûW T§Ü ùNnVlThÓ AkR YojRL Øj§ûW ùY°«PlThP Sô°ÚkÕ 5 BiÓLÞdÏs T§p A°dLúYLPûUlThÓs[]. CkR ùY°ÂhÓ úR§Vô]Õ, AkR Sôh¥p G§oUû\ TVuTôÓ ùTôÕYôL A±VlTÓYRtÏ

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8) YojRLjûRl ùTôßjRYûW JÚ STÚûPV ùTVo ApXÕ ®VôTôWj§p AYÚdÏ Øu× DÓTh¥ÚkRY¬uùTVûW ETúVôLlTÓjÕYRtÏ AkR STÚdÏ Es[ E¬ûUûV Tô§dLf ùNnYRtLô] GkR Y¯Ùm CkRl T¬®uNWjÕL°p CpûX. ùTôÕUdLû[ RY\ô] §ûNdÏ AûZjÕf ùNpÛm ®Rj§p AkRl ùTVo TVuTÓjÕYRuÁÕ UhÓúU Cl©¬®u NWjÕL°u êXm SPY¥dûL úUtùLôs[ Ø¥Ùm

9) JÚ ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[m ARu êX Sôh¥p TôÕLôdLlTPôUp CÚk§ÚkRôúXô ApXÕ Ø¥ÜdÏùLôiÓYWlT¥ÚkRôúXô ApXÕ êX Sôh¥p TVuTÓjRlTPôR ¨ûXdÏ ùNu±ÚkRôúXô AkR ×®«VpÏ±VûPVô[j§tÏ TôÕLôl× YZeÏYRtÏ CkR JlTkRj§p GkR®R ùTôßl×LÞm ¨oQ«dLlTP®pûX.

©¬Ü:4: ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLs:

TÏ§:25: TôÕLôl×dLô] úRûYLs:1) ÑRk§WUôL EßYôdLlThP ×§V ApXÕ êX Y¥®p Es[ ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥Yj§tÏ Eßl× SôÓLsTôÕLôl× YZeL LPûUlThÓs[]. HtL]úY A±VlThÓs[ YûWY¥YeLú[ôÓ ùT¬V A[®tÏúYßTPôRRôLÜm, A±VlThÓs[ YûWY¥YeL°u £\lTmNeL[Õ LXûYVôLÜm, ×§V]Yt±tLô]RuûUVt\RôLÜm, êXY¥Yj§tLô] RuûUVt\RôLÜm CÚkRôÛm AYt±tÏ Eßl× SôÓLs Lôl× YZeLdáÓm. AlT¥lThP¨ûX«p ùRô¯pÖhTÃ§«Ûm CVeÏRuûU A¥lTûP«Ûm ªLÜm Ød¡VjÕYm YônkRúUtÏ±l©hP YûL«Xô] YûWY¥YeLÞdÏ Eßl×SôÓLs Lôl× YZeLd áPôÕ.

2) _Ü°jÕû\ YûWY¥YeLÞdÏ TôÕLôl× ùTßm ®NVj§p ARtÏ úRûYlTÓm ®NVeLs AlT¥lThPTôÕLôl× ùTßYRtLô] Yônl×Lû[ LôWQUt\ YûL«p úNRlTÓjRdáPôÕ Eßl× SôÓ CûR Eß§lTÓjÕm®Rj§p RdL HtTôÓLs ùNnV úYiÓm. Ï±lTôL BnÜ ApXÕ ùY°Âh¥tÏ úRûYlTÓm ®NVeLs úTôu\GkR JÚ Y¥Yj§Ûm Tô§l× HtTÓj§ ®PdáPôÕ. CkR ùTôßlûT Eßl× SôÓLs ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YNhPm ApXÕ T§l×¬ûU NhPm êXm ÑRk§WUôL G§o ùLôs[Xôm.

TÏ§:26: TôÕLôl×:1) TôÕLôdLlThP ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥Yj§u E¬ûUVô[WÕ AàU§«pXôUp êu\ôYÕ SToLs AkRYûWY¥Yj§u EßYjûR AlT¥úV SLp ApXÕ SLûX úTôu\ Y¥Yj§u êXm GÓjÕl TVuTÓjÕYÕ,EtTj§ ùNnYÕ, ®tTû] ùNnYÕ, AkR YûWY¥Yj§p Es[ TÏ§Lû[ GÓjÕd ûLVôsYÕ B¡V YojRLúSôd¡Xô] TVuTôÓLû[ RÓlTRtLô] E¬ûU TôÕLôdLlThP AkR YûWY¥Y E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏ Es[Õ.

2) ùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥YeLÞdÏ TôÕLôl× YZeÏm ®NVj§p Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ ªLÜm YûWVßdLlThP®§®XdÏLs UhÓúU RWlThÓs[]. AúR úSWj§p AlT¥ RWlThÓs[ ®§®XdÏL[ô]ûY TôÕLôdLlThPùRô¯pÕû\ YûWY¥Yj§û] NôRôWQ¨ûX«p ETúVô¡lTÕPu úRûYVt\ ®Rj§p ØWiTPd áPôÕ.TôÕLôdLlThP AkR YûWY¥Yj§u êu\ôYÕ SToL°u NhPéoY E¬ûULû[Ùm LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôs[úYiÓm.

3) CÕ ®NVj§p TôÕLôl× ¡ûPl×d LôXUô]Õ Ïû\kR ThNm 10 BiÓL[ôYÕ CÚdLXôm

©¬Ü 5: Lôl×¬ûULs :

TÏ§:27: Lôl× ùT\jRdL êX ®NVm1) ®NVUô]Õ TôWôdLs 2 Utßm 3Cu NWjÕLÞdÏ EhThPRôL CÚdÏmúTôÕ AÕ GjRûLV LiÓ©¥lTôLCÚkRôÛm Lôl× ùT\jRdLÕ. ùRô¯pÖhTj§u GkR JÚ Õû\ NôokR ùTôÚsLs ApXÕ RVô¬l× Øû\L[ôLCÚkRôÛm N¬ NmUkRlThP LiÓ©¥l×L[ô]ûY ×§VRôLÜm LiÓ©¥l×l T¥ ¨ûXLÞdÏ Es[ô]RôLÜmùRô¯pÕû\ TVuTôh¥tÏ ELkRRôLÜm CÚkRôÛm

N¬ Lôl× ùT\jRdLÕ. TÏ§ 65Cu 4YÕ TôWô, TÏ§ 70Cu 8YÕ TôWô CkR TÏ§Vô] 27Cu 3YÕ TôWô B¡V]Yt±u¸rYÚm ®NVeLû[l ùTôßjRYûW Lôl×¬ûULs ùT\ Yônl×Ls Es[]. úUtT¥ Lôl×¬ûU«u E¬ûULû[GkR®RUô] TôWThNØm Cu± AàT®dLXôm. LiÓ©¥l× ¨LrjRlThP CPj§p Es[Õ úTôu\ E¬ûULû[AàT®dLXôm. AûY ùRô¯pÖhTjÕû\«u A¥lTûP«p B]ôÛm N¬ ApXÕ ùTôÚsL[ôL CÚdÏm ThNj§pAÕ Esð¬àûPVRô«àm C\dÏU§ ùNnVlThPRô«àm N¬.

Eßl× SôÓLs LiÓ©¥l×LÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏY§ÚkÕ ®§®XdÏ ùT\jRdLûY. AkR Sôh¥u ùTôÕJÝeÏ ApXÕ JÝdL ùS±ûV TôÕLôl©tÏ AY£VUô] YojRL Ã§«p ÑWiÓYûR RÓlTRtLô] ReL[ÕRÓl× SûPØû\Lû[ ûLVô[Xôm. AúR úTôX U²RoLs, ®XeÏLs Utßm T«tL°u EPp SXu TôÕLôdLÜm,Ñtßf ãZÛdÏ UôÑ HtTÓjÕYûR RÓdLÜm R]dÏs[ ®§®XdÏLû[ Eßl× SôÓLs TVuTÓjRXôm.AlT¥lThP ®§®XdÏLû[ AlT¥úV ùYßU]ôL TVuTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ. AkR Sôh¥]Õ NhPj§u êXmRôuAlT¥lThP ÑWiPûX RÓdL Ø¥Ùm.

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3) Eßl× SôÓLÞm Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏY§ÚkÕ ®XdÏ ùT\jRdLûY.

A) U²RoLs Utßm ®XeÏLÞdÏ B] úSôV¬Rp, £dfûNV°jRp Utßm AßûY £¡fûN Øû\LÞdÏLôlT°dÏm ®NVj§p ®XdÏ ùT\Xôm.

B) Öi Eßl©Vp LiÓ©¥l×Ls R®ojÕ T«oLs Utßm ®XeÏLs LiÓ©¥l©tÏ Eßl× SôÓLs ®XdÏùT\Xôm. E«¬Vp NôWôR Utßm Öi E«¬Vp ùNnØû\Ls R®ojÕ T«tLs Utßm ®XeÏLs EtTj§ ùNnYRtÏAY£VUô] E«¬Vp ùNVpØû\ LiÓ©¥l×LÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs ®XdÏ ùT\Xôm. AúR úSWj§p T«oYûLLÞdúLô ApXÕ ùNVídLm ªdL Ñnù_]¬Vv Øû\ êXúUô, ApXÕ AÕ úTôu\ LXl× Øû\«pEßYôdLThPYt±túLô Eßl× SôÓLs Lôl× YZeL LPûUlThÓs[]. CkR ÕûQ TôWô(B)®u NWjÕLs EXLYojRL AûUl©u JlTkRm AØXôLjÕYe¡ SôuÏ YÚPeLs L¯jÕ T¬ºdLjRdLÕ.

TÏ§ :28: Eß§lTÓjRlThP E¬ûULs:1) JÚ Lôl×¬ûU ARu E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏ ¡rLiP £\l× E¬ûULû[ Eß§lTÓjRXôm.

A) Lôl×¬ûU«u êX®NVm RVô¬l×l ùTôÚû[l Tt±VRôL CÚdÏmúTôÕ êu\ôYÕ SToLsLôl×¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§«pXôUp AYWÕ LiÓ©¥lûTd ùLôiÓ RVô¬lTûRúVô, ETúVô¡lTûRúVô,®tTû]dÏ ØuûYlTûRúVô, ®tTûRúVô ApXÕ CkR úSôdLj§tLôL AkR RVô¬lûT C\dÏU§ ùNnYûRúVôRÓlTRtLô] £\l×¬ûU.

B) Lôl×¬ûU«u êX®NVm ùNVpØû\ûVl Tt±VRôL CÚdÏm úTôÕ êu\ôYÕ SToLs Lôl× E¬ûUVô[¬uAàU§ ùT\ôUp AkR ùNVpØû\ûV TVuTÓjÕYûRúVô, ETúVô¡lTûRúVô, ®tTû]dÏ ØuûYlTûRúVô,®tTûRúVô ApXÕ AkR ùNVpØû\ûV úSW¥VôL ùTtßs[ ùTôÚû[ CkR ùNVpØû\dLôL C\dÏU§ùNnYûRúVô RÓlTRtLô] £\l×¬ûU.

2) Lôl×¬ûU«u E¬ûUVô[o R]Õ E¬ûUV TeÏ©¬jÕjRW E¬ûUÙs[Yo. Yô¬ÑLÞdÏ Uôt± GÝ§jRWE¬ûUÙs[Yo, Lôl×¬ûU UhÓUpXôÕ E¬U ÏjRûLLû[Ùm TeÏ ©¬jÕ RW E¬ûUÙs[Yo.

TÏ§ :29: Lôl×¬ûU ®iQlTeLs ÁRô] ¨TkRû]Ls:1) Lôl×¬ûU úLôÚm ®iQlTRôWo R]Õ ®iQlTjÕPu LiÓ©¥lûTl Tt±V ®YWeLû[ CdLiÓ©¥l×NmUkRlThP Õû\«p §\às[ JÚYWôp, ×¬kÕùLôs[ úRûYlTÓm A[®tÏ ùR°YôLÜm ØÝûUVôLÜmùRôÏjÕd ùLôÓdLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm. ®iQlTm ¨û\Ü ùNnVlThP Sô°p LiÓ©¥lTô[o LiÓ©¥l×NmUkRUôL R]dÏ ùR¬kÕs[ ®NVeLû[ Ru]ôp CVu\ A[Ü £\lTôL ùRôÏjÕd ùLôÓj§ÚdL úYiÓmApXÕ Øuà¬ûU ©WfNû] GÝkÕs[ ¨ûX«p ®iQlTj§u Øuà¬ûUj úR§«p R]Õ LiÓ©¥l×Tt±V ®YWeLû[ úUtùNôu] A¥lTûP«p ùRôÏjÕd ùLôÓj§ÚdL úYiÓm.

2) JÚ ®iQlTRôW¬Pm AYWÕ Lôl×¬ûU NmUkRUôL AkR ®iQlTRôWÕ ùY°SôhÓ ®iQlT ®YWeLsARu ÁRô] E¬ûU YZeLpLs Ï±jR ®YWeLû[ RÚUôß Eßl× SôÓLs úLôWXôm.

TÏ§:30: Eß§ ùNnVlThP E¬ûULÞdLô] ®§®XdÏLs:Lôl×¬ûU Eß§lTÓj§Ùs[ £\l× E¬ûULÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs YûWVßdLlThP ®§®XdÏLû[ ̈ oQ«dLXôm.AúR úSWj§p AlT¥lThP ®§®XdÏL[ô]ûY AkR E¬ûU«u ̈ VôVUô] TVuTôhÓPu úRûYVt\ ®Rj§pØWiTPdáPôÕ. Lôl×¬ûU«u E¬ûUVô[WÕ NhPéoY E¬ûULû[ úRûYVt\ ®Rj§p Tô§lTûPVfùNnVdáPôÕ. êu\ôYÕ SToL°u NhPéoY ®ÚlTeLû[Ùm LQd¡p ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

TÏ§:31: E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTY¬u AàU§«u±úV ©\YûL«p ETúVô¡jRp:Eßl× SôÓ Ju±u NhPj§p Lôl×¬ûU«u êX®NVjûR ARu E¬ûUûV ûL«p ûYjÕs[Y¬uAàU§«u±úV TVuTÓjÕYRtÏ CPU°dLlTh¥ÚdLXôm. ARôXÕ AWÑ Rôú] ETúVô¡jRp ApXÕAWNôeLUô]Õ êu\ôYÕ SToLÞdÏ AàU§V°jRp Gu\ YûL«p CkSPY¥dûLLs AûUk§ÚdLXôm.AlT¥lThP úSWj§p ¸rLiP NWjÕLÞdÏ U§lT°dL úYiÓm.

A) Lôl×¬ûU«u R²lThP SuU§l©û] LÚj§p ùLôiúP AlT¥lThP ETúVôLj§tÏ AWÑAàU§V°dL[ôm.

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CODISSIA

C) AlT¥lThP ETúVôLj§u úSôdLm, ETúVô¡l× LôX LhPm B¡VûY GkR LôWQj§tLôLAàU§lThPúRô ARtÏ UhÓúU ETúVô¡dLlTP úYiÓm. Ïû\ ªu LPj§ ùRô¯p ÖhTjûR ùTôßjRYûWYojRLm NôWôR ùTôÕ ETúVôLj§tÏ UhÓúU AlT¥ AàU§V°dLjRdLÕ. ApXÕ ¿§jÕû\ Ø¥ÜLÞdÏ©kûRV SûPØû\Ls ApXÕ úTôh¥ R®ol×dLô] ¨oYôL SûPØû\Ls êXm UhÓúU ûLVô[jRdLÕ;

D) CqYûL ETúVôLm R²f£\l× NÛûL ùT\jRdLRpX;

E) CqYûL ETúVôLm TeÏúTôPjRdLRpX. B]ôp CqÜTúVôLjRôp ARàPu NmUkRlThP ¨ßY]mApXÕ SuU§l× B¡V] TeÏ ©¬dLjRdLÕ;

F) Eßl× SôPô]Õ AlT¥lThP ETúVôLj§tÏ AàU§V°lTRô]Õ ARu EsSôhÓ NkûRdÏ ùTôÚsLû[®²úVô¡lTRtÏ Gu\ ®NVj§p R]d¡Úd¡\ ØÝ A§LôWjúRôÓ AàU§ YZeLXôm.

G) AlT¥lThP ETúVôLjûR ̈ ßj§ ûYlTRtÏ¬V ãr¨ûXdÏf ùNuß ÁiÓm úUtT¥ ̈ ûXûU ºWûPVôÕGuß A±VlTÓmúTôÕ AlT¥lThP AàU§ §ÚmTlùT\jRdLÕ úLhÓdùLôs[lTÓYRu A¥lTûP«p RdLA§Lô¬ûVd ùLôiÓ ãr¨ûXûUL°u ùRôPof£ûV T¬ºdL úYiÓm;

H) AàU§V°dLlThÓs[Ru JqùYôu±u R²jR² ùTôÚ[ôRôW U§lûT LQd¡p GÓjÕdùLôiÓãr¨ûXdúLtT RdL ùYÏU§ A°dLlTP úYiÓm.

I) AlT¥lThP ETúVôLj§tLô] Ø¥®u ÁRô] NhPléoY U§l× Ï±jÕ NhPéoY T¬ºXû] ùNnVjRdLÕApXÕ Eßl× Sôh¥u RdL EVo A§Lô¬ûVd ùLôiÓ ÑRk§WUôL T¬ºXû] ùNnVjRdLÕ;

K) ÕûQ TôWôdLs (B) Utßm (F)Cu ̧ r YÚ¡\ LPûULû[ ©uTt\ Eßl× SôÓLs LPûUlTh¥ÚdL®pûX.úTôh¥jRûP SPY¥dûL Guß ¿§jÕû\ ApXÕ ¨oYôLjÕû\ Ø¥Ü ùNnVlThP ©u]o T¬LôW SPY¥dûLVôLUhÓm úUtT¥ ÕûQ TVuTÓjRXôm. Øu]o A°jR AàU§ûV ®Xd¡d ùLôiP ©\Ïm AûR AàU§dLXômGuß ãr¨ûXLs EQojÕm úTôÕ ®NôWûQ ùNnÙm RdL A§Lô¬Ls AlT¥lThP ®XdL°dL Ø¥VôÕ Guß®XdÏ úLôÚm ®iQlTjûR ¨WôL¬dLXôm;

Jü) JÚ Lôl×¬ûU AlT¥ TVuTÓjÕYRtÏ AàU§dLlThÓ ETúVô¡dLlTÓmúTôÕ ("CWiPôYÕ Lôl×¬ûU")AÕ úYù\ôÚ Lôl×¬ûUûV ("ØRXôYÕ Lôl×¬ûU") E±g£l TVuTÓjRôRYôß SûPùT\ úYiÓm. CûR Eß§ùNnYRtÏ ¸rYÚm áÓRXô] ¨TkRû]Lû[ ùTôßjR úYiÓm:

(i) ØRXôYRôL Lôl×¬ûU ùTt\§p Es[ LiÓ©¥l©u £\l×jRuûUûV ®P CWiPôYRôL Lôl×¬ûUùTtßs[§u LiÓ©¥l×jRuûU«p Ød¡VUô] ùRô¯pÖhT Øuú]t\m LôQlTh¥ÚdLjRdLÕ;

(ii) CWiPôYÕ Lôl×¬ûU«p ETúVô¡lTÓm R]Õ LiÓ©¥l©u TÏ§LÞdÏ ØRXôYÕ LiÓ©¥l©uE¬ûUVô[o R]Õ E¬ûUûVÙm ùT\ úYiÓm Guß úLôWXôm.

(iii). AlT¥ ETúVô¡dLlTÓm ØRXôYÕ Lôl×¬ûU TeÏ ©¬lTùRuTÕ CWiPôYÕ Lôl×¬ûU TeÏ ©¬dLlThÓ®hP ¨ûX«p Nôj§VªpûX.

TÏ§ :32: WjÕ ùNnRp/T±ØRp ùNnRp:JÚ Lôl×¬ûU WjÕ ùNnYÕ T±ØRp ùNnYÕ NmUkRUô] GkR JÚ Ø¥Üm ¿§jÕû\ T¬ºXû]dÏ EhTÓjRYônlT°dLlThÓs[Õ.

TÏ§:33: TôÕLôl©u LôXLhPm:®iQlTm RôdLp ùNnVlThP Sôs ØRp ùLôiÓ CÚTÕ BiÓLÞdÏ ØuThP úR§«p LôXôY§VôLôRLôXLhP A[®tÏ Lôl×d LôXm YZeLjRdLÕ.

TÏ§: 34: RVô¬l× ùNVpØû\ Lôl×¬ûU: ¨ì©lT§p Es[ £WUm:

1) RVô¬l× ùNVpØû\ Lôl×¬ûU ÁÕ NhP Á\p SPkÕs[RôL ARu E¬ûUVô[o TÏ§ 28u TôWô 1(B)®u¸r ®NôWûQ úLôÚmúTôÕ ARu ÁÕ ùTôÕ ¿§ ®NôWûQLs SPjRlTÓ¡u\]. AlúTôÕ R]Õ ¨ûXûV¨ì©dÏm YûL«p NmUkRlThP YZd¡p Ï±l©PlThÓs[ RVô¬l× ùNVpØû\dÏm AúRúTôu\ ùTôÚû[RVô¬lTRtÏ Rôu TVuTÓj§Ùs[ ùNVpØû\dÏm NmUkRªpûX GuTûR ©W§Yô§ ¨ì©dLd LPûUlThPYo.G]úY Eßl× SôÓLs ̧ rYÚm HRôYÕ JÚ ãr¨ûXûV ARôYÕ AûPVô[eLôQlThP HRôYÕ JÚ RVô¬l©pLôl×¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§ ùT\ôUp TVuTÓjRlThÓs[Õm AûR ©W§Yô§ UßdLØ¥VôRÕUô] ̈ ûX«p AkRRVô¬l©p Lôl×¬ûU ùTtßs[ RVô¬l× ùNVpØû\ DÓTÓjRlThÓs[RôL Ø¥Ü ùNnVXôm:

A) NmUkRlThP ùTôÚ°p ETúVôLlTÓjRlThÓs[ Lôl×¬ûU ×§RôL CÚdÏm ¨ûX«p;

B) NmUkRlThP RVô¬l× ùNVpØû\VôYÕ JjR¨ûX«Ûs[ ùTôÚ°p DÓTÓjRlThÓs[ÕEß§VôdLlThÓs[ ¨ûX«p Lôl×¬ûU«u E¬ûUVô[o AkR ùNVpØû\ ETúVôLlTÓjRlThÓs[ûR RdL

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CODISSIA

Øû\«p Eß§lTÓjR CVXôR ¨ûX«p Eßl× SôÓ ARu TVuTôhûP Ï±jÕ Ø¥ÜdÏ YWXôm.

2) Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ NmUkRlThP ©WfNû]ûV TôWô þ1Cu ¸r ¨ì©dL úYi¥V ùTôßl©ÚkÕ ®ÓTP¸rdLiP ¨XûU CÚdL úYiÓm. NhP Á\p ùNnVlThP ¨ûXVô]Õ Juß ÕûQ TôWô (A)CpÏ±l©PlThÓs[ûR ¨û\Ü ùNnYRôL CÚdL úYiÓm ApXÕ ÕûQ TôWô (B)Cp Ï±l©PlThÓs[ûR¨û\Ü ùNnYRôL CÚdL úYiÓm.3) ©WfNû]dÏs[ô¡Ùs[ûR ¨ì©dÏm AúR úYû[«p ©W§Yô§L°uEtTj§ Utßm YojRL SXuLû[ TôÕLôlTRtLô] NhPéoY ®ÚlTeLû[ LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

©¬Ü:6: Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßL°u §hP YûWY¥YeLs

TÏ§:35: Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßL°u A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NôokR JlTkRm§hPYûWY¥YeLs Guß CkR JlTkRj§p Ï±l©PlTÓm Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßL°u §hP YûWY¥YeLÞdÏTÏ§ 2 ØRp 7 Ø¥V Es[ NWjÕLÞdÏ HtT (TÏ§ 6Cu TôWô 3 R®W) TôÕLôl× YZeL Eßl× SôÓLs Jl×dùLôiÓs[]. Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtßLs NôokR A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 12, Utßm TÏ§ 16CuTôWô 3dÏm HtT Lôl× YZeL Jl×d ùLôiÓs[]. CûY AÓjÕYÚm NWjÕLÞdÏm ùTôßk§ ¨tLRdLûY.

TÏ§:36: TôÕLôl©tLô] Yônl×:E¬ûUVô[¬u Jl×RpXôm ¸rYÚm ùNVpLû[ ùNnYÕ NhPj§tÏ ×\mTô]Õ Guß TÏ§ þ37Cu ØRXôYÕTôWô®u NWjÕLÞdÏ EhThÓ Eßl× SôÓ LÚRXôm: (A) TôÕLôdLlThP §hP YûWY¥YjûR C\dÏU§ ùNnRp,®tTû] ùNnRp ApXÕ YojRL úSôdLj§tLôL ®²úVô¡jRp. TôÕLôdLlThP §hPYûW Y¥YjûR RuàsùLôiÓs[ Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß ApXÕ ARu JÚ TÏ§ûV Ruàs ùLôi¥ÚlTÕ GuTÕ úTôu\ HRôYÕJuß ©WfNû]dÏs[ §hPYûW Y¥Yj§p ùRôPokÕ CÚkÕ YÚm LôXLhPm YûW AÕ §hPYûWY¥YjûRNhPj§tÏ ×\TmTôL Uß EtTj§ ùNnYRôL LÚRlTÓm.

TÏ§:37: E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTY¬u Jl×RûX G§oTôodLôR NhPeLs1) NhPj§tÏ ×\mTôL RVô¬dLlThP §hP YûWY¥Yj§p Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß Ju±u YûWY¥Ym ApXÕAkR Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß JÚ TôLUôL Es[Pe¡ CÚkRôÛm AjRÏ SPY¥dûL TÏ§þ36Cu ̧ r YWôRThNj§pGkR JÚ Eßl× SôÓm AlT¥lThP S¥Y¥dûLûV NhP ®úWôRUôL LÚR úYi¥V§pûX. AlT¥ JÚ SToTVuTÓjÕmúTôÕ AÕ AlT¥ TVuTÓjRdáPôRÕ GuTÕ AYÚdÏ ùR¬VôUkRôúXô, AlT¥A±kÕùLôs[úYi¥VRtLô] ̈ VôVUô] LôWQeLs AYÚdÏ ùR¬k§ÚdLôR ThNj§úXô Uß EtTj§ ùNnVlThP§hPYûWY¥Yj§p NhPj§tÏ ×\mTôL Jße¡ûQkR ªuÑtß Es[PdLlTh¥ÚkRôúXô ApXÕ AkRJße¡ûQkR ªuÑtú\ JÚ TôLUôL CûQdLlTh¥ÚkRôúXô úUtLiPYôß NhP ®úWôRUô]RôL LÚRúYi¥V§pûX.

2) §hPYûWY¥Yj§tLô] LhPôV E¬Um ApXÕ AûR ARu E¬ûUVô[¬u AàU§«u± AWNôeLmTVuTÓjÕYÕ B¡V]Yt±tÏ TÏ§þ31Cu ÕûQ TôWôdLs (A) ØRp (B)YûW Es[ûR RdL §ÚjReLs ùNnÕTVuTÓjRXôm.

TÏ§ : 38 : TôÕLôl× LôX LhPm:1) TôÕLôl× YZeÏYRtÏ T§Ü AY£VUôL Es[ ¨ûX«p TôÕLôl× LôX LhPjûR Eßl× SôÓLsöQ«dLúYiÓm. §hP YûWY¥Y TôÕLôl×dLô] LôX LhPm ARtLô] T§ÜdLô] ®iQlTm RôdLpùNnVlThP Sô°ÚkÕ 10 BiÓLs ApXÕ AkR YûWY¥Ym YojRL úSôd¡p EX¡u GkR TÏ§«p ØRuØRXôLTVuTÓjRlThP Sô°ÚkÕ TjÕ YÚPeLÞdÏ Ïû\VôR LôXLhPj§tÏ TôÕLôl× LôXm YZeLXôm.

2) TôÕLôl× YZeÏYRtÏ T§Ü AY£VUôL CpXôR Eßl× SôÓL°p §hP YûWY¥YeLÞdÏAqYûWY¥YeLs EX¡u GkR JÚ TÏ§«XôYÕ ØRuØRXôL TVuTÓjRlThP Sô°ÚkÕ 10 YÚPeLÞdÏLôX öQVm ùNnÕ TôÕLôl× YZeL úYiÓm.

3) TôWôdLs 1 Utßm 2 B¡V]YtßPu CûQkÕ öLôR]Yt±u ®NVj§p AkR §hP YûWY¥ÜEßYôdLlThP Sôs ØRp 15 BiÓ LôX LhPj§tÏ ©\Ï LôXôY§VôÏUôß TôÕLôl× LôXjûR Eßl× SôÓöQ«dLXôm.

©¬Ü :7:ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpLÞdLô] TôÕLôl×:

TÏ§:39:1) ùS±Øû\Vt\ úTôh¥dÏ G§WôL ùNVídLm ªdL TôÕLôl× HtTôÓLû[ Eß§lTÓjÕYÕ

NmUkRUôL Tô¬v £\l× UôSôh¥u (1967) TÏ§ 10 bisCp á\lThÓs[Õ. AR]¥lTûP«p ùY°«PlTPôRRLYpLÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs TôÕLôl× YZeÏmúTôÕ ClTÏ§«u 2YÕ TôWôÜdÏ HtTÜm, AWÑ Utßm AWÑ

113


CODISSIA

NôoTô] ¨ßY]eLÞdÏ NUo©dLlTÓm RLYpLs ®NVj§p ClTÏ§«u 3YÕ TôWôÜdÏ HtTÜmLôlT°dLjRdLYoLs.

2) ReLs NhPéoY LhÓlTôh¥p ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpLû[ ûYjÕs[ CVtûLVô] Utßm NhPéoYE¬ûUVô[oLs ReL[Õ CkR RLYpLÞdÏ TôÕLôl× ùT\jRdLYoLs. úUtT¥ E¬ûUVô[oL°u AàU§ ùT\ôUpúSoûUVô] YojRL SûPØû\LÞdÏ (10) Uô\ôL RLYpLs ùY°YWf ùNnYûRúVô, ûLdùLôs[lTÓYûRúVô,©\Wôp ETúVô¡dLlTÓYûRúVô RÓjÕ AYoL[Õ E¬ûUdÏ TôÕLôl× ùT\Üm RdLRôÏm:

A) WL£Vm GuTÕ ARu AojRj§p, ARôYÕ ARu AûUl× ApXÕ ARu ÕpV Utßm ARu TôLeL°uúNoûLY¥Ym B¡VYt±u A¥lTûP«p B] WL£Vm ARû]lúTôu\ ùTôÕYô] ©\Ytû\ úTôXpXôR BÏm.ApXÕ úLs®dÏ±V RLYp úTôu\YtßPu ùRôPokÕ DÓTÓm JÚYWôp EP]¥VôL A±kÕ ùLôs[ CVXôRRLYp B¡V] WL£VeLs BÏm;

B) AR²Pm ®VôTôW U§l× CÚlTRu LôWQUôL AÕ WL£VjRuûU EûPVRô¡\Õ; Utßm

C) RLYûX NhPlT¥ R]Õ LôhÓlTôh¥tÏs ûYjÕs[ STWôp RdL LôWQeL°u A¥lTûP«p HtTÓmãr¨ûXL[ôp AÕ WL£VjRuûU EûPVRôL LôdLlTP úYi¥Ùs[Õ;

3) UÚkÕLs ApXÕ úY[ôi WNôVQl ùTôÚsLs B¡VûY ×§V WNôVQl ùTôÚsLû[ ùLôiÓRVô¬dLlTÓmúTôÕ AYt±tLô] ®tTû] AàU§ûV RôeL[ôp YZeÏYRtÏ úLôWlTÓm ùY°«PlTPôRúNôRû] ®YWeLs ApXÕ Ï±l×Ls ùS±Vt\ ®VôTôW ETúVôLj§tÏ Tn]TÓjRlTPôUp TôojÕdL úYi¥VÕEßl× SôÓL°u LPûUVôÏm. úUÛm AlT¥lThP ®YWeLs ùY°«PlTÓYR²ußm AûY Eßl× SôÓL[ôpTôÕLôdLjRdLRôÏm.ùS±Vt\ ®VôTôW SPY¥dûLLÞdÏ ETúVôLlTÓjÕYûR RÓlTRtLô] SPY¥dûLLsGÓdLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm. ClT¥lThP úNôRû] Ï±l×Ls ApXÕ ®YWeLs B¡V]Yt±u TVuTôh¥ÚkÕùTôÕUdLû[ TôÕLôj§P úYi¥Ùs[Õ Gu\ ¨ûX«p UhÓm ùY°«PlTÓYûR RÓdL úYi¥V§pûX.

©¬Ü :8: JlTkR E¬U SPY¥dûLL°p úTôh¥ R®o× ØVt£Lû[ LhÓlTÓjÕRp:

TÏ§: 40:1) úTôh¥ûV LhÓlTÓj§ûYlTÕúTôu\ YûL«Xô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs NôokR ReL[Õ £X E¬UYZeLp SûPØû\Ls YojRLj§u ÁÕ LÓm Tô§lûT HtTÓjÕYúRôÓ E¬ûU Uôt\jûRÙm ùRô¯p ÖhTTWûYûXÙm RÓdLd á¥VRôL Es[Õ GuTûR Eßl× SôÓLs Jl×l ùLôs¡u\].

2) Eßl× SôÓLs ReLs NhPeL°p Es[T¥ JlTkR E¬U YZeLp Øû\Lû[ ûLVôsYûR RÓdLÜm,Ï±l©hP £XYt±p A±Üf ùNôjÕ E¬ûULs Á\lThÓs[Õ GuTûR ¨ßÜYRtÏ Eßl× SôÓLs ¨oQ«jÕs[£X ®§Øû\Ls NmUkRlThP RVô¬l©u NkûRûV LÓûUVôL Tô§dLf ùNnYûR RÓdLÜm CkR JlTkRj§pY¯YûLs HÕªpûX. úUtÏ±l©hP YûL«p TôodÏm úTôÕ ClT¥lThP SPY¥dûLLû[ RÓlTRtÏ ApXÕLhÓlTÓjÕYRtÏ B] SPY¥dûLLû[ GÓdÏmúTôÕ JlTkRj§u ©WNWjÕdÏ ØWiTPôRYôß TôojÕd ùLôs[úYiÓm. Uô²V ER® (Grant) §ÚmTl ùTßYRtLô] £\l× ®§Øû\Ls ùNpÛT¥dLôXj§tÏ NYôp®Pdá¥VRôL ùNVpTÓYÕ Utßm TXYkRUôL E¬ûU«u ̧ r APdÏYÕ B¡V SPY¥dûLLû[ Eßl× SôÓLsReL[Õ RÏkR NhPeLs Utßm ®§Øû\LÞdÏ EhThÓ úUtùLôsYûR RÓlTRtLô] YûL«p úUtÏ±l©hPHtTôÓLs ùNnVjRdLÕ.

3) úLhÓd ùLôsYRu A¥lTûP«p Eßl× SôÓLs Juß Utù\ôußPu BúXôNû]Lû[ SPjRXôm. JÚSôh¥u Ï¥ULu ApXÕ AkSôh¥p ùRôPokÕ Ï¥«ÚkÕ YÚm JÚYÚûPV A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU NmUkRUôLúUtLiPYôß BúXôNû] SPjRXôm. CkRl TÏ§«u (TÏ§ 40) êX®NVj§u A¥lTûP«Xô] R]Õ NhPeLsUtßm ®§Øû\Lû[ ÁßYRôL SPY¥dûLLs CÚlTRôL LÚ§ BúXôNû]ûV úLôWXôm. CqYôúXôNû]LsGkR YûL«Xô] NhPeLÞdÏm ùTôßkRdá¥VYûL«Ûm, AkR YûL NhPj§u SPY¥dûL«u ÁÕ RôdLmTô§l× HtTÓjRdá¥VRôLÜm BúXôNû]«p LXkÕ ùLôsÞm AÓjR Eßl× SôÓ Ru²fûNVôLÜm ÑRk§WUôLÜmØ¥Ü GÓdL RdLRôLÜm CÚdLjRdLÕ. BúXôNû]dÏ AûZdLlThÓs[ SôÓm R]Õ Te¡tÏ ªLÜm AàRôTUô]Ø¥ÜdÏ ùNpXjRdLÕ. úTôÕUô] Yônl×Lû[Ùm BúXôNû]ûV úLhÓd ùLôsÞm Sôh¥tÏ YZeLXôm;úLs®dÏ±V ®NVm NmUkRUô] WL£VjRuûUVt\ ùTôÕYôL ¡ûPd¡\ RLYpLû[ YZeLXôm. Cß§VôL TWvTWm§Úl§lTPdá¥V YûL«Xô] JlTkRm GhPlTPjRdLÕ. AûZdLlThP Sôh¥u SmTLjRuûUûV TôÕLôdLdá¥VYûL«p AûZdÏm Sôh¥u SPY¥dûLLs AqùYôlTkRj§u úTôÕ AûUk§ÚdLjRdLÕ.

4) CkR TÏ§«u (TÏ§ þ 40) êX ®NVj§u A¥lTûP«p Utù\ôÚ Eßl× Sôh¥u NhPeLs Utßm®§Øû\Lû[ Á±VRôL LÚÕm AkR Eßl× Sôh¥u ®NôWûQdÏ EhThÓs[ JÚ Eßl× Sôh¥u Ï¥UdLsApXÕ AkSôh¥p ùRôPokÕ Ï¥«ÚkÕ YÚTYoL°u ®NVj§p AYoL[Õ SôÓ B]Õ Ït\gNôhÓm Sôh¥PmClTÏ§«u (TÏ§ 40) 3YÕ TôWô®p Es[T¥ BúXôNû] úUtùLôs[ úLhÏm úTôÕ ARtÏ YônlT°dLXôm.

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CODISSIA

TôLm þ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs AØXôdLmAj§VôVm þ 10©¬Ü þ 1 ùTôÕl ùTôßl×Ls

TÏ§ þ 411) CkRlTÏ§ (TÏ§ 41) Cp Ï±l©PlThÓs[ T¥Vô] AØXôdL SûPØû\Lû[ Eßl×SôÓLs ReLs NhPj§u¸r ùLôiÓ YWXôm. ARu êXm CkR JlTTkRj§u ¸r ùLôiÓYWlThÓs[ A±Üf ùNôjÕ E¬ûULs ÁRô]NhP Á\pLÞdÏ G§WôL Lô¬V Nôj§VUô] SPY¥dûL GÓdL Ø¥Ùm. NhP ÁWpLû[ RÓlTRtLô] úYLUô]¾oÜLs LôiTRu êXm úUtùLôiÓm NhP ÁWpLs SûPùT\ôUp RÓlTRtLô] HtTôÓL[ôL AÕ CÚdL úYiÓm.ClT¥lThP SûPØû\Ls AØXôdÏYRu êXm NhP éoY YojRLj§tÏ RûPLs HtTÓYûR RÓdL Ø¥Ùm.AûYLû[ RY\ôL TVuTÓjÕYûR RÓlTRtLô] TôÕLôl× HtTôPôLÜm AÕ CÚdÏm.

2) A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs AØXôdL SûPØû\Ls úSoûUVô]RôLÜm NUYônl× A°lTRôLÜm CÚdLúYiÓm.úRûYVt\ YûL«Xô] £dLp ªdLRôLÜm ùNXÜ ©¥lTRôLÜm CpXôUÚdLXôm. AúRúTôX HtL CVXôR LôXöQ«l×Ls Utßm G§oTôWôR LôX RôUReLs B¡V] HtTPôUp TôojÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

3) YZd¡u RÏ§Ls NmUkRlThP Ø¥ÜLs GÝjÕ Y¥Yj§Ûm, RdL LôWQ A¥lTûP«Ûm AûUk§ÚlTÕYWúYtLj RdLÕ. YZd¡p NmUkRlThÓs[ SToLÞdLôYÕ LôXRôURªpXôUp AkR ®YWeLs úTônf úNÚYRôLCÚdL úYiÓm. YZd¡u RÏ§Ls NmUkRlThP Ø¥ÜLs AÕ NmUkRlThPYoLs NhP éoYUôL A±kÕùLôs[jRdL Lôh£Lû[ Es[¥d¡V Y¥®p ¡ûPdLjRdLôL CÚdLXôm.

4) Cß§Vô] ̈ oYôL Ø¥Y°dLd á¥V ¿§jÕû\ AûUlûTd ùLôiÓ T¬ºdLjRdL YônlûT YZd¡p NmUkRlThPSToLÞdÏ YZeLXôm. YZd¡u Ød¡VUô] TÏ§ NmUkRUô] NWjÕLs Eßl× Sôh¥àûPV A§LôW YWm×dÏEhThPRôL CÚdL úYiÓm. YZd¡u RÏ§Ls ÁRô] BWmT ̈ ûX«Xô] ¿§jÕû\ Ø¥ÜLû[ GÓdL ERYdá¥VYûL«XôYÕ CÚdL úYiÓm. AúR úSWj§p CÕ ®`Vj§p Ït\®Vp YZdÏdÏ ®`Vj§p T¬ºXû]ùNnYRtLô] Yônl× Ï±jR GkR ®RUô] ùTôßl×m öQ«dLlTP®pûX.

ùTôÕYô] NhP AØXôdL Øû\dÏ Uô\ôL Es[ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs AØXôdLj§tLô] NhP Øû\L°uCPj§p GkR JÚ ùTôßlûTÙm CkR TôLm (TôLm þ III ) ùLôiÓ YkÕ ¨ßjR®pûX GuTûR ×¬kÕ ùLôs[úYiÓm. AúRúTôX Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ ReL[Õ ùTôÕYô] NhPjûR AØXôdL Es[ TXjûRÙm Tô§jÕ®PdáPôÕ. ùTôÕYô] NhP AØXôdL Øû\LÞdÏm A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs AØXôdL Øû\LÞdÏm CûPúVJÚe¡ûQkÕs[ Yônl×Ls ÁÕm CkR TôLj§u (TôLmþIII ) GkR JÚ TÏ§Ùm ùTôßl× öQ«dL®pûX.

©¬Ü þ 2 ùTôÕ Utßm öYôL SûPØû\LÞm AûYLÞdLô] ¾oÜLÞm

TÏ§ þ 42 ùY°lTûPVô] NUYônlT°dÏm SûPØû\LsCkR JlTkRj§u ¸r YÚ¡\ A±Üf ùNôjÕ E¬ûULs AØXôdLm ÁRô] ùTôÕ ¿§ SûPØû\Ls NmUkRlThP®YWeLs E¬ûURôWÚdÏ ¡ûPj§P Eßl× SôÓLs ØVt£Ls úUtùLôs[Xôm. úTôÕUô] ®YWeLÞPu á¥VGÝjÕ éoYUô] A±dûLûV RdL úSWj§p YZe¡P ©W§Yô§LÞdÏ YônlT°dLXôm. NmUkRlThP E¬ûUL°uA¥lTûP«Xô] ®YWeLû[Ùm AYoLs A°dLXôm. ÑRk§WUô] NhPd ÏÝ®û] ¨VªjÕd ùLôs[ YZd¡pNmUkRlThPYoLÞdÏ AàU§ RWXôm. R²lThP YûL«Xô] EjRWÜLs Tt±V ®YWeLû[ úLôÚmúTôÕ YZdÏSPY¥dûLLs RôeL Ø¥VôR ÑûUVôLl úTôn®PdáPôÕ. YZdÏ SPY¥dûL«p NmUkRlThP Aû]jÕRWl©]ÚdÏm AYoLÞdÏ Es[ E¬ûULû[ ¨ì©dL

YônlûT YZeLXôm. SmTLjRuûU YônkR RLYpLû[ AûPVô[eLiÓ TôÕLôdLdá¥V YûL«p YZdÏSPY¥dûLLs AûUk§ÚdL úYiÓm. AlT¥ CpXô®hPôp HtL]úY Es[ AûUl×f NhP úYiÓúLôsLÞdÏØWiThPRôL Uô±®Óm.

TÏ§ þ 43 Nôh£Ls1) RUÕ E¬ûU úLôWpLÞdÏ BRWYôL CÚdLjRdLRôL Ru²PØs[ Nôh£VeLû[ JÚYo ¨VôVUô] Øû\«pNUl©dÏm úTôÕ AûY AYWÕ E¬ûULs G§o RWl©]¬Pm ETúVôLj§p Es[] GuTûR ̈ ì©dÏm YûL«Xô]Ï±l©PjRdL Nôh£VeL[ôLÜm CÚd¡u\]. CYtû\ ùTtßs[ ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬Ls CúR úTôu\ Nôh£ûVG§o RWl©]Úm NUo©j§ÚdÏm úTôÕ CYt±p GR]Õ WL£VUô] RLYpLs ¨TkRû]LÞdÏ EhThÓ TôÕLôl×ùT\jRdLÕ GuTûR Eß§lTÓjR úYiÓm.

2) YZdÏ SûPØû\«p Rô]ôL CûQÙm JÚ STûWl ùTôßjRYûW GkR®RUô] RdL LôWQØm CpXôUp YÚmúTôÕYônl× ¨WôL¬dLXôm ApXÕ ¨VôVUô] LôX LhPj§tÏs úRûYVô] RLYpLû[ RWô®hPôúXô AYoL[Õ

115


CODISSIA

Y¬ûN AØXôdL SûPØû\Ls NmUkRlThP YZdÏ SûPØû\LÞdÏ ùT¬V A[®tÏ RûP HtTÓjRd á¥VRôLCÚkRôúXô Yônl× ¨WôL¬dLXôm. AúR úSWj§p YZd¡p NmUkRlThPYoLÞdÏ AkR YZd¡u úUXô]Ït\fNôhÓLs ApXÕ Nôh£Lû[ A°lTRtLô] ®`Vj§u ÁÕ Ø¥ùYÓlTRtÏ ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞPuEßl× SôÓLs CûQkÕ ùNVpTP úYiÓm. AYoL°Pm NUo©dLlTÓm ×LôoLs ApXÕ YZdÏ SPY¥dûLLÞdÏYônlT°dLôRRôp LÓûUVôL Tô§l×dÏ Es[ôÏm Gu\ YûL«Xô] AkR ST¬u Ït\fNôhÓLs B¡V]Yt±uA¥lûP«p NôRLUôLúYô TôRLUôLúYô ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬Ls Ø¥Ü GÓdLXôm. CR]¥lTûP«p ¿§jÕû\A§Lô¬Ls CÕ Ï±jÕ ÕYdL ¨ûX Utßm Cß§ ¨ûX Ø¥ÜLÞdÏ YÚ¡u\]o.

TÏ§ þ 44 YZdÏ SPY¥dûLLs ¨ßj§ ûYl×E¬ûU ÁWpLû[ R®odÏUôß JÚ STÚdÏ ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬Ls BûQ ©\l©dL A§LôWm TûPjRYoLsBYôoLs. ReLs ¿§ GpûXdÏhThP TÏ§dÏs C\dÏU§ ùNnVlThP ùTôÚsL°u YojRLj§p A±ÜfùNôjÕ¬ûU Á\pLs CÚk§ÚdÏúUVô]ôp AlT¥lThP Øû\«p ÖûZYûR ÑeL CXôdLô AàU§ ùTtß NWdÏsEsú[ YÚm ¨ûX«p EP]¥VôL RÓdLXôm. AlT¥ BûQ«Óm STo ApXÕ TôÕLôdLlThP êX ®`VjûRùTtßs[ SToLs Aq®YWeLû[ ûLVôÞTYoLs Gu\ YûL«p AkR êX ®`VjûR A±kRYWôL CÚlTRtÏYônl×Ls Es[]. AlT¥lThP ¨ûX«p NmUkRlThP êX ®`Vm A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUûV Á\dá¥VRôLCÚdÏm ThNj§p Eßl× SôÓLs AlT¥lThP A§Lô¬LÞdÏ CûNkÕ SPdL LPûUlTP úYi¥V§pûX.

2) CkR TÏ§ (TÏ§ 44) «u ©\ NWjÕLs Utßm, Ï±lTôL TôLm IICp AWNôeLeL°u ETúVôLj§tÏ GußÏ±lTPlThÓs[ NWjÕLs, ApXÕ E¬ûU ûYjÕs[Y¬u AàU§úVôÓ CûQkÕ Gu\ YûL«p ApXôRYûL«p AWNôeLjRôp êu\ôm SToLÞdÏ AàU§ YZeLlThÓs[Õ Gu\ ¨ûXTôÓLÞPu Eßl× SôÓLsEß§VôL ¨tL úYi¥V§pûX. AlT¥lThP ETúVôLj§tÏ DPô] ùRôûL YZeÏm ®`Vj§p TÏ§ þ 31 CuÕûQ TôWô (H) ®u ̧ Zô] ̈ oQ«l×Lû[ Eßl× SôÓLs LhÓlTÓjRXôm. Hû] YZdÏLs ®`Vj§p CkRlTÏ§(TÏ§ þ 44) Cu ̧ Zô] ¾oÜ Øû\Lû[ AØXôdLXôm. Eßl× SôÓL°u NhPj§tÏ ùTôÚkRôR YûL«p CkR ¾oÜØû\Ls CpXôR ThNj§p, Eß§Vô] ¾ol×Ls êXm úTôÕUô] DhÓjùRôûL ùT\Xôm.

TÏ§ þ 45 Tô§l×Ls1) E¬ûU ÁWp ùNnÕs[Yo R]Õ ùNVXôp AqÜ¬ûU ûYjÕs[YÚdL CZlÀÓ ùRôûL YZeL BûQ«ÓYRtLô]A§LôWm ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ. ÁWÛdÏ Es[ô¡ Es[Y¬u A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU«u ®`Vj§pAlT¥lThP ÁWp DÓThÓs[Yo R]dÏj ùR¬kúR CkR

E¬ûU ÁWp DÓTh¥ÚkRôÛm ApXÕ AYÚdÏ E¬ûU ÁWp SPd¡\Õ GuTÕ ùR¬k§ÚlTRtLô] RdL BRôWeLsCÚdÏm úTôÕm RdL CZlÀÓ YZeÏUôß ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬Ls úLôWXôm.

2) YZdÏ ®`Vj§p E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTYÚdÏ HtTÓm ùNXÜj ùRôûLûVÙm E¬ûU ÁWp DÓTÓTYo YZeÏUôßBûQ«ÓYRtLô] A§LôWm ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ. YZd¡tÏ ùTôßjRUô] YZdL±O¬u LhPQØmC§p APeÏm. AúR úTôX E¬ûU ÁWp ùTV¬p DÓThÓs[Yo ùNVXôp Øuáh¥úV HtTÓjRlThÓs[Tô§l×LÞdÏ B] CZlÀhÓ ùRôûL ApXÕ XôT ùRôûLûV N¬Vô] YZdÏL°u ®`Vj§p ¨oQ«dÏUôß¿§jÕû\dÏ Eßl× SôÓLs AàU§V°dLXôm.

TÏ§ þ 46 ©\ ¾oÜLsJÚ ùTôÚ°u RVô¬l× SPY¥dûL«p E¬ûU Á\p CÚd¡\Õ Guß A±VlTÓm úTôÕ AûR RÓlTRtLô] RdLSûPØû\Lû[ ûLVôÞm A§LôWm ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ. CkSPY¥dûLLû[ YojRL SûPØû\LÞdÏAlTôtThP ̈ ûX«ÚkÕ GkR ®RUô] CZlÀÓLÞm ̈ oQ«dLôUp ûLVôsYRu êXm E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTYÚdÏHtTÓm LÓm Tô§l×Lû[ R®odLXôm. AlT¥ CpXô®hPôp CÕ HtL]úY CÚkÕ YÚm AûUl×f NhPj§uúLôWpLÞdÏ Uô\ôL AûUkÕ®Óm. NhP Á\p RVô¬dLlThÓs[ ùTôÚ°p ®g£«Úd¡\ êXl ùTôÚsLsUtßm ùNVpØû\Ls GkR ®RUô] CZlÀÓm JÕdLôUp YojRL SûPØû\LÞdÏ ùY°«p ¨uß ùNnÕØ¥dLlTÓYRu êXm úUtùLôiÓm E¬ûU ÁWpLs SPlTûR UhÓlTÓjÕm A§LôWm ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏEs[Õ. AlT¥lThP úLhÓd ùLôs[pLû[ LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôsÞm úTôÕ E¬ûU ÁWu ATôVjûRÙmARtLô] ¾oÜLû[Ùm LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôs¡\ AúR úSWj§p êu\ôm SToL°u ®ÚlTeLû[Ùm LQd¡pGÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. ®§®XdLô] £XYtû\j R®ojÕ úTôVô] YojRL Øj§ûWLs ùLôiP ©\ ùTôÚsLs®`Vj§p NhPj§tÏ ×\mTôL ùTôßjRlThÓs[ AkR YojRL Øj§ûWLû[ ALtßYÕ UhÓúU ùTôÚsLû[®VôTôW SûPØû\LÞdÏ §\kÕ ®ÓYRtÏ úTôÕUô]ûY ApX.

TÏ§ þ 47 RLYpL°u E¬ûUE¬ûU ÁWp ùNnVlThP ùTôÚsLs ApXÕ úNûYLs RVô¬l× Utßm ®²úVôLj§p DÓThÓs[ êu\ômSToLs Utßm AYoLs AlùTôÚsLû[ ®²úVô¡jÕs[ Y¯Lû[Ùm Tt± E¬ûU ÁWp ùNnÕs[YWô]YoAkR E¬ûU«u ùNôkRdLôWÚdÏ ùR¬®dÏUôß BûQ«Óm A§LôWjûR ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs

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CODISSIA

YZeLXôm. AlT¥ E¬ûU YZeLô®hPôp E¬ûU ÁWpL°u ATôVjûRl Tt± N¬VôL LQd¡P Ø¥VôR ̈ ûXdÏfùNuß®Óm.

TÏ§ þ 48

©W§Yô§dÏ SxP DÓ öQ«jRpGkR JÚ ST¬u úYiÓúLôÞdÏ HtT SPY¥dûLLs úUtùLôs[lThP]úYô AkR STúW AØXôdL SûPØû\Lû[RY\ôL ETúVô¡j§ÚdÏm úTôÕ AR]ôp Utù\ôÚ ST¬u úUp RY\ôL Ït\m ÑUjRlThÓ AYWÕ ùNVpLsLhÓlTÓjRlTÓm úTôÕ AYÚdÏ HtTÓm Tô§l×Lû[ DÓLhÓYRtLô] RdL CZlÀhûP YZeL úYiÓm GußAkR STÚdÏ BûQ«Óm A§LôWm ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ. ©W§Yô§dÏ HtTÓm ùNXÜLû[ YZeÏUôß®iQlTRôWÚdÏ BûQ«Óm A§LôWm ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ. ùTôßjRUô] YZdÏû\O¬uLhPQØm C§p APeÏm.

2) A±Üf ùNôjÕ E¬ûULs AØXôdLm ApXÕ TôÕLôl× NmUkRUô] NhP ̈ oYôL SûPØû\Lû[l ùTôßjRYûWRdL ¾oÜ Øû\Lû[ AØXôdÏm ùTôßl©ÚdÏm. ApXÕ AkR NhP öYôL SPY¥dûL«u ÁRô]Su]m©dûL«u A¥lûP«p EjúR£dLlThÓs[ ùTôßl×L°p CÚkÕm ùTôÕ öYôLeLs Utßm ARuAÛYXoLÞdÏ UhÓm Eßl× SôÓLs ®XdL°dLXôm.

TÏ§ þ 49 öYôL SûPØû\LsYZd¡u RÏ§Ls ÁRô] öYôL SPY¥dûLL°u Ø¥®p HRôYÕ ùTôÕ ¾oÜ BûQVô¡«ÚdÏm ThNj§pAlT¥lThP öYôL SPY¥dûLL[ô]ûY CkRl ©¬®p (©¬Ü þ 2) Øu]úW ¨ì©dLlThÓs[ ¨TkRû]LÞdÏJjÕlúTôY]YôL CÚdLjRdLûY.

TÏ§ þ 3 RtLôL SPY¥dûLLsTÏ§ þ 501) SpX TX]°dÏmT¥Vô] EP]¥ RtLôL SPY¥dûLLÞdÏ BûQ«Óm A§LôWm ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏEs[Õ.

A) A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU ÁWûX Es[ ùTôÚsLs ùY°«p ùRuTÓYûR RÓdL úYiÓm. ùTôÚsL°u YojRLj§pClT¥lThP ùTôÚsLû[ RÓdL úYiÓm. C\dÏU§ ùNnVlThÓs[ ClT¥lThP ùTôÚsLû[ ÑeL CXôLôAÛYXLj§ÚúR NkûRdÏ YWôUp RÓdLXôm.

B) NmUkRlThP E¬ûU ÁWÛdLô] RdL BRôWUôL CûR TôÕLôjÕ ûYj§ÚdL úYiÓm.

2) GeúL ùR°YôL LiÓ EQW CVXôR YûL«p Juû\j §Új§ TVuTÓj§ CÚd¡\ôoLú[ô AeúL ARu ÁÕRtLôL SPY¥dûLLû[ úUtùLôsYRtLô] A§LôWm ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ. LôXRôURm ùNnYRôpE¬ûU ûYjÕs[YÚdÏ DÓ ùNnV Ø¥VôR Tô§l× Gu±ÚdÏm úTôÕ RtLôL SPY¥dûLLs GÓdLXôm. ÁWpSPkÕs[Õ Tt± úSW¥VôL LôhPjRdL Nôh£Ls CpXôRYt±u ®`Vj§Ûm RtLôL S¥Y¥dûLs úUtùLôs[Üm¿§jÕû\dÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ.

3) E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTYoLs R]Õ E¬ûUûV úYù\ôÚYo Á±«ÚlTRôL LÚ§ ARu ÁÕ SPY¥dûL úLô¬®iQl©dÏm úTôÕ AlT¥lThP ÁWpLs Ï±jR ®YWeLû[ RÚUôß ®iQlTRôW¬Pm úLôÚm A§LôWm¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ. E¬ûU ÁWp DÓTÓjRlThP RVô¬l©p AkR E¬ûU ÁWp TVuTÓjRlThPRtLô]RdL úLôQj§Xô] JjR RuûU Es[Rô Guß ¿§jÕû\«]o BWôV CÕ TVuTÓm. AúR úTôX ©W§Yô§«uSXû] TôÕLôdLÜm RY\ôL ETúVô¡dLlTÓYûR R®odLÜm úTôÕUô] Eß§ ùUô¯ûV YZeÏUôß®iQlTRôWÚdÏ BûQ«PXôm.

4) ùR°YôL LiÓ EQW CVXôR YûL«p Juû\§Új§l TVuTÓj§«ÚlTRu ÁÕ Cß§VôL ¡ûPj§Úd¡\®YWeL°u ̧ r RtLôL SPY¥dûLL°u A¥lTûP«p ̈ oQ«dLlThÓs[ RiPû]ûV EP]¥VôL AØpTÓjRúYiÓm. E¬ûUÁWp ®`Vj§p Tô§dLlThP SToLÞdÏ A±dûL YZeLXôm. NhP éoYUôL úLôWlTÓYRuÁÕm Utßm Ø¥Ü GÓdÏm úSôd¡p ©W§Yô§ úLhÓd ùLôsYRu ÁÕm JÚ T¬ºXû] úUtùLôs[lTP úYiÓm.CkR RtLôL SPY¥dûLLs Ï±jÕ RLYp ùR¬®dLlThÓ ̈ VôVUô] LôX AYLôNm A°jR ©\Ï CkR RtLôLSPY¥dûLLû[ Uôt±VûUdLXôm. ®Xd¡d ùLôs[Xôm ApXÕ Eß§lTÓjRXôm.

5) RtLôL SPY¥dûLs AØXôdÏYRtÏ, NmUkRlThP ùTôÚû[ JjRRôL Es[ ùTôÚû[lTt±V AY£VUô]©\ ®YWeLû[ YZeÏUôß ®iQlTRôWo úLhÓd ùLôs[Xôm.

6) RtLôL SPY¥dûLLs ClTÏ§«u (TÏ§ þ 50) TôWôdLs 1 Utßm 2 u A¥lTûP«p úUtùLôs[lTÓ¡u\].AlT¥lThP S¥Y¥dûLLs TôWô þ 4I Tô§jÕ®PdáPôÕ. ©W§Yô§ úLhÓd ùLôsYRu A¥lTûP«pSPY¥dûLûV Uôt± AûUjÕd ùLôs[Xôm. ApXÕ AØXôdLj§ÚkÕ ¨ßj§ ûYdLXôm. YZd¡u RÏ§«u

117


CODISSIA

A¥lTûP«p Ø¥Ü GÓlTRtLô] SûPØû\Ls RdL LôXj§tÏs Ø¥YûPVô®¥p Eßl× SôÓL°u NhPeLsAàU§dÏm YûWVûWL°u ̧ r ¿§jÕû\ AûUl× Ø¥ùYÓdLXôm. AlT¥ Ø¥ÜdÏ YWôR ̈ ûX«p GdLôWQjûRdùLôiÓm Ø¥ùYÓlTRtLô] LôpùLÓûY 20 úYûX SôhLs ApXÕ 31 SôhLôh¥ SôhLs C§p GÕ A§LThNUôLEs[úRô ARtÏ úUp ¿h¥dLd áPôÕ.

7) RtLôL SPY¥dûLs Uôt± AûUdLlTh¥ÚkRôúXô ApXÕ ®iQlTRôW¬u HRôYÕ ùNVp ApXÕ ®ÓRpúTôu\Yt\ôp ùNVZkÕ ®hPôúXô A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU ÁWp SûPùTßm Gu\ AfÑßjRp ApXÕ ÁWp GuTÕ¨ì©dLlTPô®hPôúXô, ©W§Yô§ úLhÓd ùLôsYRu A¥lTûP«p ©W§Yô§dÏ HtThÓs[ Tô§l×Lû[DÓLhÓYRtÏ úTôÕUô] A[Ü CZlÀhÓj ùRôûLûV YZeÏUôß ®iQlTRôWÚdÏ BûQ«Óm A§LôWm¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ.

8) ̈ oYôL SûPØû\L°u Ø¥YôL RtLôL SPY¥dûLLs HRôYÕ BûQ BL úYiÓùU²p AkR SPY¥dûLLsCkRl TÏ§«u (TÏ§ 50) ØtTÏ§«p ¨ßYlThÓ Es[Yt±p Eß§lTÓjRlThÓ Es[Yt±tÏ CûQVô]ùS±Øû\L°u ¸r Eß§lTÓjRlTPXôm.

©¬Ü þ 4 YWm©PlThP SPY¥dûLLÞdLô] R²júRûYLs

TÏ§ þ 51 ùTôÚsLs ùY°«ÓYûR ÑeL CXôLô A§Lô¬Ls RtLôLUôL ̈ ßj§ ûYjRpúTôVô] YojRL Øj§ûW ApXÕ §ÚhÓ ©W§ùVÓjRp A¥lûP«Xô] ùTôÚsLs C\dÏU§Vô¡u\] Gu¡u\NkúRLj§tÏ NmTkRlThP YojRL Øj§ûW ApXÕ T§l×¬ûU E¬ûUVô[o YÚmThNj§p ̈ oYôL ApXÕ ¿§jÕû\NôokR RdL A§Lô¬L°Pm AYo úUtT¥

ùTôÚsLs RôWô[UôL ùY°«PlTÓYûR ÑeL CXôLô®]o RtLôLUôL RûPùNnÕ ûYdÏUôß Eßl× SôÓL°Pm®iQl©dÏm úTôÕ Eßl× SôÓLs ARu ÁÕ ¸rLiPYôß Y¥YûUdLlThÓs[ NWjÕL°u A¥lTûP«púUp SPY¥dûLLs úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm. CkRl©¬Ü (©¬Ü þ 3) G§oùLôs[d á¥V TpúYß Es[PdLeLÞdÏEhThP TXYûL«Xô], A±Üf ùNôjÕ ¨ûXLs ÁWpLs DÓTÓjRlThÓs[ ùTôÚsLs ÁÕ SPY¥dûL úLô¬®iQl©dL Eßl× SôÓLs HtTôÓLs ùNnÕ RWXôm. ReLs Sôh¥ÚkÕ HtßU§ ùNnV §hPªPlThÓs[ùTôÚsL°p E¬ûU ÁWpLs CÚkÕ ARû] ùY°«ÓYRtÏ ÑeL CXôLô®]ôp RtLôL RûP ®§dLlThÓs[¨ûX«p AYt±u ®`Vj§Ûm úUtLiP YûL«p SPY¥dûLLs úUtùLôs[ Eßl× SôÓLs AàU§ RWXôm.

TÏ§ þ 52 ®iQlTmGkR JÚ E¬ûUVô[ÚûPV A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU E¬ûU Á±l TVuTÓjRlThÓs[Õ Guß ®NôWûQ«u ÕYdLj§pùR¬V YÚm úTôÕ TÏ§ þ 51 u ¸r ®NôWûQ SPY¥dûLL°p DÓTÓm E¬ûUVô[o NmUkRlThP ùTôÚsLû[C\dÏU§ ùNnÙm Sôh¥u NhPj§tÏ Ht×ûPV YûL«p RdL Nôh£VeLû[ RdL A§Lô¬LÞdÏ §Úl§V°dÏmYûL«p YZe¡P LPûUlThPYoLs. ÑeL CXôLô A§Lô¬Ls EP]¥VôL Ae¸L¬dÏm YûL«p AkRl ùTôÚû[lTt±V ®YWeLû[ úTôÕUô] A[Ü ®¬ÜTÓj§ YZeL úYiÓm. CkR ®iQlTm Htßd ùLôs[lThP®YWeLû[ ̈ VôVUô] LôX A[®tÏs ®iQlTRôWÚdÏ ùR¬®dL RdL ®NôWûQ A§Lô¬Ls LPûUlThÓs[]o.ÑeL CXôLô®]o GkR LôX LhPj§tÏ SPY¥dûL úUtùLôs[Xôm GuTûRÙm RdL ®NôWûQ A§Lô¬Ls Ø¥ÜùNnÕ ùNôpXXôm.

TÏ§ þ 53 Eß§ ùUô¯ ApXÕ CûQVô] Eß§V°l×©W§Yô§ûVÙm RdL ®NôWûQ A§Lô¬Lû[Ùm TôÕLôdLÜm Utßm RY\ô] úSôd¡Xô] TVuTôhûPÙm RÓdLÜmHt\ YûL«p Lôl× Eß§ùUô¯ ApXÕ CûQVô] Eß§V°lûT TZeÏUôß ®iQlTRôW¬Pm RdL ®NôWûQA§Lô¬Ls úLhÓd ùLôs[Xôm. B]ôp AlT¥ YZeLlTÓm Eß§ùUô¯ ApXÕ CûQVô] Eß§V°lTô]ÕúRûYVt\ YûL«p CkR ®NôWûQSPY¥dûLLÞdÏ RûPVôL ̈ odL LôWQUô¡®PdáPôÕ. CkR ®iQlTj§pÏ±l©PlThÓs[ E¬ûU ÁWp ùTôÚ°àPu ùRôPokÕ DÓTÓj§ CÚdLd á¥V ùRô¯p Õû\ YûW Y¥YeLsLôl×¬ûULs, §hP YûW Y¥YeLs ApXÕ RôWô[ ®¨úVôLj§tÏ ®PlThÓs[ ùY°«PlTPôR RLYpLsB¡VYtû\ ReL[Õ Ø¥®u A¥lTûP«Ûm RtLôLUôL ¨ßj§ ûYdLXôm. ¿§jÕû\ ApXÕ ©\ R²A§Lô¬L°u Ø¥ÜLÞdÏ AlTôtThÓm ÑeL CXôLô A§Lô¬Ls úUtLiPYôß SPY¥dûLLs úUtùLôs[Xôm.AlT¥lThP ̈ ûX«p TÏ§ 55 Cu ̧ r ̈ oQ«dLlThP LôX A[Ü GuTÕ LôXôY§ B¡®Ó¡\Õ. RdL úSWj§pRdL A§Lô¬Ls ¨oQ«jÕs[ Uô²Vm YZeLlTPôR ¨ûX«p áP CÕ LôXôY§ B¡®Ó¡\Õ. AlT¥ HRôYÕE¬ûU ÁWp SPk§ÚdÏm ThNj§p C\dÏU§ BÏm ùTôÚsL°u Tôp ¨oQ«dLlThP ¨TkRû]Ls úTôL,E¬ûU«û] ûYj§ÚlTYÚdÏ E¬ûU ÁWXôp CZl× HtTÓYûR RÓdÏm A[®tLô] ùRôûLûV E¬ûU ÁWpSPkÕs[RôL LÚRlTÓm ùTôÚsLû[ Aàl×m E¬ûUVô[o, C\dÏU§Vô[o ApXÕ AkRl ùTôÚsLû[ HtßdùLôsTYo Eß§V°l×j ùRôûLVôL ÑeL CXôLô LQd¡p ùNÛjÕYRu A¥lTûP«p úUtT¥ ùTôÚû[ ÑeLCXôLô®]o ®Ó®dLXôm. ClT¥lThP Eß§V°l× ùRôûL YZeLlTÓYRô]Õ E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTYÚdÏ ¡ûPdLúYi¥V ©\ ¾oÜLû[ RÓlTRôL úTôn®PXôLôÕ. AúR úSWj§p E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTYWô]Yo CÕ NmUkRUô]úUp SPY¥dûLdÏ úYi¥V RdL SûPØû\Lû[ RdL LôX LhPj§tÏs YZeLô®¥p úUtT¥ Eß§V°l×j

118


CODISSIA

ùRôûL AûR ùNÛj§VYÚdúL §Úl©V°dLlThÓ ®Óm GuTûRÙm ×¬kÕ ùLôi¥ÚdLjRdLÕ.

TÏ§ þ 54 RtLôL ¨ßj§ ûYl× A±dûLTÏ§ þ 51 dÏ HtT ùTôÚs ùY°«PlTÓYÕ ¨ßj§ ûYdLlThÓ Es[Õ GuTûR NmUkRlThP ùTôÚû[C\dÏU§ ùNnTYÚdÏm ®iQlTRôWÚdÏm E¬V YûL«p ùR¬®j§PjRdLÕ.

TÏ§ þ 55 RtLôL ¨ßj§ ûYl× LôXmRtLôL ¨ßj§ ûYl× ùNnVlThÓs[ ®`Vm ®iQlTRôWÚdÏ ùR¬®dLlThP Sô°p CÚkÕ 10 úYûXSôhLÞdÏ úUp LôX ¿h¥l× ¡ûPVôÕ. ARtÏ úUp ùTôÚsLs ®Ó®dLlThÓ ®PXôm. ùTôÚsLs ®Ó®lûTRtLôLUôL ¨ßj§ ûYl×Lû[ RtLôL SPY¥dûLLû[ úUtùLôsÞm RdL

A§LôWm TûPjR A§Lô¬Ls ApXÕ ©W§Yô§ûV R®W YZdûL ùRôPe¡ ûYjÕs[Y¬u RÏkR YôReL°uA¥lTûP«p YZdÏB]Õ Ø¥ûY úSôd¡ ùNuß ùLôiÓs[Õ GuTûR ÑeL CXôLô A§Lô¬LÞdÏùR¬®dLlTh¥ÚdLôR ̈ ûX«Ûm úUtT¥ ùTôÚsLs ®Ó®dLlTPXôm ùTôÚjRUô] YZdÏLs ®`Vj§p CkRdLôXd ùLÓûY úUÛm 10 úYûX SôhLÞdÏ ¿h¥dLXôm. YZdÏ ÕYe¡P LôWQUô] ®`VeL°u RÏ§L°uA¥lTûP«p Ø¥ûY GhÓYûR úSôd¡ JÚ úYû[ SPY¥dûLs ùNuß ùLôiÓ CÚdÏUô]ôp ©W§Yô§úLhÓd ùLôsÞm ThNj§p Ø¥ûY GhÓm úSôd¡Xô] T¬ºXû] GuTûR úUtùLôs[Xôm. ©W§Yô§ NhPéoYUô] YûL«Ûm CûRd úLôWXôm. RdL LôXLhPj§p CÕ SPdL úYiÓm. CkR SûPØû\LsUôt±VûUdLlThPRôLúYô, §ÚjRlThPRôLúYô ApXÕ Eß§lTÓjRlThPRôLúYô CÚdLXôm. úUtLiPYtú\ôÓCûQkÕ ¨tLôR ¨ûX«p ¿§jÕû\«u RtLôL SPY¥dûL«u A¥lTûP«p ùTôÚsLs ®Ó®l× ÁRô]RtLôL ̈ ßj§ ûYlûT ùRôPWXôm ApXÕ ùRôPWXôm. TÏ§ 50 TôWô 6 p Es[ NWjÕdLû[ CRtÏ ùTôßjRXôm.

TÏ§ þ 56ùTôÚsL°u E¬ûUVô[o Ut\m C\dÏU§Vô[ÚdÏ SxP DÓ ùNnRp

TÏ§ 55 u ùRôPof£VôL £û\ ûYl©ÚkÕ ùTôÚsLs ®Ó®dLlTÓm úTôúRô ApXÕ RY\ôL £û\ûYdLlThÓs[Rôp HtTÓm Tô§lûT DÓLhÓYRtLô] RdL CZlÀhÓjùRôûLûV C\dÏU§Vô[o ApXÕ ùTôÚû[ùTtßd ùLôsTYoLÞdÏ ®iQlTRôWo YZeL úYiÓm Guß BûQ«P RdL A§Lô¬LÞdÏ A§LôWm Es[Õ.

TÏ§ þ 57

RLYpLû[ BnÜ ùNnYRtLô] E¬ûUE¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTY¬u E¬ûUûV Cuù]ôÚYo Á±«ÚlTûR BnÜ ùNnRRu A¥lTûP«p AkR E¬ûU Á\pEß§lThÓ NmUkRlThP ùTôÚsLû[ ÑeL CXôLô®]o ©¥jÕ ûYj§ÚdÏm úTôÕ ARu ÁRô] ®NôWûQdÏARu E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏ úTôÕUô] Yônl× YZeÏm A§LôWjûR RdL A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs RWXôm. CkSPY¥dûLL°u úTôÕ WL£VUô] RLYpLÞdÏ Tô§l× HtThÓ ®Pd áPôÕ. AlT¥lThP ùTôÚsLû[ C\dÏU§ùNnTYÚdÏm AúR úTôu\ NU Yônl× A°dÏm A§LôWm RdL A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ. YZd¡u RÏ§L°uA¥lTûP«p NôRLUô] ¾ol× YÚm ThNj§p NmUkRlThP ùTôÚû[ Aàl© ûYjRYo. C\dÏU§Vô[o UtßmùTÚû[ ùTtßd ùLôsTYo Utßm úLs®dÏ¬V ùTôÚ°u A[Ü B¡V ®YWeLû[ E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTYÚdÏùR¬®dÏm A§LôWjûR RdL A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Eßl× SôÓLs YZeLXôm.

TÏ§ þ 58 A§LôW YWl©tÏ ùY°«Xô] SPY¥dûLLs:JÚ ùTôÚ°p A±Üf ùNôjÕ E¬ûU ÁWp ̈ LrjRlThÓs[ ØRp GiQj§u A¥lTûP«Xô] Nôh£Ls ¡ûPdLlùTßmThNj§p AlùTôÚsLs ùY°YÚYûR RdL A§Lô¬Ls RôeL[ôúY (Tô§dLlThPYÚûPV ®iQlTmCu±úV) RtLôLUôL ¨ßj§ ûYlTRtLô] A§LôWjûR YZeÏUôß Eßl× SôÓLs úLhÓd ùLôs[lThÓs[]

A RdL A§Lô¬Ls RôeL[ôLúY úUtùLôsÞm ClT¥lThP SPY¥dûLLs Ï±jR RLYpLs HRôYÕ úRûYlThPôpAYoLs AYtû\ GkR úSWj§Ûm NmUkRlThP E¬ûUûV ûYj§ÚlTY¬PªÚkÕ ùTtßd ùLôs[Xôm

B C\dÏU§ ùNnTYÚdÏm E¬ûUVô[ÚdÏm RtLôL ̈ ßjRm Ï±jR ®YWeLs EPàdÏPu ùR¬VlTÓj§PXôm.RtLôL ¨ßjRm ùNnVlThÓs[ SPY¥dûLdÏ G§WôL AkSPY¥dûLûV úUtùLôiÓs[ RdL A§Lô¬L°PmC\dÏU§Vô[o Øû\ÂÓ ùNnVXôm. RtLôL ¨ßj§ ûYl× SPY¥dûLVô]Õ TÏ§ þ 55 p YÏdLlThÓs[¨TkRû]LÞdÏ EhThPRôÏm. AY£VUô] §ÚjReLs ùNnVj RdLRôÏm

C) Su]m©dûL«u A¥lTûP«p ÕYeLlTÓm ApXÕ úUtùLôs[lTÓm SPY¥dûLL°u Ø¥®púUtùLôs[lTÓm RdL ¾oÜ SûPØû\L°u ùTôßl©ÚkÕ ùTôÕ A§Lô¬LÞdÏm AÛYXoLÞdÏm UhÓmEßl× SôÓLs ®XdL°dLXôm.

119


CODISSIA

TÏ§ þ 59

¾oÜLsE¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTY¬u ©\ E¬ûUL°u Tôp SPY¥dûLLs úUtùLôsYRtÏ Es[ Yônl×LÞdÏ Tô§l×HtTPôRYôß TôojÕd ùLôiÓ ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬L[ôp Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnVlTP úYiÓm Guß ©W§Yô§ úLhÓdùLôsYRtÏ Es[ E¬ûU«û]Ùm LQd¡ùXÓjÕd ùLôiÓ TÏ§ þ 46 u

¸r YÏdLlThÓs[ ùS± Øû\LÞdÏ HtT, E¬ûU ÁWp DÓTÓjRlThÓs[ ùTôÚsLû[ A¯lTRtÏ ApXÕTôrTÓjÕYRtLô] BûQûV YZeÏm A§LôWm RdL A§Lô¬LÞdÏ Es[Õ. úTôVô] YojRL Øj§ûWLsETúVô¡dLlThÓs ùTôÚsLs ®`Vj§p, AlùTôÚsLs Es[Õ Es[T¥úVVô] YûL«p Uß HtßU§ùNnVlTÓYûRÙm A§Lô¬Ls RÓdLXôm. ApXÕ AYtû\ ÑeL CXôLô®u UôßThP SûPØû\L°u ̧ r ùLôiÓYWXôm. ®XdL°dLjRdL ãr¨ûXLs ®`Vj§p CÕ ùTôßkRôÕ.

TÏ§ þ 60

ªLd Ïû\Yô] A[®Xô] C\dÏU§LsTV¦L°u ÑûULs êXm YÚ¡\ YojRL ETúVôLj§u ̧ r YWôR ªLd Ïû\kR A[®Xô] C\dÏU§Ls ApXÕªLd Ïû\kR A[®p AàlTlTÓ¡\ ùTôÚsL°u ®`Vj§p úUtLiP NWjÕLû[ DÓTÓjÕY§ÚkÕ Eßl×SôÓLÞdÏ ®XdÏ A°dLlThÓs[Õ.

©¬Ü þ 5

Ït\®Vp SûPØû\Ls

TÏ§ þ 61®VôTôW úSôd¡Xô] ùNVpTôh¥tÏ NmUkRlThP ùTôÚ°p Ru²fûNVôL úTô YojRL Øj§ûWûVTVuTÓj§«ßlTRu ÁÕm §ÚhÓjR]UôL T§l× ùNnVlThÓs[Ru ÁÕm Eßl× SôÓLs Ït\®VpSûPØû\Lû[Ùm ©WúVô¡jÕ RiPû] YZeLXôm. Tô§l×dÏ DÓ ùNnÙm A[®Xô] ATWôRd LhPQmApXÕ £û\ RiPû]Ùm áP YZeLXôm. YZdÏLs N¬VôL CÚdÏm ThNj§p E¬ûU SPkÕs[ ùTôÚsLû[ûLlTt±úVô T±ØRp ùNnúRô A¯jÕ ®PXôm. úUtT¥ Ït\ SPY¥dûL«p ªLlùT¬V A[®tÏDÓTÓjRlThÓs[ êXeLs Utßm AØXôdLeLû[Ùm úUtá±VYôß A¯jÕ ®PXôm. Ru²fûNVôLÜm YojRLúSôd¡Ûm A±Üf ùNôjÕ E¬ûUûV E¬ûU ÁWp ùNnÕ TVuTÓj§ Es[Ru ÁÕ Ït\®Vp SûPØû\«u ¸rEßl× SôÓL[ô]ûY SPY¥dûLLs GÓjÕ RiPû] YZeLXôm.

120


CODISSIA

A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU ûLlTt\Ûm TWôU¬jRÛm AÕNmUkRlThP CÚ RWl× SûPØû\LÞm

Aj§VôVm þ 11TÏ§ þ 621) A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUûV TWôU¬jRp ApXÕ ûLlTtßRp SPY¥dûLLs B¡VYtû\ TôLm ©¬ÜLs 2 ØRp 6Ø¥V Es[ TÏ§LÞdÏ HtT úUtùLôsÞm úTôÕ AûY RdL SûPØû\Ls Utßm NPeÏLÞdÏ EhThÓCÚdL úYiÓm Guß Eßl× SôÓLs úLhÓd ùLôs[Xôm. AlT¥lThP SûPØû\Ls Utßm NPeÏL[ô]ûYCkR JlTkRj§u NWjÕLÞdÏ CûNkRRôL CÚdLjRdLÕ.

2) ûLùVôlTj§Ûs[ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUVô]Õ T§Ü ùNnVlThPRôLúYô ApXÕ E¬ûU AàU§ Es[RôLúYôCÚkRôp AlT¥lThP T§Ü ApXÕ AàU§ SûPØû\Lû[ Eß§lTÓjÕm YûL«p Eßl× SôÓLs SPkÕùLôs[jRdLYoLs. AûYL°p Ï±l©PlThÓs[ Y¯Øû\L°u A¥lTûP«úXúV E¬ûU ÁWp Eß§ùNnVlThÓs[ RVô¬lûT ûLlTtßRp ùNnV úYiÓm. úUÛm RdL LôX AYLôNj§tÏs AkR E¬ûU«uAàU§ YZeLs ApXÕ T§ûY EPu YZe¡P úYiÓm. CRu êXm TôÕTôl× LôX LhPj§u úUp Es[EjRWYôRUt\ ãr¨ûXûV R®ojÕd ùLôs[Xôm.

3) úNûY Øj§ûWL°u ®`Vj§p Tô¬v £\l× UôSôÓ (1967) u TÏ§ 4 p AY£VUô] §ÚjReLs ùNnÕTVuTÓjRXôm.

4)A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs ûLlTtßRp ApXÕ TWôU¬lTRtLô] SûPØû\LÞdÏ Ht\ SûPØû\Lû[ Eßl×SôhÓ NhPØm AàU§dÏm ThNj§p öYôL Ã§«Xô] WjÕ ùNnRp, CÚ RWl©]odÏUô] SûPØû\L[ô]

G§ol×, WjÕ ùNnRp, ALt± ®ÓRp B¡V SPY¥dûLs úUt ùLôsÞm úTôÕ Ak SPY¥dûLLs TÏ§ 41TôWôdLs 2 Utßm 3 Cu ùTôÕd ùLôsûLL°u ¸r úUt ùLôs[lTPXôm.

5) TôWô 4u ¸r YÚm SûPØû\L°u A¥lTûP«p Cß§ Ø¥Ü GÓdÏm úTôÕ AûYLs ¿§jÕû\ ApXÕ¿§jÕû\ A§Lô¬L[ôp Uß T¬ºXû] ùNnVjRdLÕ. ùYt± ùTt±WôR G§ol× ApXÕ öYôL Ã§«Xô] WjÕùNnRp B¡V]Yt±u ÁÕ AlT¥lThP T¬ºXû] úUt ùLôs[ úYiÓm

Guß GkR ùTôßl×m öQ«dL úYi¥V§pûX. U§l©ZdLf ùNnYRtLô] SûPØû\°u A¥lTûP«p RôuúUtT¥ T¬ºXû] ùNnVlTPjRdLÕ.

121


CODISSIA

RôYô RÓl×m ¾oÜmAj§VôVm þ 12TôLm þ 4 RôYô RÓl×m ¾oÜm

TÏ§ þ 63 ùY°lTûPjRuûU1. CkR JlTkRj§u êX ®`Vj§tÏ EPuThPRôL Es[ A±ÜfùNôjÕ¬ûUL°u ¡ûPl× ¨ûX, Yônl×,ûLlTtßRp, AØXôdLm, Øû\úLPô] ETúVôL RÓl×, Eßl× SôÓL°u NhPeLs, ®§Øû\Ls ¿§jÕû\«uCß§ Ø¥ÜLs Utßm ùTôÕYô] ETúVôLj§tLô] ¨oYôLf NhPeLs B¡V] ùY°ÂÓ ùNnVjRdLûY. úR£VùUô¯«p úUtT¥ ùY°ÂhûP ùTôÕ®p YZeL Ø¥VôR ̈ ûX«p AkR ùY°Âh¥u AojRj§p úUtT¥ ®YWeLsAWNôeLeLs Utßm E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTYoLÞdÏ ùR¬VlTÓjRd á¥V YûL«p CÚdL úYiÓm. CkR JlTkRj§uêX ®NVj§u A¥lTûP«p JÚ Eßl× Sôh¥u AWNôeLeLs Utßm E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTYoLÞdÏ ùR¬VlTÓjRdá¥V YûL«p CÚdL úYiÓm. CkR JlTkRj§u êX ®NVj§u A¥lTûP«p JÚ Eßl× Sôh¥u AWNôeLmApXÕ AWÑ ØLYôuûUdÏm AÓjR JÚ Eßl× SôhÓ AWNôeLm ApXÕ AWÑ ØLYôuûUdÏm CûP«pAØXôdLjRdL YûL«Xô] JlTkReLÞm ùY°«PjRdLûY.

2. CkR JlTkRj§u AØXôdLjûR "¥¬lv'þ ÏÝ T¬ºXû] ùNnYRtÏ Ht\ YûL«p "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®u 1 þ p Es[T¥dLô] NhPeLs Utßm ®§ Øû\Lû[ Eßl× SôÓLs A±®dLXôm. CkR ùTôßl×Lû[ G§o ùLôsYRtÏEßl× SôÓLÞdÏ Es[ £WUeLû[ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ UhÓlTÓj§ ER®PXôm. EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl×PuLXkRôúXô£jÕ CkR NhPeLs Utßm ®§Øû\Lû[ Es[Pd¡V ùTôÕYô] T§úYÓ ùYt±LWUôL EßYôdLlTÓm¨ûX«p AlT¥lThP NhPeLs Utßm ®§Øû\Ls Ï±jÕ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®tÏ A±®dL úYi¥V ùTôßl©ÚkÕEßl× SôÓLû[ ®Ó®dLXôm. Tô¬v £\l× UôSôh¥u TÏ§ 6 u NWjÕL°ÚkÕ EßYôdLlThP CkR JlTkRj§uùTôßl×L°u ùRôPof£VôL A±dûL ùNnYRtÏ ùRôPo×s[ ùNVpTôÓLs Ï±jÕ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ LY]m ùNÛjRXôm.

3) Utù\ôÚ Eßl× SôÓ GÝjÕ éoYUôL úLhÓd ùLôsÞm úTôÕ TôWô 1p Ï±l©hÓs[ ®YWeLû[ YûL©¬jÕYZe¡P JqùYôÚ Eßl× SôÓm RVôWôL CÚk§PjRdLRôÏm. A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU«u CkRl TÏ§«u ÁRô]Ï±l©PjRdL ¿§jÕû\ Ø¥ÜLs, ̈ oYôL ®§Øû\Ls ApXÕ TWvTW JlTkRm B¡V] Tô§l× HtTÓjRdá¥VRôLEs[Õ GuTRtLô] SmTLUô] LôWQeLû[ Ru²Pm ûYj§ÚdÏm úTôÕ ¿§jÕû\«u AlT¥lThP Ø¥ÜLsApXÕ ¨oYôL ®§ Øû\Ls ApXÕ TWvTW JlTkReLs Tt± úTôÕUô] ®¬ÜûWúVôÓ RLYp RWXôm ApXÕRdL YûL«p GÝjÕ Y¥®p RWXôm Guß JÚ Eßl× SôÓ úLhÓd ùLôs[lTPXôm.

4) Ï±l©hP ùTôÕjÕû\ ApXÕ R²VôoÕû\ ̈ ßY]eL°u NhP éoY YojRL SXuLû[ Tô§dLd á¥V YûL«pApXÕ ùTôÕ SXuLÞdÏ ØWiTh¥Úd¡\ YûL«p ApXÕ NhP AØXôdLj§tÏ RûP HtTÓjRd á¥V YûL«pB] WL£V RLYpLû[ ùY°«Pf ùNôp CkRl TÏ§«u TôWôdLs 1,2, Utßm 3 Cp GÕÜm úLhÓdùLôs[lTP®pûX.

TÏ§ þ 64 RôYô ¾oÜ1) RôYôdLs Ï±jÕ úTfÑ YôojûRLs SPj§ ¾oÜ LôiTRtÏ CkR JlTkRj§p £\lTôL úNodLlThÓs[ûYR®W, Hû]V TÏ§Ls Aû]jÕm ùTôÕf ÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkRm þ 1994 u TÏ§Ls 22 Utßm 23 u NWjÕL°²ußùT\lThPûYVôÏm.

2) EXL YojRL AûUl× JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkR§ÚkÕ 5 BiÓLôXj§tÏ ùTôÕf ÑeLj¾oûY JlTkRm þ1994 u TÏ§ 23 u ÕûQ TôWôdLs 1 (B) Utßm 1 (C)B¡V]Ytû\ CkR JlTkRj§u ¸r RôYôdLs ¾oÜSûPØû\LÞdÏ TVuTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ.

3) ùTôÕf ÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkRm þ 1994 u TÏ§ 23 u ÕûQ TôWôdLs 1 (B) Utßm 1(C) p ùLôÓdLlThÓs[Yt±tÏJjR YûL«Xô] ×LôoLÞdLô] ¾oÜLÞdÏ CkR TôWôdL°p Es[ Yônl×Ls Utßm RÏ§ Ï±jÕ ClTÏ§«u(TÏ§ 64) TôWô 2 Ï±l©PlThP LôXd ùLÓ®tÏs "¥¬lv"ÏÝ T¬úNôRû] úUtùLôiÓ AûUfNoLs ̈ ûX«Xô]UôSôh¥p Ae¸LôWj§tÏ ûYdL úYiÓm. AlT¥lThP T¬kÕû\Lû[ Ae¸L¬lRtLô] AûUfNoLs ¨ûXUôSôh¥u GkR JÚ Ø¥ÜdÏ ApXÕ úUtT¥ 2YÕ TôWô®p Ï±l©PlThP LôX LhPj§tÏ ¿h¥lTÕ Gu\ GkRJÚ Ø¥Üm ùTôÕYô] CûYL°u A¥lTûP«p GÓdLlTP úYiÓm. úUtùLôiÓm Nm©WRôVeL°uA¥lTûP«p Ae¸LôWm A°dÏm Øû\«p Gu±pXôUp, "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®]ôp Ae¸L¬dLlThP T¬kÕû\LsúSW¥VôL GpXô Eßl× SôÓL°]ôÛm ùNVpTÓjRjRdLRôÏm.

122


CODISSIA

Aj§VôVm þ 13TôLm þ 4

UôtÈhÓ LôX LhPj§tLô] HtTôÓLs

TÏ§ 65

UôtÈhÓ LôX LhP HtTôÓLs1) EXL YojL AûUl©u JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkR ùTôÕYô] LôX LhPm LôXôY§VôYRtLô] JÚ BiÓØÝûU AûPYRtÏ Øu× ClTÏ§«u (TÏ§ þ 65) TôWôdLs 2,3 Utßm 4 u NWjÕLû[ Eßl× SôÓLs ©WúVô¡dLúYi¥V§pûX.

2) ClTÏ§«u TôWô 1Cp Ï±l©hÓs[Õ úTôX úUtÏ±l©hP NWjÕdLû[ ©WúVô¡lTRtLô] LôX LhPjûRùTôßjRYûW JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkR Sô°ÚkÕ úUÛm SôuÏ BiÓLs LôX AYLôNUô]Õ Y[Úm SôÓLÞdÏYZeLlThÓs[Õ. TÏ§Ls 3,4, Utßm 5 u NWjÕLû[ R®ojÕ Hû]VYt±tÏ Rôu CÕ ùTôßkÕm.

3) Uj§VlTÓjRlThP §hPªhP ùTôÚ[ôRôW Øû\«ÚkÕ NkûRl ùTôÚ[ôRôWj§tÏ Uô±dùLôi¥ÚdÏmSôÓLÞdÏm Utßm R]Õ A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU Øû\«p A¥lTûP Uôt\eLs ùNnÕYÚm RûPVt\¨ßY]lùTôÚ[ôRôW AûUl×LÞdÏm "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u ¸Zô] A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU Utßm ®§Øû\Lû[AØXôdÏm úTôÕ G§o ùLôsÞm ©WfNû]LÞdÏ ¾oÜ LôiTRtÏm TôWôþ2 p GÓjÕû\dLlThÓs[ LôXRôUYônl× TV]°dÏm.

4) EtTj§d Lôl×¬ûU ÁRô] TôÕLôlûT ùRô¯p ÖhTjÕû\dÏm ¿h¥l× ùNnYÕ NmUkRUôL CqùYôlTkRj§pY[Úm SôÓLÞdÏ GÓjÕû\dLlThÓs[Õ. ARû] AØXôdL AkSôÓLs LPûUlThÓs[]. ClTÏ§«u TôWôþ2p GÓjÕû\dLlThÓs[T¥ CqùYôlTkRj§p AkR Eßl× Sôh¥tÏ ¨oQ«dLlThÓs[ AØXôdL úR§«pAkR Sôh¥u Wôw´V GpûX«p AqY[YôL TôÕLôl× HtTôÓLs ùNnVlTh¥ÚdLôR ThNj§p TôLm þ 2 u ©¬Ü5 þ u NWjÕL°p AlT¥lThP ùRô¯p ÖhTjÕû\dÏ ¿h¥jÕj RWlThÓs[ áÓRXô] 5 BiÓLs LôX AYLôNjûRGÓjÕd ùLôiÓ AqúYtTôÓLû[ ùNnVXôm

5) TôWôdLs 1,2,3, Utßm 4 u ¸r UôtÈhÓdLô] LôXLhPjûR Eßl× SôÓLs Y¡dÏm úTôÕ ARu NhPeLs,®§Øû\Ls EßYôdÏYÕm AYtû\ CdLôXLhPj§p AØXôdÏYÕUô] SPY¥dûLLû[ úUtùLôs[d áÓm.B]ôp AlT¥lThP SPY¥dûLLs "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NWjÕLû[ ®P YÛ Ïu±V YûL«p CÚkÕ ®PdáPôÕ.

TÏ§ þ 66

ªLÜm ©u Re¡V Eßl× SôÓLs1) ªLÜm ©u Re¡V SôÓLû[l ùTôßjRYûW AûYL°u ùTôÚ[ôRôWm ̈ § ̈ ûX Utßm ̈ oYôLm £dLpLû[ÙmAûRùVôh¥V úRûYLû[Ùm AY£VeLû[Ùm LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

2) ªLÜm ©u Re¡V SôÓLs ReLs ùRô¯p ÖhT TXjûR ¨ûXjR RuûUúVôÓ A©®Új§ ùNnÕ ùLôsYRtÏER®VôL Y[of£VûPkR Eßl× SôÓL°u ¨ßY]eLÞm AûUl×LÞm ReL[Õ ùRô¯p ÖhTeLû[ Uôt±dùLôÓlTûR FdLlTÓjÕm YûL«p ReLs Wôw´V GpûX«p Es[ AlT¥lThP ̈ ßY]eLÞdÏ Y[of£VûPkREßl× SôÓLs FdLU°dL úYiÓm.

TÏ§ þ 67

ùRô¯p ÖÔdL JjÕûZl×Y[Úm SôÓLs Utßm ªLÜm ©u Re¡V SôÓLÞdÏ NôRLUôL ùRô¯p ÖÔdL Utßm ¨§¨ûX JjÕûZlûTSpÏUôß úLhÓd ùLôs[lTÓm úTôÕ TWvTWm Jl×d ùLôs[lThP ®§Øû\Ls Utßm ¨TkRû]L°uA¥lTûP«p Y[of£VûPkR Eßl× SôÓLs AqùYôjÕûZlûT SpÏm úTôÕ "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NWjÕLû[G°RôL AØXôdLd á¥VRôL AûR TôojÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm. A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULû[ TôÕLôdÏmSPY¥dûLLÞdLô] NhPeLs Utßm ®§Øû\Lû[ EßYôdÏYRtLô] JjÕûZlTôL AÕ CÚdLXôm. AúRúTôXAqÜ¬ûULû[ RY\ôL TVuTÓjÕYûR RÓlTÕm C§p APeÏm. CYtû\ùVpXôm AØXôdÏYRtÏAÛYXLeLs,

ØLYôuûULs Utßm A§p T¦VôtßTYoLÞdLô] T«t£V°jRp B¡V]Üm CqùYôjÕûZl©u ̧ r YÚ¡u\].

123


CODISSIA

TôLm þ VII ¨ßY] Ã§«Xô] HtTôÓLs þ Cß§f NWjÕLsAj§VôVm þ 14TÏ§ þ 68 "¥¬lv' ÏÝ: CqùYôlTkj§û] Ï±lTôL ¸rYÚm ùTôßl×Lû[ Eßl× SôÓLs GeL]m¨û\úYtß¡u\] GuTûR "¥¬lv"ÏÝ LiLô¦dLXôm. úUÛm A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUL°u YojRLm NôokRAmNeLû[d Ï±jÕ BúXôNû] SPjÕYRtÏ Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏ Yônl× A°dLXôm. Eßl× SôÓL[ôp AlT¥YZeLlTÓm BúXôNû]L°u A¥lTûP«p ùTôßl×Lû[ CdÏÝ öQ«jÕd ùLôÓdLXôm. Ï±lTôL RôYô¾oÜ SûPØû\Ls NmUkRUôL Eßl× SôÓLs ER® úLôÚm úTôÕ AqYûL ER®Lû[ YZeLúYiÓm."¥¬lv"ÏÝYô]Õ R]Õ AÛYpLs NmUkRUô] Eßl× SôÓLs ER®úVôÚm úTôÕ AqYûL ER®Lû[ YZeLúYiÓm. "¥¬lv"ÏÝYô]Õ R]Õ AÛYpLs NmUkRUô] Eßl× SôÓLú[ôÓ BúXôNû]SPjÕYúRôÓAYt±PªÚkÕ Rôu G§oTôodÏm ®`VeLû[ ùT\Xôm. CdÏÝ R]Õ ØRp áhPj§tÏ ©\ÏKWôiÓdÏs EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©àPu BúXôNû] SPj§ CdÏÝ®u TpúYß ©¬ÜLÞdÏsú[JjÕûZlûT HtTÓjÕYRtLô] RdL HtTôÓLû[ ùNnÕ ùLôs[jRdLÕ.

TÏ§ þ 69

NoYúRN JjÕûZl×ùTôÚsL°u NoYúRN YojRL SPY¥dûLL°p A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs AjÕ Á±l TVuTÓjÕYûR R®odÏmúSôd¡p Eßl× SôÓLs ReLÞdÏm JjÕûZl× úUtùLôs[ NmU§jÕs[]. CÕ ®`VUôL ReLs öYôLAûUl©p ùRôPo× ùLôs[ úYi¥VRtLô] ûUVeLû[ ùR¬®d¡u\]o. AúR úTôX E¬ûULs AjÕÁ±lTVuTÓjRlThÓs[ ®`VeLû[ ReLÞdÏs T¬Uô¬dùLôs[Üm Eßl× SôÓLs RVôWôL Es[]. Ï±lTôLLôl×¬ûUûV Ls[jR]UôL TVuTÓj§Ùs[ ùTôÚsLs NmUkRUôL Eßl× SôÓL°u ÑeL CXôLô®]¬ûPúVJjÕûZlûTÙm TWvTW RLYp T¬Uôt\eLû[Ùm A©®Új§ ùNnÕ ùLôs[ úYi¥ Es[Õ.

TÏ§ þ70

SPl©Ûs[ êX ®`VeLÞdLô] TôÕLôl×1) "¥¬lv"JlTkRjûR úLs®dÏ±V Sôh¥p AØpTÓjÕYRtLô] úR§dÏ Øu]o AkSôh¥p ̈ X®V NhPeLÞdÏùTôßl×Lû[ áhÓm YûL«p CqùYôlTkRm Y¥YûUdLlTP®pûX.

2) CkR JlTkRj§tÏ HtT CpXô®hPôÛm úLs®dÏ¬V Eßl× Sôh¥p JlTkRm AØpTÓjRlTÓ¡\ Sôs YûWCÚkÕYÚ¡\ GpXô êX ®`VeLÞdÏm CqùYôlTkRm ùTôßlûT öQ«jÕ ùLôÓjÕs[Õ. úUt ùNôu]úR§«p AkR Eßl× Sôh¥p Am êX®`VeLÞdÏ TôÕLôl× A±dLlThÓs[Õ. ApXÕ CqùYôlTkRj§u®§Øû\L°u ¸r TôÕLôl× ùTßYRtLô] §hPYhPUô] A[ÅÓLÞdÏ ApXÕ AYtû\ G§oùLôs[jRdLYûL«p CÚkÕs[]. CkR TôWô (TôWô þ 2) Utßm 3 Utßm 4 TôWôdLÞdÏ HtT Es[ Tô§l×¬ûU ùTôßl×LsùTo² £\l× UôSôh¥u (1971) TÏ§ 18 þ dÏ ØÝûUVôL ùTôßkRjRdL YûL«p Uôt±VûUdLlTh¥ÚdLjRdLÕ.CûNjRhÓdLs RVô¬lTô[oLs Utßm CûNdLûXOoLÞdÏ Es[ CûNjRhÓ E¬ûULû[l ùTôßjRYûW AûYLsØÝYÕm ùTo²£\l× UôSôh¥u (1971) TÏ§ þ 18 dÏ Ht\ YûL«p Uôt±VûUdLlTh¥ÚdL úYiÓm. úUÛm"¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u 14 þ u TôWô 6dÏ ùTôÚkRdá¥VYûL«p EßYôdLlTh¥ÚdLjRdLÕ.

3) NmUkRlThP êX ®`Vm úLs®dÏ¬V Eßl× Sôh¥p AW£u ùTôÕl TVuTôh¥u ¸r YkÕ ®hP ¨ûX«pARu ÁÕ LôlT°dL úYi¥V ùTôßl× GÕÜm öQ«dL úYi¥V§pûX.

4) AjÕÁ± TVuTÓjRlThÓs[ TôÕLôdLlThÓs[ êX®`Vj§p Øu GÝkÕs[ Ï±l©hP úSôdLeLs TôXô]GkR JÚ NhPj§u úSôdLeL[ô]ûY "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NhP éoY ®§Øû\LÞdÏ Eß§lTÓm YûL«pCÚdL úYiÓm. NmUkRlThP SôÓ EXL YojRL AûUl× JlTkRjûR AØXôdL ùRôPe¡V ©u]o úUtÏ±l©hPA±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUûV ùRôPokÕ NmUkRlThP RVô¬lTô[o TVuTÓjR úYiÓm G²p AkR A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUûYjÕs[YÚdÏ YûWVßdLlThP A[®p DÓLhÓm ùRôûLûV öQ«jÕ YZeL úYiÓm úUtLiPRVô¬lTô[¬Pm Eßl× SôÓ úLhÓd ùLôs[Xôm.

5) JÚ Eßl× SôÓ EXL YojRL AûUl©u "¥¬lv"JlTkRjûR AØXôdÏYRtÏ Øu]o YôeLlThP êXeLsApXÕ ©W§Ls ®`Vj§p TÏ§ þ 1 Utßm TÏ§ 14 u 4 YÕ TôWô®u NWjÕLû[ ©WúVô¡dL úYi¥V ùTôßl×JÚ Eßl× Sôh¥tÏ CpûX.

6) TÏ§ 31 Utßm TÏ§ 27 u TôWô 1 B¡V] Lôl×¬ûULû[ ùRô¯p ÖhTjÕû\«p GkR ®R TôWThNØm Cu±TVuTÓjÕYûR Ï±jÕm E¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTY¬u AàU§ Cu± TVuTÓjRd áPôRûRlTt±Ùm GÓjÕû\d¡u\].

124


CODISSIA

Ck¨ûX«p EXL YojRL AûUl©u "¥¬lv"JlTkRm AkR Sôh¥p A±VlTÓYRtÏ ØkûRV Sô°p úUtÏ±l©hPE¬ûU ûYj§ÚlTY¬u E¬ûUûV AWNôeLm úYù\ôÚYÚdÏ ùLôÓj§ÚdÏm ThNj§p úUtÏ±l©hP TÏ§Lû[Eßl× SôÓLs ETúVô¡dL úYi¥V§pûX.

7) T§Ü ùNnRôp Rôu A±Üf ùNôjÕ E¬ûULÞdÏ TôÕLôl× YZeLlTÓm Guß YÚm úTôÕ úLs®dÏ±VSôh¥p JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YÚm Sô°p ¨ÛûY«p Es[ TôÕLôl× úLôÚm ®iQlTeLû[l ùTôßjRYûWCkR "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u NWjÕL°u ¸r YÚ¡\ GkR JÚ áÓRp TôÕLôl× Øû\ûVÙm úLôÚm YûL«p AkR®iQlTj§p RdL §ÚjReLs úUt ùLôs[Xôm.

8) EXL YojRL AûUl©u "¥¬lv"JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YÚm Sô°p UÚkÕLs Utßm úY[ôi WNôV]lùTÚsLÞdÏ JÚ Eßl× Sôh¥p RdL TôÕLôl× HtTôÓLs ùNnÕ RWlTPôR ¨ûX«p AqùYôlTkRj§u TÏ§ þ27 u NWjÕL°u ¸Zô] ùTôßl×LÞdÏ RdL HtTôÓLû[ ùNnÕ RWlTPôR ¨ûX«p

A) EXL YojRL AûUl©u JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YÚm úR§«ÚkÕ TôLm þ 5 u ̧ r YZeLlThÓs[ NWjÕL°u¸r ̈ tL úYi¥V§pûX. CRu AojRm Gu]ùYu\ôp AlT¥lThP LiÓ©¥l×LÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûU úLô¬ LhPôVm®iQl©dL úYiÓm;

B) CkR JlTkRm AØXôÏm úR§«p CkR ®iQlTeLÞdÏ AÕ ®iQl©dLlThÓs[ Sôh¥p¨oQ«dLlThÓs[ §hPYhPUô] A[ÅÓLs UhÓUpXôÕ CqùYôlTkRj§u §hPYhPUô] A[ÅÓLû[ÙmùTôßjR úYiÓm; úUÛm

C) Ju±tÏ Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlThÓs[úTôÕ ARu NWjÕdLÞdÏ HtLÜm CqùYôlTkRj§u NWjÕL°p á\lThÓEs[RtÏ HtTÜm Lôl×¬ûU TôÕLôl× YZeL úYiÓm. CqùYôlTkRj§u TÏ§ 33 dÏ HtT ®iQlTm RôdLpùNnVlThP Sô°p CÚkÕ LQd¡hÓ Lôl×¬ûU LôXjûR LQd¡ùXÓjÕdùLôsÞm úTôÕ CqûYûLVô GpXô®iQlTeLÞm TôÕLôl× ùTßYRtÏ ClTÏ§«u TôWô 8 u ÕûQ TôWô B p Ï±l©PlThÓs[ §hPYhPUô]A[ÅÓLû[ ©uTt\ úYiÓm.

9) ClTÏ§«u TôWô þ 8 u ÕûQ TôWô (A) ®tÏ ùTôÚkRd á¥V YûL«p £\l× NkûR E¬ûU Utßm RVô¬l×Lôl×¬ûU ùT\úYi¥V ®iQlTj§u AmNj§u ¸r YÚ¡\ RVô¬lûT ùTôÚjRYûW, Aq®iQlTj§tÏUtù\ôÚ Eßl× Sôh¥p RVô¬l× Lôl×¬ûU YZeLlTPjRdLRôLÜm AlT¥lThP úYù\ôÚ Sôh¥p NkûR AàU§DhPdá¥V YûL«Ûm CÚdÏm úTôÕ AqYûL AàU§Ls YZeLXôm. AûYLs TôLm þ 6 u NWjÕLÞdÏùTôßk§ ¨tL úYi¥V§pûX. AkR Eßl× Sôh¥p NkûR AàU§ DhPlThPRtÏ ©\Ï 5 BiÓLs ApXÕRVô¬l× Lôl×¬ûU AàU§dLlThP ApXÕ ̈ WôL¬dLlThP Sôs YûW C§p GÕ Ïû\Yô] LôXLhPúUô AdLôXLhPm YûW CqYàU§Lû[ YZeLXôm.

TÏ§ þ 71

T¬ºXû]Ùm §ÚjRØm.

1) TÏ§ 65 u TôWô 2p Ï±l©PlThÓs[ T¥Vô] LôXLhPj§p UôtÈhÓ LôXLhPm Ø¥Üt\ ©u]ôpCqùYôlTkRj§u AØXôdLm Ï±jÕ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ T¬ºXû] úUtùLôs[Xôm. AqùYôlTkRm AØXôd¡V§p¡ûPjR AàTYeL°u A¥lTûP«p AØXôd¡P ùRôPe¡V úR§«p CÚkÕ LiP±VjRdL CûPùY° ùLôÓjÕARôYÕ AØXô] úR§«p CÚkÕ CWiÓ BiÓLs L¯jÕ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ ClT¬ºXû]ûV úUtùLôs[jRdLÕ.NmUkRlThP Õû\«p HtThÓs[ ×§V Øuú]t\eLû[ LQd¡p GÓjÕd ùLôiÓ ARu ùY°fNj§p"¥¬lv"R]Õ T¬ºXû] SPj§ ARu A¥lTûP«p A©®Új§ ùNnYRtLô] A§LôWm A°dLXôm ApXÕJlTkRj§tÏ RdL §ÚjReLs RWXôm.

2) A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs TôÕLôl©tÏ HtL]úY ùT\lThÓs[ TôÕLôl× Øû\LÞdÏ úUÛm áÓRXôL TôÕLôl×YZeLjRdLRôL CÚdÏm YûL«p §ÚjReLs úUtùLôs[lTP úYiÓm. úYß TuØû] JlTkReLÞdÏ HtTúUtT¥Vô] Uôt\eLs ùNnVlThÓ AeÏ HtLlTh¥Úl©u AYtû\ AûUfNoLs ¨ûX UôSôh¥u Øu]oûYdLXôm. EXL YojRL AûUl©u JlTkRj§u TÏ§ 10 þ u TôWô 6þp Es[RtÏ CQeL AØXôdÏYRtÏ HtT"¥¬lv"ÏÝYô]Õ úUtT¥ §ÚjReLû[ ùTôÕ Jl×RÛdLô] ØuùUô¯VôL Y¥YûUjÕ AûUfNoLs ¨ûXUôSôh¥u Øu ûYdLXôm.

TÏ§ þ 72

NÛûLLs (Reservations)

©\ Eßl©]oL°u NmURm CpXôUp CqùYôlTkRj§u GkR JÚ NWjÕL°u TôÛm NÛûL ÖûZkÕ®PdáPôÕ.

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CODISSIA

TÏ§ þ 73

TôÕLôl©]¥lTûP«p B] ®§®XdÏLs:

CkR JlTkRj§u GkR JÚ TÏ§Ùm ¸rYÚUôß ùTôÚsùLôiÓ ®PdáPôÕ:

A) JÚ Eßl× Sôh¥u Aj§VôY£V TôÕLôl× SXuLÞdÏ ®úWôRUô] GkR RLYpLû[Ùm CûQdL úYiÓmGuß Eßl× Sôh¥Pm úLôÚRp ApXÕ

B) JÚ Eßl× SôÓ R]Õ Aj§VôY£V TôÕLôl× SXuLÞdÏ Aj§VôY£VUô]RôL LÚÕm GkR JÚSPY¥dûLûVÙm AkR Eßl× SôÓ úUtùLôsYûR RÓjÕ ¨ßjÕYÕ.

1. ©[dLjRdL (AÔ) êXl ùTôÚs NmUkRlThPûY ApXÕ AkR êXlùTôÚsLs G§ÚkÕ ùT\lThPûYúVôAûY

2. BÙReLs, R[YôPeLs, úTô¬p DÓTÓjÕYRtLô] úTôdÏYWjÕLs Utßm ©\ ùTôÚsLs Utßm êXlùTôÚsLsB¡V] WôÔY AûUl×Ls EßYôdÏYRtÏ úSW¥VôLÜm Uû\ØLUôLÜm ùLôiÓ YÚYRtLô] úTôdÏYWjÕLs;

3. úTôoLôXLhPeL°p NoYúRN Ã§«p AYNW LôXeL°p ClT¥ GÓjÕ YWlTÓYÕ; ApXÕ

C) NoYúRN AûU§ Utßm TôÕLôl× TWôU¬l©tLô] Id¡V SôÓLs NûT«u ùTôßl×L°u ùRôPo SPY¥dûLLsÁRô] GkR JÚ SûPØû\ûVÙm úUtùLôsY§ÚkÕ TôÕLôlTÕ.

TôÕLôl× Õû\ NmUkRlThP ®`VeLÞdÏ úUtLiP YûL«p ®XdÏ ùT\Xôm Guß GkR JÚ ¨ûX«Ûm×¬kÕ ùLôiÓ ®PdáPôÕ.

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CODISSIA

"¥¬lv"JlTkRjûR T¬ºlTRtLô] Es AûUkR §hPmAj§VôVm þ 15TÏ§ : 7: "¥¬lv"JlTkRm ¸rdLiPYôß T¥jR±VjRdLÕ:T¬ºXû]Ùm §ÚjRØm:" 1) TÏ§ þ 65Cu TôWô 2Cp Ï±l©PlThÓs[ T¥Vô] LôX LhPj§p UôtÈhÓ LôX LhPm Ø¥Üt\ ©u]ôpCqùYôlTkRj§u AØXôdLm Ï±jÕ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ T¬ºXû] úUtùLôs[Xôm. AqùYôlTkRm AØXôd¡V§p¡ûPjR AàTYeL°u A¥lTûP«p AØXôd¡P ùRôPe¡V úR§«p CÚkÕ LiÓ A±VjRdL A[Ü RdLCûPùY° ùLôÓjÕ ARôYÕ AØXô] úR§«p CÚkÕ CWiÓ BiÓLs L¯jÕ ¥¬lvdÏ ÏÝ ClT¬ºû]ûVúUtùLôs[jRdLÕ. NmUkRlThP Õû\«p HtThÓs[ ×§V Øuú]t\eLû[ Lid¡p GÓjÕdùLôiÓ ARuùY°fNj§p "¥¬lv"ÏÝ R]Õ T¬ºXû]Lû[ SPj§ ARu A¥lTûP«p A©®Új§ ùNnYRtLô] A§LôWmA°dLXôm ApXÕ JlTkRj§tÏ RdL §ÚjReLs RWXôm.2) A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûULs TôÕLôl©tÏ HtL]úY ùT\lThÓs[ TôÕLôl× Øû\LÞdÏ úUÛm áÓRXôLTôÕLô[l× YZeLjRdLRôL CÚdÏmYûL«p §ÚjReLs úUtùLôs[ úYiÓm. úYß TuØû] JlTkReLÞdÏHtT úUtT¥Vô] UôSôh¥u Øu]o ûYdLXôm. EXL YojRL AûUl©u JlTkRj§u TÏ§ XCu TôWô 6CpEs[RtÏ CQeL AØXôdÏYRtÏ HtT "¥¬lv"ÏÝYô]Õ AûUfNoLs ¨ûX UôSôh¥u Øu ûYdLXôm."UôtÈhÓ LôX LhPm LôXôY§ B] ©u]ôp CqùYôlTkRj§u AØXôdLm Ï±jÕ T¬ºXû] úUtùLôs[ úYiÓmGuß CqùYôlTkRm úLôÚ¡\Õ. ARôYÕ 1þ1þ2000dÏl ©\Ï T¬ºXû] úUtùLôs[d úLôÚ¡\Õ. ARtÏl ©\ÏCWiÓ BiÓLÞdÏ JÚØû\ CkR T¬ºXû] úUtùLôs[Xôm. JlTkR AØXôdLm Ï±jÕ SûPùTßm ØRpT¬ºXû] 2000Bm Bi¥p SûPùTßm úTôÕ Y[oØL SôÓLû[l ùTôÚjRYûW LôXY§ úR§ 1þ1þ2000Cp Ø¥¡\Õ.G]úY, CûR T¬ºlTÕ ªLf £WUUô]Õ ApXÕ CkR T¬ºXû]«u êXm JlTkRj§p §ÚjReLs ùLôiÓYÚYÕm ªLf £dLXô]RôÏm. C² 2002CÛm ARtÏl ©\Ï CWiÓ BiÓLÞdÏ JÚØû\Ùm "¥¬lv"ÏÝT¬ºXû] úUtùLôs[Üs[Õ. JlTkRm AØXôdLj§p ¡ûPjR AàTYeLs AlúTôÕ T¬ºdLlTÓm. EXLYojRL AûUl©u SûPØû\VôL CÕ CÚdÏm úTôÕ AlT¥lThP §ÚjRm ùTôÕd LÚj§u A¥lTûP«pJl×d ùLôs[lTP úYiÓm. úUÛm A§L ThN TôÕLôl× YZeÏUôß úLôÚYRtÏ CkRlTÏ§ Eßl× SôÓLÞdÏÑXTUô] Y¯ HtTÓj§d ùLôÓd¡\Õ. EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl× úTôu\ ©\ TuØû] JlTkReL°uA©®Új§ HtT CûY AûUVjRdLRôÏm. AúR úSWj§p TôÕLôl×j RWjûR Ïû\dLúYô ApXÕ ¿ojÕlúTôLúYô ùNn¡\ AojRj§Xô] §ÚjReLs ªLÜm £dLXô] ãr¨ûXûV HtTÓj§ ®Óm.G]úY 2002Cp ARtÏ ©\Ïm "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u úUp SPjRlTPÜs[ T¬ºXû]«u Es[ûUkR §hPUô]ÕA±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûUdÏ áÓRp TôÕLôlûT HtTÓjÕYûR Nôj§VlTÓjÕYRôL CÚdLjRdLÕ. (Eþm: Jnu UtßmNôWôVeLÞdÏm ©\YûL ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLÞdÏm áÓRp TôÕLôl×). AúR úSWj§p RtúTôÕs[ TôÕLôl×A[ûY Ïû\dL úYiÓm Guß úLôÚYÕ ªLÜm £WUUô]Õ (Eþm: UÚkÕ EtTj§j Õû\dÏ Lôl×¬ûU TôÕLôl×A°lT§p CÚkÕ ®XdL°dL úYiÓm Guß G§oTôolTÕ);£Vôh¥p SL¬p SûPùTt\ AûUfNoLs ̈ ûX UôSôh¥tLôL RVô¬dLlThP Y[of£l T¬kÕû\L°u JÚ TÏ§VôL"¥¬lv"JlTkRjûR úUÛm TXlTÓjÕYRtLô] £X ØuùUô¯ÜLû[ _lTôu Utßm IúWôl©V Ju±Vm úTôu\£X SôÓLs ØuûYjR]. EXL A±Üf ùNôjÕ¬ûU AûUl©u T§l×¬ûU JlTkReLs úTôu\ A±ÜfùNôjÕ¬ûULs JlTkReLs ÁÕ "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u ¸r Lôl×¬ûU ®iQlTeLs éoj§ ùNnYRtÏ Es[CWiÓ (ØRXôYRôL RôdLp ùNnYRtÏ ØRXôYRôL LiÓ©¥dLlTÓYRtÏ) Øû\LÞdÏ CûNYôL Y[of£lT¬kÕûWLû[ Øu ûYjR]. B]ôp UôSôh¥p GkR Ø¥Üm GÓdLlTP®pûX. AúR úTôX Y[Úm SôÓLÞmAØXôdLj§p ReLÞdÏ Es[ £X £WUeL°u LôWQUôL £X ©WfNû]Lû[ GÝl©]. "¥¬lv"JlTkRùTôßl×Lû[ ¨û\úYtßYRtÏ HtT ReLû[ RVôoTÓj§d ùLôsYRtLôL UôtÈhÓd LôX LhPjûR ¿h¥jÕdùLôÓdLd úLô¬]. JnuLs Utßm NôWôVeLÞdÏ YZeLlTÓm EVo A[Ü TôÕLôlûT ©\Yt±tÏm ¿h¥dLúLô¬]. AÓjR T¬ºXû]«u úTôÕ Cl©WfNû]Ls ÁiÓm GÝlTlTÓm.

TÏ§ 27.3 (B)TÏ§ 27.3 (A) Utßm (B) B¡V] ¸rLiPYôß Es[]:LôlT°dLjRdL êX ®NVm:3) Eßl× SôÓLÞm Lôl×¬ûU YZeÏY§ÚkÕ ®XdÏ ùT\jRdL].A) U²RoLs Utßm ®XeÏLÞdÏ úSôV±Rp £¡fûNV°jRp Utßm AßûY £¡fûN Øû\LÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûUYZeÏY§ÚkÕ ®XdÏ ùT\Xôm;B) Öi Eßl©Vp LiÓ©¥l×Ls R®ojÕ T«oLs Utßm ®XeÏLs LiÓ©¥l©tÏ Eßl× SôÓLs ®XdÏùT\Xôm. E«¬Vp NôWôR Utßm Öi E«¬Vp ùNVp Øû\Ls ¸r ApXôR T«tYûLLÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûULs

127


CODISSIA

YZe¡úVô ApXÕ ùNVp FdLm ªdL Ñn ù_]¬Vv Øû\ êXúUô, ApXÕ AÕ úTôu\ LXûY Øû\«úXôEßYôdLlThPYt±tÏ Eßl× SôÓLs Lôl× YZeL LPûUlThÓs[]. CkR ÕûQ TôWô (B)®u NWjÕLs EXLYojRL AûUl©u JlTkRm AØXôdLj ÕYe¡ SôuÏ YÚPeLÞdÏ ©\Ï T¬ºdLjRdLÕ." TÏ§ 27Cu TôWô3Cu NWjÕ (B) ÁRô] T¬ºXû] 1999Cp úUtùLôs[lThPÕ. AûUfNoLs ¨ûX«Xô] êu\ôYÕ UôSôh¥pØuûYlTRtLô] Es[ûUkR §hPj§u JÚ TÏ§VôL ClT¬£Xû] úUtùLôs[lThPÕ. £Vôh¥p SL¬p SûPùTt\AûUfNoLs ¨ûX«Xô] UôSôh¥tÏ RVô¬l× SPY¥dûLVôL úUtùLôs[lThP ClT¬ºXû] TpúYßØuùTô¯ÜLû[ ùTt\Õ. T«tYûLLs Utßm Öi Eßl× CVp B¡VYt±tÏ A§LlThP TôÕLôl× A±lTRtLô]HtTôÓLû[CkRl TÏ§«p úNodL úYiÓm Guß AùU¬dL ØuùUô¯kRÕ. E«o ̈ ûX«p Es[Yt±tÏ Lôl×¬ûUA°lT§ÚkÕ ®XdÏ A°dLjRdL YûL«p ClTÏ§ûV R[ojR úYiÓm Guß Ck§VôÜm JÚ A¥lTûPVô]ØuùUô¯ûY ûYjRÕ. B]ôp CkR UôSôh¥p Ø¥Ü ùNnYRtLôL ©\ ®NVeLû[l úTôXúY CÕÜm ùYt±ùT\®pûX. AúR úSWj§p 2000Bm BiÓ SûPùTt\ "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®u ØRXôYÕ T¬ºXû]«p LXkÕ ùLôiPTX Eßl× SôÓLs ClTÏ§«u ÁRô] T¬ºXû] ùRôPW úYiÓm Guß Yô§hP]o. G]úY HtL]úY CÚdÏmNWjÕL°u A¥lTûP«úXúV Ck§V úY[ôi AûUfNo T«oYûLLs TôÕLôl× ÁRô] Utßm Lôl×¬ûU NhPj§uÁRô] §ÚjReLû[ TôWôÞUu\j§u Øuú] ûYjÕs[ôo.

AùU¬dL HtL]úY R]Õ EsSôhÓ NhPj§p T«tLs Utßm ®XeÏLÞdÏ Lôl×¬ûULû[ YZe¡Ùs[Õ. UW×Ã§VôL A©®Új§ ùNnVlThÓs[ Öi Eßl©Vp Es°hP E«¬Vp ùRô¯p ÖhTj§u ÁRô] EjRWûY IúWôl©VJu±VØm NÁTj§p ùR°Ü TÓj§Ùs[Õ. CkR EjRWÜ IúWôl©V Ju«l TôWôÞUu\j§p Cuàm Jl×RpùT\®pûX.

NÁTj§p SûPùTt\ E«¬Vp TWYp £\l× UôSôh¥u JlTkRj§tÏ ûYdLlThP ØRp Ï±l×Ls ÁÕ SPj§Ø¥dLlThÓs[ úTfÑYôojûRLs B]ûY Eßl× SôÓLs YojRL LhÓlTôÓ Øû\Ls AàU§dÏm A[ÜLÞdÏsüß UW× Ã§VôL A©®Új§ ùNnVlThÓs[ Öi Eßl©Vp C\dÏU§Ls ÁRô] ªLÜm Øuú]±V RLYpLsùTßYRtLô] JlTkReLÞdÏ AàU§ YZe¡«ÚdLd áÓm. G]úY Y[okR SôÓLs £X TÏ§ 27.3 (B)Cp¡ûPlTRtÏ AlTôp E«Ús[ ̈ ûXLÞdÏ B] TôÕLôl× RWeLû[l TXlTÓjR úYiÓm Guß ̈ oTk§d¡u\].Uß×\m Y[Úm SôÓLú[ô CkR TÏ§«u NWjÕLs E«¬Vp TWYp TôWmT¬V A±Ü úTôu\Ytû\ Tô§jÕ®PdáPôÕGuß öTkRm ùLôÓjR].

TÏ§Ls 23.4 Utßm 24.2TÏ§ 23.4 ¸rLiPYôß T¥jR±VjRdLÕ.

Jnu YûLLs Utßm NôWôV YûLLÞdÏ ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLÞdLô] áÓRp TôÕLôl×:

"J«u YûLLÞdLô] ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLÞdÏ TôÕLôl× Øû\Lû[ G°RôdÏYRtLô] ®NVj§p ARtLô]úTfÑYôojûRLû[ '¥¬lv' ÏÝ®u ¸r SPjRXôm. ARu êXm AkR úTfÑYôojûRL°p TeúLt\ SôÓL°pJnu YûLLÞdÏ ×®«p Ï±VûPVô[eLs T§Ü ùNnYRtÏm A±dûL ùNnYRtÏUô] TuØû] ùNVpØû\ûVEßYôdLXôm".

TÏ§ 24.2: ¸rLiPYôß T¥jR±VjRdLÕ:

NoYúRN úTfÑYôojûRLs : ®§®XdÏLs:"CkR ©¬®u NWjÕLû[ AØXôdÏYûR R]Õ T¬ºXû]«u ¸r "¥¬lv" ÏÝ ûYjÕd ùLôs[ úYiÓm.

EXL YojRL AûUl× JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkR CWiÓ BiÓLÞdÏs ClT¥lThP ØRp T¬ºXû]SûPùT\jRdLÕ. CkR NWjÕL°u ¸Zô] ùTôßl×Lú[ôÓ CQe¡lúTôYûR Tô§dLd á¥V ®NVeLs '¥¬lv'ÏÝ®u LY]j§tÏ ùLôiÓ ùNpXjRdLÕ. CÕ ®NVUôL Eßl× SôÓ Juß Utù\ôuÓPú]ô Ut\ TXYt±uEPú]ô úTfÑ YôojûRLs SPj§PXôm. Eßl× SôÓLÞPu TWvTWm ApXÕ TuØû] BúXôNû]Lû[ SPj§Ùm§Úl§Vô] ¾oÜLôQ Ø¥VôR ¨ûX«p úUtÏ±l©hPYôß "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®u Øu ©WfNû]ûV NmUkRlThP SôÓGÓjÕf ùNpXXôm. CRu ÁÕ '¥¬lv' ÏÝYô]Õ SPY¥dûL GÓdLXôm. ARu êXm CkRl ©¬®u úSôdLeLsA©®Új§ ùNnVlTÓYRtÏm SûPØû\ûV G°RôdÏYRtÏUô] Jl×RûX HtTÓjRXôm"

TuØû] T§Ü Øû\ûV HtTÓjÕYRu êXm Jnu YûLLs Ut\m NôWôV YûLLÞdÏ Es[ ×®«VpÏ±VûPVô[eLs TôÕLôl× RW úYiÓm Guß TÏ§ 23.4Cu ̧ r SûPùTt\ úTfÑYôojûRL°p ØuùUô¯VlThPÕ.Jnu YûLLs Utßm NôWôV YûLLs R®W ©\ RVô¬l× ùTôÚsLÞdÏm CqYûL«p EVokRl ThN TôÕLôl×SpL úYiÓm Guß úLô¬VRu êXm Ck§Vô Ru]kR²VôL üß úUtÏ±l©hP YûL«Xô] TuØû] T§ÜØû\«u A¥lTûP«p TôÕLôl× RÚYRtLô] SPY¥dûLûV RÓdL Ø¥kRÕ. ×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLsTôÕLôl©tLô] TÏ§ 24.2Cu ©¬®u ÁRô] T¬£Xû]«u A¥lTûP«p A§L ThN TôÕLôl× HtTÓjÕYRtLô]YônlûT ©kûRV ØuùUô¯®p ØuûYdLlThPÕ. CkR úSôdLj§Xô] TôÕLôl× NmUkRUôL ®Yô§dLllPÓs[®NVeLs £eLléo AûUfNoLs ¨ûX UôSh¥tLô] "¥¬lv"ÏÝ A±dûL«p úNojÕd ùLôs[lTPXôm GußùR°Ü TÓjRlThPÕ. "¥¬lv"ÏÝ RtúTôÕ Cl©WfNû]ûV ®Yô§jÕ YÚ¡\Õ. Ck§VôÜdÏ IúWôl©V

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CODISSIA

Ju±Vm Ñ®fNoXôkÕ, ùNd Ï¥VWÑ aeúL¬, ÕÚd¡ úTôu\ SôÓLs BRWÜ ùR¬®jÕs[]. NÁT LôXj§tÏs[ôLCRtLô] YônlûT A§LlTÓjÕYRtLô] JlTkRm HtTPôÕ AlT¥ CÚkRúTô§Ûm Ck§V TôWôÞUu\j§p×®«Vp Ï±VûPVô[eLs NmUkRUôL ¨û\úYt\lThÓs[ ¾oUô]j§p A±dûL ùNnVlTÓm RVô¬l×Ls ÁÕA§L ThN TôÕLôl× RÚYRtÏ YôVl× HtTÓjRlThÓs[Õ. Ck§VôYô]Õ G§oLôXj§p "¥¬lv"ÏÝ®pCl©WfNû]ûV ùRôPokÕ GÝlT Es[Õ.

TÏ§ þ64 ¸rLiPYôß T¥jR±VjRdLÕ: RYô ¾ol×:1) RYôdLs Ï±jÕ úTfÑ YôojûRLs SPj§ ¾oÜ LôiTRtÏ CkR JlTkRj§p £\lTôL úNodLlThÓs[ûYR®W Hû]V TÏ§Ls Aû]jÕm ùTôÕf ÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkRm þ 1994Cu TÏ§ XXII Utßm XXIIICuNWjÕL°²uß ùT\lThPûYVôÏm.2) EXL YojRL AûUl× JlTkRm AØÛdÏ YkR§ÚkÕ 5 BiÓLôXj§tÏ ùTôÕf ÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkRmþ 1994Cu TÏ§ XXIIICu ÕûQ TôWôdLs 1(B) Utßm 1(C) B¡V]Ytû\ CkR JlTkRj§u ̧ r RôYôdLs ¾oÜSûPØû\LÞdÏ TVuTÓjR Ø¥VôÕ.3) ùTôÕf ÑeLj ¾oûY JlTkRm þ 1994Cu TÏ§ XXIIICu ÕûQTôWôdLs 1(B) Utßm 1(C)CpùLôÓdLlThÓs[Yt±tÏ JjR YûL«Xô] ×LôoLÞdLô] ¾oÜLÞdÏ CkRlTôWôdL°p Es[ Yônl×Ls UtßmRÏ§ Ï±jÕ ClTÏ§«u (TÏ§ 64)TôWô 2 Ï±l©PlThP LôXdùLÓ®tÏs '¥¬lv' ÏÝ T¬úNôRû] úUtùLôiÓR]Õ T¬kÕûWLû[ AûUfNoLs ¨ûX«Xô] UôSôh¥p Ae¸LôWj§tÏ ûYdL úYiÓm. AlT¥lThPT¬kÕûWLû[ Ae¸L¬lTRtLô] AûUfNoLs ¨ûX UôSôh¥u GkR JÚ Ø¥ÜdÏ ApXÕ úUtT¥ 2YÕ TôWô®pÏ±l©PlThP LôX LhPj§tÏ ¿h¥lTÕ Gu\ GkR JÚ Ø¥Üm ùTôÕYô] CûN®u A¥lTûP«p GÓdLlTPúYiÓm. úUtùLôiÓm Nm©WRôVeL°u A¥lTûP«p Ae¸LôWm A°dÏm Øû\«p Gu±pXôUp"¥¬lv"ÏÝ®]ôp Ae¸Lô¬dLlThP T¬kÕûWLs úSW¥VôL GpXô Eßl× SôÓL°]ôÛm ùNVpTÓjRdRdLRôÏm." "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u TÏ§ þ 64 B]Õ EXL YojRL AûUl©p CqùYôlTkRj§tÏ EßYôdLlThÓs[ RôYô§oÜ SûPØû\Lû[ "¥¬lv"JlTkRj§u ÁÕ AØXôdÏYÕ Tt±VRôÏm. AúR úSWj§p EXL YojRL AûUl©uRôYô ¾oÜ SûPØû\Ls YWm× Á\p ApXôR ©\ ×LôoLû[Ùm Es[Pd¡«Úd¡\Õ. CRàûPV AojRm EXLYojRL AûUl©u NWjÕLú[ôÓ GkR ®RUô] ØWiTôÓLÞm CpXôR ¨ûX«p NmUkRlThPYoLÞdÏ¡ûPdLdá¥V TXuLs TX]tßl úTôLf ùNn¡\ ApXÕ úNRlTÓjÕ¡\ ©WfNû]Lû[ EXL YojRL AûUl©uRôYô ¾oÜ SûPØû\Ls Htßd ùLôs¡u\]. 1þ1þ2000 YûW CÕ SûPØû\lTÓjRRdLRôL CÚdL®pûX.JlTkRj§u ¸r CÚkR YWm× Á\pLs ÁRô] RôYôdLs UhÓúU ®Nô¬dLlThP]. AûUfNoL[ôp JÚªjRLÚj§u ¸r ùLôiÓYÚYRtLôL 1þ1þ2000dÏ Øu]o CkRf NWjÕ T¬ºdLlThPÕ. CkR SPY¥dûLLÞdÏØuùUô¯ÜLû[ Ck§Vô Es°hP Eßl× SôÓLs ûYjR]. £Vôh¥p SL¬p SûPùTt\ AûUfNoLs ̈ ûX«Xô]UôSôh¥tLô] RVô¬l×L°u JÚ TÏ§VôL CÕ úUtùLôs[lThPÕ. B]ôp ©\ ®NVeLû[l úTôXúY CRuÁÕm GkR®R JlTkRØm LôQlTP®pûX CRu ùRôPof£VôL ClúTôÕ EXL YojRL AûUl©u Eßl× SôÓLsÁ\pLs ApXôR ©WfNû]Lû[ GÝl×¡u\]o. £Vôh¥p UôSôh¥p CûR ®[d¡d áßYRtLô] ØVt£LsúUtùLôs[lThÓ úRôp®VûPkÕs[Õ. CR]ôp ©WfNû]Ls ¡Pl©p úTôPlTÓm ¨ûXdÏ Rs[lThÓs[].1þ1þ2000dÏ ØkûRV YWm× Á\pLs ApXôR ©WfNû]Lû[ ¥¬lvdÏ ùTôßjR CVXôR ¨ûXûV ¿h¥lTRtLô]©WfNû]ûV £X Eßl× SôÓLs GÝl©].

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